TY - JOUR TI - Climate-smart soils AU - Paustian, K. AU - Lehmann, J. AU - Ogle, S. AU - Reay, D. AU - Robertson, G. P. AU - Smith, P. T2 - Nature AB - Soils are integral to the function of all terrestrial ecosystems and to food and fibre production. An overlooked aspect of soils is their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Although proven practices exist, the implementation of soil-based greenhouse gas mitigation activities are at an early stage and accurately quantifying emissions and reductions remains a substantial challenge. Emerging research and information technology developments provide the potential for a broader inclusion of soils in greenhouse gas policies. Here we highlight 'state of the art' soil greenhouse gas research, summarize mitigation practices and potentials, identify gaps in data and understanding and suggest ways to close such gaps through new research, technology and collaboration. DA - 2016/04/07/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/nature17174 VL - 532 IS - 7597 SP - 49 EP - 57 SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic) 0028-0836 (Linking) N1 -

edition: 2016/04/15

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The potential of agricultural land management to contribute to lower global surface temperatures AU - Mayer, A. AU - Hausfather, Z. AU - Jones, A. D. AU - Silver, W. L. T2 - Science Advances DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0932 VL - 4 IS - 8 UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052724896&doi=10.1126%2fsciadv.aaq0932&partnerID=40&md5=2b81e7abba2cf8db21c6d32de9c5523c DB - Scopus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hot regions of labile and stable soil organic carbon in Germany – Spatial variability and driving factors AU - Vos, Cora AU - Jaconi, Angélica AU - Jacobs, Anna AU - Don, Axel T2 - Soil DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/soil-4-153-2018 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 153 EP - 167 SN - 2199-398X N1 -

section: 153

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations AU - Chenu, Claire AU - Angers, Denis A. AU - Barré, Pierre AU - Derrien, Delphine AU - Arrouays, Dominique AU - Balesdent, Jérôme T2 - Soil and Tillage Research DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011 VL - 188 SP - 41 EP - 52 SN - 01671987 N1 -

section: 41

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon cycling in earth systems—a soil science perspective AU - Janzen, H. H. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.040 VL - 104 IS - 3 SP - 399 EP - 417 SN - 01678809 N1 -

section: 399

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use AU - Sanderman, Jonathan AU - Hengl, Tomislav AU - Fiske, Gregory J. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Human appropriation of land for agriculture has greatly altered the terrestrial carbon balance, creating a large but uncertain carbon debt in soils. Estimating the size and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) loss due to land use and land cover change has been difficult but is a critical step in understanding whether SOC sequestration can be an effective climate mitigation strategy. In this study, a machine learning-based model was fitted using a global compilation of SOC data and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) land use data in combination with climatic, landform and lithology covariates. Model results compared favorably with a global compilation of paired plot studies. Projection of this model onto a world without agriculture indicated a global carbon debt due to agriculture of 133 Pg C for the top 2 m of soil, with the rate of loss increasing dramatically in the past 200 years. The HYDE classes “grazing” and “cropland” contributed nearly equally to the loss of SOC. There were higher percent SOC losses on cropland but since more than twice as much land is grazed, slightly higher total losses were found from grazing land. Important spatial patterns of SOC loss were found: Hotspots of SOC loss coincided with some major cropping regions as well as semiarid grazing regions, while other major agricultural zones showed small losses and even net gains in SOC. This analysis has demonstrated that there are identifiable regions which can be targeted for SOC restoration efforts. DA - 2017/09/05/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1706103114 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 114 IS - 36 SP - 9575 EP - 9580 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 N1 -

number: 36
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
section: Physical Sciences
PMID: 28827323

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The 4p1000 initiative: Opportunities, limitations and challenges for implementing soil organic carbon sequestration as a sustainable development strategy AU - Rumpel, C. AU - Amiraslani, F. AU - Chenu, C. AU - Garcia Cardenas, M. AU - Kaonga, M. AU - Koutika, L. S. AU - Ladha, J. AU - Madari, B. AU - Shirato, Y. AU - Smith, P. AU - Soudi, B. AU - Soussana, J. F. AU - Whitehead, D. AU - Wollenberg, E. T2 - Ambio AB - Climate change adaptation, mitigation and food security may be addressed at the same time by enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration through environmentally sound land management practices. This is promoted by the "4 per 1000" Initiative, a multi-stakeholder platform aiming at increasing SOC storage through sustainable practices. The scientific and technical committee of the Initiative is working to identify indicators, research priorities and region-specific practices needed for their implementation. The Initiative received its name due to the global importance of soils for climate change, which can be illustrated by a thought experiment showing that an annual growth rate of only 0.4% of the standing global SOC stocks would have the potential to counterbalance the current increase in atmospheric CO2. However, there are numerous barriers to the rise in SOC stocks and while SOC sequestration can contribute to partly offsetting greenhouse gas emissions, its main benefits are related to increased soil quality and climate change adaptation. The Initiative provides a collaborative platform for policy makers, practitioners, scientists and stakeholders to engage in finding solutions. Criticism of the Initiative has been related to the poor definition of its numerical target, which was not understood as an aspirational goal. The objective of this paper is to present the aims of the initiative, to discuss critical issues and to present challenges for its implementation. We identify barriers, risks and trade-offs and advocate for collaboration between multiple parties in order to stimulate innovation and to initiate the transition of agricultural systems toward sustainability. DA - 2020/01// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s13280-019-01165-2 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 350 EP - 360 SN - 1654-7209 (Electronic) 0044-7447 (Linking) N1 -

edition: 2019/03/25

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boost soil carbon for food and climate AU - Rumpel, Cornelia AU - Lehmann, Johannes AU - Chabbi, Abad T2 - Nature DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 553 SP - 27 EP - 27 J2 - Nature ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing for soil carbon sequestration: Let’s get realistic AU - Schlesinger, William H. AU - Amundson, Ronald T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Improved soil management is increasingly pursued to ensure food security for the world's rising global population, with the ancillary benefit of storing carbon in soils to lower the threat of climate change. While all increments to soil organic matter are laudable, we suggest caution in ascribing large, potential climate change mitigation to enhanced soil management. We find that the most promising techniques, including applications of biochar and enhanced silicate weathering, collectively are not likely to balance more than 5% of annual emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14478 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 386 EP - 389 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14478

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of crop residue incorporation on soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in European agricultural soils AU - Lehtinen, T. AU - Schlatter, N. AU - Baumgarten, A. AU - Bechini, L. AU - Krüger, J. AU - Grignani, C. AU - Zavattaro, L. AU - Costamagna, C. AU - Spiegel, H. T2 - Soil Use and Management AB - Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) improves soil physicochemical and biological properties, and the sequestration of carbon in SOM may mitigate climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) often decreases in intensive cropping systems. Incorporation of crop residues (CR) may be a sustainable management practice to maintain the SOC levels and to increase soil fertility. This study quantifies the effects of CR incorporation on SOC and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2 and N2O) in Europe using data from long-term experiments. Response ratios (RRs) for SOC and GHG emissions were calculated between CR incorporation and removal. The influence of environmental zones (ENZs), clay content and experiment duration on the RRs was investigated. We also studied how RRs of SOC and crop yields were correlated. A total of 475 RRs were derived from 39 publications. The SOC increased by 7% following CR incorporation. In contrast, in a subsample of cases, CO2 emissions were six times and N2O emissions 12 times higher following CR incorporation. The ENZ had no significant influence on RRs. For SOC concentration, soils with a clay content >35% showed 8% higher RRs compared with soils with clay contents between 18 and 35%. As the experiment progressed, RR for SOC concentration increased. For N2O emissions, RR was significantly greater in experiments with a duration <5 yr compared with 11–20 yr. No significant correlations were found between RR for SOC concentration and yields, but differences between sites and study durations were detected. We suggest that a long duration of crop residue incorporation is a win-win scenario under a continental climate. We conclude that CR incorporation is important for maintaining SOC, but its influence on GHG emissions should be taken into account as well. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/sum.12151 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 524 EP - 538 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigation potential of soil carbon management overestimated by neglecting N2O emissions AU - Lugato, Emanuele AU - Leip, Adrian AU - Jones, Arwyn T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - International initiatives such as the ‘4 per 1000’ are promoting enhanced carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural soils as a way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions1. However, changes in soil organic C turnover feed back into the nitrogen (N) cycle2, meaning that variation in soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions may offset or enhance C sequestration actions3. Here we use a biogeochemistry model on approximately 8,000 soil sampling locations in the European Union4to quantify the net CO2 equivalent (CO2e) fluxes associated with representative C-mitigating agricultural practices. Practices based on integrated crop residue retention and lower soil disturbance are found to not increase N2O emissions as long as C accumulation continues (until around 2040), thereafter leading to a moderate C sequestration offset mostly below 47% by 2100. The introduction of N-fixing cover crops allowed higher C accumulation over the initial 20 years, but this gain was progressively offset by higher N2O emissions over time. By 2060, around half of the sites became a net source of greenhouse gases. We conclude that significant CO2 mitigation can be achieved in the initial 20–30 years of any C management scheme, but after that N inputs should be controlled through appropriate management. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41558-018-0087-z VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 219 EP - 223 SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Humusaufbau braucht noch mehr Engagement AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Spiegel, Heide T2 - Bauernzeitung DA - 2020/08/20/ PY - 2020 IS - 34 SP - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kohlenstoffspeicherung in Grünlandökosystemen - eine Fallstudie aus dem österreichischen Berggebiet / Carbon storage in grassland ecosystems – A case study from a mountainous region of Austria AU - Bohner, Andreas AU - Foldal, Cecilie Brigitte AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment AB - Zusammenfassung Die Speicherung des Kohlenstoffs (C) in Grünlandökosystemen ist in Österreich unzureichend untersucht. An drei unterschiedlichen Dauergrünland-Standorten in der Steiermark wurden für sechs repräsentative Vegetationstypen die C-Gehalte in den verschiedenen Kompartimenten des Ökosystems ermittelt, um den gesamten C-Vorrat abschätzen zu können. Die C-Speicherung wird maßgeblich vom Vegetationstyp, von den Bodeneigenschaften (insbesondere Bodentemperatur, Wasser- und Nährstoffgehalt, amorphe Eisen- und Aluminium-Oxide) und von der Bewirtschaftungsintensität (Düngung, Nutzungshäufigkeit) determiniert. Der gesamte C-Vorrat beträgt in montanen und subalpinen Grünlandökosystemen 6-10 kg C m −2 . Durch Düngung kann der C-Vorrat erhöht und durch Überbeweidung oder Mahd ohne Düngung verringert werden. Die C-Speicherung im Grünlandökosystem ist bei mittlerer Bewirtschaftungsintensität am höchsten. Grünlandböden speichern deutlich mehr C als die Grünlandvegetation. Der C-Vorrat beträgt in montanen Dauergrünlandböden (0-50 cm) 5-10 kg C m −2 und in skelettreichen Almböden (0-30 cm) 5-7 kg C m −2 . In montanen Grünlandböden werden beträchtliche C-Mengen (>40 %) im Unterboden (10-50 cm) gespeichert. In Almböden ist die C-Speicherung stärker auf den Oberboden konzentriert. Für die C-Speicherung im Unterboden haben amorphe Fe- und Al-Oxide eine große Bedeutung. Die Wurzelmasse bestimmt maßgeblich die C-Konzentration im Oberboden. Wurzel- und Stoppelmasse sind vor allem in Magerwiesen und Almweiden bedeutende C-Speicher und relevante Humusbildner. Bewirtschaftungsbedingte C-Vorratsänderungen treten vor allem im Oberboden auf. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1515/boku-2016-0018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 225 EP - 237 SN - 0006-5471 N1 -

number: 4

ER - TY - CONF TI - Eingfluss einer Nutzungsintensivierung auf Wurzelmasse und Wurzelverteilung im Grünlandboden AU - Bohner, A. AU - Herndl, M. T2 - 1.TagungderÖsterreichischenGesellschaftfürWurzelforschung2011,1. Tagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Wurzelforschung C1 - Raumberg-Gumpenstein C3 - 1.TagungderÖsterreichischenGesellschaftfürWurzelforschung2011,1. Tagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Wurzelforschung DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 35 EP - 44 SN - 78-3-902559-63-0 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates by Tillage and Crop Rotation: A Global Data Analysis AU - West, Tristram O. AU - Post, Wilfred M. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DO - 10.2136/sssaj2002.1930 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 1930 EP - 1946 J2 - Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. LA - en SN - 03615995 N1 -

number: 6

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conservation tillage practices in the alpine forelands of Austria — Are they effective? AU - Hösl, Rosemarie AU - Strauss, Peter T2 - CATENA AB - If it comes to the advantages of conservation tillage practices, a considerable amount of evidence supports positive effects towards reduction of surface runoff and soil erosion. However studies concerning arable land frequently are conducted under ideal laboratory conditions or “controlled” field conditions, meaning that the experimental approaches were not managed by farmers in the way they usually perform conservation tillage but managed towards an optimisation of the tested features. In addition, applicability of different existing conservation tillage techniques such as no tillage or mulching may be regionally different. The alpine forelands of Central Europe are dominated by small scale farming systems which frequently have limited access to special machinery which is needed to successfully implement no tillage treatments. We therefore carried out rainfall simulation experiments employing conservation tillage practices to test the effectiveness of actual real life conservation tillage methods under conditions prevailing in the alpine forelands of Central Europe. Experiments were carried out in the years 2011 and 2012 for testing the relative performance of different mulching and no tillage treatments on surface runoff and erosion. The tested treatments for the year 2011 were a) no tillage with prior rough seedbed (NT1), b) no tillage with prior fine seedbed (NT2), c) mulching with rotary harrow (M1), d) mulching with rotary harrow and disc harrow (M2) and e) conventional tillage (CT11). The tested treatments for the year 2012 were a) combined mulching (MC), b) mulching with loosened wheel tracks (M−T), c) mulching without loosened wheel tracks (M+T) and d) conventional tillage (CT12). In 2011, total surface runoff and total soil loss for the different treatments were ordered as follows: NT1number: 1-2

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change mitigation AU - Powlson, David S. AU - Stirling, Clare M. AU - Jat, M. L. AU - Gerard, Bruno G. AU - Palm, Cheryl A. AU - Sanchez, Pedro A. AU - Cassman, Kenneth G. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2292 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 678 EP - 683 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 8

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon dioxide emission and carbon content as affected by irrigation, tillage, cropping system, and nitrogen fertilization. AU - Sainju, Upendra M AU - Jabro, Jalal AU - Stefens, William B T2 - Journal of environmental quality DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.2134/jeq2006.0392 IS - 37(1) SP - 98 EP - 106 J2 - Journal of environmental quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - The realities of climate change, conservation agriculture and soil carbon sequestration AU - Hunt, James R. AU - Celestina, Corinne AU - Kirkegaard, John A. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - The principles of conservation agriculture are frequently assumed to increase soil organic carbon and crop yield under all circumstances. A new analysis confirms that this is not the case, and that the likelihood of increasing either soil organic carbon or crop yield is environmentally dependent. This is a commentary on Sun et al. 26, 3325?3335. DA - 2020/06/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.15082 VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 3188 EP - 3189 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving Soil Conservation and Crop Performance through Reduced Tillage and Cover Crop-based Rotations in Organic Squash Production AU - Delate, K AU - Johnson, R AU - Cambardella, C T2 - HORTSCIENCE DA - 2017/09// PY - 2017 VL - 52 IS - 9 SP - S164 EP - S164 SN - 0018-5345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential long-term benefits of no-tillage and organic cropping systems for grain production and soil improvement AU - Teasdale, JR AU - Coffman, CB AU - Mangum, RW T2 - AGRONOMY JOURNAL DA - 2007/09// PY - 2007 DO - 10.2134/agronj2006.0362 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - 1297 EP - 1305 SN - 0002-1962 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tillage and cover crop species affect soil organic carbon in Andosol, Kanto, Japan AU - Higashi, Tatsuya AU - Yunghui, Mu AU - Komatsuzaki, Masakazu AU - Miura, Shigenori AU - Hirata, Toshiyuki AU - Araki, Hajime AU - Kaneko, Nobuhiro AU - Ohta, Hiroyuki T2 - Soil & Tillage Research DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 138 SP - 64 EP - 72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing Carbon Sequestration in Croplands: A Synthesis AU - Tiefenbacher, Alexandra AU - Sandén, Taru AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Miloczki, Julia AU - Wenzel, Walter AU - Spiegel, Heide T2 - Agronomy AB - Climate change and ensuring food security for an exponentially growing global human population are the greatest challenges for future agriculture. Improved soil management practices are crucial to tackle these problems by enhancing agro-ecosystem productivity, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. To meet Paris climate treaty pledges, soil management must address validated approaches for carbon sequestration and stabilization. The present synthesis assesses a range of current and potential future agricultural management practices (AMP) that have an effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and sequestration. Through two strategies—increasing carbon inputs (e.g., enhanced primary production, organic fertilizers) and reducing SOC losses (e.g., reducing soil erosion, managing soil respiration)—AMP can either sequester, up to 714 ± 404 (compost) kg C ha−1 y−1, having no distinct impact (mineral fertilization), or even reduce SOC stocks in the topsoil (bare fallow). Overall, the carbon sequestration potential of the subsoil (>40 cm) requires further investigation. Moreover, climate change, permanent soil sealing, consumer behavior in dietary habits and waste production, as well as the socio-economic constraints of farmers (e.g., information exchange, long-term economic profitability) are important factors for implementing new AMPs. This calls for life-cycle assessments of those practices. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.3390/agronomy11050882 VL - 11 IS - 5 SN - 2073-4395 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/5/882 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can conservation agriculture increase soil carbon sequestration? A modelling approach AU - Valkama, Elena AU - Kunypiyaeva, Gulya AU - Zhapayev, Rauan AU - Karabayev, Muratbek AU - Zhusupbekov, Erbol AU - Perego, Alessia AU - Schillaci, Calogero AU - Sacco, Dario AU - Moretti, Barbara AU - Grignani, Carlo AU - Acutis, Marco T2 - Geoderma AB - Conservation agriculture (CA) involves complex and interactive processes that ultimately determine soil carbon (C) storage, making it difficult to identify clear patterns. To solve these problems, we used the ARMOSA process-based crop model to simulate the contribution of different CA components (minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover with crop residues and/or cover crops, and diversification of plant species) to soil organic carbon stock (SOC) sequestration at 0–30 cm soil depth and to compare it with SOC evolution under conventional agricultural practices. We simulated SOC changes in three sites located in Central Asia (Almalybak, Kazakhstan), Northern Europe (Jokioinen, Finland) and Southern Europe (Lombriasco, Italy), which have contrasting soils, organic carbon contents, climates, crops and management intensity. Simulations were carried out for the current climate conditions (1998–2017) and future climatic scenario (period 2020–2040, scenario Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 6.0). Five cropping systems were simulated: conventional systems under ploughing with monoculture and residues removed (Conv − R) or residues retained (Conv + R); no-tillage (NT); CA and CA with a cover crop, Italian ryegrass (CA + CC). In Conv − R, Conv + R and NT, the simulated monocultures were spring barley in Almalybak and Jokioinen, and maize in Lombriasco. In all sites, conventional systems led to SOC decline of 170–1000 kg ha−1 yr−1, whereas NT can slightly increase the SOC. CA and CA + CC have the potential for a C sequestration rate of 0.4% yr−1 or higher in Almalybak and Jokioinen, and thus, the objective of the “4 per 1000” initiative can be achieved. Cover crops (in CA + CC) have a potential for a C sequestration rate of 0.36–0.5% yr−1 in Southern Finland and in Southern Kazakhstan under the current climate conditions, and their role will grow in importance in the future. Even if in Lombriasco it was not possible to meet the “4 per 1000”, there was a SOC increase under CA and CA + CC. In conclusion, the simultaneous adoption of all the three CA principles becomes more and more relevant in order to accomplish soil C sequestration as an urgent action to combat climate change and to ensure food security. DA - 2020/06/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114298 VL - 369 SP - 114298 J2 - Geoderma SN - 0016-7061 ER - TY - CONF TI - Auswirkungen von landwirtschaftlicher Bodenbewirtschaftung auf Bodenqualität, Erträge und THG Emissionen in Europa - Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality, crop yields and GHG emissions in Europe AU - Schlatter, Norman AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Sandén, Taru AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Spiegel, Heide T2 - ALVA Tagung 2014 C1 - Wieselburg C3 - „Angewandte Forschung – gibt es neue Wege?” DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of best management practices on crop yield and nitrogen surplus AU - Zavattaro, Laura AU - Costamagna, Chiara AU - Grignani, Carlo AU - Bechini, Luca AU - Spiegel, Adelheid AU - Lehtinen, Taru AU - Guzmán, Gema AU - Krüger, Janine AU - D'Hose, Tommy AU - Pecio, Alicja AU - Van Evert, Frits K. AU - Ten Berge, Hein F.M. T2 - Italian Journal of Agronomy DA - 2015/03/11/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.4081/ija.2015.643 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 47 J2 - Ital J Agronomy SN - 2039-6805, 1125-4718 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shallow non-inversion tillage in organic farming maintains crop yields and increases soil C stocks: a meta-analysis AU - Cooper, Julia AU - Baranski, Marcin AU - Stewart, Gavin AU - Nobel-de Lange, Majimcha AU - Bàrberi, Paolo AU - Fließbach, Andreas AU - Peigné, Josephine AU - Berner, Alfred AU - Brock, Christopher AU - Casagrande, Marion AU - Crowley, Oliver AU - David, Christophe AU - De Vliegher, Alex AU - Döring, Thomas F. AU - Dupont, Aurélien AU - Entz, Martin AU - Grosse, Meike AU - Haase, Thorsten AU - Halde, Caroline AU - Hammerl, Verena AU - Huiting, Hilfred AU - Leithold, Günter AU - Messmer, Monika AU - Schloter, Michael AU - Sukkel, Wijnand AU - van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. AU - Willekens, Koen AU - Wittwer, Raphaël AU - Mäder, Paul T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s13593-016-0354-1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 22 J2 - Agron. Sustain. Dev. LA - en SN - 1774-0746, 1773-0155 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Szenarioanalysen zur Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen der deutschen Landwirtschaft im Jahr 2050 AU - Osterburg, Bernhard AU - Kätsch, Stephanie AU - Wolff, Anne DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - DOI.org (CSL JSON) UR - http://doi.org/10.3220/REP_13_2013 Y2 - 2020/07/02/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - HUMUS – Datengrundlagen für treibhausgasrelevante Emissionen und Senken in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben und Regionen Österreichs AU - Friedel, Jürgen K. DA - 2012/06/30/ PY - 2012 SP - 18 LA - Deutsch PB - Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Nachhaltige AgrarsystemeInstitut für Ökologischen Landbau ST - HUMUS UR - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/1-EB-Humus.pdf Y2 - 2021/02/07/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Richtlinien für die Sachgerechte Düngung -Anleitung zur Interpretation von Bodenuntersuchungsergebnissen in der Landwirtschaft. AU - Baumgarten, A. AU - Amlinger, F AU - Bäck, E. AU - Buchgraber, K. AU - Dachler, M. AU - Dersch, G. CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://www.ages.at/download/0/0/4bfee71413a6aa535d2e753fef27f17769bb2507/fileadmin/AGES2015/Service/Landwirtschaft/Boden_Datein/Broschueren/Richtlinien_fuer_die_sachgerechte_Duengung_im_Ackerbau_und_Gruenland_7_Auflage.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/02/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Qualitätsdüngung bei Weizen: Auf Witterungssituation Rücksicht nehmen AU - Dersch, G. T2 - Der Pflanzenarzt DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 IS - 5 SP - 24 EP - 25 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung verschiedener ÖPUL Maßnahmen in Hinblick auf die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen, insbesondere Lachgas, Endbericht AU - Foldal, Cecilie Brigitte AU - Kasper, Martina AU - Ecker, Eva AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 70 M3 - Forschungsauftrag PB - Universität für Bodenkultur N1 -

Auftraggeber Bundesministerium für Nachhaltikeit und Tourismus

ER - TY - RPRT TI - WWF-Ackerbaustudie-Langfassung-2019.pdf AU - Freyer, Bernhard AU - Ellssel, Pierre DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF-Ackerbaustudie-Langfassung-2019.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/02/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Legume-based forage production systems reduce nitrous oxide emissions AU - Schmeer, Maria AU - Loges, Ralf AU - Dittert, Klaus AU - Senbayram, Mehmet AU - Horn, Rainer AU - Taube, Friedhelm T2 - Soil and Tillage Research DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.still.2014.05.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 143 SP - 17 EP - 25 J2 - Soil and Tillage Research LA - en SN - 01671987 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short-term crop and soil response to C-friendly strategies in two contrasting environments AU - Alluvione, Francesco AU - Fiorentino, Nunzio AU - Bertora, Chiara AU - Zavattaro, Laura AU - Fagnano, Massimo AU - Chiarandà, Fabrizio Quaglietta AU - Grignani, Carlo T2 - European Journal of Agronomy DA - 2013/02// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2012.09.003 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 45 SP - 114 EP - 123 J2 - European Journal of Agronomy LA - en SN - 11610301 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Verringerung von Treibhausgas- und Ammoniakemissionen - Fördereffekte im Schwerpunktbereich 5D : Landesprogramm ländlicher Raum (LPLR) in Schleswig-Holstein 2014 bis 2020 AU - Roggendorf, Wolfgang DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - DOI.org (CSL JSON) UR - http://doi.org/10.3220/5LE1568120416000 Y2 - 2020/07/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of Nitrogen Fertilization in Sustaining Organic Matter in Cultivated Soils AU - Ladha, Jagdish K. AU - Reddy, C. Kesava AU - Padre, Agnes T. AU - van Kessel, Chris T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2011/11// PY - 2011 DO - 10.2134/jeq2011.0064 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 1756 EP - 1766 J2 - J. Environ. Qual. LA - en SN - 00472425 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precision Farming at the Nexus of Agricultural Production and the Environment AU - Finger, Robert AU - Swinton, Scott M. AU - El Benni, Nadja AU - Walter, Achim T2 - Annual Review of Resource Economics AB - Precision farming enables agricultural management decisions to be tailored spatially and temporally. Site-specific sensing, sampling, and managing allow farmers to treat a field as a heterogeneous entity. Through targeted use of inputs, precision farming reduces waste, thereby cutting both private variable costs and the environmental costs such as those of agrichemical residuals. At present, large farms in developed countries are the main adopters of precision farming. But its potential environmental benefits can justify greater public and private sector incentives to encourage adoption, including in small-scale farming systems in developing countries. Technological developments and big data advances continue to make precision farming tools more connected, accurate, efficient, and widely applicable. Improvements in the technical infrastructure and the legal framework can expand access to precision farming and thereby its overall societal benefits. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093929 DP - Annual Reviews VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 313 EP - 335 N1 -

_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093929

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precision Agriculture Technologies Positively Contributing to GHG Emissions Mitigation, Farm Productivity and Economics AU - Balafoutis, Athanasios AU - Beck, Bert AU - Fountas, Spyros AU - Vangeyte, Jurgen AU - Wal, der Tamme Van AU - Soto, Iria AU - Gómez-Barbero, Manuel AU - Barnes, Andrew AU - Eory, Vera T2 - Sustainability AB - Agriculture is one of the economic sectors that affect climate change contributing to greenhouse gas emissions directly and indirectly. There is a trend of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions reduction, but any practice in this direction should not affect negatively farm productivity and economics because this would limit its implementation, due to the high global food and feed demand and the competitive environment in this sector. Precision agriculture practices using high-tech equipment has the ability to reduce agricultural inputs by site-specific applications, as it better target inputs to spatial and temporal needs of the fields, which can result in lower greenhouse gas emissions. Precision agriculture can also have a positive impact on farm productivity and economics, as it provides higher or equal yields with lower production cost than conventional practices. In this work, precision agriculture technologies that have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are presented providing a short description of the technology and the impacts that have been reported in literature on greenhouse gases reduction and the associated impacts on farm productivity and economics. The technologies presented span all agricultural practices, including variable rate sowing/planting, fertilizing, spraying, weeding and irrigation. DA - 2017/08// PY - 2017 DO - 10.3390/su9081339 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1339 LA - en N1 -

number: 8
publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

ER - TY - BOOK TI - The contribution of precision agriculture technologies to farm productivity and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. AU - Soto, Iria AU - Barnes, Andrew AU - Balafoutis, Athanasios AU - Beck, Bert AU - Eory, Vera AU - Fountas, Spyros AU - Gómez-Barbero, Manuel AU - Sánchez, Berta AU - Van der Wal, Tamme AU - Vangeyte, Jurgen AU - European Commission AU - Joint Research Centre AB - Agriculture in the EU has to cope with global challenges such as climate change mitigation and making farming more efficient. The active management of agricultural practices using appropriate technologies and systems could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase agricultural productivity and income. However, information on the uptake, use and impacts of precision agriculture technologies (PAT) in the EU is so far sparse and site-specific. This technical report assesses the impact of PAT on GHG emissions and farm economics. To this end, a typology of PAT was created in order to identify those that had the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions. Secondly, five case studies were selected with the aim of identifying a range of EU countries, precision agriculture techniques and arable crop types that could realise the maximum potential economic and environmental benefits of adopting PAT. A survey was applied to 971 adopters and non-adopters of machine guidance and/or variable-rate nitrogen application technologies on the selected study cases with the aim of assessing the reasons behind uptake and the economic and environmental impacts of different approaches. Finally, economic and environmental impacts were investigated though a partial budgeting analysis and the Miterra-Europe model respectively. Results indicate that, although most surveyed farmers were aware of PAT, uptake rates are low. High investment costs, farm size and the farmers' age were identified as barriers to the adoption of PAT. The survey reveals that adoption barriers might be overcome by boosting economic incentives that aim to improve economic performance both directly and indirectly. However, non-monetary incentives, such as technical advice or training, also seem to be of interest to the surveyed farmers. The results of the survey also show that information points, such as peer-to-peer learning, attendance at trade fairs, visits to (and by) researchers and industry dealers, have a positive effect on PAT uptake. The results of the partial budget analysis, where capital costs of the technologies are not included, indicate that impacts are highly variable by country, by farm type and size, and by technology. The results of the environmental impact analysis show that the introduction of PAT might have positive effects on the environment, with reductions in GHG emissions from the reduced application of fertiliser, reduced fertiliser production and reduced use of fuels. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English SN - 978-92-79-92834-5 UR - http://publications.europa.eu/publication/manifestation_identifier/PUB_KJNA29320ENN Y2 - 2020/07/05/ N1 -

OCLC: 1111232923

ER - TY - JOUR TI - ‘Best available techniques’ as a mandatory basic standard for more sustainable agricultural land use in Europe? AU - Möckel, Stefan T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Substance emissions resulting from modern agriculture in the European Union (EU) affect the entire environment and are no less harmful than those caused by industrial installations. Even so, the EU requires only industrial installations, which include large intensive livestock holdings, to use the best available techniques (BAT). Agricultural land use, by contrast, needs simply to meet the standard of tried-and-tested technologies and generally accepted farming methods (good practice). This paper seeks to add a new perspective to existing political debates and scientific investigations by questioning the adequacy of existing regulatory requirements concerning agricultural land use and proposing that the BAT-Standard should be applied to agricultural land use, especially for high-input-farms. Were the BAT standard to be applied to agricultural land use, those techniques and farming methods which are most advanced and efficient in preventing environmental emissions, and so most effectively help to achieve a generally high level of protection of the environment as a whole, would have priority by law. The paper discusses which techniques and methods might meet these criteria by looking at four examples: conservation tillage, integrated pest protection, precision farming and organic farming. DA - 2015/09/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.021 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 47 SP - 342 EP - 351 J2 - Land Use Policy LA - en SN - 0264-8377 ER - TY - JOUR TI - IT as enabler of sustainable farming: An empirical analysis of farmers' adoption decision of precision agriculture technology AU - Aubert, Benoit A. AU - Schroeder, Andreas AU - Grimaudo, Jonathan T2 - Decision Support Systems AB - Precision agriculture (PA) describes a suite of IT based tools which allow farmers to electronically monitor soil and crop conditions and analyze treatment options. This study tests a model explaining the difficulties of PA technology adoption. The model draws on theories of technology acceptance and diffusion of innovation and is validated using survey data from farms in Canada. Findings highlight the importance of compatibility among PA technology components and the crucial role of farmers' expertise. The model provides the theoretical and empirical basis for developing policies and initiatives to support PA technology adoption. DA - 2012/12/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.dss.2012.07.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 510 EP - 520 J2 - Decision Support Systems LA - en SN - 0167-9236 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissemination of precision farming in Germany: acceptance, adoption, obstacles, knowledge transfer and training activities AU - Reichardt, M. AU - Jürgens, C. AU - Klöble, U. AU - Hüter, J. AU - Moser, K. T2 - Precision Agriculture AB - The adoption of precision farming (PF) was studied on the basis of personal interviews conducted at several agricultural exhibitions in Germany. Between 6.65% and 11% of the interviewed farmers used PF. The majority used data collection techniques such as GPS-based area measurement and soil sampling rather than variable rate application techniques such as site-specific sowing and fertilising. Roughly half the farmers interviewed knew about PF. About 7–10% of them intended to start using PF in the future. The results indicated that a large number of farmers did not even know what PF meant. In order to get more insight into this situation, several interviews were conducted with farmers already using PF techniques. A further study in 2005 of PF education in Germany indicated that, especially at vocational and technical schools, the subject was only covered to a small extent although the aim was to give a better coverage in future. At higher education levels, such as at universities and technical colleges, the teaching of PF was clearly better established. In order to promote awareness of PF among farmers, information and teaching materials adapted to the relevant educational levels were developed and tried out at training events. The main topics addressed were parallel tracking systems, site-specific nitrogen fertilising, yield mapping in grain production and the use of PDAs in crop farming. Finally, preliminary survey results are presented showing how knowledge about PF can best lead to its adoption and transfer into daily practice. DA - 2009/03/14/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1007/s11119-009-9112-6 DP - Springer Link VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 525 J2 - Precision Agric LA - en SN - 1573-1618 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agrivoltaic systems to optimise land use for electric energy production AU - Amaducci, Stefano AU - Yin, Xinyou AU - Colauzzi, Michele T2 - Applied Energy AB - A system combining soil grown crops with photovoltaic panels (PV) installed several meters above the ground is referred to as agrivoltaic systems. In this work a patented agrivoltaic solar tracking system named Agrovoltaico®, was examined in combination with a maize crop in a simulation study. To this purpose a software platform was developed coupling a radiation and shading model to the generic crop growth simulator GECROS. The simulation was conducted using a 40-year climate dataset from a location in North Italy, rainfed maize and different Agrovoltaico configurations (that differ according to panel density and sun-tracking set up). Control simulations for an irrigated maize crop under full light were added to results. Reduction of global radiation under the Agrovoltaico system was more affected by panel density (29.5% and 13.4% respectively for double density and single density), than by panel management (23.2% and 20.0% for sun-track and static panels, respectively). Radiation reduction, under Agrovoltaico, affected mean soil temperature, evapotranspiration and soil water balance, on average providing more favorable conditions for plant growth than in full light. As a consequence, in rainfed conditions, average grain yield was higher and more stable under agrivoltaic than under full light. The advantage of growing maize in the shade of Agrovoltaico increased proportionally to drought stress, which indicates that agrivoltaic systems could increase crop resilience to climate change. The benefit of producing renewable energy with Agrovoltaico was assessed using the Land Equivalent Ratio, comparing the electric energy produced by Agrovoltaico cultivated with biogas maize to that produced by a combination of conventional ground mounted PV systems and biogas maize in monoculture. Land Equivalent Ratio was always above 1, it increased with panel density and it was higher with sun tracking than with static panels. The best Agrivoltaico scenario produced twice as much energy, per unit area, as the combination of ground mounted PV systems and biogas maize in monoculture. For this Agrivoltaico can be considered a valuable system to produce renewable energy on farm without negatively affecting land productivity. DA - 2018/06/15/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.081 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 220 SP - 545 EP - 561 J2 - Applied Energy SN - 0306-2619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Photovoltaic agriculture - New opportunity for photovoltaic applications in China AU - Xue, Jinlin T2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews AB - Photovoltaic industry has been an important development direction of China's strategic emerging industries since 2012, and more and more attentions have been paid to broaden the domestic demand to solve the problem of overcapacity of China's PV industry. Photovoltaic agriculture, the combination of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural activities, is a natural response to supply the green and sustainable electricity for agriculture. There are several main application modes of photovoltaic agriculture such as photovoltaic agricultural greenhouse, photovoltaic breeding, photovoltaic wastewater purification, photovoltaic water pumping and new type rural solar power station. Photovoltaic agriculture can effectively alleviate the contradiction between more population and less land, powerfully promote the development of controlled environmental agriculture, evidently increase economic benefits of farmers, and significantly improve environment due to emissions reduction in China. In recent years, photovoltaic agriculture has a rapid development in China due to powerful support policies, flourishing controlled environmental agriculture, policy-oriented rural electrification and promising electric machinery for greenhouse. Therefore, photovoltaic agriculture provides new opportunity for China's photovoltaic industry, thus not only to solve the dilemma of overcapacity for China's photovoltaic industry effectively, but also to accelerate the development of modern agriculture in China. However, the more theoretical researches and practical exploration must be conducted to optimize the combination of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural planting. And the unified standards must be established to standardize the design and scale of projects of photovoltaic agriculture. Also, photovoltaic enterprises need to produce widely applicable photovoltaic products for agricultural production and farmers’ life. DA - 2017/06/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.098 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 73 SP - 1 EP - 9 J2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews SN - 1364-0321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The potential of agrivoltaic systems AU - Dinesh, Harshavardhan AU - Pearce, Joshua M. T2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews AB - In order to meet global energy demands with clean renewable energy such as with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, large surface areas are needed because of the relatively diffuse nature of solar energy. Much of this demand can be matched with aggressive building integrated PV and rooftop PV, but the remainder can be met with land-based PV farms. Using large tracts of land for solar farms will increase competition for land resources as food production demand and energy demand are both growing and vie for the limited land resources. This land competition is exacerbated by the increasing population. These coupled land challenges can be ameliorated using the concept of agrivoltaics or co-developing the same area of land for both solar PV power as well as for conventional agriculture. In this paper, the agrivoltaic experiments to date are reviewed and summarized. A coupled simulation model is developed for both PV production (PVSyst) and agricultural production (Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire les Cultures Standard (STICS) crop model), to gauge the technical potential of scaling agrivoltaic systems. The results showed that the value of solar generated electricity coupled to shade-tolerant crop production created an over 30% increase in economic value from farms deploying agrivoltaic systems instead of conventional agriculture. Utilizing shade tolerant crops enables crop yield losses to be minimized and thus maintain crop price stability. In addition, this dual use of agricultural land can have a significant effect on national PV production. The results showed an increase in PV power between over 40 and 70GW if lettuce cultivation alone is converted to agrivoltaic systems in the U.S. It is clear, further work is warranted in this area and that the outputs for different crops and geographic areas should be explored to ascertain the potential of agrivoltaic farming throughout the globe. DA - 2016/02/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.024 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 54 SP - 299 EP - 308 J2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews LA - en SN - 1364-0321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agrivoltaics provide mutual benefits across the food–energy–water nexus in drylands AU - Barron-Gafford, Greg A. AU - Pavao-Zuckerman, Mitchell A. AU - Minor, Rebecca L. AU - Sutter, Leland F. AU - Barnett-Moreno, Isaiah AU - Blackett, Daniel T. AU - Thompson, Moses AU - Dimond, Kirk AU - Gerlak, Andrea K. AU - Nabhan, Gary P. AU - Macknick, Jordan E. T2 - Nature Sustainability AB - Agrivoltaics can achieve synergistic benefits by growing agricultural plants under raised solar panels. In this article, the authors showed that growth under solar panels reduced tomato and pepper drought stress and increased production, while simultaneously reducing photovoltaic panel heat stress. DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41893-019-0364-5 DP - www.nature.com VL - 2 IS - 9 SP - 848 EP - 855 J2 - Nat Sustain LA - en SN - 2398-9629 N1 -

number: 9
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics in forage-based crop rotations in Northern Sweden (63–64°N) AU - Bolinder, M.A. AU - Kätterer, T. AU - Andrén, O. AU - Ericson, L. AU - Parent, L.-E. AU - Kirchmann, H. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2010/08/15/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.009 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 138 IS - 3-4 SP - 335 EP - 342 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cropping Systems to Improve Carbon Sequestration for Mitigation of Climate Change AU - Wang, Qingren AU - Li, Yuncong AU - Alva, Ashok T2 - Journal of Environmental Protection DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.4236/jep.2010.13025 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 01 IS - 03 SP - 207 EP - 215 J2 - JEP SN - 2152-2197, 2152-2219 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced top soil carbon stocks under organic farming AU - Gattinger, A. AU - Muller, A. AU - Haeni, M. AU - Skinner, C. AU - Fliessbach, A. AU - Buchmann, N. AU - Mader, P. AU - Stolze, M. AU - Smith, P. AU - Scialabba, N. E.-H. AU - Niggli, U. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2012/10/30/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1209429109 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 109 IS - 44 SP - 18226 EP - 18231 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Humus balances of different farm production systems in main production areas in Austria AU - Kasper, Martina AU - Freyer, Bernhard AU - Hülsbergen, Kurt-Jürgen AU - Schmid, Harald AU - Friedel, Jürgen Kurt T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - The importance of the soil humus content is indisputable. Soil humus plays an important role in preserving soil fertility and exerts great influence on plant production and yield potential. However, proofing that management-related changes in the stock of soil organic matter (SOM) have taken place against the background of spatial and temporal variation is a difficult task. In most cases, sampling over a long period of time is needed to verify these changes. Alternatively, potential changes in the SOM stock can be estimated using humus balancing models, which help to identify the need for humus reproduction on a farm. In general, a humus balance is the difference between the humus demand of cultivated crops and humus supply through crops and organic fertilizers. In this study, the ‘Dynamic Humus Unit Method’ within the modelling program REPRO was applied to calculate the humus balance for 29 model-farms that are representative of most of the agricultural production in Austria. Each model-farm represents a specific production type (PT) and farming system in a defined region or main production area (MPA). This approach gives an overview of the humus balances at a large scale and allows a general trend in Austria to be estimated. Besides differing between conventional and organic farming systems, specific site conditions can also be selected in the model. The constructed model-farms belong to different PTs such as ‘‘forage production’’, ‘‘cash crops’’, ‘‘refinement’’, and ‘‘permanent crops’’. The PT ‘‘permanent crops’’ refers to the cultivation of wine. The cropping system of each PT was analyzed in detail, while livestock keeping was considered only when applicable. Positive humus balances were found for all PTs except for permanent crops. The results ranged from –122 to 890 kg C ha–1 y–1. Regions and farm structure, e.g., forage production compared to cash crop, were found to have a greater influence than the kind of farming system (i.e., organic vs. conventional farming). Comparing the different PTs, forage production had the highest positive humus balances (219 to 890 kg C ha–1 y–1), followed by cash crop (24 to 239 kg C ha–1 y–1), refinement (–64 to 402 kg C ha–1 y–1) and permanent crops (–122 to –38 kg C ha–1 y–1). Regarding the farming system, organic farming led to more humus accumulation than conventional farming due to a higher share of fodder legumes and catch crops and more diverse crop rotations. The results were within the range of available empirical data on SOM change, and it was therefore concluded that the results are reasonable. In general, humus reproduction can be regarded as sufficient for agricultural production. DA - 2015/02// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1002/jpln.201400111 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 178 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 34 J2 - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. LA - en SN - 14368730 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Landwirtschaftlich genutzte Böden in Deutschland - Ergebnisse der Bodenzustandserhebung AU - Jacobs, A. AU - Flessa, H. AU - Don, A. AU - Heidkamp, A. AU - Prietz, R. AU - Dechow, R. AU - Gensior, Andreas AU - Poeplau, C. AU - Riggers, C. AU - Schneider, F. AU - Tiemeyer, Bärbel AU - Vos, C. AU - Wittnebel, M. AU - Müller, T. AU - Säurich, A. AU - Fahrion-Nitschke, A. AU - Gebbert, S. AU - Jaconi, A. AU - Kolata, H. AU - Laggner, A. AU - et al. T2 - Thünen Report CY - Braunschweig DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 316 PB - Thünen-Institut SN - 64 UR - https://literatur.thuenen.de/digbib_extern/dn060497.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites AU - Ceschia, E. AU - Béziat, P. AU - Dejoux, J.F. AU - Aubinet, M. AU - Bernhofer, Ch. AU - Bodson, B. AU - Buchmann, N. AU - Carrara, A. AU - Cellier, P. AU - Di Tommasi, P. AU - Elbers, J.A. AU - Eugster, W. AU - Grünwald, T. AU - Jacobs, C.M.J. AU - Jans, W.W.P. AU - Jones, M. AU - Kutsch, W. AU - Lanigan, G. AU - Magliulo, E. AU - Marloie, O. AU - Moors, E.J. AU - Moureaux, C. AU - Olioso, A. AU - Osborne, B. AU - Sanz, M.J. AU - Saunders, M. AU - Smith, P. AU - Soegaard, H. AU - Wattenbach, M. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2010/11// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.020 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 139 IS - 3 SP - 363 EP - 383 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioenergie – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen AU - Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften AU - Leopoldina CY - Halle (Saale) DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften UR - https://www.leopoldina.org/uploads/tx_leopublication/2013_06_Stellungnahme_Bioenergie_DE.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does agricultural crop diversity enhance soil microbial biomass and organic matter dynamics? A meta-analysis AU - McDaniel, M. D. AU - Tiemann, L. K. AU - Grandy, A. S. T2 - Ecological Applications DA - 2014/04// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1890/13-0616.1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 560 EP - 570 J2 - Ecological Applications LA - en SN - 1051-0761 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Boden und Klima – Einflussfaktoren, Daten, Maßnahmen und Anpassungsmöglichkeiten AU - Spanischberger, Andrea AU - Mitterböck, Nora DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Stickstoffeinträgen in Gewässer: eine wasserschutzorientierte Landwirtschaft zur Umsetzung der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie T2 - Landbauforschung Völkenrode Sonderheft A2 - Osterburg, Bernhard A3 - Osterburg, Bernhard CY - Braunschweig DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - de SN - 978-3-86576-031-9 N1 -

OCLC: 180047824

ER - TY - BOOK TI - Arbeiten zur Evaluierung von ÖPUL-Maßnahmen hinsichtlich ihrer Klimawirksamkeit: Schwerpunkt agrarische Bewirtschaftung T2 - Report / Umweltbundesamt A2 - Freudenschuß, Alexandra A3 - Freudenschuß, Alexandra CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - de SN - 978-3-99004-091-1 N1 -

OCLC: 837801295

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site-adjusted organic matter-balance method for use in arable farming systems AU - Kolbe, Hartmut T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200900175 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 173 IS - 5 SP - 678 EP - 691 J2 - Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk. LA - en SN - 14368730 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Praxisleitfaden für Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Nährstoffausträgen aus dränierten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen: mit einer Regionalisierung für Schleswig-Holstein AU - Holsten, Bettina AU - Ochsner, Sabine AU - Schäfer, Achim AU - Trepel, Michael DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 UR - https://www.ecosystems.uni-kiel.de/en/pdf/praxisleitfaden_interaktiv.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/02/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Standpunkt Humusbilanzierung - Eine Methode zur Analyse und Bewertung der Humusversorgung von Ackerland. AU - VDLUFA DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Zotero SP - 21 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying biological nitrogen fixation of different catch crops, and residual effects of roots and tops on nitrogen uptake in barley using in-situ 15N labelling AU - Li, Xiaoxi AU - Sørensen, Peter AU - Li, Fucui AU - Petersen, Søren O. AU - Olesen, Jørgen E. T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2015/10// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s11104-015-2548-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 395 IS - 1-2 SP - 273 EP - 287 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cover crops mitigate direct greenhouse gases balance but reduce drainage under climate change scenarios in temperate climate with dry summers AU - Tribouillois, Hélène AU - Constantin, Julie AU - Justes, Eric T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14091 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 2513 EP - 2529 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 13541013 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Soil Organic Matter and Nutrient Dynamics Following Different Management of Crop Residues at Two Sites in Austria AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Sandén, Taru AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Gründling, Ralf AU - Franko, Uwe T2 - Soil Management and Climate Change DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 253 EP - 265 LA - en PB - Elsevier SN - 978-0-12-812128-3 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128121283000173 Y2 - 2020/07/02/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812128-3.00017-3

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterising the biophysical, economic and social impacts of soil carbon sequestration as a greenhouse gas removal technology AU - Sykes, Alasdair J. AU - Macleod, Michael AU - Eory, Vera AU - Rees, Robert M. AU - Payen, Florian AU - Myrgiotis, Vasilis AU - Williams, Mathew AU - Sohi, Saran AU - Hillier, Jon AU - Moran, Dominic AU - Manning, David A. C. AU - Goglio, Pietro AU - Seghetta, Michele AU - Williams, Adrian AU - Harris, Jim AU - Dondini, Marta AU - Walton, Jack AU - House, Joanna AU - Smith, Pete T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14844 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 1085 EP - 1108 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 N1 -

number: 3

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vertisols and Cambisols had contrasting short term greenhouse gas responses to crop residue management AU - Badagliacca, G. AU - Rees, R. M. AU - Giambalvo, D. AU - Saia, S. T2 - Plant Soil Environment DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.17221/599/2019-PSE VL - 66 SP - 222 EP - 233 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? – A meta-analysis of European research AU - Tuomisto, H.L. AU - Hodge, I.D. AU - Riordan, P. AU - Macdonald, D.W. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 112 SP - 309 EP - 320 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management LA - en SN - 03014797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Converting highly productive arable cropland in Europe to grassland: –a poor candidate for carbon sequestration AU - Gosling, Paul AU - van der Gast, Christopher AU - Bending, Gary D. T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 as organic carbon by agricultural soils (SOC) is promoted as a climate change mitigation option. IPCC provides guidelines for determining carbon stocks and sequestration potential, incentivising policy changes towards management of farmland for carbon sequestration. However, the basis of the assumption that agricultural soils can sequester significant atmospheric CO2 has been questioned. We sought to determine the potential for conversion of arable cropland to grassland to sequester carbon in the short to medium term and potential limiting factors. There were no differences in SOC stocks in the top 30 cm between grassland up to 17 years old and arable cropland at 14 sites across the UK. However, SOC showed different distribution patterns, being concentrated in the top 10 cm under grassland. Soil microbial communities were significantly different between arable and grassland, with higher biomass and lesser dominance by bacteria in grassland soils. A land use conversion experiment showed these changes occurred within one year of land use change. Failure of grassland soils to accumulate SOC was attributed to reduced available soil nitrogen, resulting in low productivity. The implications of these results for carbon sequestration in soils as a climate change mitigation strategy are discussed. DA - 2017/09/05/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/s41598-017-11083-6 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 10493 SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone - carbon response functions as a model approach AU - Poeplau, Christopher AU - Don, Axel AU - Vesterdal, Lars AU - Leifeld, Jens AU - Van Wesemael, B. A. S. AU - Schumacher, Jens AU - Gensior, Andreas T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02408.x VL - 17 IS - 7 SP - 2415 EP - 2427 SN - 13541013 N1 -

section: 2415

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic carbon storage as a key function of soils - A review of drivers and indicators at various scales AU - Wiesmeier, Martin AU - Urbanski, Livia AU - Hobley, Eleanor AU - Lang, Birgit AU - von Lützow, Margit AU - Marin-Spiotta, Erika AU - van Wesemael, Bas AU - Rabot, Eva AU - Ließ, Mareike AU - Garcia-Franco, Noelia AU - Wollschläger, Ute AU - Vogel, Hans-Jörg AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid T2 - Geoderma AB - The capacity of soils to store organic carbon represents a key function of soils that is not only decisive for climate regulation but also affects other soil functions. Recent efforts to assess the impact of land management on soil functionality proposed that an indicator- or proxy-based approach is a promising alternative to quantify soil functions compared to time- and cost-intensive measurements, particularly when larger regions are targeted. The objective of this review is to identify measurable biotic or abiotic properties that control soil organic carbon (SOC) storage at different spatial scales and could serve as indicators for an efficient quantification of SOC. These indicators should enable both an estimation of actual SOC storage as well as a prediction of the SOC storage potential, which is an important aspect in land use and management planning. There are many environmental conditions that affect SOC storage at different spatial scales. We provide a thorough overview of factors from micro-scales (particles to pedons) to the global scale and discuss their suitability as indicators for SOC storage: clay mineralogy, specific surface area, metal oxides, Ca and Mg cations, microorganisms, soil fauna, aggregation, texture, soil type, natural vegetation, land use and management, topography, parent material and climate. As a result, we propose a set of indicators that allow for time- and cost-efficient estimates of actual and potential SOC storage from the local to the regional and subcontinental scale. As a key element, the fine mineral fraction was identified to determine SOC stabilization in most soils. The quantification of SOC can be further refined by including climatic proxies, particularly elevation, as well as information on land use, soil management and vegetation characteristics. To enhance its indicative power towards land management effects, further “functional soil characteristics”, particularly soil structural properties and changes in the soil microbial biomass pool should be included in this indicator system. The proposed system offers the potential to efficiently estimate the SOC storage capacity by means of simplified measures, such as soil fractionation procedures or infrared spectroscopic approaches. DA - 2019/01/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.026 VL - 333 SP - 149 EP - 162 SN - 0016-7061 ER - TY - THES TI - Nutrient Addition and Crop Yield of an Alley Cropping System in the Piedmont of Georgia AU - Green, E.V. CY - Athens, Georgia DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 LA - eng M3 - Masterarbeit PB - University of Georgia UR - https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/green_eleanor_v_200205_ms.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Branching out: Agroforestry as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool for agriculture AU - Schoeneberger, M. AU - Bentrup, G. AU - de Gooijer, H. AU - Soolanayakanahally, R. AU - Sauer, T. AU - Brandle, J. AU - Zhou, X. AU - Current, D. T2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation DA - 2012/09/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.2489/jswc.67.5.128A DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 67 IS - 5 SP - 128A EP - 136A J2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation LA - en SN - 0022-4561, 1941-3300 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond conservation agriculture AU - Giller, Ken E. AU - Andersson, Jens A. AU - Corbeels, Marc AU - Kirkegaard, John AU - Mortensen, David AU - Erenstein, Olaf AU - Vanlauwe, Bernard T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - Global support for Conservation Agriculture (CA) as a pathway to Sustainable Intensification is strong. CA revolves around three principles: no-till (or minimal soil disturbance), soil cover, and crop rotation. The benefits arising from the ease of crop management, energy/cost/time savings, and soil and water conservation led to widespread adoption of CA, particularly on large farms in the Americas and Australia, where farmers harness the tools of modern science: highly-sophisticated machines, potent agrochemicals, and biotechnology. Over the past 10 years CA has been promoted among smallholder farmers in the (sub-) tropics, often with disappointing results. Growing evidence challenges the claims that CA increases crop yields and builds-up soil carbon although increased stability of crop yields in dry climates is evident. Our analyses suggest pragmatic adoption on larger mechanized farms, and limited uptake of CA by smallholder farmers in developing countries. We propose a rigorous, context-sensitive approach based on Systems Agronomy to analyze and explore sustainable intensification options, including the potential of CA. There is an urgent need to move beyond dogma and prescriptive approaches to provide soil and crop management options for farmers to enable the Sustainable Intensification of agriculture. DA - 2015/10/28/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.3389/fpls.2015.00870 DP - Penn State VL - 6 IS - OCTOBER SN - 1664-462X UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84947417164&partnerID=8YFLogxK Y2 - 2021/10/27/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Leguminosenkörnerschrote und andere vegetabile Dünger im Ökologischen Gemüsebau AU - Müller, T. AU - Riehle, J. AU - Li, Z. AU - Schlegel, Z AU - von Schenck zu Schweinsberg, M AU - Sabahi, H AU - Schulz, R T2 - 9. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Zwischen Tradition und Globalizierung C1 - Hohenheim C3 - 9. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Dr. Köster Berlin SN - 978-3-89574-640-6 UR - https://orgprints.org/9607/1/9607_M%C3%BCller_Vortrag.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/02/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration AU - Ramachandran Nair, P. K. AU - Mohan Kumar, B. AU - Nair, Vimala D. T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - Abstract During the past three decades, agroforestry has become recognized the world over as an integrated approach to sustainable land use because of its production and environmental benefits. Its recent recognition as a greenhouse gas?mitigation strategy under the Kyoto Protocol has earned it added attention as a strategy for biological carbon (C) sequestration. The perceived potential is based on the premise that the greater efficiency of integrated systems in resource (nutrients, light, and water) capture and utilization than single-species systems will result in greater net C sequestration. Available estimates of C-sequestration potential of agroforestry systems are derived by combining information on the aboveground, time-averaged C stocks and the soil C values; but they are generally not rigorous. Methodological difficulties in estimating C stock of biomass and the extent of soil C storage under varying conditions are compounded by the lack of reliable estimates of area under agroforestry. We estimate that the area currently under agroforestry worldwide is 1,023 million ha. Additionally, substantial extent of areas of unproductive crop, grass, and forest lands as well as degraded lands could be brought under agroforestry. The extent of C sequestered in any agroforestry system will depend on a number of site-specific biological, climatic, soil, and management factors. Furthermore, the profitability of C-sequestration projects will depend on the price of C in the international market, additional income from the sale of products such as timber, and the cost related to C monitoring. Our knowledge on these issues is unfortunately rudimentary. Until such difficulties are surmounted, the low-cost environmental benefit of agroforestry will continue to be underappreciated and underexploited. DA - 2009/02/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200800030 VL - 172 IS - 1 SP - 10 EP - 23 J2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science SN - 1436-8730 N1 -

number: 1
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets AU - Zomer, Robert J. AU - Neufeldt, Henry AU - Xu, Jianchu AU - Ahrends, Antje AU - Bossio, Deborah AU - Trabucco, Antonio AU - van Noordwijk, Meine AU - Wang, Mingcheng T2 - Scientific Reports DA - 2016/07// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/srep29987 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 29987 J2 - Sci Rep LA - en SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Role of Legumes in Soil Carbon Sequestration AU - Kumar, Sandeep AU - Meena, Ram Swaroop AU - Lal, Rattan AU - Singh Yadav, Gulab AU - Mitran, Tarik AU - Meena, Babu Lal AU - Dotaniya, Mohan Lal AU - EL-Sabagh, Ayman T2 - Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management A2 - Meena, Ram Swaroop A2 - Das, Anup A2 - Yadav, Gulab Singh A2 - Lal, Rattan CY - Singapore DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 109 EP - 138 LA - en PB - Springer Singapore SN - 9789811302527 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_4 Y2 - 2020/07/02/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_4

ER - TY - THES TI - Moderne Agroforstsysteme mit Wertholzbäumen als Option der Landnutzung in Deutschland: Naturschutz, Landschaftsbild und Akzeptanz AU - Reeg, Tatjana CY - Freiburg im Breisgau DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Zotero LA - de M3 - Inaugural‐Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Forst‐ und Umweltwissenschaften der Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg i. Brsg. PB - Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg i. Brsg UR - https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:8308/datastreams/FILE1/content Y2 - 2021/10/27/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Leitfaden Agroforstsysteme. Möglichkeiten zur naturschutzgerechten Etablierung von Agroforstsystemen. AU - Unseld, Rüdiger AU - Reppin, Nicole AU - Eckstein, Karin AU - Zehlius-Eckert, Wolfgang AU - Hoffmann, Helmut AU - Huber, Thomas DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 PB - BfN (Bundesamt für Naturschutz) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agroforestry trade-offs between biomass provision and aboveground carbon sequestration in the alpine Eisenwurzen region, Austria AU - Bertsch-Hoermann, Bastian AU - Egger, Claudine AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Gingrich, Simone T2 - Regional Environmental Change AB - Mountain agroecosystems deliver essential ecosystem services to society but are prone to climate change as well as socio-economic pressures, making multi-functional land systems increasingly central to sustainable mountain land use policy. Agroforestry, the combination of woody vegetation with crops and/or livestock, is expected to simultaneously increase provisioning and regulating ecosystem services, but knowledge gaps concerning trade-offs exist especially in temperate industrialized and alpine regions. Here, we quantify the aboveground carbon (C) dynamics of a hypothetical agroforestry implementation in the Austrian long-term socio-ecological research region Eisenwurzen from 2020 to 2050. We develop three land use scenarios to differentiate conventional agriculture from an immediate and a gradual agroforestry implementation, integrate data from three distinct models (Yield-SAFE, SECLAND, MIAMI), and advance the socio-ecological indicator framework Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) to assess trade-offs between biomass provision and carbon sequestration. Results indicate that agroforestry strongly decreases HANPP because of a reduction in biomass harvest by up to − 47% and a simultaneous increase in actual net primary production by up to 31%, with a large amount of carbon sequestered in perennial biomass by up to 3.4 t C ha-1 yr-1. This shows that a hypothetical transition to agroforestry in the Eisenwurzen relieves the agroecosystem from human-induced pressure but results in significant trade-offs between biomass provision and carbon sequestration. We thus conclude that while harvest losses inhibit large-scale implementation in intensively used agricultural regions, agroforestry constitutes a valuable addition to sustainable land use policy, in particular when affecting extensive pastures and meadows in alpine landscapes. DA - 2021/07/21/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s10113-021-01794-y VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 77 J2 - Regional Environmental Change SN - 1436-378X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responses of soil carbon sequestration to climate‐smart agriculture practices: A meta‐analysis AU - Bai, Xiongxiong AU - Huang, Yawen AU - Ren, Wei AU - Coyne, Mark AU - Jacinthe, Pierre‐Andre AU - Tao, Bo AU - Hui, Dafeng AU - Yang, Jian AU - Matocha, Chris T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2019/08// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14658 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - 2591 EP - 2606 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - ISSUES PAPER: ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY OF THE FOOD SUPPLY T2 - International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security, CY - Rome DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 LA - en M3 - Vortrag UR - https://orgprints.org/10752/ ER - TY - ELEC TI - Low Greenhouse Gas Agriculture: Mitigation and Adaptation Potential of Sustainable Farming Systems. AU - Niggli, U. AU - Fließbach, A. AU - Hepperly, P. AU - Scialabba, N. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 UR - https://orgprints.org/15690/1/niggli-etal-2009-lowgreenhouse.pdf Y2 - 2020/05/14/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental impacts of organic and conventional agricultural products – Are the differences captured by life cycle assessment? AU - Meier, Matthias S. AU - Stoessel, Franziska AU - Jungbluth, Niels AU - Juraske, Ronnie AU - Schader, Christian AU - Stolze, Matthias T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Comprehensive assessment tools are needed that reliably describe environmental impacts of different agricultural systems in order to develop sustainable high yielding agricultural production systems with minimal impacts on the environment. Today, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is increasingly used to assess and compare the environmental sustainability of agricultural products from conventional and organic agriculture. However, LCA studies comparing agricultural products from conventional and organic farming systems report a wide variation in the resource efficiency of products from these systems. The studies show that impacts per area farmed land are usually less in organic systems, but related to the quantity produced impacts are often higher. We reviewed 34 comparative LCA studies of organic and conventional agricultural products to analyze whether this result is solely due to the usually lower yields in organic systems or also due to inaccurate modeling within LCA. Comparative LCAs on agricultural products from organic and conventional farming systems often do not adequately differentiate the specific characteristics of the respective farming system in the goal and scope definition and in the inventory analysis. Further, often only a limited number of impact categories are assessed within the impact assessment not allowing for a comprehensive environmental assessment. The most critical points we identified relate to the nitrogen (N) fluxes influencing acidification, eutrophication, and global warming potential, and biodiversity. Usually, N-emissions in LCA inventories of agricultural products are based on model calculations. Modeled N-emissions often do not correspond with the actual amount of N left in the system that may result in potential emissions. Reasons for this may be that N-models are not well adapted to the mode of action of organic fertilizers and that N-emission models often are built on assumptions from conventional agriculture leading to even greater deviances for organic systems between the amount of N calculated by emission models and the actual amount of N available for emissions. Improvements are needed regarding a more precise differentiation between farming systems and regarding the development of N emission models that better represent actual N-fluxes within different systems. We recommend adjusting N- and C-emissions during farmyard manure management and farmyard manure fertilization in plant production to the feed ration provided in the animal production of the respective farming system leading to different N- and C-compositions within the excrement. In the future, more representative background data on organic farming systems (e.g. N content of farmyard manure) should be generated and compiled so as to be available for use within LCA inventories. Finally, we recommend conducting consequential LCA e if possible e when using LCA for policy-making or strategic environmental planning to account for different functions of the analyzed farming systems. DA - 2015/02// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 149 SP - 193 EP - 208 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management LA - en SN - 03014797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ÖPUL Evaluierung 2017: Nationaler Evaluierungsbericht. LE 2014-20. Evaluierungspakete D, E und F. A2 - Groier, Michael A2 - Kelemen-Finan, J. A2 - Niedermyr, J. A2 - Groier, Michael A2 - Kelemen-Finan, J. A2 - Niedermyr, J. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vergleich von ökologischer und konventioneller Landwirtschaft als Beispiel einer vergleichenden Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung landwirtschaftlicher Systeme AU - Wirz, , A. AU - L., Tennhardt AU - S., Griese AU - M., Opielka AU - S., Peter AU - Peter, S. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy resources' utilization in organic and conventional vineyards: Energy flow, greenhouse gas emissions and biofuel production AU - Kavargiris, Stefanos E. AU - Mamolos, Andreas P. AU - Tsatsarelis, Constantinos A. AU - Nikolaidou, Anna E. AU - Kalburtji, Kiriaki L. T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - An energy analysis, in conventional and organic vineyards, combined with ethanol production and greenhouse gas emissions, is useful in evaluating present situation and deciding best management strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the energy flow between organic and conventional vineyards in three locations, to calculate CO2, CH4 and N2O-emissions based on the used fossil energy and to explore if wine industry wastes can be used to extract bioethanol. The data were collected through personal interviews with farmers during 2004–2005. Eighteen farmers, who owned vineyards about 1ha each, were randomly selected to participate in this study [(3 conventional and 3 organic)×3 locations]. The means averaged over all locations for fertilizer application, plant protection products application, transportation, harvesting, labor, machinery, fuels, plant protections products and tools energy inputs, total energy inputs, outputs (grapes), outputs (grapes+shoots), grape yield, man hour, pomace and ethanol from pomace were significantly higher in conventional than in organic vineyards, while the opposite occurred for the pruning. Means averaged over two farming systems for harvesting, tools energy inputs, energy outputs (grapes), grape yield, pomace and ethanol from pomace were significantly higher at location A, followed by location C and location B. Finally, for irrigation, the means averaged over the two farming systems were significantly lower at location C. Greenhouse gas emissions were significant lower in organic than in conventional vineyards. The results show a clear response of energy inputs to energy outputs that resulted from the farming system and location. DA - 2009/09/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.05.006 VL - 33 IS - 9 SP - 1239 EP - 1250 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy SN - 0961-9534 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas emissions from conventional and organic cropping systems in Spain. I. Herbaceous crops AU - Aguilera, Eduardo AU - Guzmán, Gloria AU - Alonso, Antonio T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development AB - Agriculture is a major driver of climate change, particularly when all indirect emission sources are accounted for. Mitigation options targeted on one process are often proposed, ignoring their secondary effects on the overall greenhouse gas balance. Integrative methodologies such as life cycle assessment (LCA) are often applied without adjusting emission factors to specific site characteristics. Here, we used LCA to calculate the global warming potential of 38 pairs of organic and conventional herbaceous cropping systems and products in Spain. Crop products included rainfed cereals and pulses, rice, open-air vegetables, and greenhouse vegetables. We used data from farmer interviews and published conversion factors. Our results show that the emission balances were dominated by fossil fuel use rather than by direct field emissions. Organic management reduced crop emissions by 36–65 %, with the exception of rice showing an increase of 8 % due to methane generation. Product-based emissions of organic crops were also lower by 30 % on average, except for rice. DA - 2015/04/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s13593-014-0267-9 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 713 EP - 724 J2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development SN - 1773-0155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ÖPUL Evaluierung 2017: Nationaler Evaluierungsbericht. LE 2014-20. Evaluierungspakete D, E und F. A2 - Groier, Michael A2 - Kelemen-Finan, J. A2 - Niedermyr, J. A2 - Groier, Michael A2 - Kelemen-Finan, J. A2 - Niedermyr, J. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic agriculture and climate change AU - Scialabba, Nadia El-Hage AU - Müller-Lindenlauf, Maria T2 - Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems AB - Abstract This article discusses the mitigation and adaptation potential of organic agricultural systems along three main features: farming system design, cropland management and grassland and livestock management. An important potential contribution of organically managed systems to climate change mitigation is identified in the careful management of nutrients and, hence, the reduction of N 2 O emissions from soils. Another high mitigation potential of organic agriculture lies in carbon sequestration in soils. In a first estimate, the emission reduction potential by abstention from mineral fertilizers is calculated to be about 20% and the compensation potential by carbon sequestration to be about 40–72% of the world's current annual agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but further research is needed to consolidate these numbers. On the adaptation side, organic agriculture systems have a strong potential for building resilient food systems in the face of uncertainties, through farm diversification and building soil fertility with organic matter. Additionally, organic agriculture offers alternatives to energy-intensive production inputs such as synthetic fertilizers which are likely to be further limited for poor rural populations by rising energy prices. In developing countries, organic agricultural systems achieve equal or even higher yields, as compared to the current conventional practices, which translate into a potentially important option for food security and sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor in times of climate change. Certified organic products cater for higher income options for farmers and, therefore, can serve as promoters for climate-friendly farming practices worldwide. DA - 2010/06// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1017/S1742170510000116 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 158 EP - 169 J2 - Renew. Agric. Food Syst. LA - en SN - 1742-1705, 1742-1713 N1 -

number: 2

ER - TY - CHAP TI - Leistungen des ökologischen Landbaus für Umwelt und Gesellschaft AU - Sanders, Jürn AU - Heß, Jürgen T3 - Thünen Report CY - Germany DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - mEDRA ET - 2. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage SP - 398 LA - de PB - Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut SV - 65 UR - http://d-nb.info/1176446762/ Y2 - 2020/04/14/ N1 -

DOI: 10.3220/REP1547040572000

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in organic and conventional farming systems in the Netherlands AU - Bos, Jules AU - de Haan, Dick AU - Sukkel, W. AU - Schils, R.L.M. DA - 2007/01/01/ PY - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Raising Soil Organic Matter Content to Improve Water Holding Capacity AU - Bhadha, Jehangir AU - Capasso, Jay AU - Khatiwada, Raju AU - Swanson, Stewart AU - Laborde, Christopher T2 - EDIS DA - 2017/10/02/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.32473/edis-ss661-2017 VL - 2017 J2 - EDIS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local adaptation strategies to increase or maintain soil organic carbon content under arable farming in Europe: Inspirational ideas for setting operational groups within the European innovation partnership AU - Costantini, E.A.C. AU - Antichi, D. AU - Almagro, M. AU - Hedlund, K. AU - Sarno, G. AU - Virto, I. T2 - Journal of Rural Studies AB - In the European Union, the setting of Operational Groups (OG) is supported by the European Innovation Partnership to tackle specific problems and favor innovation in agriculture. They constitute an important aspect of the current Common Agricultural Policy. Increasing or maintaining soil organic carbon (SOC) content under arable farming has been acknowledged as a primary target of European agriculture. SOC-preserving agriculture needs its techniques to be tailored to local conditions, namely, the combination of factors related to the environment (climate and soil characteristics), to the farming system (land use type, farm specialization, crop management), but also to the social and cultural context (market and availability of production means, subsidies, farmers’ education, propensity for innovation and change). In this paper we present inspirational ideas and show success examples of local adaptations strategies to increase or maintain SOC content in soils under arable farming in Europe. They include: · Adoption of soil management strategies to improve SOC storage in irrigated systems. · Precision farming and other high-tech solutions able to generate local diagnosis and adaptive strategies for increasing SOC and reducing greenhouse gasses emissions. · Innovative strategies for extending soil cover periods and introducing cover crops in rotations in areas with limited water availability or prone to harsh weather conditions. · Management of rainfed and low input crops to maintain and increase SOC in dry climates and erosive prone soils. These case studies could facilitate the setting up of OGs and the application of innovative practices in different European countries. DA - 2020/10/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.005 VL - 79 SP - 102 EP - 115 J2 - Journal of Rural Studies SN - 0743-0167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biologischer Ackerbau im Trockengebiet – Umweltleistungen und agrarökologische Qualitäten AU - Freyer, Bernhard AU - Surböck, A. AU - Heinzinger, M. AU - Friedel, Jürgen AU - Schauppenlehner, Thomas AU - Bernhardt, Karl-Georg AU - Brandenburg, C. AU - Bruckner, A. AU - Eitzinger, Josef AU - Gracia-Meca AU - Gerersdorfer, T. AU - Holzner, W. AU - Klik, Andreas AU - Laube, W. AU - Laubhan, D. AU - Mayr, J. AU - Mursch-Radlgruber, E. AU - Pachinger, B. AU - Prochazka, B. AU - Wedenig, David T2 - Ländlicher Raum DA - 2012/03/01/ PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 12 J2 - Ländlicher Raum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis AU - Guo, L. B. AU - Gifford, R. M. T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 IS - 8 SP - 345 EP - 360 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: a new synthesis AU - Conant, Richard T. AU - Cerri, Carlos E. P. AU - Osborne, Brooke B. AU - Paustian, Keith T2 - Ecological Applications DA - 2017/03// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/eap.1473 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 662 EP - 668 J2 - Ecol Appl LA - en SN - 10510761 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is soil carbon mostly root carbon? Mechanisms for a specific stabilisation AU - Rasse, Daniel P. AU - Rumpel, Cornelia AU - Dignac, Marie-France T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2005/02// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1007/s11104-004-0907-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 269 IS - 1-2 SP - 341 EP - 356 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 N1 -

number: 1-2

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controls on soil carbon storage and turnover in German landscapes AU - Herold, Nadine AU - Schöning, Ingo AU - Michalzik, Beate AU - Trumbore, Susan AU - Schrumpf, Marion T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s10533-014-9978-x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 119 IS - 1-3 SP - 435 EP - 451 J2 - Biogeochemistry LA - en SN - 0168-2563, 1573-515X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root Development of Native Plants Under Three Grazing Intensities AU - Schuster, Joseph L. T2 - Ecology DA - 1964/01// PY - 1964 DO - 10.2307/1937107 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 63 J2 - Ecology SN - 00129658 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands AU - Soussana, J.-F. AU - Loiseau, P. AU - Vuichard, N. AU - Ceschia, E. AU - Balesdent, J. AU - Chevallier, T. AU - Arrouays, D. T2 - Soil Use and Management DA - 2006/01/18/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00362.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 219 EP - 230 LA - en SN - 02660032 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological responses of semi-natural grasslands to abandonment: case studies in three mountain regions in the Eastern Alps AU - Bohner, Andreas AU - Karrer, Johannes AU - Walcher, Ronnie AU - Brandl, David AU - Michel, Kerstin AU - Arnberger, Arne AU - Frank, Thomas AU - Zaller, Johann G. T2 - Folia Geobotanica DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s12224-019-09355-2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 54 IS - 3-4 SP - 211 EP - 225 J2 - Folia Geobot LA - en SN - 1211-9520, 1874-9348 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Legacy effects of grassland management on soil carbon to depth AU - Ward, Susan Elizabeth AU - Smart, Simon AU - Quirk, Helen Jane AU - Tallowin, J. AU - Mortimer, Simon AU - Shiel, Robert S. AU - Wilby, Andrew AU - Bardgett, Richard T2 - Global Change Biology AB - The importance of managing land to optimise carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation is widely recognised, with grasslands being identified as having the potential to sequester additional carbon. However, most soil carbon inventories only consider surface soils, and most large scale surveys group ecosystems into broad habitats without considering management intensity. Consequently, little is known about the quantity of deep soil carbon and its sensitivity to management. From a nationwide survey of grassland soils to 1 m depth, we show that carbon in grasslands soils is vulnerable to management and that these management effects can be detected to considerable depth down the soil profile, albeit at decreasing significance with depth. Carbon concentrations in soil decreased as management intensity increased, but greatest soil carbon stocks (accounting for bulk density differences), were at intermediate levels of management. Our study also highlights the considerable amounts of carbon in sub-surface soil below 30cm, which is missed by standard carbon inventories. We estimate grassland soil carbon in Great Britain to be 2097 Tg C to a depth of 1 m, with ~60% of this carbon being below 30cm. Total stocks of soil carbon (t ha−1) to 1 m depth were 10.7% greater at intermediate relative to intensive management, which equates to 10.1 t ha−1 in surface soils (0-30 cm), and 13.7 t ha−1 in soils from 30-100 cm depth. Our findings highlight the existence of substantial carbon stocks at depth in grassland soils that are sensitive to management. This is of high relevance globally, given the extent of land cover and large stocks of carbon held in temperate managed grasslands. Our findings have implications for the future management of grasslands for carbon storage and climate mitigation, and for global carbon models which do not currently account for changes in soil carbon to depth with management. DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 DP - eprints.lancs.ac.uk VL - 22 IS - 8 SP - 2929 EP - 2938 LA - en SN - 1354-1013 N1 -

number-of-pages: 10
number: 8

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cattle trampling and soil compaction on loamy sands AU - Mulholland, B. AU - Fullen, M. A. T2 - Soil Use and Management DA - 1991/12// PY - 1991 DO - 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00873.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 189 EP - 193 J2 - Soil Use & Management LA - en SN - 0266-0032, 1475-2743 ER - TY - CONF TI - Effects of cattle grazing on selected soil chemical and soil physical properties. AU - Bohner, A. AU - Tomanová, O. AU - Lloveras, J. AU - González-Rodríguez, A. AU - Vázquez-Yáñez, O. AU - Piñeiro, J. AU - Santamaría, O. AU - Olea, L. AU - Poblaciones, M. J. T2 - Grassland Science in Europe C1 - Badajoz C3 - Grassland Science in Europe DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 VL - 11 SP - 89 EP - 91 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bodenverdichtung im Dauergrünland und ihre Auswirkung auf die Grünlandvegetation AU - Bohner, Andreas AU - Gehmacher, Philipp AU - Bodner, Gernot AU - Strauss, Peter T2 - Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment AB - Zusammenfassung Die Bodenverdichtung ist ein aktuelles Problem der intensiven Grünlandwirtschaft. Daher wurden in einem repräsentativen österreichischen Grünlandgebiet an 22 unterschiedlichen Standorten die Lagerungsdichte (LD), der Eindringwiderstand (EW) und das Porenvolumen von typischen Dauergrünlandböden (Braunerde, Pseudogley, Gley) bis zu einer Bodentiefe von 30 cm bestimmt, um die bodenverdichtende Wirkung einer intensiven Grünlandbewirtschaftung beurteilen zu können. Außerdem wurde geprüft, ob zwischen den bodenphysikalischen Parametern und dem Auftreten von Bodenverdichtungszeigern im Pflanzenbestand ein Zusammenhang existiert. Der Verdichtungszustand von Dauergrünlandböden hängt von den Bodeneigenschaften (Humusgehalt, Bodenart), der Bewirtschaftungsform und der Nutzungsintensität ab. Die Verdichtungsempfindlichkeit sinkt mit steigendem Humus- und Tongehalt im Boden. Bei hoher Nutzungsintensität sind die Dauergrünlandböden mäßig überverdichtet. Die stärkste Bodenverdichtung entsteht infolge intensiver Beweidung mit Rindern. Durch Viehtritt wird der Boden insbesondere bis in 15 cm Tiefe verdichtet. Häufiges Befahren mit Grünlandmaschinen bewirkt eine Verdichtung zumindest bis 25 cm Bodentiefe. Die Mähweiden nehmen hinsichtlich Bodenverdichtung eine Mittelstellung zwischen Wiesen und Weiden ein. Die Gefahr einer ertragsmindernden Schadverdichtung steigt in Lehmböden beträchtlich, wenn innerhalb der oberen Bodenschicht (0-20 cm) eine Verdichtungszone mit einer LD über 1,40 g/cm 3 oder einem EW größer als 2,00 MPa auftritt. Die Bodenverdichtung wird im Dauergrünland durch Zeigerpflanzen zuverlässig indiziert. Ranunculus repens ist ein besonders sensitiver Bioindikator für Bodenverdichtung. DA - 2017/06/30/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1515/boku-2017-0011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 113 EP - 129 SN - 0006-5471 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extent and Persistence of Subsoil Compaction Caused by Heavy Axle Loads AU - Voorhees, W. B. AU - Nelson, W. W. AU - Randall, G. W. T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal DA - 1986/03// PY - 1986 DO - 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020035x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 428 EP - 433 J2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal LA - en SN - 03615995 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of logging traffic on the hydromorphic degradation of acid forest soils developed on loessic loam in middle Belgium AU - Herbauts, J. AU - El Bayad, J. AU - Gruber, W. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 1996/10// PY - 1996 DO - 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03826-1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 87 IS - 1-3 SP - 193 EP - 207 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en SN - 03781127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of soil compaction on N2O emission in agricultural soil AU - Sitaula, B.K. AU - Hansen, S. AU - Sitaula, J.I.B. AU - Bakken, L.R. T2 - Chemosphere - Global Change Science DA - 2000/07// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00040-4 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 3-4 SP - 367 EP - 371 J2 - Chemosphere - Global Change Science LA - en SN - 14659972 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review AU - Nawaz, Muhammad Farrakh AU - Bourrié, Guilhem AU - Trolard, Fabienne T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development DA - 2013/04// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 291 EP - 309 J2 - Agron. Sustain. Dev. LA - en SN - 1774-0746, 1773-0155 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of pork using different protein sources in pig feed AU - Reckmann, K. AU - Blank, R. AU - Traulsen, I. AU - Krieter, J. T2 - Archives Animal Breeding AB - Abstract. Feed production is the main contributor to a subset of environmental impacts of pork production. In this context, this study is concerned with the substitution of soy products in pig diets in order to reduce these impacts. The aim of this study was to assess three alternative diets in gestating and lactating sows as well as growing and finishing pigs in order to reduce the amount of soy products used as ingredients. In the three alternative scenarios soy proteins were compensated for by either using a combination of different feedstuffs (e.g. rapeseed meal, fava beans, and synthetic amino acids) (LOW), maximising the use of legumes (mainly fava beans) (LEG) and increasing the amount of synthetic amino acids (AA). These alternative scenarios were compared with standard diets (ST) and formulated in order to reduce the crude-protein content of the diet while maintaining the same performance of the pigs. Each of the resulting 16 diets was then assessed with respect to global warming, eutrophication, acidification, and land use, both when accounting and not accounting for emissions due to land use change. The analysis per kilogram of feed showed that the ST diets performed best with regard to global warming, eutrophication, and acidification. When emissions from land use and land use change were added, ST and AA diets appeared to have the least impact. In contrast, the assessment of scenarios per kilogram of pork highlighted that the AA scenario contributed the least in all impact categories. In conclusion, it is possible to partly replace soybean products by using synthetic amino acids in order to minimise the environmental impacts of the pork supply chain. DA - 2016/01/21/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.5194/aab-59-27-2016 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 36 J2 - Arch. Anim. Breed. LA - en SN - 2363-9822 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review of substances/agents that have direct beneficial effect on the environment: mode of action and assessment of efficacy AU - Lewis, K. A. AU - Tzilivakis, J. AU - Green, A. AU - Warner, D. J. AU - Stedman, A. AU - Naseby, D. T2 - EFSA Supporting Publications DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.EN-440 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 440E LA - en SN - 2397-8325 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.EN-440

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the potential of dietary crude protein manipulation in reducing ammonia emissions from cattle and pig manure: A meta-analysis AU - Sajeev, Erangu Purath Mohankumar AU - Amon, Barbara AU - Ammon, Christian AU - Zollitsch, Werner AU - Winiwarter, Wilfried T2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems AB - Dietary manipulation of animal diets by reducing crude protein (CP) intake is a strategic NH3 abatement option as it reduces the overall nitrogen input at the very beginning of the manure management chain. This study presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of scientific literature on NH3 reductions following a reduction of CP in cattle and pig diets. Results indicate higher mean NH3 reductions of 17 ± 6% per %-point CP reduction for cattle as compared to 11 ± 6% for pigs. Variability in NH3 emission reduction estimates reported for different manure management stages and pig categories did not indicate a significant influence. Statistically significant relationships exist between CP reduction, NH3 emissions and total ammoniacal nitrogen content in manure for both pigs and cattle, with cattle revealing higher NH3 reductions and a clearer trend in relationships. This is attributed to the greater attention given to feed optimization in pigs relative to cattle and also due to the specific physiology of ruminants to efficiently recycle nitrogen in situations of low protein intake. The higher NH3 reductions in cattle highlights the opportunity to extend concepts of feed optimization from pigs and poultry to cattle production systems to further reduce NH3 emissions from livestock manure. The results presented help to accurately quantify the effects of NH3 abatement following reduced CP levels in animal diets distinguishing between animal types and other physiological factors. This is useful in the development of emission factors associated with reduced CP as an NH3 abatement option. DA - 2018/01/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10705-017-9893-3 DP - Springer Link VL - 110 IS - 1 SP - 161 EP - 175 J2 - Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst LA - en SN - 1573-0867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of the Rumen Microbiome and Metabolome to Study the Effect of an Antimethanogenic Treatment Applied in Early Life of Kid Goats AU - Abecia, Leticia AU - Martínez-Fernandez, Gonzalo AU - Waddams, Kate AU - Martín-García, Antonio Ignacio AU - Pinloche, Eric AU - Creevey, Christopher J. AU - Denman, Stuart Edward AU - Newbold, Charles James AU - Yáñez-Ruiz, David R. T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology AB - This work aimed to gain insight into the transition from milk to solid feeding at weaning combining genomics and metabolomics on rumen contents from goat kids treated with a methanogenic inhibitor (bromochloromethane, BCM). Sixteen goats giving birth to two kids were used. Eight does were treated (D+) with BCM after giving birth over 2 months. One kid per doe in both groups was treated with BCM (k+) for 3 months while the other untreated (k−). Rumen samples were collected from kids at weaning (W) and 1 (W+1) and 4 (W+4) months after and from does at weaning and subjected to 16S pyrosequencing and metabolomics analyses combining GC/LC-MS. Results from pyrosequencing showed a clear effect of age of kids, with more diverse bacterial community as solid feed becomes more important after weaning. A number of specific OTUs were significantly different as a result of BCM treatment of the kid at W while at W+1 and W+4 less OTUs were significantly changed. At W+1, Prevotella was increased and Butyrivibrio decreased in BCM treated kids. At W+4 only the effect of treating mothers resulted in significant changes in the abundance of some OTUs: Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio and Prevotella. The analysis of the OTUs shared by different treatments revealed that kids at weaning had the largest number of unique OTUs compared with kids at W+1 (137), W+4 (238) and does (D) (23). D+k+ kids consistently shared more OTUs with mothers than the other three groups at the three sampling times. The metalobomic study identified 473 different metabolites. In does, lipid super pathway included the highest number of metabolites that were modified by BCM, while in kids all super-pathways were evenly affected. The metabolomic profile of samples from kids at W was different in composition as compared to W+1 and W+4, which may be directly ascribed to the process of rumen maturation and changes in the solid diet. This study shows the complexity of the bacterial community and metabolome in the rumen before weaning, which clearly differ from that after weaning and highlight the importance of the dam in transmitting the primary bacterial community after birth. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02227 DP - Frontiers VL - 9 J2 - Front. Microbiol. LA - English SN - 1664-302X UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02227/full Y2 - 2020/06/30/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of plants extracts on methamne production and milk yield for dairy cows. AU - Ballard, V. AU - Aubert, T. AU - Tristant, D. AU - Schmidely, P. T2 - Renc. Rech. Ruminants DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 18 SP - 141 J2 - Renc. Rech. Ruminants ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing enteric methane emissions from dairy cattle: Two ways to supplement 3-nitrooxypropanol AU - Van Wesemael, D. AU - Vandaele, L. AU - Ampe, B. AU - Cattrysse, H. AU - Duval, S. AU - Kindermann, M. AU - Fievez, V. AU - De Campeneere, S. AU - Peiren, N. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3168/jds.2018-14534 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 102 IS - 2 SP - 1780 EP - 1787 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en SN - 00220302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of the effectiveness of greenhouse gas mitigation measures in Swiss organic milk production using a life cycle assessment approach AU - Schader, Christian AU - Jud, Katja AU - Meier, Matthias S. AU - Kuhn, Till AU - Oehen, Bernadette AU - Gattinger, Andreas T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.077 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 73 SP - 227 EP - 235 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 09596526 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria’s National Inventory Report 2020 – Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 780 LA - English PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0724 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0724.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of longevity on greenhouse gas emissions and profitability of individual dairy cows analysed with different system boundaries AU - Grandl, F. AU - Furger, M. AU - Kreuzer, M. AU - Zehetmeier, M. T2 - animal AB - Dairy production systems are often criticized as being major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG). In this context, the extension of the length of the productive life of dairy cows is gaining interest as a potential GHG mitigation option. In the present study, we investigated cow and system GHG emission intensity and profitability based on data from 30 dairy cows of different productive lifetime fed either no or limited amounts of concentrate. Detailed information concerning productivity, feeding and individual enteric methane emissions of the individuals was available from a controlled experiment and herd book databases. A simplified GHG balance was calculated for each animal based on the milk produced at the time of the experiment and for their entire lifetime milk production. For the lifetime production, we also included the emissions arising from potential beef produced by fattening the offspring of the dairy cows. This accounted for the effect that changes in the length of productive life will affect the replacement rate and thus the number of calves that can be used for beef production. Profitability was assessed by calculating revenues and full economic costs for the cows in the data set. Both emission intensity and profitability were most favourable in cows with long productive life, whereas cows that had not finished their first lactation performed particularly unfavourably with regard to their emissions per unit of product and rearing costs were mostly not repaid. Including the potential beef production, GHG emissions in relation to total production of animal protein also decreased with age, but the overall variability was greater, as the individual cow history (lifetime milk yield, twin births, stillbirths, etc.) added further sources of variation. The present results show that increasing the length of productive life of dairy cows is a viable way to reduce the climate impact and to improve profitability of dairy production. DA - 2019/01// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1017/S175173111800112X DP - Cambridge Core VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 198 EP - 208 LA - en SN - 1751-7311, 1751-732X ER - TY - CONF TI - Nutritional factors for the quantification of methane production. AU - Kirchgeßner, Manfred AU - Windisch, Wilhelm AU - Müller, H.L. T2 - VIIIth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology C1 - Willingen, Deutschland C3 - VIIIth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 PB - Engelhardt, V. W. et al. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invited review: Practical feeding management recommendations to mitigate the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle AU - Humer, E. AU - Petri, R.M. AU - Aschenbach, J.R. AU - Bradford, B.J. AU - Penner, G.B. AU - Tafaj, M. AU - Südekum, K.-H. AU - Zebeli, Q. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3168/jds.2017-13191 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 872 EP - 888 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en SN - 00220302 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice AU - Humer, E. AU - Aschenbach, J. R. AU - Neubauer, V. AU - Kröger, I. AU - Khiaosa-ard, R. AU - Baumgartner, W. AU - Zebeli, Q. T2 - Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/jpn.12850 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 102 IS - 2 SP - 380 EP - 392 J2 - J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr LA - en SN - 09312439 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transition Period of the Dairy Cow Revisited: I. Homeorhesis and Its Changes by Selection and Management AU - Martens, Holger T2 - Journal of Agricultural Science AB - The transition period of the dairy cow involves the end of pregnancy, parturition, and the onset of lactation. Multifaceted and rapid changes occur during this time, and in particular, the increase of milk secretion requires the large-scale reorientation of metabolism. The underlying mechanisms of this metabolic regulation are collectively named homeorhesis, a process that governs milk production during this phase and that exhibits (A) a chronic nature, (B) the simultaneous inclusion of multiple tissues, and (C) altered responses to homeostatic signals, but (D) no direct feedback mechanisms for possible control or limitation. Priority of milk production is one important consequence of this homeorhetic regulation with possible constraints on other physiological functions. These general properties of the homeorhetic regulation of milk secretion are specifically characterized by a) milk production according milking (suckling) frequency, b) a natural but inadequate dry matter intake, c) the mobilization of fat acids + glycerol from adipose tissue and of amino acids from protein, d) the partitioning of metabolites, IgG, and dietary nutrients to the mammary gland, e) the stimulation of milk production by high protein intake, and f) a negligible negative energy balance (NEB) at low milk production. Such a combination assures the optimal milk yield for the nutrition of the calf and for its successful survival but without a metabolic challenge or health risk for the cow. However, selection for higher milk production (uncoupled from calf nutrition) and management have changed the above-listed properties, and the regulation of homeorhetic milk production of the modern high-producing dairy cow is nowadays mostly characterized by a) increasing and maximal milk production at increased milking frequency and, under certain circumstances, the uncoupling of the GH-IGF-1 axis, b) enduring insufficient dry matter intake in relation to requirement, c) the mobilization of energy (lipolysis) and release of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) above the acute requirement, d) the mobilization of amino acids, e) the partitioning of metabolites, IgG, and dietary nutrient to the mammary gland, f) the potential enhanced partitioning of energy to the mammary gland at high CP intake, g) a sudden and long-lasting NEB, and h) possibly lower weight gain or even net loss of energy during the entire lactation period. These altered and often unfavorable characteristics of high milk production are, furthermore, still regulated by homeorhesis and are thus also given top priority, lack feedback control, and possibly ensue at the expense of other functions without regard for health risks. Hence, the promotion of milk yield by breeding or management might cause metabolic overload, imbalances, or even antagonisms and makes possible health hazards evident. The high incidence of various diseases, the untimely culling rates, and the increasing number of dead cows during early lactation support the assumption of general health threats at high milk production. For this reason, more attention should be paid to the physiological mechanisms of homeorhetic-regulated milk production, its indisputable alterations by breeding and management, and the resulting health risks. DA - 2020/02/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.5539/jas.v12n3p1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 1 J2 - JAS SN - 1916-9760, 1916-9752 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 2016 AU - Statistik Austria CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calculation of nitrogen excretion of dairy cows in Austria AU - Gruber, L. AU - Pötsch, E. T2 - Die Bodenkultur DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 65 EP - 72 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in western Canada – Evaluation using farm-based life cycle assessment AU - Beauchemin, K.A. AU - Janzen, H.H. AU - Little, S.M. AU - McAllister, T.A. AU - McGinn, S.M. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology DA - 2011/06// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.047 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 166-167 SP - 663 EP - 677 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en SN - 03778401 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: Quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions AU - Knapp, J.R. AU - Laur, G.L. AU - Vadas, P.A. AU - Weiss, W.P. AU - Tricarico, J.M. T2 - Journal of Dairy Science DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 DO - 10.3168/jds.2013-7234 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 97 IS - 6 SP - 3231 EP - 3261 J2 - Journal of Dairy Science LA - en SN - 00220302 N1 -

number: 6

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in western Canada – Evaluation using farm-based life cycle assessment AU - Beauchemin, K.A. AU - Janzen, H.H. AU - Little, S.M. AU - McAllister, T.A. AU - McGinn, S.M. T2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology DA - 2011/06// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.047 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 166-167 SP - 663 EP - 677 J2 - Animal Feed Science and Technology LA - en SN - 03778401 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas emissions from selected Austrian dairy production systems—model calculations considering the effects of land use change AU - Hörtenhuber, S. AU - Lindenthal, T. AU - Amon, B. AU - Markut, T. AU - Kirner, L. AU - Zollitsch, W. T2 - Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems AB - The aim of this study was to analyze various Austrian dairy production systems (PS) concerning their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in a life-cycle chain, including effects of land-use change (LUC). Models of eight PS that differ, on the one hand, in their regional location (alpine, uplands and lowlands) and, on the other hand, in their production method (conventional versus organic, including traditional and recently emerging pasture-based dairy farming) were designed. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1017/S1742170510000025 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 316 EP - 329 J2 - Renew. Agric. Food Syst. LA - en SN - 1742-1705, 1742-1713 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Milchflächenleistung von Bio-Milchkühen bei Vollweide- oder Silagefütterung im Berggebiet Österreichs AU - Steinwidder, A AU - Starz, W. AU - Rohrer, H. AU - Husler, J. AU - Pfister, R. T2 - Züchtungskunde DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - 218 EP - 239 SN - 0044-5401 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis of lactating cows on commercial Austrian dairy farms: the influence of genotype and body weight on efficiency parameters AU - Ledinek, Maria AU - Gruber, Leonhard AU - Steininger, Franz AU - Fuerst-Waltl, Birgit AU - Zottl, Karl AU - Royer, Martin AU - Krimberger, Kurt AU - Mayerhofer, Martin AU - Egger-Danner, Christa T2 - Archives Animal Breeding AB -

Abstract. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to evaluate the influence of body weight on the efficiency of dairy cows, and second, to analyze the current state of dairy cattle populations as part of the Austrian Cattle Breeding Association's Efficient Cow project.

Data of Fleckvieh (FV, dual-purpose Simmental), Fleckvieh×Red Holstein (FV×RH), Holstein (HF) and Brown Swiss (BS) dairy cows (161 farms, 6098 cows) were collected at each performance recording during the year 2014.

In addition to routinely recorded data (e.g., milk yield, fertility), body weight, body measurements, body condition score (BCS) and individual feed information were also collected. The following efficiency traits were considered: body weight efficiency as the ratio of energy-corrected milk (ECM) to metabolic body weight, feed efficiency (kilogram ECM per kilogram dry-matter intake) and energy efficiency expressed as the ratio of energy in milk to energy intake.

The relationship of milk yield to body weight was shown to be nonlinear. Milk yield decreased in cows above the 750 kg body weight class for HF, BS and FV×RH with 68 % RH genes, but less dramatically and later for FV at 800 kg. This resulted in an optimum body weight for feed and energy efficiency. BS and HF had the highest efficiency in a narrower and lighter body weight range (550–700 kg) due to a stronger curvature of the parabolic curve. Contrary to this, the efficiency of FV did not change as much as it did in the dairy breeds with increasing body weight, meaning that FV had a similar feed and energy efficiency in a range of 500–750 kg. The breed differences disappeared when body weight ranged between 750 and 800 kg.

The average body weight of the breeds studied (FV 722 kg, BS 649 and HF 662 kg) was in the optimum range. FV was located at the upper end of the decreasing segment.

In conclusion, an optimum body weight range for efficiency does exist, due to the nonlinear relationship of milk yield and body weight. Specialized dairy breeds seem to respond more intensively to body weight range than dual-purpose breeds, due to the stronger curvature. Cows with medium weights within a population are the most efficient. Heavy cows (>750 kg) produce even less milk. A further increase in dairy cows' body weights should therefore be avoided.

DA - 2019/07/29/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.5194/aab-62-491-2019 DP - www.arch-anim-breed.net VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 491 EP - 500 LA - English SN - 0003-9438 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for reduced methane and carbon dioxide emissions from livestock and pasture management in the tropics AU - Thornton, Philip K. AU - Herrero, Mario T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - We estimate the potential reductions in methane and carbon dioxide emissions from several livestock and pasture management options in the mixed and rangeland-based production systems in the tropics. The impacts of adoption of improved pastures, intensifying ruminant diets, changes in land-use practices, and changing breeds of large ruminants on the production of methane and carbon dioxide are calculated for two levels of adoption: complete adoption, to estimate the upper limit to reductions in these greenhouse gases (GHGs), and optimistic but plausible adoption rates taken from the literature, where these exist. Results are expressed both in GHG per ton of livestock product and in Gt CO2-eq. We estimate that the maximum mitigation potential of these options in the land-based livestock systems in the tropics amounts to approximately 7% of the global agricultural mitigation potential to 2030. Using historical adoption rates from the literature, the plausible mitigation potential of these options could contribute approximately 4% of global agricultural GHG mitigation. This could be worth on the order of $1.3 billion per year at a price of $20 per t CO2-eq. The household-level and sociocultural impacts of some of these options warrant further study, however, because livestock have multiple roles in tropical systems that often go far beyond their productive utility. DA - 2010/11/16/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0912890107 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 107 IS - 46 SP - 19667 EP - 19672 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 N1 -

PMID: 20823225

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions AU - UNECE, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UR - http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=41358 Y2 - 2020/04/21/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from feed additive use in California dairy cattle AU - Feng, Xiaoyu AU - Kebreab, Ermias T2 - PLOS ONE A2 - Yildirim, Arda A2 - Yildirim, Arda DA - 2020/09/18/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0234289 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 15 IS - 9 SP - e0234289 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Register of Questions AU - European Food Safety Authority T2 - EFSA Open Question DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - English UR - https://registerofquestions.efsa.europa.eu/roqFrontend/wicket/page?2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methane emission, nutrient degradation and nitrogen turnover in dairy cows and their slurry at different milk production scenarios with and without concentrate supplementation AU - Hindrichsen, I. K. AU - Wettstein, H. -R. AU - Machmüller, A. AU - Kreuzer, M. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Methane emissions from dairy cows, including storage of their slurry, contribute significantly to the global greenhouse gas budget. Supplementation of diets with concentrate often diminishes enteric methane emissions from cows, but it may simultaneously enhance slurry methanogenesis because this is associated with extra amounts of undigested fibre which may be a substrate for slurry microbes. In the present study, the effects on feed degradation, methane formation, nitrogen turnover and body energy balance in cows and their 14 weeks stored slurry were examined. Cows on average producing 10kgmilkd−1 (group HG−10) were fed a forage-only diet composed of low-quality hay and grass silage (1.5:1, dry matter basis). Two groups of cows yielding 20kgmilkd−1 were either fed the same forage as the HG−10 group, but supplemented with concentrate in a ratio of 1:1 (group HG+20), or a forage-only mixture composed of maize silage and grass silage (1:1, group MG−20). The latter mixture was supplemented with concentrate in a ratio of 1:1 for a group of cows yielding 30kgmilkd−1 (group MG+30). The four treatment groups thus represented three milk production scenarios and included a direct comparison of two major feeding options at a given level of milk yield, which is why a certain confounding of milk yield and diet factors could not be avoided. Concerning substrate degradation, fibre digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in the HG−10 group compared to the other groups. In the HG+20 group, a lower fibre digestibility was compensated by a higher degradation in the slurry, resulting in a similar overall fibre degradation compared to that of the HG−10 group. Relative to N intake, treatment differences in excreta-N amounts and gaseous N losses from slurry were not significant. The animals’ daily enteric methane emission (313–441gcow−1d−1) correlated negatively (r=0.491; P<0.05) with the corresponding methane emission from the daily produced slurry stored over 14 weeks (25–63gcow−1d−1). Accordingly, concentrate-caused reductions in enteric methane emission per kilogram of dry matter intake (−18%, HG+20 versus MG−20) were thus diminished to −12% of total methane via the opposite trend in slurry methanogenesis. Changes in emissions of N and methane as depending on milk production scenario were as expected. The present study shows that more research needs to be done in combining enteric and slurry methane measurements to quantify the true effect of methane mitigation strategies. DA - 2006/04/01/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 113 IS - 1 SP - 150 EP - 161 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Livestock greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential in Europe AU - Bellarby, Jessica AU - Tirado, Reyes AU - Leip, Adrian AU - Weiss, Franz AU - Lesschen, Jan Peter AU - Smith, Pete T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02786.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 18 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 13541013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from feed supply chains by utilizing regionally produced protein sources: the case of Austrian dairy production AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Zollitsch, Werner T2 - Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the potential greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for regionally alternative produced protein-rich feedstuffs (APRFs) which are utilized for dairy cattle in Austria in comparison to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBME). In addition to GHGE from agriculture and related upstream supply chains, the effects of land use change were calculated and were included in the results for GHGE. Furthermore, mixtures of APRFs were evaluated which provided energy and utilizable protein equivalent to SBME. RESULTS: Highest GHGE were estimated for SBME, mainly due to land use change-related emissions. Medium GHGE were found for distillers’ dried grains with solubles, for seed cake and solvent-extracted meal from rapeseed and for lucerne cobs. Cake and solvent-extracted meal from sunflower seed as well as faba beans were loaded with lowest GHGE. Substituting SBME by nutritionally equivalent mixtures of APRFs, on average, resulted in a reduction of GHGE of 42% (22–62%). CONCLUSION: Utilization of locally produced APRFs shows clear advantages in terms of GHGE. Balanced mixtures of APRFs may offer specific benefits, as they allow for a combination of desirable nutritional value and reduced GHGE. c 2011 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1002/jsfa.4293 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - 1118 EP - 1127 J2 - J. Sci. Food Agric. LA - en SN - 00225142 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Localising livestock protein feed production and the impact on land use and greenhouse gas emissions AU - Sasu-Boakye, Y. AU - Cederberg, C. AU - Wirsenius, S. T2 - animal AB - Livestock farmers in Sweden usually grow feed grains for livestock but import protein feed from outside Sweden. Aside from the economic implications, some environmental issues are associated with this practice. We used life cycle assessment to evaluate the impact of local protein feed production on land use and greenhouse gas emissions, compared with the use of imported protein feed, for pig meat and dairy milk produced in Sweden. Our results showed that local production reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 4.5% and 12%, respectively, for pigs and dairy cows. Land use for feed production in Sweden increased by 11% for pigs and 25% for dairy cows, but total land use decreased for pig production and increased for dairy milk production. Increased protein feed cultivation in Sweden decreased inputs needed for animal production and improved some ecological processes (e.g. nutrient recycling) of the farm systems. However, the differences in results between scenarios are relatively small and influenced to an extent by methodological choices such as co-product allocation. Moreover, it was difficult to assess the contribution of greenhouse emissions from land use change. The available accounting methods we applied did not adequately account for the potential land use changes and in some cases provided conflicting results. We conclude that local protein feed production presents an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but at a cost of increasing land occupation in Sweden for feed production. DA - 2014/08// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1017/S1751731114001293 DP - Cambridge Core VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 1339 EP - 1348 LA - en SN - 1751-7311, 1751-732X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production AU - Aarnink, A.J.A. AU - Verstegen, M.W.A. T2 - Livestock Science DA - 2007/05// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.112 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 109 IS - 1-3 SP - 194 EP - 203 J2 - Livestock Science LA - en SN - 18711413 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Emissions from European agriculture A3 - Kuczynski, Tadeusz A3 - Dämmgen, Ulrich A3 - Webb, Jim A3 - Myczko, Andrzej CY - Wageningen DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 384 LA - eng PB - Wageningen Academic Publishers SN - 978-90-76998-78-7 N1 -

OCLC: 254835041

ER - TY - CONF TI - Effect of growth potential and dietary protein input on growth performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen output in growing-finishing pigs AU - Dourmad, J.Y. AU - Henry, Y. AU - Bourdon, D. AU - Quiniou, N. AU - Guillou, D. T2 - Nitrogen Flow in Pig Production and Environmental Consequences C1 - Wageningen (Doorwerth), The Netherlands C3 - Nitrogen Flow in Pig Production and Environmental Consequences DA - 1993/// PY - 1993 SP - 206 EP - 211 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of electrolyte balance and acidifying calcium salts in the diet of growing-finishing pigs on urinary pH, slurry pH and ammonia volatilisation from slurry AU - Canh, T.T. AU - Aarnink, A.J.A. AU - Mroz, Z. AU - Jongbloed, A.W. AU - Schrama, J.W. AU - Verstegen, M.W.A. T2 - Livestock Production Science DA - 1998/10// PY - 1998 DO - 10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00148-1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 13 J2 - Livestock Production Science LA - en SN - 03016226 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of growing–finishing pigs AU - Canh, T.T AU - Aarnink, A.J.A AU - Schutte, J.B AU - Sutton, A AU - Langhout, D.J AU - Verstegen, M.W.A T2 - Livestock Production Science DA - 1998/12// PY - 1998 DO - 10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00156-0 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 181 EP - 191 J2 - Livestock Production Science LA - en SN - 03016226 N1 -

number: 3

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of dietary fermentable fibre from pressed sugar-beet pulp silage on ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs AU - Canh, T. T. AU - Schrama, J. W. AU - Aarnink, A. J. A. AU - Verstegen, M. W. A. AU - van't Klooster, C. E. AU - Heetkamp, M. J. W. T2 - Animal Science AB - Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fermentable fibre on the pH and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Commercial crossbred barrows with initial body weight of 45 kg were used. Pigs were housed in two climate chambers. Twelve groups of 14 barrows were assigned to one of four diets. The diets differed in the content of fermentable fibre by adjusting the amount of sugar-beet pulp silage (SBPS). The control diet contained no SBPS. In the other three diets tapioca was replaced with three levels (50, 100 and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM)) of SBPS. After a 13-day adaptation period, the slurry was collected in a slurry channel for 7 days. A sample of this slurry was placed in a laboratory system to measure the pH and ammonia emission for a period of 7 days. The total volatile fatty acid (VTA) and DM concentration of the slurry increased as tapioca was replaced by SBPS. The ammonium concentration was not influenced by SBPS. For each 50 g/kg increase of SBPS, the pH of the slurry decreased by 0·45 units and ammonia emission decreased approximately by 0·15. It is concluded that increasing the level of fermentable fibre in the diet of growing-finishing pigs increases slurry VFA concentration. This consequently decreases the pH and ammonia emission from the slurry. DA - 1998/12// PY - 1998 DO - 10.1017/S1357729800033026 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 583 EP - 590 J2 - Anim. Sci. LA - en SN - 1357-7298, 1748-748X N1 -

number: 3

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dietary carbohydrates alter the fecal composition and pH and the ammonia emission from slurry of growing pigs. AU - Canh, T.T. AU - Sutton, A.L. AU - Aarnink, A.J. AU - Verstegen, M.W. AU - Schrama, J.W. AU - Bakker, G.C. T2 - Journal of Animal Science DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 VL - 76 SP - 1887 EP - 1895 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing environmental impacts of beef production systems: A review of life cycle assessments AU - de Vries, M. AU - van Middelaar, C.E. AU - de Boer, I.J.M. T2 - Livestock Science AB - Livestock production, and especially beef production, has a major impact on the environment. Environmental impacts, however, vary largely among beef systems. Understanding these differences is crucial to mitigate impacts of future global beef production. The objective of this research, therefore, was to compare cradle-to-farm-gate environmental impacts of beef produced in contrasting systems. We reviewed 14 studies that compared contrasting systems using life cycle assessment (LCA). Systems studied were classified by three main characteristics of beef production: origin of calves (bred by a dairy cow or a suckler cow), type of production (organic or non-organic) and type of diet fed to fattening calves (<50% (roughage-based) or ≥50% (concentrate-based) concentrates). This review yielded lower global warming potential (GWP; on average 41% lower), acidification potential (41% lower), eutrophication potential (49% lower), energy use (23% lower) and land use (49% lower) per unit of beef for dairy-based compared with suckler-based systems. In suckler-based systems, maintaining the mother cow is the dominant contributor to all impacts, which is attributable to the low reproductive rate of cattle and the fact that all emissions are allocated to the production of beef. GWP was slightly lower (on average 7%) for organic compared with non-organic systems, whereas organic systems showed higher eutrophication potential, acidification potential and land use (36%, 56%, and 22% higher), and lower energy use (30% lower) per unit of beef produced. Except for GWP, however, these results should be interpreted with care because impacts were compared in few studies. Lower GWP (on average 28% lower), energy use (13% lower) and land use (41% lower) per unit of beef were found for concentrate-based compared with roughage-based systems, whereas no clear pattern was found for acidification and eutrophication potential. An LCA comparison of beef systems that differ in type of diet, however, is limited because current LCA methodology does not account for the competition for land between humans and animals. To enhance future food supply, grassland less suitable for crop production, therefore, might be preferred over high productive cropland for direct production of animal feed. Furthermore, studies included in our review did not include all relevant impact categories, such as loss of biodiversity or water use. We concluded that beef production from dual-purpose cows or dairy cows inseminated with beef breeds show largest potential to mitigate environmental impacts of beef. Marginal grasslands unsuitable for dairy farming may be used for production of suckler-based beef to contribute to availability and access to animal-source food. DA - 2015/08/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.020 VL - 178 SP - 279 EP - 288 J2 - Livestock Science SN - 1871-1413 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A whole-farm assessment of the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emissions AU - Kai, P. AU - Pedersen, P. AU - Jensen, J. E. AU - Hansen, M. N. AU - Sommer, S. G. T2 - European Journal of Agronomy AB - Livestock slurry in animal houses, in manure stores and applied on fields is in Denmark the most important source of ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere. The emitted NH3 is a source of NH3 and ammonium (NH4+) deposition, which causes eutrophication of N-deficient ecosystems and may form NH4+-based particles in the air, which are a risk to health. This study examines the reductions in NH3 emissions from pig houses, manure stores and manure applied in the field achieved by acidifying the slurry in-house. Sulphuric acid was used to acidify pig slurry to pH<6 and the system was constructed is such a way as to prevent foaming in the animal house as well as during storage. Acidification of the pig slurry reduced the NH3 emission from pig houses by 70% compared with standard techniques. Acidification reduced NH3 emission from stored slurry to less than 10% of the emission from untreated slurry, and the NH3 emission from applied slurry was reduced by 67%. The mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of acidified slurry was 43% higher compared with the MFE of untreated slurry when applied to the soil. The odour emission from the slurry was not affected significantly by the treatment. The slurry acidification system is approved Best Available Technology (BAT) in Denmark. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2007.06.004 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 148 EP - 154 SN - 1161-0301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield-scaled mitigation of ammonia emission from N fertilization: the Spanish case AU - Sanz-Cobena, A AU - Lassaletta, L AU - Estelles, F AU - Del Prado, A AU - Guardia, G AU - Abalos, D AU - Aguilera, E AU - Pardo, G AU - Vallejo, A AU - Sutton, MA AU - Garnier, J AU - Billen, G T2 - ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/125005 VL - 9 IS - 12 SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories AU - IPCC CY - Kyoto DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment AU - Amon, B. AU - Kryvoruchko, V. AU - Amon, T. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2006/02// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.030 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 112 IS - 2-3 SP - 153 EP - 162 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Kofermentation von Wirtschaftsdüngern mit Energiegräsern in landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, Optimierung der Gärgutmischungen und des Biogasertrages AU - Amon, Thomas AU - Hackl, E. AU - Jeremic, D. AU - Amon, Barbara CY - Wien DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 M3 - Endbericht PB - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien UR - https://boku.ac.at/fileadmin/data/H03000/H93000/H93100/AmonPublikationen/Kofermentation_von_Wirtschaftsduengern_mit_Energiegraesern_in_landwirtschaftlichen_Biogasanlagen__Optimierung_der_Gaergutmischungen_und_des_Biogasertrages.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria’s National Inventory Report 2020 – Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 780 LA - English PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0724 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0724.pdf N1 -

issue: REP-0724

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Perception of livestock ecosystem services in grazing areas AU - Leroy, G. AU - Hoffmann, I. AU - From, T. AU - Hiemstra, S.J. AU - Gandini, G. T2 - Animal DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1017/S1751731118001027 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 2627 EP - 2638 J2 - Animal LA - en SN - 17517311 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying a science‐based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy AU - Cowie, Annette L. AU - Berndes, Göran AU - Bentsen, Niclas Scott AU - Brandão, Miguel AU - Cherubini, Francesco AU - Egnell, Gustaf AU - George, Brendan AU - Gustavsson, Leif AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Harris, Zoe M. AU - Johnsson, Filip AU - Junginger, Martin AU - Kline, Keith L. AU - Koponen, Kati AU - Koppejan, Jaap AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Lamers, Patrick AU - Majer, Stefan AU - Marland, Eric AU - Nabuurs, Gert‐Jan AU - Pelkmans, Luc AU - Sathre, Roger AU - Schaub, Marcus AU - Smith, Charles Tattersall AU - Soimakallio, Sampo AU - Van Der Hilst, Floor AU - Woods, Jeremy AU - Ximenes, Fabiano A. T2 - GCB Bioenergy DA - 2021/05/27/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12844 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - gcbb.12844 J2 - GCB Bioenergy LA - en SN - 1757-1693, 1757-1707 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chapter 4 : Land Degradation — IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land AU - Olsson, Lennart AU - Barbosa, Humberto AU - Bhadwal, Suruchi AU - Cowie, Annette DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/ Y2 - 2021/07/02/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Treibhausgasbilanz der österreichischen Holzkette AU - BFW T2 - BFW-Praxis Information CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 20 SN - 38-2015 UR - http://www.bfw.ac.at/webshop/index.php?id_product=315&controller=product Y2 - 2020/07/09/ N1 -

Series Editors: _:n6920
issue: 38-2015
Series Editors: _:n9988

ER - TY - JOUR TI - A holistic assessment of greenhouse gas dynamics from forests to the effects of wood products use in Austria AU - Braun, Martin AU - Fritz, David AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Braschel, Nina AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard AU - Freudenschuß, Alexandra AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Neumann, Markus AU - Pölz, Werner AU - Schadauer, Klemens AU - Schmid, Carmen AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Stern, Tobias T2 - Carbon Management DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 5-6 SP - 271 EP - 283 J2 - Carbon Management LA - en SN - 1758-3004, 1758-3012 N1 -

number: 5-6

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of SFM-certification on forest product markets in Western Europe — an analysis using a forest sector simulation model AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Rametsteiner, Ewald T2 - Forest Policy and Economics AB - In the international discussion on labels for sustainably produced wood products based on the certification of sustainable forest management (SFM), little attention has been paid to what is probably the most crucial part of any market-based instrument: the potential impact on forest products markets. This paper analyses the potential impact of SFM-certification on forest products markets using a simulation model of the Western European forest sector. Two scenarios with assumptions regarding certification (chain-of-custody costs, timber supply reduction from certified forests) are projected for the period 1995–2015 and tested against the results of a base scenario (‘business as usual’). In general, the results show that rather modest changes are to be expected from SFM-certification in forest products markets. The market impact of a timber supply reduction from certified forest would be more distinct than the impacts of chain-of-custody costs. Industry gross profits would decrease more than production. Due to the large share of roundwood costs in total costs, the sawmill industry would be affected more by even small changes in raw-material prices than the panel and paper industry. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DO - 10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00029-6 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 241 EP - 256 SN - 1389-9341 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy vs. material: Economic impacts of a “wood-for-energy scenario” on the forest-based sector in Austria — A simulation approach AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Stern, Tobias T2 - Forest Policy and Economics T3 - Forest sector models and their application AB - In this paper, a simulation model of the Austrian forest-based sector (FOHOW) was used to assess the effects of increasing wood utilization for energy production on the Austrian forest-based sector. In order to reflect the political targets regarding the use of renewable energy a “wood-for-energy” scenario was developed and compared with a “business-as-usual” base-scenario up to the year 2020. The analysis shows that the rising fuelwood demand in the “wood-for-energy” scenario would clearly lead to a much stronger competition for small roundwood (pulpwood) and sawmill residues. Compared to the base scenario, this competition would increase pulpwood prices and — to some extent — forest product prices (especially sawmill residues and pulp). In general, forestry and sawmills would be the winners, the panel and paper industries would be the losers of a “wood-for-energy” policy. The panel and paper industries would face decreased gross profits, because of two developments happening at the same time: a decrease in production and an increase in costs (roundwood and sawmill residues) beyond the increase of forest products prices. The analysis also reveals that the additional demand for fuelwood could only be met by an additional supply from the Austrian forests — if the fuelwood price was attractive enough (by 2020 more than 50% higher than in the base-scenario) for the forest owners. DA - 2010/01/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 38 J2 - Forest Policy and Economics LA - en SN - 1389-9341 N1 -

number: 1

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy AU - Cowie, Annette L. AU - Berndes, Göran AU - Bentsen, Niclas Scott AU - Brandão, Miguel AU - Cherubini, Francesco AU - Egnell, Gustaf AU - George, Brendan AU - Gustavsson, Leif AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Harris, Zoe M. AU - Johnsson, Filip AU - Junginger, Martin AU - Kline, Keith L. AU - Koponen, Kati AU - Koppejan, Jaap AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Lamers, Patrick AU - Majer, Stefan AU - Marland, Eric AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Pelkmans, Luc AU - Sathre, Roger AU - Schaub, Marcus AU - Smith Jr., Charles Tattersall AU - Soimakallio, Sampo AU - Van Der Hilst, Floor AU - Woods, Jeremy AU - Ximenes, Fabiano A. T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract The scientific literature contains contrasting findings about the climate effects of forest bioenergy, partly due to the wide diversity of bioenergy systems and associated contexts, but also due to differences in assessment methods. The climate effects of bioenergy must be accurately assessed to inform policy-making, but the complexity of bioenergy systems and associated land, industry and energy systems raises challenges for assessment. We examine misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy and discuss important considerations in assessing these effects and devising measures to incentivize sustainable bioenergy as a component of climate policy. The temporal and spatial system boundary and the reference (counterfactual) scenarios are key methodology choices that strongly influence results. Focussing on carbon balances of individual forest stands and comparing emissions at the point of combustion neglect system-level interactions that influence the climate effects of forest bioenergy. We highlight the need for a systems approach, in assessing options and developing policy for forest bioenergy that: (1) considers the whole life cycle of bioenergy systems, including effects of the associated forest management and harvesting on landscape carbon balances; (2) identifies how forest bioenergy can best be deployed to support energy system transformation required to achieve climate goals; and (3) incentivizes those forest bioenergy systems that augment the mitigation value of the forest sector as a whole. Emphasis on short-term emissions reduction targets can lead to decisions that make medium- to long-term climate goals more difficult to achieve. The most important climate change mitigation measure is the transformation of energy, industry and transport systems so that fossil carbon remains underground. Narrow perspectives obscure the significant role that bioenergy can play by displacing fossil fuels now, and supporting energy system transition. Greater transparency and consistency is needed in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting related to bioenergy. DA - 2021/08/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12844 VL - 13 IS - 8 SP - 1210 EP - 1231 J2 - GCB Bioenergy SN - 1757-1693 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies for Climate-Smart Forest Management in Austria AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Freudenschuss, Alexandra AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Weiss, Peter T2 - Forests AB - We simulated Austrian forests under different sustainable management scenarios. A reference scenario was compared to scenarios focusing on the provision of bioenergy, enhancing the delivery of wood products, and reduced harvesting rates. The standing stock of the stem biomass, carbon in stems, and the soil carbon pool were calculated for the period 2010–2100. We used the forest growth model Câldis and the soil carbon model Yasso07. The wood demand of all scenarios could be satisfied within the simulation period. The reference scenario led to a small decrease of the stem biomass. Scenarios aiming at a supply of more timber decreased the standing stock to a greater extent. Emphasizing the production of bioenergy was successful for several decades but ultimately exhausted the available resources for fuel wood. Lower harvesting rates reduced the standing stock of coniferous and increased the standing stock of deciduous forests. The soil carbon pool was marginally changed by different management strategies. We conclude that the production of long-living wood products is the preferred implementation of climate-smart forestry. The accumulation of carbon in the standing biomass is risky in the case of disturbances. The production of bioenergy is suitable as a byproduct of high value forest products. DA - 2018/09/22/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/f9100592 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 592 J2 - Forests LA - en SN - 1999-4907 N1 -

number: 10

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimakrise managen – Ausblick für Wald und Holznutzung. Ergebnisse des CareforParis Projektes AU - BFW T2 - BFW-Praxis Information CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SN - 51-2020 N1 -

issue: 51-2020

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptation for carbon efficient forests and the entire wood value chain (including a policy decision 12173 support tool) - Evaluating pathways supporting the Paris Agreement. Endbericht zum Projekt 12174 CareforParis. AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Braun, M AU - Fritz, D AU - Gschwantner, T AU - Hesser, F AU - Jandl, R AU - Kindermann, G AU - Koller, T AU - Ledermann, T AU - Ludvig, A AU - Pölz, W AU - Schadauer, K AU - Schmid, B. F AU - Schmid, C AU - Schwarzbauer, P AU - Weiss, G CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 59 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energie- und Treibhausgas-Szenarien im Hinblick auf 2030 und 2050 - Synthesebericht 2017 AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0628 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0628.pdf Y2 - 2019/08/27/ N1 -

issue: REP-0628

ER - TY - RPRT TI - The role of GHG emissions from infrastructure construction, vehicle manufacturing, and ELVs in overall transport sector emissions. Task 2 paper produced as part of a contract between European Commission Directorate-General Climate Action and AEA Technology AU - Hill, N. AU - Brannigan, C. AU - Wynn, D. AU - Milnes, R. AU - Van Essen, H. AU - den Boer, E. AU - van Grinsven, A. AU - Ligthart, T. AU - Gijlswijk, R. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 UR - www.eutransportghg2050.eu ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing policy options for carbon efficiency in the wood value chain: Evidence from Austria AU - Ludvig, Alice AU - Braun, Martin AU - Hesser, Franziska AU - Ranacher, Lea AU - Fritz, David AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Pölz, Werner AU - Schadauer, Klemens AU - Schmid, Blasius F. AU - Schmid, Carmen AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Weiss, Gerhard AU - Wolfslehner, Bernhard AU - Weiss, Peter T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - The current state of research shows that there is big potential for the use of wood, particularly harvested wood products (HWP) to mitigate climate change and increase carbon stocks. Despite of discussions on different accounting approaches, the forest-based sector can contribute with the production of long-lasting wood products to reach international climate goals. This leads to high demands on forests and on what they can deliver both at EU and the national levels. In Austria it has been bemoaned by the Environmental Agency in its recent –eleventh- control report, that a comprehensive concept for the use of wood is missing. The report asks for consideration of increasing future needs for raw wood and energy under considerations of sustainability and under inclusion of all actors involved. Apparently there are some disparities within the different policy instruments. In order to successfully concertise the national policy framework it is of paramount importance to gather the policy actors involved and examine their suggestions for solving the issue. The article is enquiring amongst a number of high level Austrian experts and stakeholders about their perspectives and solutions for enhancing the contribution of the forest based sector to combat climate change. We examine the nature of the suggested instruments and outline the perceived options for action within the capacities of the forest based sector. This is done by way of a triangulation of face-to-face qualitative interviews, moderated focus group discussions and one survey. For the increase in carbon efficiency, all the participants notably emphasise long lasting material use and increase in use. Yet the opinions are contradicting when it comes to energetic use. Our findings indicate that the expert views reflect diverging perspectives on the use of wood for energy consumption. Some opt for policies that support energy consumption of wooden biomass to replace fossil fuels, others want any energy use of wood to become restricted drastically. As a final result, the article derives 16 principle policy measures and instruments that were brought up and assessed by the stakeholders in several rounds of interaction. We conclude that small improvements to existing measures could have ample impacts. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125985 VL - 292 SP - 125985 SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Silvicultural Adaptation Measures on Carbon Stock of Austrian Forests AU - Ledermann, T. AU - Braun, M. AU - Kindermann, G. AU - Jandl, R. AU - Ludvig, A. AU - Schadauer, K. AU - Schwarzbauer, P. AU - Weiss, P. T2 - Forests AB - We present the results of a simulation experiment that evaluated three scenarios of forest management in the context of climate change mitigation. Two scenarios refer to climate change adaptation measures. The third scenario was a business-as-usual scenario representing the continuation of current forest management. We wanted to know whether a change in tree species composition or the implementation of shorter rotation cycles is in accordance with the objectives of climate change mitigation. Our simulation experiment was based on data of the Austrian National Forest Inventory. A forest sector simulation model was used to derive timber demand and potential harvesting rates. Forest dynamics were simulated with an individual-tree growth model. We compared carbon stocks, harvesting rates, current annual increment, salvage logging, and forest structure. Compared to the business-as-usual scenario, a change in tree species composition and shorter rotation cycles reduce salvage logging by 14% and 32%, respectively. However, shorter rotation cycles reduce the carbon stock by 27%, but increase the harvesting rate by 4.8% within the simulation period of 140 years. For changes in the tree species composition, the results were the opposite. Here, the carbon stock is increased by 47%, but the harvesting rate is reduced by 15%. Thus, there are clear tradeoffs between the different ecosystem services depending on the climate change adaptation scenario. We also show that a fundamental change in forest management must be accompanied by a transformation in wood processing technology and innovation in wood utilization. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.3390/f13040565 VL - 13 IS - 4 J2 - Forests LA - English SN - 19994907 (ISSN) UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128299271&doi=10.3390%2ff13040565&partnerID=40&md5=f4e56fa3a83416ae9bd1c09ca74a150f DB - Scopus N1 -

publisher: MDPI

ER - TY - JOUR TI - By 2050 the Mitigation Effects of EU Forests Could Nearly Double through Climate Smart Forestry AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Delacote, Philippe AU - Ellison, David AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Hetemäki, Lauri AU - Lindner, Marcus T2 - Forests DA - 2017/12/06/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.3390/f8120484 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 484 J2 - Forests LA - en SN - 1999-4907 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate Smart Forestry in Europe AU - Kauppi, Pekka AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Lundmark, Thomas AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Peltola, Heli AU - Trasobares, Antoni AU - Hetemäki, Lauri DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - European Forest Institute. UR - https://www.efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/Climate_Smart_Forestry_in_Europe.pdf N1 -

ISBN 978-952-5980-67-7

ER - TY - CHAP TI - Climate-Smart Forestry Approach AU - Hetemäki, Lauri AU - Verkerk, Hans T2 - Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change A2 - Hetemäki, Lauri A2 - Kangas, Jyrki A2 - Peltola, Heli AB - The climate-smart forestry approach was pioneered in 2015 and has been generating increasing interest since then. It was developed as a response to the often very narrow and partial perspective on how forests and the forest-based sector can contribute to climate-change mitigation. Moreover, its basis is the understanding that, in order to effectively enhance climate mitigation, efforts should be made to find synergies and minimise trade-offs with the other ecosystem services forests provide, such as biodiversity, wood production and recreation. By doing this, greater support can be generated for climate mitigation measures. The approach acknowledges that there is no one-size-fits-all toolkit to cover all circumstances, but rather measures have to be tailored according to regional characteristics and institutions. In summary, climate-smart forestry is a holistic approach to how forests and the forest-based sector can contribute to climate-change mitigation that considers the need to adapt to climate change, while taking into account specific regional settings. CY - Cham DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 SP - 165 EP - 172 SN - 978-3-030-99206-4 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_9 N1 -

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_9

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking forest management and biodiversity indicators to strengthen sustainable forest management in Europe AU - Oettel, Janine AU - Lapin, Katharina T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - The accelerating global rate of species extinctions and the inevitable human impacts on biodiversity have increased the need to conserve, restore and use ecosystems sustainably. Indicators for biodiversity are the most frequently used tool to monitor the status of biodiversity, changes to biodiversity, and the effects of management actions. In this study, we aim to assess the magnitude of studies on indicators for biodiversity (IB) in European forest ecosystems, establish and analyze the link between IB and silvicultural management measures (MM), and define indicators for management (IM), that aim to support biodiversity at the stand and landscape level. We performed a systematic literature review and analyzed data from 162 studies. We identified 9 IB groups, corresponding to 32 IB and linked them to 7 IM groups corresponding to 44 IM. Arthropods, birds, and plants are the most frequently used IB in European managed forests. We found IB with clear links to specific IM, such as saproxylic species and Collembola (collembolans) with deadwood, bird families (Passeriformes, Piciformes, Accipitriformes) with links to microhabitats, and ground-dwelling species with links to regeneration. We identified 17 species as proposed umbrella species based on the studies examined. This review shows that high structural diversity is associated with an increase in diversity, especially with regard to vascular plants, birds and ground-dwelling species. The adaptation of forest management for biodiversity requires regular active monitoring of IM to assess the temporal and spatial changes and of IB to assess the effectiveness of measures. DA - 2021/03/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107275 VL - 122 SP - 107275 J2 - Ecological Indicators SN - 1470-160X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Patterns and drivers of deadwood volume and composition in different forest types of the Austrian natural forest reserves AU - Oettel, Janine AU - Lapin, Katharina AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Steiner, Herfried AU - Schweinzer, Karl-Manfred AU - Frank, Georg AU - Essl, Franz T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Deadwood is an important structural feature in forests providing essential resources for various organisms. Both forest management and conservation are increasingly focusing on the integration of deadwood into forest management. Deadwood volume and composition are driven by forest type, stand age, natural tree mortality, tree species composition and harvesting intensity. Here, we used inventory data from 28 unmanaged natural forest reserves (NFR) in Austria to analyse the patterns and drivers of: (i) the volume of standing and lying deadwood, (ii) the diversity of deadwood in different forest types. Eight forest types are located in the investigated NFRs covering a wide range of vegetation types with altitudes of 140–1825 m asl. The volumes of living wood and deadwood differed markedly between forest types. The average deadwood volume per forest type ranged from 23 m3 ha−1 in larch forests to 109 m3 ha−1 in spruce-fir-beech forests. Likewise, deadwood diversity (species diversity as well as diversity in diameter classes and degree of decomposition) differed significantly among forest types, with the highest deadwood diversity found in beech and spruce forests and the lowest in hardwood floodplain forests, carbonate pine forests and larch forests. Our results show that volume and composition of deadwood vary greatly among different forest types. Regression models revealed that the availability of deadwood was mainly driven by tree- and stand related factors (e.g. forest type, diameter at breast height and volume of living stand), whereas site-related (e.g. altitude) and climatic factors (e.g. mean annual precipitation) had a minor influence. The variables tree species diversity, aspect and slope showed no significance and were therefore not integrated into the final model. This study provides insights into deadwood availability and diversity in NFRs on a national scale, providing reference data for unmanaged temperate forests and aiding decision-making in nature conservation and forest management, since NFRs are reference areas for close-to-nature forestry. DA - 2020/05/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118016 VL - 463 SP - 118016 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Alpine plant life - functional ecology of high mountain ecosystems AU - Körner, Christian CY - Berlin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 ET - 2 PB - Springer Verlag ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emergent vulnerability to climate-driven disturbances in European forests AU - Forzieri, Giovanni AU - Girardello, Marco AU - Ceccherini, Guido AU - Spinoni, Jonathan AU - Feyen, Luc AU - Hartmann, Henrik AU - Beck, Pieter S. A. AU - Camps-Valls, Gustau AU - Chirici, Gherado AU - Mauri, Achille AU - Cescatti, Alessandro T2 - Nature Communications AB - Forest disturbance regimes are expected to intensify as Earth’s climate changes. Quantifying forest vulnerability to disturbances and understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, observational evidence is largely missing at regional to continental scales. Here, we quantify the vulnerability of European forests to fires, windthrows and insect outbreaks during the period 1979–2018 by integrating machine learning with disturbance data and satellite products. We show that about 33.4 billion tonnes of forest biomass could be seriously affected by these disturbances, with higher relative losses when exposed to windthrows (40%) and fires (34%) compared to insect outbreaks (26%). The spatial pattern in vulnerability is strongly controlled by the interplay between forest characteristics and background climate. Hotspot regions for vulnerability are located at the borders of the climate envelope, in both southern and northern Europe. There is a clear trend in overall forest vulnerability that is driven by a warming-induced reduction in plant defence mechanisms to insect outbreaks, especially at high latitudes. DA - 2021/02/23/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-21399-7 DP - www.nature.com VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 1081 LA - en SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bark Beetle Outbreaks in Europe: State of Knowledge and Ways Forward for Management AU - Hlásny, Tomáš AU - König, Louis AU - Krokene, Paal AU - Lindner, Marcus AU - Montagné-Huck, Claire AU - Müller, Jörg AU - Qin, Hua AU - Raffa, Kenneth F. AU - Schelhaas, Mart-Jan AU - Svoboda, Miroslav AU - Viiri, Heli AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Current Forestry Reports AB - Outbreaks of tree-killing bark beetles have reached unprecedented levels in conifer forests in the northern hemisphere and are expected to further intensify due to climate change. In parts of Europe, bark beetle outbreaks and efforts to manage them have even triggered social unrests and political instability. These events have increasingly challenged traditional responses to outbreaks, and highlight the need for a more comprehensive management framework. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s40725-021-00142-x VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 138 EP - 165 SN - 2198-6436 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Zunehmende Schäden durch Borkenkäfer im Klimawandel AU - Hoch, Gernot AU - Steyrer, G. CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 2 M3 - CCCA Fact Sheet SN - 31 UR - https://ccca.ac.at/fileadmin/00_DokumenteHauptmenue/02_Klimawissen/FactSheets/31_zunehmende_schaeden_durch_borkenkaefer_20200806.pdf N1 -

issue: 31

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can current management maintain forest landscape multifunctionality in the Eastern Alps in Austria under climate change? AU - Irauschek, Florian AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10113-015-0908-9 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 33 EP - 48 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatic and stand drivers of forest resistance to recent bark beetle disturbance in European coniferous forests AU - Jaime, Luciana AU - Batllori, Enric AU - Ferretti, Marco AU - Lloret, Francisco T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Bark beetle infestation is a major driver of tree mortality that may be critical for forest persistence under climate change and the forecasted increase of extreme heat and drought episodes. Under this context, the environmental position of host tree populations within the species’ climatic niche (central vs. marginal populations) is expected to be a determinant in the dynamics of insect–host systems. Here, we analyzed the recent patterns of bark beetle disturbance and forest resistance across European coniferous forests during the 2010–2018 period. We obtained bark beetle attack and tree mortality data from successive continental-scale forest condition surveys on 130 plots including five host trees and five bark beetle species, and characterized the climatic niche of each species. Then, we analyzed the overall forest resistance and species-specific responses, in terms of bark beetle attack and induced tree mortality, in relation to the distance to the niche optimum of both host tree and beetle species, previous drought events, and plot characteristics. Regional patterns of recent disturbance revealed that forests in central, north, and east of Europe could be at risk under the attack of multivoltine bark beetle species. We found that overall forest resistance to beetle attack was determined by several driving factors, which varied among species responses. Particularly, the environmental position of the affected forest within the host and beetle species’ climatic niche and plot characteristics mediated the influence of drought on the resistance to beetle attack. In turn, forest resistance to induced tree mortality was determined exclusively by the maximum intensity and duration of drought events. Our findings highlight the importance of disturbance interactions and suggest that the joint influence of drought events and bark beetle disturbance will threaten the persistence of European coniferous forests, even in those tree populations close to their species' climatic optimum. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1111/gcb.16106 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - 2830 EP - 2841 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.16106

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate-induced challenges of Norway spruce in Northern Austria AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Trees, Forests and People AB - A dramatic increase in bark-beetle (Ips typographus) damage in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests occured in the provinces Upper and Lower Austria in the past decade with the beetle outbreak likely driven by climate change. Water shortage in the early growing season appears to weaken the forests. The high supply of beetle-infested timber is reducing wood prices and forests are not meeting policy expectations for a viable bioeconomy. The sink strength of forests has diminished from 12% to 6% of the national greenhouse gas emission budget and may even turn into a source when the disturbance dynamics continue. Consequences cascade through the forest sector. The regional market price for bark-beetle affected timber declined to 30% of the previous level. Small-forest owners who obtain a marginal income from wood products are losing motivation for active forest management. The operational difficulties of cutting affected trees combined with the organization of timber transport to saw-mills are being met by excessive inventories of unprocessed logs at mills. Large forest enterprises can only intermittently absorb higher costs for forest management than be met currently from sales of products. The long-term consequence is lasting reduction of forest productivity and an uncertain future for forestry in Central Europe that may increasingly depend on technological breakthroughs in processing timber from deciduous trees and eventually payments for ecosystem services. DA - 2020/06/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100008 VL - 1 SP - 100008 J2 - Trees, Forests and People SN - 2666-7193 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe AU - Lindner, Marcus AU - Schwarz, Matej AU - Spathelf, Peter AU - Koning, de Johannes H. C. AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Viszlai, Igor AU - Vančo, Michal A2 - FOREST EUROPE A3 - FOREST EUROPE CY - Bratislava, Zvolen DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Liaison Unit ER - TY - THES TI - Waldbrand-Dokumentation und Analyse von durch Blitzschlag ausgelösten Waldbränden als Beitrag für ein integriertes System zur Abschätzung der Waldbrandgefahr in Österreich AU - Müller, M.M. CY - Wien DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - Universität der Bodenkultur Wien ER - TY - BOOK TI - Waldertragskunde. Organische Produktion, Struktur, Zuwachs und Ertrag von Waldbeständen AU - Assmann, F. CY - München DA - 1961/// PY - 1961 SP - 490 PB - BLV Verlagsgesellschaft UR - https://books.google.at/books?id=3fU9zQEACAAJ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Anweisung zum Waldbau AU - Cotta, Heinrich CY - Dresden DA - 1885/// PY - 1885 ET - Neunte Auflage PB - Arnoldische Buchhandlung ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimawandelanpassungsmaßnahmen im Wald und deren Einfluss auf die CO2-Bilanz. AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Schadauer, Klemens T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 51 J2 - BFW-Praxisinformation ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield: From Measurement to Model AU - Pretzsch, Hans DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Springer Verlag ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological Carbon Sinks: Turnover Must Not Be Confused with Capital! AU - Körner, Christian T2 - GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society DA - 2009/12/10/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.14512/gaia.18.4.5 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 288 EP - 293 J2 - GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society LA - en SN - 0940-5550 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged 250-year-old deciduous forest in Central Germany AU - Knohl, Alexander AU - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef AU - Kolle, Olaf AU - Buchmann, Nina T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 VL - 118 SP - 151 EP - 167 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks AU - Luyssaert, Sebastiaan AU - Schulze, E.-Detlef AU - Börner, Annett AU - Knohl, Alexander AU - Hessenmöller, Dominik AU - Law, Beverly E. AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Grace, John T2 - Nature AB - It has long been assumed that ageing forests cease to accumulate carbon, and become carbon neutral. They are therefore not recognized for 'forest credits' in treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol. Now an extensive literature and database search for forest carbon-flux estimates shows that the net carbon balance of ageing forests is usually positive. The findings suggest that old-growth forests can continue to accumulate carbon, and that they contribute at least 10% of global net ecosystem productivity. Much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed, so it would make sense for carbon accounting rules to give credit for leaving old forests intact. DA - 2008/09// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1038/nature07276 DP - www.nature.com VL - 455 IS - 7210 SP - 213 EP - 215 LA - en SN - 1476-4687 N1 -

number: 7210
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Old-growth forest carbon sinks overestimated AU - Gundersen, Per AU - Thybring, Emil E. AU - Nord-Larsen, Thomas AU - Vesterdal, Lars AU - Nadelhoffer, Knute J. AU - Johannsen, Vivian K. T2 - Nature DA - 2021/03/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03266-z VL - 591 IS - 7851 SP - E21 EP - E23 J2 - Nature SN - 1476-4687 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Carbon Sequestration and Storage in European Forests AU - Kilpeläinen, Antti AU - Peltola, Heli T2 - Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change A2 - Hetemäki, Lauri A2 - Kangas, Jyrki A2 - Peltola, Heli A2 - Hetemäki, Lauri A2 - Kangas, Jyrki A2 - Peltola, Heli AB - European forests have been acting as a significant carbon sink for the last few decades. However, there are significant distinctions among the forest carbon sinks in different parts of Europe due to differences in the area and structure of the forests, and the harvesting intensity of these. In many European countries, the forest area has increased through natural forest expansion and the afforestation of low-productivity agricultural lands. Changing environmental conditions and improved forest management practices have also increased the carbon sequestration and storage in forests in different regions. The future development of carbon sequestration and storage in European forests will be affected both by the intensity of forest management and harvesting (related to future wood demand) and the severity of climate change and the associated increase in natural forest disturbances. Climate change may also affect the carbon dynamics of forests in different ways, depending on geographical region. Therefore, many uncertainties exist in the future development of carbon sequestration and storage in European forests, and their contribution to climate change mitigation. The demand for multiple ecosystem services, and differences in national and international strategies and policies (e.g. the European Green Deal, climate and biodiversity policies), may also affect the future development of carbon sinks in European forests. CY - Cham DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 SP - 113 EP - 128 PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-030-99206-4 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_6 N1 -

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_6

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited sink but large storage: Biomass dynamics in naturally developing beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) forests of north-western Germany AU - Meyer, Peter AU - Nagel, Rouven AU - Feldmann, Eike T2 - Journal of Ecology AB - Abstract Currently, the dynamics underlying the storage and acquisition of biomass, and thus carbon, in naturally developing forests are under debate. A better understanding of the biomass dynamics of forests is needed to clarify the role played by naturally developing forests in the mitigation of climate change. Long-term monitoring data from unmanaged strict forest reserves (SFRs) in north-western Germany were used to analyse the biomass dynamics of pure beech, mixed beech and mixed oak forests. A complete balance of above-ground woody biomass (biomass) and growth, density-dependent and -independent mortality, as well as deadwood decay was derived. Density-independent mortality served as a proxy for disturbance severity. After a time since abandonment (TSA) of 50 years, the average biomass ranged between 334 t/ha in mixed oak and 478 t/ha in pure beech stands. The net change in biomass was positive in all forest types. Density-independent mortality and decay rates were much lower than the growth rates. Pure beech forests reached higher levels of biomass, a higher net change in biomass, and more growth than either of the mixed forest types. Biomass increased linearly with TSA in pure beech stands but followed an asymptotic course in the mixed forests. In the latter, the net change in biomass and growth were consistent with a unimodal development pattern. The development of biomass could not be explained by the ageing of the tree communities. Synthesis. We hypothesized that the observed biomass dynamics are a result of the interaction between resource supply within a limited growing space and the resource-use efficiency of the tree stand in conjunction with disturbances. The still-linear increase in the biomass of pure beech forests was assumed to reflect the high resource-use efficiency of beech, especially its use of light. The above-ground capacity of naturally developing broadleaved forests to store and acquire carbon is substantial. Accordingly, allowing broadleaved forests to develop naturally can contribute substantially to carbon storage and sequestration. However, our study also suggests that the above-ground carbon sink decreases after several decades. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/1365-2745.13740 VL - 109 IS - 10 SP - 3602 EP - 3616 N1 -

_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2745.13740

ER - TY - MANSCPT TI - Auswertung der Österreichischen Waldinventur 2016/21. AU - Schadauer, Klemens DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - www.waldinventur.at ER - TY - CHAP TI - Close-to-nature forest management in Europe. Compatible with managing forests as complex adaptive forest ecosystems? AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Puettmann, Klaus J. AU - Kühne, Christian DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 187 EP - 213 PB - Routledge, The Earthscan forest library N1 -

section: 9

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silviculture for old-growth attributes AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Puettmann, Klaus AU - Messier, Christian T2 - Old forests, new management: the conservation and use of old-growth forests in the 21st century AB - Silviculture to maintain old-growth forest attributes appears to be an oxymoron since the late developmental phases of forest dynamics, described by the term old-growth, represent forests that have not experienced human intervention or timber removal for a long time. In the past, silvicultural systems applied to old-growth aimed to convert it into simplified, more productive regrowth forests substantially different in structure and composition. Now it is recognised that the maintenance of biodiversity associated with structural and functional complexity of late forest development successional stages cannot rely solely on old-growth forests in reserves. Therefore, in managed forests, silvicultural systems able to develop or maintain old-growth forest attributes are being sought. The degree to which old-growth attributes are maintained or developed is called “old-growthness”. In this paper, we discuss silvicultural approaches that promote or maintain structural attributes of old-growth forests at the forest stand level in (a) current old-growth forests managed for timber production to retain structural elements, (b) current old-growth forests requiring regular, minor disturbances to maintain their structure, and (c) regrowth and secondary forests to restore old-growth structural attributes. While the functions of different elements of forest structure, such as coarse woody debris, large veteran trees, etc., have been described in principle, our knowledge about the quantity and distribution, in time and space, of these elements required to meet certain management objectives is rather limited for most ecosystems. The risks and operational constraints associated with managing for structural attributes create further complexity, which cannot be addressed adequately through the use of traditional silvicultural approaches. Silvicultural systems used in the retention and restoration of old-growthness can, and need, to employ a variety of approaches for managing spatial and temporal structural complexity. We present examples of silvicultural options that have been applied in creative experiments and forestry practice over the last two decades. However, these largely comprise only short-term responses, which are often accompanied by increased risks and disturbance. Much research and monitoring is required still to develop and optimise new silvicultural systems for old-growthness for a wide variety of forest ecosystem types. DA - 2009/07/30/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.053 VL - 258 IS - 4 SP - 525 EP - 537 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced carbon storage through management for old-growth characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests AU - Ford, Sarah E. AU - Keeton, William S. T2 - Ecosphere AB - Abstract Forest management practices emphasizing stand structural complexity are of interest across the northern forest region of the United States because of their potential to enhance carbon storage. Our research is part of a long-term study evaluating silvicultural treatments that promote late-successional forest characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests. We are testing the hypothesis that aboveground biomass development (carbon storage) is greater in structural complexity enhancement (SCE) treatments when compared to conventional uneven-aged treatments. Structural complexity enhancement treatments were compared against selection systems (single-tree and group) modified to retain elevated structure. Manipulations and controls were replicated across 2-ha treatment units at two study areas in Vermont, United States. Data on aboveground biomass pools (live trees, standing dead, and downed wood) were collected pre- and post-treatment, then again a decade later. Species group-specific allometric equations were used to estimate live and standing dead biomass, and downed log biomass was estimated volumetrically. We used the Forest Vegetation Simulator to project “no-treatment” baselines specific to treatment units, allowing measured carbon responses to be normalized against differences in site characteristics affecting tree growth and pre-treatment stand structure. Results indicate that biomass development and carbon storage 10 yr post-treatment were greatest in SCE treatments compared to conventional treatments, with the greatest increases in coarse woody material (CWM) pools. Structural complexity enhancement treatments contained 12.67 Mg/ha carbon in CWM compared to 6.62 Mg/ha in conventional treatments and 8.84 Mg/ha in areas with no treatment. Percentage differences between post-treatment carbon and simulated/projected baseline values indicate that carbon pool values in SCE treatments returned closest to pre-harvest or untreated levels over conventional treatments. Total carbon storage in SCE aboveground pools was 15.90% less than that projected for no-treatment compared to 44.94% less in conventionally treated areas. Results from classification and regression tree models indicated treatment as the strongest predictor of aboveground C storage followed by site-specific variables, suggesting a strong influence of both on carbon pools. Structural enhancement treatments have the potential to increase carbon storage in managed northern hardwoods. They offer an alternative for sustainable management integrating carbon, associated climate change mitigation benefits, and late-successional forest structure and habitat. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/ecs2.1721 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - e01721 N1 -

_eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecs2.1721

ER - TY - BOOK TI - Protecting old-growth forests in Europe - a review of scientific evidence to inform policy implementation. Final report AU - O'Brien, L. AU - Schuck, A. AU - Fraccaroli, C. AU - E. Pötzelsberger, E. AU - Winkel, G. AU - Lindner, M. CY - Platz der Vereinten Nationen 7, 53113 Bonn,Germany DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - European Forest Institute N1 -

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36333/rs1e

ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking AU - Pommerening, A. AU - Murphy, S. T. T2 - Forestry DA - 2004/01/01/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1093/forestry/77.1.27 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 44 J2 - Forestry LA - en SN - 0015-752X, 1464-3626 N1 -

number: 1

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Die Bedeutung des Urwaldes Rothwald für die Urwaldforschung AU - Lang, Hans-Peter AU - Nopp-Mayr, Ursula T2 - Silva fera DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 1 SP - 30 EP - 37 J2 - Silva fera ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holzvorrat auf neuem Höchststand AU - Gschwantner, Thomas T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 8 EP - 12 J2 - BFW Praxisinfo ER - TY - ELEC TI - Österreichische Waldinventur Waldinformationen aus erster Hand. Umfassend. Kompetent. Aktuell. AU - BFW DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - www.waldinventur.at ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forestry AU - Lexer, M. J. AU - Jandl, R. AU - Nabernegg, S. AU - Bednar-Friedl, B. T2 - Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts - Development of a Cross-Sectoral Framework and Results for Austria A2 - Steininger, K. W. A2 - König, M. A2 - Bednar-Friedl, Birgit A2 - Kranzl, L. A2 - Loibl, W. A2 - Prettenthaler, F. T3 - Springer Climate DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 145 EP - 165 PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-319-12457-5 UR - https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319124568#aboutBook ER - TY - BOOK TI - Growth Trends in European Forests, Studies from 12 Countries AU - Spiecker, Heinrich AU - Mielikäinen, Kari AU - Köhl, Michael AU - Skovsgaard, Jens Peter DA - 1996/// PY - 1996 PB - Springer Berlin, Heidelberg SN - 978-3-540-61460-9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61178 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Acidification and Nitrogen Eutrophication of Austrian Forest Soils AU - Jandl, R AU - Schmidt, S. AU - Mutsch, F. AU - Fürst, A. AU - Zechmeister, H. AU - Bauer, H. AU - Dirnböck, T. T2 - Applied and Environmental Soil SCience DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1155/2012/632602 VL - 2012 IS - Impact on Human Activities on Soil Contamination SP - ID EP - 632602 N1 -

number: Impact on Human Activities on Soil Contamination

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree regeneration retards decomposition in a temperate mountain soil after forest gap disturbance AU - Mayer, Mathias AU - Matthews, Bradley AU - Rosinger, Christoph AU - Sandén, Hans AU - Godbold, Douglas L. AU - Katzensteiner, Klaus T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - Disturbances significantly affect the carbon (C) cycle of forest ecosystems. Surviving trees from an understory layer are recognized to play an important role in post-disturbance C dynamics. However, their influence on decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), an important ecosystem C pool, has yet to be rigorously investigated. Over four consecutive years, we investigated the effects of advance spruce regeneration on decomposition processes in a mountain soil after forest gap disturbance. Gap disturbance was accomplished by clear cut harvest and decomposition was assessed by combining measurements of soil CO2 efflux, heterotrophic respiration, soil enzymes activity, and mass loss from standardized litter bags. Soil CO2 efflux showed no response to gap formation, independent of whether regeneration was present or absent, indicating that reduced autotrophic respiration was offset by accelerated heterotrophic respiration from decomposing microbes. Incubation studies revealed no effects of gap disturbance on heterotrophic respiration and its temperature sensitivity under controlled lab conditions. Since potential enzyme activities, at a given temperature, did not respond to gap formation either, it appears that neither C nor other nutrient limitations of the decomposing microbes changed in this SOM-rich mountain forest soil after disturbance. Mass loss of standardized litter was ∼5% higher after gap formation in plots without regeneration, while under the regeneration it remained at control stand levels. Our findings indicate that canopy removal by gap disturbance lead to an increase in decomposition, primarily due to warmer soil conditions. However, an established regeneration retards decomposition due to its modulating effect on soil temperature. Our study therefore shows that facilitating regeneration pre-disturbance can reduce post-disturbance soil C losses from decomposition. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.09.010 VL - 115 SP - 490 EP - 498 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Herbivory modulates soil CO2 fluxes after windthrow: a case study in temperate mountain forests AU - Mayer, Mathias AU - Keßler, David AU - Katzensteiner, Klaus T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - Ungulate herbivory can alter functional plant communities of early-successional forest ecosystems. The consequences of such vegetation changes on soil carbon cycling are still not fully understood. Here, we used an ungulate exclusion experiment to investigate how different levels of herbivory and associated changes in vegetation succession modulate soil CO2 efflux and its heterotrophic and autotrophic sources following windthrow in temperate mountain forests. Our results indicate that only high levels of ungulate herbivory and associated vegetation shifts from tree to rather grass dominated plant communities affect soil CO2 fluxes. We did not find evidence that a moderate herbivory level and accompanied smaller shifts in the functional plant community affect soil CO2 fluxes. A greater soil CO2 efflux under the influence of high herbivory pressure was primarily attributed to accelerated heterotrophic respiration, likely due to warmer soil conditions. Moreover, autotrophic respiration from grass roots and associated microbial communities is suggested to contribute to higher soil CO2 fluxes. We conclude that intense herbivory and accompanied successional changes in the functional plant community enhance soil carbon losses following forest windthrow. This might have negative consequences for the soil carbon stocks and for the climate system. DA - 2020/06/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s10342-019-01244-9 DP - Springer Link VL - 139 IS - 3 SP - 383 EP - 391 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4677 N1 -

number: 3

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldinventur 2007/09: Betriebe und Bundesforste nutzen mehr als den Zuwachs AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 24 SP - 3 EP - 5 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Wildeinflussmonitoring AU - BFW T2 - Wildeinflussmonitoring WEM DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 UR - http://bfw.ac.at/rz/bfwcms2.web?dok=6299 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Verjüngung im österreichischen Wald: Defizite im Schutzwald AU - Schodterer, Heimo T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 24 SP - 10 EP - 14 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bundesweites Wildeinflussmonitoring 2019-2021 –Ergebnisse der WEM-Periode 6 AU - Schodterer, Heimo AU - Kainz, Christoph T2 - BFW Praxisinformation DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 VL - 55 SP - 69 EP - pp ER - TY - ELEC TI - Waldinwentur Zwischenergebnisse 2016-2018 AU - BFW DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://bfw.ac.at/rz/bfwcms.web?dok=10544 N1 -

K. Schadauer; A. Freudenschuß

ER - TY - CHAP TI - Wildschadensproblem und Forst-Jagd-Konflikt im Alpenraum – Hintergründe, Entwicklungen, Perspektiven AU - Reimoser, Friedrich T2 - Jahrbuch des Vereins zum Schutz der Bergwelt DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 61 EP - 116 SV - 83. Jahrgang UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323068683_Wildschadensproblem_und_Forst-Jagd-Konflikt_im_Alpenraum_-_Hintergrunde_Entwicklungen_Perspektiven_Game-damage_problem_and_forest-hunting_conflict_in_the_Alpine_region_-_background_developments_perspe ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abschätzung des Einflusses von Verbiss durch wildlebende Huftiere auf die Baumverjüngung AU - Kupferschmid, Andrea D. AU - Brang, Peter AU - Bugmann, Harald T2 - Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen AB - Assessment of the impact of ungulate browsing on tree regeneration Browsing percentage is an objective and reproducible measure of the frequency of browsing by wild ungulates on tree regeneration. However, this relative number of browsed terminal shoots accounts for little of the effective long-term influence of browsing on tree regeneration. Apart from browsing percentage, the following four factors are important for estimating the influence of browsing: the density of tree regeneration, the within-tree browsing intensity, the height growth of the tree regeneration (and thus the time needed to grow out of the reach of browsers and the browsing-induced loss of height increment), and the mortality induced by browsing. At least the first three of these factors can be obtained easily and should thus be included in future browsing inventories. DA - 2019/05/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.3188/szf.2019.0125 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 170 IS - 3 SP - 125 EP - 134 LA - en SN - 0036-7818, 2235-1469 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Zur räumlich-zeitlichen Lenkung von Wildtieren in der Kulturlandschaft. / On the spatial-temporal steering of wildlife in the cultural landscape. AU - Reimoser, Friedrich AU - Reimoser, Susanne T2 - Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung DA - 2020/12/22/ PY - 2020 VL - 45 SP - 225 EP - 242 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tamm Review: Influence of forest management activities on soil organic carbon stocks: A knowledge synthesis AU - Mayer, Mathias AU - Prescott, Cindy E. AU - Abaker, Wafa E.A. AU - Augusto, Laurent AU - Cécillon, Lauric AU - Ferreira, Gabriel W.D. AU - James, Jason AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Katzensteiner, Klaus AU - Laclau, Jean-Paul AU - Laganière, Jérôme AU - Nouvellon, Yann AU - Paré, David AU - Stanturf, John A. AU - Vanguelova, Elena I. AU - Vesterdal, Lars T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Almost half of the total organic carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is stored in forest soils. By altering rates of input or release of C from soils, forest management activities can influence soil C stocks in forests. In this review, we synthesize current evidence regarding the influences of 13 common forest management practices on forest soil C stocks. Afforestation of former croplands generally increases soil C stocks, whereas on former grasslands and peatlands, soil C stocks are unchanged or even reduced following afforestation. The conversion of primary forests to secondary forests generally reduces soil C stocks, particularly if the land is converted to an agricultural land-use prior to reforestation. Harvesting, particularly clear-cut harvesting, generally results in a reduction in soil C stocks, particularly in the forest floor and upper mineral soil. Removal of residues by harvesting whole-trees and stumps negatively affects soil C stocks. Soil disturbance from site preparation decreases soil C stocks, particularly in the organic top soil, however improved growth of tree seedlings may outweigh soil C losses over a rotation. Nitrogen (N) addition has an overall positive effect on soil C stocks across a wide range of forest ecosystems. Likewise, higher stocks and faster accumulation of soil C occur under tree species with N-fixing associates. Stocks and accumulation rates of soil C also differ under different tree species, with coniferous species accumulating more C in the forest floor and broadleaved species tending to store more C in the mineral soil. There is some evidence that increased tree species diversity could positively affect soil C stocks in temperate and subtropical forests, but tree species identity, particularly N-fixing species, seems to have a stronger impact on soil C stocks than tree species diversity. Management of stand density and thinning have small effects on forest soil C stocks. In forests with high populations of ungulate herbivores, reduction in herbivory levels can increase soil C stocks. Removal of plant biomass for fodder and fuel is related to a reduction in the soil C stocks. Fire management practices such as prescribed burning reduce soil C stocks, but less so than wildfires which are more intense. For each practice, we identify existing gaps in knowledge and suggest research to address the gaps. DA - 2020/06/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118127 VL - 466 SP - 118127 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unfavourable microsites, competing vegetation and browsing restrict post-disturbance tree regeneration on extreme sites in the Northern Calcareous Alps AU - Pröll, Gisela AU - Darabant, Andras AU - Gratzer, Georg AU - Katzensteiner, Klaus T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - Changing natural disturbance regimes threaten forest functions in the Northern Calcareous Alps, with steep, sun-exposed sites on shallow soils at particular risk due to inhibited recovery. Natural tree regeneration after severe disturbances may fail due to extreme microclimate, dense layers of competing understorey vegetation and herbivory. In order to gain insight into regeneration patterns and dynamics, chronosequences of disturbed forest sites were selected along a longitudinal section of the Austrian Northern Calcareous Alps. Regeneration densities of trees, cover of competing vegetation and microsite characteristics were recorded on a total of 19 disturbed sites and in the respective adjacent forest stands. Although high densities of germinants and small seedlings (≤0.1 m) were recorded in the forest stands, recruitment establishment (trees >0.1 m) frequently failed on both disturbed sites and adjacent stands. In fact, half of the disturbed sites were found to be without sufficient regeneration and no significant increase of regeneration density was detected with time since disturbance. Overall, regeneration densities reflect a very critical situation along the disturbance chronosequence. Even if seedling banks are composed of individuals smaller than 0.1 m, seedling mortality is high. General linear mixed models revealed positive effects of convex microsites and thick organic layers on Picea abies (L.) Karst. establishment, while dense litter and grass cover impaired spruce regeneration. Regeneration of other tree species was scarce. The results corroborate the urgent need for establishing seedling banks of larger individuals (>0.1 m) and for reducing ungulate browsing. They also underline the need for comprehensive long-term studies to better understand the dynamic processes, driving resilience of disturbed sites. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s10342-014-0851-1 VL - 134 IS - 2 SP - 293 EP - 308 SN - 1612-4677 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest Ecology: an evidence-based approach AU - Binkley, Dan CY - Hoboken, NJ DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 ET - First PB - Wiley-Blackwell SN - 1-119-70320-4 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest stand dynamics AU - Oliver, Chadwick Dearing AU - Larson, Bruce C. CY - New York DA - 1990/// PY - 1990 PB - McGraw-Hill Inc. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability of uneven-aged forests to storm damage AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Kuhn, Thomas AU - Bugmann, Harald AU - Lanz, Adrian AU - Brang, Peter T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - Uneven-aged forests are assumed to have a high stability against storm damage but have rarely been analysed for vulnerability to storm damage due to a lack of a sufficient empirical database. Here we model storm damage in uneven-aged forest to analyse major factors that may determine the sensitivity of this type of forests to storms based on a broad database. Data are derived of public forests in the canton Neuchâtel in West Switzerland that are dominated by silver fir and Norway spruce and managed since the beginning of the 20th century following a single-tree selection system. A unique dataset of periodical (every 5–10 years) full inventories measuring the diameter of every single tree including salvage cuttings was available for the investigation. The time series reached back until 1920 and covered an area of 16 000 ha divided into 3000 divisions. The effect of a major winter storm (‘Lothar’) in December 1999 on these forests was investigated using a subset of 648 divisions. The influence of the vertical stand structure on the vulnerability of storm damage was studied using logistic regression models. To facilitate the analyses, an index of closeness to a J-shaped distribution (LikeJ) based on the number of trees in different diameter classes was developed. Besides structural indices, variables representing stand characteristics, soil-related and topography-related variables were included. The results of our study show that the overall damage level of the investigated forests was rather low. The variables that entered the model for the uneven-aged stands were different to those that are normally significant for even-aged stands. While variables like stand structure, the timing of the harvesting and topographic variables entered a multivariate statistical model as significant predictors, standard predictors for storm damage in even-aged stands such as stand density, thinning intensity or species composition were not significant. We hypothesize that the uneven-aged structure of the investigated forests may be one reason for the low damage level we observed but emphasize the need for more detailed research to support this conclusion. DA - 2014/10/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpu008 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 525 EP - 534 J2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research SN - 0015-752X N1 -

number: 4

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Schelhaas, Mart-Jan AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Verkerk, Pieter Johannes T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - European forest disturbance—due to wind, bark beetles and wildfires—has increased in association with climate changes, but future disturbance-response remains highly uncertain. Now, research based on an ensemble of climate change scenarios indicates that an increase in forest disturbance is probable in the coming decades, with implications for forest carbon storage. DA - 2014/09/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2318 VL - 4 IS - 9 SP - 806 EP - 810 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 9

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling bark beetle disturbances in a large scale forest scenario model to assess climate change impacts and evaluate adaptive management strategies AU - Seidl, R AU - Schelhaas, MJ AU - Lindner, M AU - Lexer, MJ T2 - REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE DA - 2009/06// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1007/s10113-008-0068-2 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 101 EP - 119 SN - 1436-3798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing canopy mortality affects the future demographic structure of Europe's forests AU - Senf, C AU - Sebald, J AU - Seidl, R T2 - ONE EARTH DA - 2021/05/21/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.008 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 749 EP - 755 SN - 2590-3330 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelle für die künftige Bewirtschaftung der Fichte AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 31 SP - 16 EP - 19 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing predictive models of wind damage in Austrian forests AU - Pasztor, Ferenc AU - Matulla, Christoph AU - Zuvela-Aloise, Maja AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Annals of Forest Science AB - Among natural disturbances, wind storms cause the greatest damage to forests in Austria. DA - 2015/05/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s13595-014-0386-0 DP - Springer Link VL - 72 IS - 3 SP - 289 EP - 301 J2 - Annals of Forest Science LA - en SN - 1297-966X ER - TY - RPRT TI - The restoration potential in the European Union AU - Bastin, Jean-Francois AU - de Haulleville, T. AU - Maniatis, D. AU - Marchi, G. AU - Massacessi, E. AU - Mollicone, Danilo AU - Pregagnoli, C. AB - The restoration of forested land at a global scale could help capture atmospheric carbon and mitigate climate change. Bastin et al. used direct measurements of forest cover to generate a model of forest restoration potential across the globe (see the Perspective by Chazdon and Brancalion). Their spatially explicit maps show how much additional tree cover could exist outside of existing forests and agricultural and urban land. Ecosystems could support an additional 0.9 billion hectares of continuous forest. This would represent a greater than 25% increase in forested area, including more than 500 billion trees and more than 200 gigatonnes of additional carbon at maturity. Such a change has the potential to cut the atmospheric carbon pool by about 25%.Science, this issue p. 76; see also p. 24The restoration of trees remains among the most effective strategies for climate change mitigation. We mapped the global potential tree coverage to show that 4.4 billion hectares of canopy cover could exist under the current climate. Excluding existing trees and agricultural and urban areas, we found that there is room for an extra 0.9 billion hectares of canopy cover, which could store 205 gigatonnes of carbon in areas that would naturally support woodlands and forests. This highlights global tree restoration as our most effective climate change solution to date. However, climate change will alter this potential tree coverage. We estimate that if we cannot deviate from the current trajectory, the global potential canopy cover may shrink by 223 million hectares by 2050, with the vast majority of losses occurring in the tropics. Our results highlight the opportunity of climate change mitigation through global tree restoration but also the urgent need for action. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 188 EP - 188 pp M3 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848 UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76 N1 -

issue: 070202/2020/825508/ETU/ENV.D.I

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The global tree restoration potential AU - Bastin, Jean-Francois AU - Finegold, Yelena AU - Garcia, Claude AU - Mollicone, Danilo AU - Rezende, Marcelo AU - Routh, Devin AU - Zohner, Constantin M. AU - Crowther, Thomas W. T2 - Science AB - The restoration of forested land at a global scale could help capture atmospheric carbon and mitigate climate change. Bastin et al. used direct measurements of forest cover to generate a model of forest restoration potential across the globe (see the Perspective by Chazdon and Brancalion). Their spatially explicit maps show how much additional tree cover could exist outside of existing forests and agricultural and urban land. Ecosystems could support an additional 0.9 billion hectares of continuous forest. This would represent a greater than 25% increase in forested area, including more than 200 gigatonnes of additional carbon at maturity.Such a change has the potential to store an equivalent of 25% of the current atmospheric carbon pool.Science, this issue p. 76; see also p. 24The restoration of trees remains among the most effective strategies for climate change mitigation. We mapped the global potential tree coverage to show that 4.4 billion hectares of canopy cover could exist under the current climate. Excluding existing trees and agricultural and urban areas, we found that there is room for an extra 0.9 billion hectares of canopy cover, which could store 205 gigatonnes of carbon in areas that would naturally support woodlands and forests. This highlights global tree restoration as one of the most effective carbon drawdown solutions to date. However, climate change will alter this potential tree coverage. We estimate that if we cannot deviate from the current trajectory, the global potential canopy cover may shrink by ~223 million hectares by 2050, with the vast majority of losses occurring in the tropics. Our results highlight the opportunity of climate change mitigation through global tree restoration but also the urgent need for action. DA - 2019/07/05/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1126/science.aax0848 VL - 365 IS - 6448 SP - 76 EP - 79 J2 - Science N1 -

number: 6448

ER - TY - BOOK TI - The use of woody biomas for energy production in the EU AU - Camia, A. AU - Giuntoli, J. AU - Jonsson, R. AU - Robert, N. AU - Cazzaniga, N.E. AU - Jasinevicius, G. AU - Avitabile, V. AU - Grassi, G. AU - Barredo, J.I. AU - Mubareka, S. CY - Luxembourg DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 VL - EUR 30548 EN PB - Publications Office of the European Union SN - 978-92-76-27867-2 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forest bioenergy, carbon capture and storage, and carbon dioxide removal: An update. AU - EASAC DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 UR - https://easac.eu/fileadmin/PDF_s/reports_statements/Negative_Carbon/EASAC_Commentary_Forest_Bioenergy_Feb_2019_FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2020/06/30/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The EU climate package “Fit for 55” - a double-edged sword for Europeans and their forests and timber industry AU - Köhl, Michael AU - Linser, Stefanie AU - Prins, Kit AU - Talarczyk, Andrzej T2 - Forest Policy and Economics AB - The “Fit for 55” climate package adopted by the EU is intended to prepare the way for the EU's climate neutrality in 2050. It contains measures affecting the forestry and timber sector. We evaluate three instruments: the proposal for a New EU Forest Strategy for 2030, the EU Renewable Energy Directive and the Land-use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Regulation with regard to their implications for sustainable forest management. The demands that the three instruments impose on forest management are not coherent and are dominated by ecological aspects as well as by the intention to increase the forest C-pool. As they lack a holistic view, they do not meet the requirements of multifunctional, sustainable forest management. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102596 VL - 132 SP - 102596 SN - 1389-9341 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada's forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain AU - Kurz, Werner A. AU - Stinson, Graham AU - Rampley, Gregory J. AU - Dymond, Caren C. AU - Neilson, Eric T. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - A large carbon sink in northern land surfaces inferred from global carbon cycle inversion models led to concerns during Kyoto Protocol negotiations that countries might be able to avoid efforts to reduce fossil fuel emissions by claiming large sinks in their managed forests. The greenhouse gas balance of Canada's managed forest is strongly affected by naturally occurring fire with high interannual variability in the area burned and by cyclical insect outbreaks. Taking these stochastic future disturbances into account, we used the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) to project that the managed forests of Canada could be a source of between 30 and 245 Mt CO2e yr−1 during the first Kyoto Protocol commitment period (2008–2012). The recent transition from sink to source is the result of large insect outbreaks. The wide range in the predicted greenhouse gas balance (215 Mt CO2e yr−1) is equivalent to nearly 30% of Canada's emissions in 2005. The increasing impact of natural disturbances, the two major insect outbreaks, and the Kyoto Protocol accounting rules all contributed to Canada's decision not to elect forest management. In Canada, future efforts to influence the carbon balance through forest management could be overwhelmed by natural disturbances. Similar circumstances may arise elsewhere if global change increases natural disturbance rates. Future climate mitigation agreements that do not account for and protect against the impacts of natural disturbances, for example, by accounting for forest management benefits relative to baselines, will fail to encourage changes in forest management aimed at mitigating climate change. DA - 2008/02/05/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0708133105 VL - 105 IS - 5 SP - 1551 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA N1 -

number: 5

ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests AU - Allen, Craig D. AU - Macalady, Alison K. AU - Chenchouni, Haroun AU - Bachelet, Dominique AU - McDowell, Nate AU - Vennetier, Michel AU - Kitzberger, Thomas AU - Rigling, Andreas AU - Breshears, David D. AU - Hogg, E. H. (Ted) AU - Gonzalez, Patrick AU - Fensham, Rod AU - Zhen Zhang, Jorge Castro AU - Demidova, Natalia AU - Limp, Jong-Hwan AU - Allard, Gillian AU - Running, Steven W. AU - Semerci, Akkin AU - Cobb, Neil T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 250 SP - 660 EP - 684 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation options to reduce climate change vulnerability of sustainable forest management in the Austrian Alps AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Sustaining forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change is a major challenge for forest management. While conceptual advances of adapting coupled social–ecological systems to environmental changes have been made recently, good practice examples at the operational level still remain rare. The current study presents the development of adaptation options for 164 550 ha of commercial forests under the stewardship of the Austrian Federal Forests (AFF). We used a comprehensive vulnerability assessment as analysis framework, employing ecosystem modeling and multicriteria decision analysis in a participatory approach with forest planers of the AFF. An assessment of the vulnerability of multiple ecosystem goods and services under current management served as the starting point for the development of adaptation options. Measures found to successfully reduce vulnerability include the promotion of mixed stands of species well adapted to emerging environmental conditions, silvicultural techniques fostering complexity, and increased management intensity. Assessment results for a wide range of site and stand conditions, stand treatment programs, and future climate scenarios were used to condense robust recommendations for adapting the management guidelines currently used by AFF practitioners. Overall, our results highlight the importance of timely adaptation to sustain forest goods and services and document the respective potential of silvicultural measures. DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1139/x10-235 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 694 EP - 706 J2 - Can. J. For. Res. LA - en SN - 0045-5067, 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance AU - Millar, Constance I. AU - Stephenson, Nathan L. T2 - Science DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 349 SP - 823 EP - 826 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating multifunctionality and adaptive capacity of mountain forest management alternatives under climate change in the Eastern Alps AU - Irauschek, Florian AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - Future provisioning of ecosystem services (ES) from mountain forests is uncertain due to potential impacts of climate change. For a case study catchment in the Eastern Alps in Austria we analysed how management and climate change may affect the provisioning of four ES (timber production, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and bird habitat quality, and protection against gravitational hazards). We used the PICUS forest ecosystem model to project seven management alternatives that differed with regard to cutting pattern size (SLIT, PATCH, STRIP) and two harvesting intensity levels (in terms of return interval) under historic climate and five transient climate change scenarios over 100 years. In addition no management and sanitary management were simulated. In total twelve indicators were linked to model output to quantify ES provisioning. Results under historic climate showed increased volume and carbon stocks in low-intensity management, while high-intensity management decreased stocks. Bird habitat quality was maintained only by low-intensity management using SLIT and PATCH cuts. In particular rockfall protection decreased strongly under the STRIP cut scenario. Improved tree growth in warming scenarios was counterbalanced by increasing damage from bark beetle disturbances. Canopy openings and increased deadwood supply from disturbances partly fostered bird habitat quality in no-management alternatives. Overall none of the management alternatives performed best for all ES. PATCH and SLIT regimes at (currently practiced) low intensity appeared as compromise to achieve multifunctionality at small scale. As involved trade-offs among ES can be substantial, partial segregation with priority on specific services in designated zones is recommended. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10342-017-1051-6 SP - 1 EP - 19-1–19 J2 - European Journal of Forest Research ER - TY - BOOK TI - Der Buchdrucker A3 - Schopf, A. A3 - Weizer, G. A3 - Hoch, G. CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ET - 2 PB - BFW ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world AU - McDowell, Nate G. AU - Allen, Craig D. AU - Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina AU - Aukema, Brian H. AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Chini, Louise AU - Clark, James S. AU - Dietze, Michael AU - Grossiord, Charlotte AU - Hanbury-Brown, Adam AU - Hurtt, George C. AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Johnson, Daniel J. AU - Kueppers, Lara AU - Lichstein, Jeremy W. AU - Ogle, Kiona AU - Poulter, Benjamin AU - Pugh, Thomas A. M. AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Turner, Monica G. AU - Uriarte, Maria AU - Walker, Anthony P. AU - Xu, Chonggang T2 - Science AB - Shifting forest dynamics Forest dynamics are the processes of recruitment, growth, death, and turnover of the constituent tree species of the forest community. These processes are driven by disturbances both natural and anthropogenic. McDowell et al. review recent progress in understanding the drivers of forest dynamics and how these are interacting and changing in the context of global climate change. The authors show that shifts in forest dynamics are already occurring, and the emerging pattern is that global forests are tending toward younger stands with faster turnover as old-growth forest with stable dynamics are dwindling. Science, this issue p. eaaz9463 Structured Abstract BACKGROUNDForest dynamics arise from the interplay of chronic drivers and transient disturbances with the demographic processes of recruitment, growth, and mortality. The resulting trajectories of vegetation development drive the biomass and species composition of terrestrial ecosystems. Forest dynamics are changing because of anthropogenic-driven exacerbation of chronic drivers, such as rising temperature and CO2, and increasing transient disturbances, including wildfire, drought, windthrow, biotic attack, and land-use change. There are widespread observations of increasing tree mortality due to changing climate and land use, as well as observations of growth stimulation of younger forests due to CO2 fertilization. These antagonistic processes are co-occurring globally, leaving the fate of future forests uncertain. We examine the implications of changing forest demography and its drivers for both future forest management and forecasting impacts of global climate forcing. ADVANCESWe reviewed the literature of forest demographic responses to chronic drivers and transient disturbances to generate hypotheses on future trajectories of these factors and their subsequent impacts on vegetation dynamics, with a focus on forested ecosystems. We complemented this review with analyses of global land-use change and disturbance datasets to independently evaluate the implications of changing drivers and disturbances on global-scale tree demographics. Ongoing changes in environmental drivers and disturbance regimes are consistently increasing mortality and forcing forests toward shorter-statured and younger stands, reducing potential carbon storage. Acclimation, adaptation, and migration may partially mitigate these effects. These increased forest impacts are due to natural disturbances (e.g., wildfire, drought, windthrow, insect or pathogen outbreaks) and land-use change, both of which are predicted to increase in magnitude in the future. Atmospherically derived estimates of the terrestrial carbon sink and remote sensing data indicate that tree growth and potentially recruitment may have increased globally in the 20th century, but the growth of this carbon sink has slowed. Variability in growth stimulation due to CO2 fertilization is evident globally, with observations and experiments suggesting that forests benefit from CO2 primarily in early stages of secondary succession. Furthermore, increased tree growth typically requires sufficient water and nutrients to take advantage of rising CO2. Collectively, the evidence reveals that it is highly likely that tree mortality rates will continue to increase, whereas recruitment and growth will respond to changing drivers in a spatially and temporally variable manner. The net impact will be a reduction in forest canopy cover and biomass. OUTLOOKPervasive shifts in forest vegetation dynamics are already occurring and are likely to accelerate under future global changes, with consequences for biodiversity and climate forcing. This conclusion is robust with respect to the abundant literature evidence and our global assessment of historical demographic changes, but it also forms the basis for hypotheses regarding the patterns and processes underlying the shifts in forest dynamics. These hypotheses will be directly testable using emerging terrestrial and satellite-based observation networks. The existing evidence and newly made observations provide a critical test of Earth system models that continue to improve in their ability to simulate forest dynamics and resulting climate forcing. Ultimately, forest managers and natural resource policies must confront the consequences of changing climate and disturbance regimes to ensure sustainable forests and accrue their associated benefits. Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint A conceptual diagram of the components of forest dynamics and the disturbances that drive them.In the far-left panel, a mature ecosystem is responsive primarily to localized mortality, and the primary drivers of demography are chronically changing variables such as CO2, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In the next panel, the system is disturbed by fire, insect outbreak, or another large-scale perturbation that removes most of the overstory trees, and species adapted to rapid postdisturbance recruitment become established. In the third panel, recruitment and growth dominate demographic processes, with mortality increasing over time as competition leads to self-thinning. In the last panel, a mature ecosystem is dominated by species that have replaced the original community in response to chronic environmental changes, leading to a novel ecosystem. Forest dynamics arise from the interplay of environmental drivers and disturbances with the demographic processes of recruitment, growth, and mortality, subsequently driving biomass and species composition. However, forest disturbances and subsequent recovery are shifting with global changes in climate and land use, altering these dynamics. Changes in environmental drivers, land use, and disturbance regimes are forcing forests toward younger, shorter stands. Rising carbon dioxide, acclimation, adaptation, and migration can influence these impacts. Recent developments in Earth system models support increasingly realistic simulations of vegetation dynamics. In parallel, emerging remote sensing datasets promise qualitatively new and more abundant data on the underlying processes and consequences for vegetation structure. When combined, these advances hold promise for improving the scientific understanding of changes in vegetation demographics and disturbances. DA - 2020/05/29/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1126/science.aaz9463 DP - science.sciencemag.org VL - 368 IS - 6494 LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6494/eaaz9463 Y2 - 2021/02/05/ N1 -

PMID: 32467364

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The terrestrial carbon cycle: implications for the Kyoto Protocol AU - IGBP Terrestrial Carbon Working Group T2 - Science DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 VL - 280 IS - 5368 SP - 1393 EP - 1394 N1 -

number: 5368

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The trouble with negative emissions AU - Anderson, Kevin AU - Peters, Glen T2 - Science AB - Reliance on negative-emission concepts locks in humankind's carbon addiction In December 2015, member states of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, which aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. The Paris Agreement requires that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission sources and sinks are balanced by the second half of this century. Because some nonzero sources are unavoidable, this leads to the abstract concept of ?negative emissions,? the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through technical means. The Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) informing policy-makers assume the large-scale use of negative-emission technologies. If we rely on these and they are not deployed or are unsuccessful at removing CO2 from the atmosphere at the levels assumed, society will be locked into a high-temperature pathway. DA - 2016/10/14/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1126/science.aah4567 VL - 354 IS - 6309 SP - 182 EP - 183 J2 - Science N1 -

publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science

ER - TY - BOOK TI - A new role for the forests and the forest sector in the EU post-2020 climate targets. AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Delacote, Philippe AU - Ellison, David AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Lindner, Marcus AU - Nisbet, Martin AU - Ollikainen, Markku AU - Savaresi ·, Annalisa T2 - From Science to Policy CY - Joensuu DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Umtriebszeit und Risiko der Fichte AU - Beinhofer, Bernhard AU - Knoke, Thomas T2 - AFZ-Der Wald DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 VL - 3 SP - 110 EP - 113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change AU - Brang, Peter AU - Spathelf, Peter AU - Larsen, J. Bo AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Boncčìna, Andrej AU - Chauvin, Christophe AU - Drössler, Lars AU - García-Güemes, Carlos AU - Heiri, Caroline AU - Kerr, Gary AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Mason, Bill AU - Mohren, Frits AU - Mühlethaler, Urs AU - Nocentini, Susanna AU - Svoboda, Miroslav T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - In many parts of Europe, close-to-nature silviculture (CNS) has been widely advocated as being the best approach for managing forests to cope with future climat DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpu018 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 492 EP - 503 J2 - Forestry LA - en SN - 0015-752X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wie geht man mit gefährdeten Fichtenbeständen um? AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 44 SP - 19 EP - 22 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating carbon sequestration in the carbon pool: Model adaptation and application for Austrian conditions AU - Briceño-Elizondo, Elemer AU - Lexer, Manfred T2 - Centralblatt fur das gesante Forstwesen DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing trade-offs between carbon sequestration and timber production within a framework of multi-purpose forestry in Austria AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Jäger, Dietmar AU - Currie, William S. AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management T3 - Meeting the challenges of process-oriented management. AB - Numerous studies have analyzed the carbon sequestration potential of forests and forest management. However, most studies either focused on national and supra-national scales or on the project level in the context of the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. Few studies are available which analyze the effects of alternative silvicultural strategies on carbon sequestration, timber production and other forest services and functions at the operational level of the forest management unit (FMU). The present study investigates effects of three alternative management strategies for secondary Norway spruce forests (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) (Norway spruce age class forestry; continuous cover forestry; conversion to mixed broadleaved forests) and an unmanaged control variant on C sequestration in situ, in wood products and through bioenergy production at the level of a private FMU in Austria, and analyses the interrelationships with timber production and key indicators of biodiversity. The hybrid patch model PICUS v1.4 and a wood products model are employed to simulate forest ecosystem development, timber production, carbon storage in the forest and in wood product pools. Results show that in situ C sequestration is sensitive to forest management with the highest amount of carbon stored in the unmanaged strategy, followed by the continuous cover regime. All three management strategies store substantial quantities of C in the wood products pool. Considering alternative biomass utilization focused on bioenergy production, substantial C offsets could be generated from potential substitution of fossil fuels. Opportunity cost estimates for C sequestration reveal that C sequestration through forest management can be a cost efficient way to reduce atmospheric CO2, but the achievable quantities are limited due to biological limitations and societal constraints. The study emphasizes the importance of developing sustainable forest management strategies that serve the multiple demands on forests in the future. DA - 2007/08/30/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.035 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 248 IS - 1 SP - 64 EP - 79 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Helfen Durchforstungen bei Trockenheit? Erste Ergebnisse eines Versuches zur Verbesserung der Wasserversorgung junger Fichtenbestände AU - Gebhardt, Timo AU - Grams, Thorsten AU - Häberle, Karl-Heinz AU - Matyssek, Rainer AU - Schulz, Christoph AU - Grimmeisen, Winfried AU - Ammer, Christian T2 - Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwissenschaft DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 8 SP - 8 EP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil greenhouse gas fluxes in floodplain forests of the Danube National Park: effects of flooding and soil microclimate AU - Schindlbacher, A. AU - Heinzle, J. AU - Gollobich, G. AU - Wanek, W. AU - Michel, K. AU - Kitzler, B. T2 - Biogeochemistry AB - The relevance of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from temperate floodplain forests has yet remained elusive. We studied the soil methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics at three forest sites along a flooding gradient in the Danube National Park (Austria) to estimate annual GHG budgets and to assess if and how seasonal flooding affects individual GHG fluxes. Soil surface GHG fluxes were determined along with GHG concentrations in soil air and pore-water at a non-flooded (NF), an infrequently-flooded (IF), and a frequently-flooded (FF) site. Both study years were characterized by dry summers, and only the FF site was flooded during the study period. Soils at all sites were annual CH4 sinks (NF: − 4.50 ± 0.85, IF: − 2.54 ± 0.57, FF: − 0.67 ± 1.06 kg CH4-C ha−1 year−1) and the sink strength correlated positively with soil moisture. Pulse-like CH4 emissions were not observed during or after flooding. Soil N2O fluxes showed large temporal and spatial variations, without any significant differences between sites (average NF: 6.5 ± 7.1, IF: 10.4 ± 14.3, FF: 9.4 ± 10.5 µg N2O-N m−2 h−1). Pulse N2O emissions (up to ~ 80 µg N2O-N m−2 h−1) occurred during freeze/thaw events, but not during or after flooding. Mean annual soil CO2 effluxes at NF and IF were 9.4 ± 1.1 and 9.4 ± 2.1 t C ha−1 year−1, respectively. Soil CO2 efflux was significantly higher at the FF site (18.54 ± 6.21 t C ha−1 year−1). High soil air CO2 concentrations (> 10%) in aerated deeper soil layers indicated a substantial contribution of the usually waterlogged sub-soils to the summertime soil CO2 efflux at the FF site. Overall, our results suggest that the studied temperate floodplain forest soils do not absorb/emit substantially more CH4 and N2O than soils of comparable upland forests, whereas low groundwater level can lead to periodically enhanced CO2 emissions from normally waterlogged soil layers. DA - 2022/06/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1007/s10533-022-00921-z VL - 159 IS - 2 SP - 193 EP - 213 J2 - Biogeochemistry SN - 1573-515X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes of forest cover and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests of the Alps AU - Bebi, P. AU - Seidl, R. AU - Motta, R. AU - Fuhr, M. AU - Firm, D. AU - Krumm, F. AU - Conedera, M. AU - Ginzler, C. AU - Wohlgemuth, T. AU - Kulakowski, D. T2 - Ecology of Mountain Forest Ecosystems in Europe AB - Natural disturbances, such as avalanches, snow breakage, insect outbreaks, windthrow or fires shape mountain forests globally. However, in many regions over the past centuries human activities have strongly influenced forest dynamics, especially following natural disturbances, thus limiting our understanding of natural ecological processes, particularly in densely-settled regions. In this contribution we briefly review the current understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests across the European Alps over the past millennia. We also quantify changes in forest cover across the entire Alps based on inventory data over the past century. Finally, using the Swiss Alps as an example, we analyze in-depth changes in forest cover and forest structure and their effect on patterns of fire and wind disturbances, based on digital historic maps from 1880, modern forest cover maps, inventory data on current forest structure, topographical data, and spatially explicit data on disturbances. This multifaceted approach presents a long-term and detailed picture of the dynamics of mountain forest ecosystems in the Alps. During pre-industrial times, natural disturbances were reduced by fire suppression and land-use, which included extraction of large amounts of biomass that decreased total forest cover. More recently, forest cover has increased again across the entire Alps (on average +4% per decade over the past 25–115years). Live tree volume (+10% per decade) and dead tree volume (mean +59% per decade) have increased over the last 15–40yearsin all regions for which data were available. In the Swiss Alps secondary forests that established after 1880 constitute approximately 43% of the forest cover. Compared to forests established previously, post-1880 forests are situated primarily on steep slopes (>30°), have lower biomass, a more aggregated forest structure (primarily stem-exclusion stage), and have been more strongly affected by fires, but less affected by wind disturbance in the 20th century. More broadly, an increase in growing stock and expanding forest areas since the mid-19th century have - along with climatic changes - contributed to an increasing frequency and size of disturbances in the Alps. Although many areas remain intensively managed, the extent, structure, and dynamics of the forests of the Alps reflect natural drivers more strongly today than at any time in the past millennium. DA - 2017/03/15/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.028 VL - 388 SP - 43 EP - 56 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Schutzwald und Naturgefahren AU - Bebi, Peter AU - Bugmann, H. AU - Lüscher, A. AU - Lange, B. AU - Brang, Peter T2 - Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien CY - Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 269 EP - 286 PB - BAFU/WSL SN - 978-3-258-07995-0 UR - https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A10483/datastream/PDF/Pluess-2016-Wald_im_Klimawandel._Grundlagen_f%C3%BCr_Adaptationsstrategien-%28published_version%29.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silvicultural strategies for increased timber harvesting in a Central European mountain landscape AU - Temperli, Christian AU - Stadelmann, Golo AU - Thürig, Esther AU - Brang, Peter T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - The demand for wood as construction material, renewable source for energy and feedstock for chemicals is expected to increase. However, timber increments are currently only partly harvested in many European mountain regions, which may lead to supply shortages for local timber industries, decreases in forest resistance to disturbances and functioning as protection from gravitational hazards. Using an inventory-based forest simulator, we evaluated scenarios to increase wood mobilization in the 7105-km2 Swiss canton of Grisons for the period 2007-2106. Scenarios varied with respect to landscape-scale harvesting amounts and silvicultural strategies (low vs. high stand-scale treatment intensity) and accounted for regulations and incentives for protection forest management. With 50 and 100% increases of harvests, the current average growing stock of 319 m3 ha−1 was simulated to be reduced by 12 and 33%, respectively, until 2106 in protection forests of Northern Grisons, where management is prioritized due to subsidies. Outside protection forests and in Southern Grisons, growing stock was simulated to continually increase, which led to divergent developments in forest structure in- and outside protection forests and in the Northern and Southern Grisons. The effect of silvicultural strategies on simulated forest structure was small compared to the effect of future harvesting levels. We discuss opportunities and threats of decreasing management activities outside protection forests and advocate for incentives to promote natural regeneration also outside protection forests to safeguard long-term forest stability. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10342-017-1048-1 VL - 136 IS - 3 SP - 493 EP - 509-493–509 J2 - European Journal of Forest Research ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risikominderung durch Mischwälder und naturnaher Waldbau: ein Spannungsfeld. AU - von Lüpke, B T2 - Forstarchiv DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 75 SP - 43 EP - 50 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest stands to storms and consequences for silviculture AU - Schütz, Jean-Philippe AU - Götz, Michael AU - Schmid, Willi AU - Mandallaz, Daniel T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1007/s10342-006-0111-0 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 125 IS - 3 SP - 291 EP - 302 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics AU - Knoke, Thomas AU - Ammer, Christian AU - Stimm, Bernd AU - Mosandl, Reinhard T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10342-007-0186-2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 127 IS - 2 SP - 89 EP - 101 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mehr als 4 Millionen Hektar Wald in Österreich AU - Russ, Wolfgang T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 3 EP - 7 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sekundäre Nadelwälder in Österreich AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Prskawetz, Michael T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 VL - 6 SP - 11 EP - 13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Vorläufiger Endbericht: Waldumbau sekundärer Nadelwälder im nördlichen Alpenvorland AU - Diwold, Gottfried AU - Hager, Herbert AU - Hochbichler, Eduard AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Sommerauer, Markus AU - Veselinovic, Bojana CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 86 SN - DaFNE Forschungsprojekt Nr. 100186 GZ LE.3.2.3/0003-IV/2/2007 UR - https://www.dafne.at/prod/dafne_plus_common/attachment_download/6a073eddd8203e5d5b4f80c1b72d8d1a/Waldumbau_vorlaeufiger_Endbericht.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Ein Ansatz zur Abschätzung der sturminduzierten Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit von Fichten- und Buchenbeständen des österreichischen Alpenvorlandes. AU - Ledermann, T AU - Jandl, R AU - Veselinovic, B AU - Hager, H AU - Diwold, G AU - Hochbichler, E AU - Sommerauer, M T2 - Beiträge zur Forstwissenschaftlichen Tagung 2010 in Göttingen C1 - Göttingen C3 - Beiträge zur Forstwissenschaftlichen Tagung 2010 in Göttingen DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 61 PB - Cuvillier ER - TY - BOOK TI - Status and Dynamics of Forests in Germany -- Results of the National Forest Monitoring A3 - Wellbrock, Nicole A3 - Bolte, Andreas AB - Wellbrock / Bolte, Status and Dynamics of Forests in Germany, 2019, Buch, 978-3-030-15732-6. Bücher schnell und portofrei DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 LA - de PB - Springer Open UR - https://www.beck-shop.de/wellbrock-bolte-ecological-studies-status-dynamics-of-forests-germany/product/27772598 Y2 - 2021/11/21/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Factors controlling soil carbon and nitrogen stores in pure stands of Norway spruce (ıt Picea abies) and mixed species stands in Austria AU - Berger, Torsten W. AU - Neubauer, Christian AU - Glatzel, Gerhard T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 VL - 159 SP - 3 EP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Mixed-Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in Austria AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Weiss, Peter T2 - Frontiers in Forests and Global Change AB - Question: We compared the soil organic carbon stock of the forests of an entire country. The objective of our research was establishing the differences between coniferous or deciduous forests with respect to soil carbon stocks. The question is relevant because coniferous forests are increasingly damaged by abiotic and biotic disturbances that are related to climate change. Deciduous forests are considered to be less vulnerable. Their soils are expected to be more persistent and reliable sinks for carbon dioxide.Methods: Soil data are available from the Austrian Forest Soil Survey. Soils have been sampled on sites of the Austrian Forest Inventory. The data were stratified according to geology (calcareous vs. silicatic bedrock), orientation of the slopes, and forest type (coniferous vs. mixed-deciduous forest). These data were used to establish ground truth of soil organic carbon stocks. Further, we had simulation results of a coupled forest growth/soil carbon model. The scenarios built on the results of the Forest Inventory 2007/09 and reflect a business-as-usual forest management vs. a climate-change adaptation scenario where forest managers replace coniferous with deciduous forests if site conditions permit it. The simulations were performed with the forest growth simulator CÂLDIS and the soil carbon model Yasso07.Results: Based on the Austrian Forest Soil Survey carbon stocks of coniferous forests were consistently higher than in mixed-deciduous forests. This result applies both for the organic litter layer and the mineral soil to a depth of 50 cm. The depth gradients of carbon were similar in both forest types. The simulation under a strong warming scenario showed an increase in the carbon stocks of soils when conifers are replaced by deciduous tree species. In the 150-year simulation the majority of forest sites will become suitable for deciduous forests. The build-up of a large soil organic carbon stock is driven by the stronger harvesting pressure on the remaining coniferous forests. Deciduous forests were in lesser demand and developed under a light forest intervention regime. However, toward the end of the century, when the temperature level is far above present levels, the soil organic carbon stocks declined. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.3389/ffgc.2021.688851 VL - 4 SP - 69 J2 - Frontiers in Forests and Global Change SN - 2624-893X ER - TY - BOOK TI - WerkHolz. Eigenschaften und historische Nutzung 60 mitteleuropäischer Baum- und Straucharten AU - Grabner, Michael DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Verlag Kessel SN - ISBN 978-3-945941-24-9 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Naturschutzfachlich bedeutende Gebiete in Österreich: eine Übersicht AU - Aubrecht, Peter AU - Petz, Karl Christian T2 - Monographien / Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN SP - 113 LA - ger M1 - 134 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - 978-3-85457-571-9 ST - Naturschutzfachlich bedeutende Gebiete in Österreich N1 -

OCLC: 52666207

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change, carbon market instruments, and biodiversity: focusing on synergies and avoiding pitfalls AU - Essl, Franz AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Glatzel, Stephan AU - Pauchard, Aníbal T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1002/wcc.486 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - e486 J2 - WIREs Clim Change LA - en SN - 17577780 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Critical review of the impacts of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon storage and other soil quality indicators in extensively managed grasslands AU - Abdalla, M. AU - Hastings, A. AU - Chadwick, D.R. AU - Jones, D.L. AU - Evans, C.D. AU - Jones, M.B. AU - Rees, R.M. AU - Smith, P. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Livestock grazing intensity (GI) is thought to have a major impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and soil quality indicators in grassland agroecosystems. To critically investigate this, we conducted a global review and meta-analysis of 83 studies of extensive grazing, covering 164 sites across different countries and climatic zones. Unlike previous published reviews we normalized the SOC and total nitrogen (TN) data to a 30 cm depth to be compatible with IPCC guidelines. We also calculated a normalized GI and divided the data into four main groups depending on the regional climate (dry warm, DW; dry cool, DC; moist warm, MW; moist cool, MC). Our results show that taken across all climatic zones and GIs, grazing (below the carrying capacity of the systems) results in a decrease in SOC storage, although its impact on SOC is climate-dependent. When assessed for different regional climates, all GI levels increased SOC stocks under the MW climate (+7.6%) whilst there were reductions under the MC climate (−19%). Under the DW and DC climates, only the low (+5.8%) and low to medium (+16.1%) grazing intensities, respectively, were associated with increased SOC stocks. High GI significantly increased SOC for C4-dominated grassland compared to C3-dominated grassland and C3-C4 mixed grasslands. It was also associated with significant increases in TN and bulk density but had no effect on soil pH. To protect grassland soils from degradation, we recommend that GI and management practices should be optimized according to climate region and grassland type (C3, C4 or C3-C4 mixed). DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2017.10.023 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 253 SP - 62 EP - 81 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol AU - Fischer, Manfred AU - Oswald, Karl AU - Adler, Wolfgang CY - Linz DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 ET - 3 PB - Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen SN - 978-3-85474-187-9 ER - TY - THES TI - Almwirtschaft und Gebirgsökosysteme. AU - Bohner, Andreas CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 M3 - Dissertation PB - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eigenschaften und Merkmale von Almböden AU - Bohner, Andreas T2 - Mitteilungen Österreichische Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft AB - Beiträge zur Jahrestagung der ÖBG und der ÖBBG Alpine Böden und Klimawandel – Genese, Biologie, Stabilität, Nutzung von 21. bis 23.9.2009 in Obergurgl DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 77 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Litter quality and pH are strong drivers of carbon turnover and distribution in alpine grassland soils AU - Budge, K. AU - Leifeld, J. AU - Hiltbrunner, E. AU - Fuhrer, J. T2 - Biogeosciences Discussions AB - Litter quality and pH are strong drivers of carbon turnover and distribution in alpine grassland soils DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - www.academia.edu VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - 6207 EP - 6242 LA - en SN - 1810-6285 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biotic and abiotic controls on carbon storage in aggregates in calcareous alpine and prealpine grassland soils AU - Garcia-Franco, Noelia AU - Walter, Roswitha AU - Wiesmeier, Martin AU - Hurtarte, Luis Carlos Colocho AU - Berauer, Bernd Josef AU - Buness, Vincent AU - Zistl-Schlingmann, Marcus AU - Kiese, Ralf AU - Dannenmann, Michael AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid T2 - Biology and Fertility of Soils AB - Alpine and prealpine grasslands provide various ecosystem services and are hotspots for the storage of soil organic C (SOC) in Central Europe. Yet, information about aggregate-related SOC storage and its controlling factors in alpine and prealpine grassland soils is limited. In this study, the SOC distribution according to the aggregate size classes large macroaggregates (> 2000 μm), small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), microaggregates (63–250 μm), and silt-/clay-sized particles (< 63 μm) was studied in grassland soils along an elevation gradient in the Northern Limestone Alps of Germany. This was accompanied by an analysis of earthworm abundance and biomass according to different ecological niches. The SOC and N stocks increased with elevation and were associated with relatively high proportions of water-stable macroaggregates due to high contents of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+. At lower elevations, earthworms appeared to act as catalyzers for a higher microaggregate formation. Thus, SOC stabilization by aggregate formation in the studied soils is a result of a joined interaction of organic matter and Ca2+ as binding agents for soil aggregates (higher elevations), and the earthworms that act as promoters of aggregate formation through the secretion of biogenic carbonates (low elevation). Our study highlights the importance of aggregate-related factors as potential indices to evaluate the SOC storage potential in other mountainous grassland soils. DA - 2021/02// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s00374-020-01518-0 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 57 IS - 2 SP - 203 EP - 218 J2 - Biol Fertil Soils LA - en SN - 0178-2762, 1432-0789 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Alpine plant life : functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems AU - Körner, Christian AB - Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems Author: Professor Dr. Christian Körner Published by Springer Berlin Heidelberg ISBN: 978-3-540-65438-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-98018-3 Table of Contents: Plant ecology at high elevations The alpine life zone Alpine climate The climate plants experience Life under snow: protection and limitation Alpine soils Alpine treelines Climatic stress Water relations Mineral nutrition Uptake and loss of carbon Carbon investments Growth dynamics Cell division and tissue formation Plant biomass production Plant reproduction Global change at high elevation; Includes bibliographical references (p. [299]-329) and indexes; Mode of access: Internet DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 DP - Internet Archive LA - eng PB - Berlin ; New York : Springer SN - 978-3-540-65054-6 UR - http://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-642-98018-3 Y2 - 2021/10/19/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Storage and turnover of carbon in grassland soils along an elevation gradient in the Swiss Alps AU - Leifeld, Jens AU - Zimmermann, Michael AU - Fuhrer, Jürg AU - Conen, Franz T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Amount, composition, and rate of turnover of soil organic carbon (SOC) in mountainous cold regions is largely unknown, making predictions of future responses of this carbon (C) to changing environmental conditions uncertain. We hypothesized increasing amounts and declining turnover times of soil organic matter (SOM) under permanent grassland with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. Samples from an irrigated transect in the Swiss Alps (880 to 2200 m elevation, mean annual temperatures +8.9 to +0.9 °C) were analyzed. Soil C stocks ranged from 49 to 96 t C ha−1 (0–20 cm) and were not related to elevation, though the highest site stored least C. Particulate organic carbon (POC) increased significantly with elevation and accounted for > 80% of the total soil C at 2200 m (0–5 cm). Mean residence times (MRTs) of POC computed by means of radiocarbon dating were in the order of years to decades and were positively related to elevation in the topsoil. At higher elevations, the estimated total C flux through the soil profile mainly depended on this fraction. MRT of mineral-associated matter ranged from decades to centuries and was not systematically related to elevation, but positively related to the soil mineral surface area and it increased with soil depth. Turnover rates from simulations with the soil C model RothC exceeded those from 14C measurements by a factor of 1.7–3.3 which suggests that C dynamics at these sites is overestimated by the model. Size of model pools and amount of C in soil fractions were only weakly correlated, thereby challenging previously postulated hypotheses concerning the correspondence of pools and fractions for grasslands at higher elevations. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01782.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 668 EP - 679 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01782.x

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon stocks in Swiss agricultural soils predicted by land-use, soil characteristics, and altitude AU - Leifeld, J. AU - Bassin, S. AU - Fuhrer, J. AB - Abstract Effects of agricultural land-use and land-use change on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools play an important role in the mitigation of the global greenhouse effect. To estimate these effects, baseline SOC data for individual regions or countries are needed. The aim of this study was to quantify current SOC stocks in Swiss agricultural soils, to identify meaningful predictors for SOC, and to estimate historical SOC losses. SOC stocks in mineral soils were estimated from combined georeferenced data for land-use, topography, and profile data (n=544) from soil surveys. Mean SOC density in the layer 0–20 cm ranged between 40.6±8.9 t ha−1 (±95% confidence interval (CI)) for arable land and 50.7±12.2 t ha−1 for favourable permanent grassland, and in the layer 0–100 cm from 62.9±15.2 t ha−1 for unfavourable grassland to 117.4±29.8 t ha−1 for temporary grasslands (leys). SOC stocks in organic soils were quantified separately for intact and cultivated peatlands using data from peatland inventories and current SOC densities calculated from average peat decay rates. Organic soils account for less than 3% of the total area but store about 28% (47.2±7.3 Mt) of the total SOC stock of 170±17 Mt. Land-use type, clay content, and altitude (serving as a climate proxy for grassland soils at higher altitudes) were identified as main SOC predictors in mineral soils. Clay content explained up to 44% of the variability in SOC concentrations in the fine earth of arable soils, but was not significantly related to SOC in grassland soils at higher altitudes. SOC concentration under permanent grassland increases linearly with altitude, but because soil depth and stone content limit carbon storage in alpine grassland soils, no relationship was found between altitude and SOC stock. A preliminary estimate suggested that about 16% of the national SOC stock has been lost historically due to peatland cultivation, urbanisation, and deforestation. It seems unlikely that future changes in agricultural practices could compensate for this historical SOC loss in Swiss agricultural soils. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/J.AGEE.2004.03.006 DP - Semantic Scholar ER - TY - JOUR TI - Below-ground and above-ground production of vegetational organic matter along a climosequence in alpine grasslands AU - Hitz, Christian AU - Egli, Markus AU - Fitze, Peter T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - The distribution of vegetational organic matter above- and below-ground and its productivity was analyzed in an alpine area along a climosequence ranging from subalpine to alpine climates. Emphasis is placed on the quantification of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fixed in the above-ground and below-ground vegetation and its annual input. Annual C-input ranged from 17.9 to 60.2 g m—2 year—1 and the N-input from 0.74 to 2.48 g m—2 year—1. Above-ground phytomass and the annual production rate of organic matter showed a distinct correlation with the altitude and, thus, the climate. However, the measurement of the above-ground phytomass is bound to methodological problems: the commonly used harvesting method seems to underestimate the real situation. The harvesting method yielded in its average 100 to 300 g m—2 phytomass which was 35—83% of the values obtained by the soil core method. Thus, the calculation of turnover times of above-ground vegetation greatly depends on the method used. Calculated turnover times based on the harvesting method did not correlate with the climate while a clear tendency of lower turnover times with increasing altitude could be observed using the soil core method. The amount of below-ground phytomass was in the range of 1880 to 2469 g m—2 and the corresponding annual C-input (fixation in the roots) between 91.1 and 162 g m—2 year—1 and the N-input between 2.68 and 4.99 g m—2 year—1. The below-ground phytomass and its production rate in high alpine zones are of greater importance and exceed the above-ground ones. With increasing altitude, furthermore, the importance of the below-ground phytomass increases with respect to the biomass and to the C- and N-input. For high alpine areas, the phytomass is concentrated in the uppermost soil horizons. About 88.7 to 94.5% of the below-ground phytomass was found in the soil compartment 0-20 cm. The below-ground production rate of phytomass in alpine grassland is fundamental in order to calculate any C or N budgets and potential inputs to SOM: its neglection would introduce most significant errors in modeling any C or N cycles. Unter- und oberirdische Produktion von organischem Material in alpinem Grasland entlang einer Klimasequenz Die ober- und unterirdische Phytomasse sowie deren jährliche Produktivität wurde an verschiedenen Standorten entlang einer Sequenz von subalpinen bis alpinen Klimaten untersucht. Eine Quantifizierung des Kohlenstoffs (C) sowie des Stickstoffs (N) in der ober- und unterirdischen Vegetation wurde unternommen. Der jährliche C-Eintrag war im Bereich von 17,9 bis 60,2 g m—2 Jahr—1 und derjenige von N im Bereich von 0,74 bis 2,48 g m—2 Jahr—1. Sowohl die oberirdische Produktion als auch die oberirdische Phytomasse wiesen eine signifikante Abnahme mit zunehmender Höhe auf und waren somit mit dem Klima korrelierbar. Spezifische methodische Probleme bei der Bestimmung der oberirdischen Phytomasse werden aufgezeigt. Die Bestimmung der oberirdischen Phytomasse mittels Abernten von Testfeldern führt generell zu einer Unterschätzung der tatsächlich vorhandenen Menge. Mit dieser Methode wurden im Durchschnitt zwischen 100 und 300 g Phytomasse pro m2 bestimmt, was je nach Testfeld zwischen 35 und 85% der anhand von Bodenkernen bestimmten Werte entsprach. Resultierende Umsatzzeiten (turnover) des oberirdischen Pflanzenmaterials hängen stark von der Art und Weise der Phytomasse-Messung ab. Je nachdem, welche Methode verwendet wird, ergibt sich eine signifikante (Messung mittels Bodenkernen) bzw. keine Abhängigkeit (Abernten von Testfeldern) der Umsatzzeiten vom Klima. Die Menge an unterirdischer Phytomasse belief sich auf 1880 bis 2469 g m—2 und die entsprechenden Einträge an C (Fixierung in den Wurzeln) auf 91,1 bis 162 g m—2 Jahr—1 und bei N auf 2,68 bis 4,99 g m—2 Jahr—1. Die unterirdische Phytomasse ist für alpine Standorte wesentlich wichtiger als die oberirdische. Mit zunehmender Höhe gewinnt die unterirdische Phytomasse zudem noch an Bedeutung hinsichtlich der C- und N-Einträge. An allen Standorten ist die unterirdische Vegetation auf den obersten Bereich des Bodenprofils konzentriert. Zwischen 88,7 und 94,5% der unterirdischen Phytomasse befand sich in einer Bodentiefe von 0-20 cm. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die unterirdische Phytomasse sowie die jährliche Produktion von zentraler Bedeutung sind und im Rahmen von C- und N-Bilanzierungen sowie Modellierungen keinesfalls vernachlässigt werden dürfen. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DO - 10.1002/1522-2624(200108)164:4<389::aid-jpln389>3.0.co;2-a VL - 164 IS - 4 SP - 389 EP - 397 SN - 1522-2624 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration, nitrogen mineralization, and potential soil enzyme activities in organic alpine soils: TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY IN ALPINE SOILS AU - Koch, Oliver AU - Tscherko, Dagmar AU - Kandeler, Ellen T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles DA - 2007/12// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1029/2007GB002983 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - n/a EP - n/a J2 - Global Biogeochem. Cycles LA - en SN - 08866236 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interannual and seasonal variability in carbon dioxide and methane fluxes of a pine peat bog in the Eastern Alps, Austria AU - Drollinger, Simon AU - Maier, Andreas AU - Glatzel, Stephan T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Intact peat bogs are carbon dioxide (CO2) sinks and methane (CH4) sources. Facing drought and drainage, they may turn into CO2 sources and decreased CH4 sources. Information on the CO2 and CH4 exchange of alpine peat bogs in Central Europe has been missing so far. Here, we present data from two years of CO2 and CH4 exchange between an alpine low-shrub pine bog in the Eastern Alps and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance method. The annual net CO2 ecosystem exchange of the peatland differs substantially between the two measurement years, with -24 ± 13 g C m−2 yr−1 for the drought affected first year and -84 ± 13 g C m−2 yr−1 for the more humid second year. We found ecosystem respiration (Reco) to depend on variations in soil temperature and soil moisture, and gross primary production (GPP) to be strongly linked to net radiation and daylength. The summer drought in 2015 shifted the peatland from a C sink to a C source, as increases in Reco clearly exceeded enhanced GPP. Annual CH4 emission was 4.40 ± 2.40 g C m−2 yr−1 during the drought-affected year and 5.24 ± 2.57 g C m−2 yr−1 during the wetter year. Summer CH4 fluxes contribute 44% to the annual balance, followed by autumn (27%), spring (20%) and winter season fluxes (9%). CH4 fluxes most strongly depend on soil temperatures, soil moisture effects increase at smaller time-scales. Annual CH4 emissions are low compared to other temperate bogs, which most likely is the result of the ongoing degradation, indicated by a shift in vegetation composition. Net flux of both greenhouse gases was positive in the first year (+75 g CO2-eq m−2) and negative in the second year (−110 g CO2-eq m−2). Our results indicate that drought events and seasonal and interannual variations in temperature and precipitation strongly affect the C cycle of alpine peat bogs. DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.05.015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 275 SP - 69 EP - 78 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology LA - en SN - 01681923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of land use intensity on the full greenhouse gas balance in an Atlantic peat bog AU - Beetz, S. AU - Liebersbach, H. AU - Glatzel, S. AU - Jurasinski, G. AU - Buczko, U. AU - Höper, H. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.5194/bg-10-1067-2013 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 1067 EP - 1082 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new methodology for organic soils in national greenhouse gas inventories: Data synthesis, derivation and application AU - Tiemeyer, Bärbel AU - Freibauer, Annette AU - Borraz, Elisa Albiac AU - Augustin, Jürgen AU - Bechtold, Michel AU - Beetz, Sascha AU - Beyer, Colja AU - Ebli, Martin AU - Eickenscheidt, Tim AU - Fiedler, Sabine AU - Förster, Christoph AU - Gensior, Andreas AU - Giebels, Michael AU - Glatzel, Stephan AU - Heinichen, Jan AU - Hoffmann, Mathias AU - Höper, Heinrich AU - Jurasinski, Gerald AU - Laggner, Andreas AU - Leiber-Sauheitl, Katharina AU - Peichl-Brak, Mandy AU - Drösler, Matthias T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - Drained organic soils are large sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) in many European and Asian countries. Therefore, these soils urgently need to be considered and adequately accounted for when attempting to decrease emissions from the Agriculture and Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sectors. Here, we describe the methodology, data and results of the German approach for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of anthropogenic GHG emissions from drained organic soils and outline ways forward towards tracking drainage and rewetting. The methodology was developed for and is currently applied in the German GHG inventory under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. DA - 2020/02// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105838 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 109 SP - 105838 J2 - Ecological Indicators LA - en SN - 1470160X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Responsible agriculture must adapt to the wetland character of mid-latitude peatlands AU - Freeman, Benjamin W. J. AU - Evans, Chris D. AU - Musarika, Samuel AU - Morrison, Ross AU - Newman, Thomas R. AU - Page, Susan E. AU - Wiggs, Giles F. S. AU - Bell, Nicholle G. A. AU - Styles, David AU - Wen, Yuan AU - Chadwick, David R. AU - Jones, Davey L. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Drained, lowland agricultural peatlands are greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots and a large but vulnerable store of irrecoverable carbon. They exhibit soil loss rates of ~2.0 cm yr?1 and are estimated to account for 32% of global cropland emissions while producing only 1.1% of crop kilocalories. Carbon dioxide emissions account for >80% of their terrestrial GHG emissions and are largely controlled by water table depth. Reducing drainage depths is, therefore, essential for responsible peatland management. Peatland restoration can substantially reduce emissions. However, this may conflict with societal needs to maintain productive use, to protect food security and livelihoods. Wetland agriculture strategies will, therefore, be required to adapt agriculture to the wetland character of peatlands, and balance GHG mitigation against productivity, where halting emissions is not immediately possible. Paludiculture may substantially reduce GHG emissions but will not always be viable in the current economic landscape. Reduced drainage intensity systems may deliver partial reductions in the rate of emissions, with smaller modifications to existing systems. These compromise systems may face fewer hurdles to adoption and minimize environmental harm until societal conditions favour strategies that can halt emissions. Wetland agriculture will face agronomic, socio-economic and water management challenges, and careful implementation will be required. Diversity of values and priorities among stakeholders creates the potential for conflict. Successful implementation will require participatory research approaches and co-creation of workable solutions. Policymakers, private sector funders and researchers have key roles to play but adoption risks would fall predominantly on land managers. Development of a robust wetland agriculture paradigm is essential to deliver resilient production systems and wider environmental benefits. The challenge of responsible use presents an opportunity to rethink peatland management and create thriving, innovative and green wetland landscapes for everyone's future benefit, while making a vital contribution to global climate change mitigation. DA - 2022/06/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1111/gcb.16152 VL - 28 IS - 12 SP - 3795 EP - 3811 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - High emissions of greenhouse gases from grasslands on peat and other organic soils AU - Tiemeyer, Bärbel AU - Albiac Borraz, Elisa AU - Augustin, Jürgen AU - Bechtold, Michel AU - Beetz, Sascha AU - Beyer, Colja AU - Drösler, Matthias AU - Ebli, Martin AU - Eickenscheidt, Tim AU - Fiedler, Sabine AU - Förster, Christoph AU - Freibauer, Annette AU - Giebels, Michael AU - Glatzel, Stephan AU - Heinichen, Jan AU - Hoffmann, Mathias AU - Höper, Heinrich AU - Jurasinski, Gerald AU - Leiber-Sauheitl, Katharina AU - Peichl-Brak, Mandy AU - Roßkopf, Niko AU - Sommer, Michael AU - Zeitz, Jutta T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Drainage has turned peatlands from a carbon sink into one of the world's largest greenhouse gas (GHG) sources from cultivated soils. We analyzed a unique data set (12 peatlands, 48 sites and 122 annual budgets) of mainly unpublished GHG emissions from grasslands on bog and fen peat as well as other soils rich in soil organic carbon (SOC) in Germany. Emissions and environmental variables were measured with identical methods. Site-averaged GHG budgets were surprisingly variable (29.2 ± 17.4 t CO2-eq. ha?1 yr?1) and partially higher than all published data and the IPCC default emission factors for GHG inventories. Generally, CO2 (27.7 ± 17.3 t CO2 ha?1 yr?1) dominated the GHG budget. Nitrous oxide (2.3 ± 2.4 kg N2O-N ha?1 yr?1) and methane emissions (30.8 ± 69.8 kg CH4-C ha?1 yr?1) were lower than expected except for CH4 emissions from nutrient-poor acidic sites. At single peatlands, CO2 emissions clearly increased with deeper mean water table depth (WTD), but there was no general dependency of CO2 on WTD for the complete data set. Thus, regionalization of CO2 emissions by WTD only will remain uncertain. WTD dynamics explained some of the differences between peatlands as sites which became very dry during summer showed lower emissions. We introduced the aerated nitrogen stock (Nair) as a variable combining soil nitrogen stocks with WTD. CO2 increased with Nair across peatlands. Soils with comparatively low SOC concentrations showed as high CO2 emissions as true peat soils because Nair was similar. N2O emissions were controlled by the WTD dynamics and the nitrogen content of the topsoil. CH4 emissions can be well described by WTD and ponding duration during summer. Our results can help both to improve GHG emission reporting and to prioritize and plan emission reduction measures for peat and similar soils at different scales. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13303 VL - 22 IS - 12 SP - 4134 EP - 4149 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - BOOK TI - Paludikultur - Bewirtschaftung nasser Moore: Klimaschutz - Biodiversität - regionale Wertschöpfung A3 - Wichtmann, Wendelin A3 - Schröder, Christian A3 - Joosten, Hans AB - Mit der Paludikultur wird ein Konzept zur nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung nasser und wiedervernässter Moore angeboten. In dieser Veröffentlichung wird das neue Verfahren zur Landnutzung vorgestellt. Es ermöglicht die aktive Produktion von Biomasse und erlaubt es zusätzlich, eine Vielzahl von Ökosystemleistungen zu reaktivieren bzw. zu erhalten. Biomasse aus nassen Mooren kann vielfältig verwertet werden: als Energieträger und Baustoff aber auch als Futter, Lebensmittel sowie als Grundstoff für Arzneimittel CY - Stuttgart DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - ger PB - Schweizerbart SN - 978-3-510-65282-2 N1 -

OCLC: 948973480

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Power of Nature-Based Solutions: How Peatlands Can Help Us to Achieve Key EU Sustainability Objectives AU - Tanneberger, Franziska AU - Appulo, Lea AU - Ewert, Stefan AU - Lakner, Sebastian AU - Ó Brolcháin, Niall AU - Peters, Jan AU - Wichtmann, Wendelin T2 - Advanced Sustainable Systems AB - Abstract Peatlands are lands with a peat layer at the surface, containing a large proportion of organic carbon. Such lands cover ≈1 000 000 km2 in Europe, which is almost 10% of the total surface area. In many countries, peatlands have been artificially drained over centuries, leading to not only enormous emissions of CO2 but also soil subsidence, mobilization of nutrients, higher flood risks, and loss of biodiversity. These problems can largely be solved by stopping drainage and rewetting the land. Wet peatlands do not release CO2, can potentially sequester carbon, help to improve water quality, provide habitat for rare and threatened biodiversity, and can still be used for production of biomass (“paludiculture”). Wisely adjusted land use on peatlands can substantially contribute to low-emission goals and further benefits for farmers, the economy, society, and the environment. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1002/adsu.202000146 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 2000146 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adsu.202000146

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of biomass harvesting on greenhouse gas emissions from a rewetted temperate fen AU - Günther, Anke AU - Huth, Vytas AU - Jurasinski, Gerald AU - Glatzel, Stephan T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - The growing demand for bioenergy increases pressure on peatlands. The novel strategy of wet peatlands agriculture (paludiculture) may permit the production of bioenergy from biomass while avoiding large greenhouse gas emissions as occur during conventional crop cultivation on drained peat soils. Herein, we present the first greenhouse gas balances of a simulated paludiculture to assess its suitability as a biomass source from a climatic perspective. In a rewetted peatland, we performed closed-chamber measurements of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide exchange in stands of the potential crops Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Carex acutiformis for two consecutive years. To simulate harvest, the biomass of half of the measurement spots was removed once per year. Carbon dioxide exchange was close to neutral in all tested stands. The effect of biomass harvest on the carbon dioxide exchange differed between the 2 years. During the first and second year, methane emissions were 13–63 g mÀ2 aÀ1 and 2–5 g mÀ2 aÀ1, respectively. Nitrous oxide emissions lay below our detection limit. Net greenhouse gas balances in the study plots were close to being climate neutral during both years except for the Carex stand, which was a source of greenhouse gases in the first year (in CO2-equivalents: 18 t haÀ1 aÀ1). Fifteen years after rewetting the net greenhouse gas balance of the study site was similar to those of pristine fens. In addition, we did not find a significant short-term effect of biomass harvest on net greenhouse gas balances. In our ecosystem, ~17 t haÀ1 aÀ1 of CO2-equivalent emissions are saved by rewetting compared to a drained state. Applying this figure to the fen area in northern Germany, emission savings of 2.8–8.5 Mt aÀ1 CO2-equivalents could possibly be achieved by rewetting; this excludes additional savings by fossil fuel replacement. DA - 2015/09// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12214 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 1092 EP - 1106 J2 - GCB Bioenergy LA - en SN - 17571693 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas balance of an establishing Sphagnum culture on a former bog grassland in Germany AU - Günther, A. AU - Jurasinski, G. AU - Albrecht, K. AU - Gaudig, G. AU - Krebs, M. AU - Glatzel, S. T2 - Mires and Peat AB - The cultivation of Sphagnum mosses on re-wetted peat bogs for use in horticulture is a new land use strategy. We provide the first greenhouse gas balances for a field-scale Sphagnum farming experiment on former bog grassland, in its establishment phase. Over two years we used closed chambers to make measurements of GHG exchange on production strips of Sphagnum palustre L. and Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. and on irrigation ditches. Methane fluxes of both Sphagnum species showed a significant decrease over the study period. This trend was stronger for S. papillosum. In contrast, the estimated CO2 fluxes did not show a significant temporal trend over the study period. The production strips of both Sphagnum species were net GHG sinks of 5–9 t ha-1 a-1 (in CO2-equivalents) during the establishment phase of the moss carpets. In comparison, the ditches were a CO2 source instead of a CO2 sink and emitted larger amounts of CH4, resulting in net GHG release of ~11 t ha-1 a-1 CO2-equivalents. We conclude that Sphagnum farming fields should be designed to minimise the area covered by irrigation ditches. Overall, Sphagnum farming on bogs has lower on-field GHG emissions than low-intensity agriculture. DA - 2017/04/20/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.19189/MaP.2015.OMB.210 DP - DOI.org (CSL JSON) IS - 20 SP - 1 EP - 16 LA - en SN - 1819-754X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global limnology: up-scaling aquatic services and processes to planet Earth AU - Downing, John A. T2 - SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 DA - 2009/01// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1080/03680770.2009.11923903 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 1149 EP - 1166 J2 - SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 LA - en SN - 0368-0770 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: A current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty AU - Drake, Travis W. AU - Raymond, Peter A. AU - Spencer, Robert G. M. T2 - Limnology and Oceanography Letters AB - Abstract Globally, inland waters receive a significant but ill-defined quantity of terrestrial carbon (C). When summed, the contemporary estimates for the three possible fates of C in inland waters (storage, outgassing, and export) highlight that terrestrial landscapes may deliver upward of 5.1 Pg of C annually. This review of flux estimates over the last decade has revealed an average increase of ? 0.3 Pg C yr?1, indicating a historical underestimation of the amount of terrestrial-C exported to inland waters. The continual increase in the estimates also underscores large data gaps and uncertainty. As research continues to refine these aquatic fluxes, especially C outgassed from the humid tropics and other understudied regions, we expect the global estimate of terrestrial-C transferred to inland waters to rise. An important implication of this upward refinement is that terrestrial net ecosystem production may be overestimated with ramifications for modeling of the global C cycle. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1002/lol2.10055 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 132 EP - 142 J2 - Limnology and Oceanography Letters SN - 2378-2242 N1 -

number: 3
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - CO2 evasion from a steep, high gradient stream network: importance of seasonal and diurnal variation in aquatic pCO2 and gas transfer AU - Schelker, Jakob AU - Singer, Gabriel A. AU - Ulseth, Amber J. AU - Hengsberger, Sabrina AU - Battin, Tom J. T2 - Limnology and Oceanography AB - Abstract Surface waters contribute substantially to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. However, global estimates remain uncertain due to methodological difficulties, such as in precisely estimating gas transfer in steep upland streams. Here, we addressed the question of what drives CO2 evasion from steep mountainous stream network of the European Alps by assessing the spatial and temporal variation of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) for 148 streams and the gas transfer coefficient for CO2 (kCO2) for 88 locations within this 254 km2 watershed. Results show that log kCO2 can be predicted reasonably well (r2?=?0.71, p<0.001, n?=?88) using a statistical model based on slope, average width, flow velocity and stream discharge. Also, most sites were supersaturated in CO2 with significant variation in pCO2 due to season (September vs. December) and time of day (day vs. night), but not stream order. Resulting median CO2 evasion rates were 145, 119, 46, 43, and 50 mg C m?2 h?1 at 1st to 5th order streams, respectively. CO2 evasion was dependent on season and time of day, with the highest evasion (184.0 kg C h?1) during growing season at nighttime, followed by 124.6 kg C h?1 during daytime. Dormant season nighttime evasion was 30.9 kg C h?1 and daytime evasion only 17.1 kg C h?1. Overall we conclude that CO2 evasion of steep mountainous streams depends on seasonal and diurnal variation in pCO2 and reach-specific variability in kCO2. These controls strongly alter landscape-scale CO2 evasion estimates, with implications for regional to global carbon budgets. DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1002/lno.10339 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 1826 EP - 1838 J2 - Limnology and Oceanography SN - 0024-3590 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emissions of greenhouse gases from Lake Neusiedl, a shallow steppe lake in Eastern Austria AU - Soja, Gerhard AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Soja, Anna-Maria T2 - Hydrobiologia DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s10750-013-1681-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 731 IS - 1 SP - 125 EP - 138 J2 - Hydrobiologia LA - en SN - 0018-8158, 1573-5117 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoir Water Surfaces: A New Global Synthesis AU - Deemer, Bridget R. AU - Harrison, John A. AU - Li, Siyue AU - Beaulieu, Jake J. AU - DelSontro, Tonya AU - Barros, Nathan AU - Bezerra-Neto, José F. AU - Powers, Stephen M. AU - dos Santos, Marco A. AU - Vonk, J. Arie T2 - BioScience AB - Collectively, reservoirs created by dams are thought to be an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. So far, efforts to quantify, model, and manage these emissions have been limited by data availability and inconsistencies in methodological approach. Here, we synthesize reservoir CH4, CO2, and N2O emission data with three main objectives: (1) to generate a global estimate of GHG emissions from reservoirs, (2) to identify the best predictors of these emissions, and (3) to consider the effect of methodology on emission estimates. We estimate that GHG emissions from reservoir water surfaces account for 0.8 (0.5–1.2) Pg CO2 equivalents per year, with the majority of this forcing due to CH4. We then discuss the potential for several alternative pathways such as dam degassing and downstream emissions to contribute significantly to overall emissions. Although prior studies have linked reservoir GHG emissions to reservoir age and latitude, we find that factors related to reservoir productivity are better predictors of emission. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1093/biosci/biw117 VL - 66 IS - 11 SP - 949 EP - 964 J2 - BioScience SN - 0006-3568 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methane emission from aquatic ecosystems of Mexico City AU - Martinez-Cruz, Karla AU - Gonzalez-Valencia, Rodrigo AU - Sepulveda-Jauregui, Armando AU - Plascencia-Hernandez, Fernando AU - Belmonte-Izquierdo, Yadira AU - Thalasso, Frederic T2 - Aquatic Sciences AB - Mexico City is a large city, populated by 8.8 million inhabitants. This population density, combined with poor wastewater management, results in aquatic ecosystems receiving a large volume of wastewater which may promote methane (CH4) emission. We measured water quality and CH4 emission from 11 aquatic ecosystems in Mexico City during 1 year, including reservoirs, rivers, lakes, canals and chinampas (system of floating garden on shallow lakes). The total CH4 emission from aquatic ecosystems was estimated as 3679 Mg CH4 year−1, which represents 3.5 % of the annual CH4 emission of Mexico City. The main contributors are chinampas (33 %), followed by lakes (27 %), reservoirs (19 %), rivers (12 %) and canals (9 %). Water quality indicators were positively correlated with CH4 emission, therefore a decrease in untreated wastewater discharge may result in a significant reduction of the greenhouse gas footprint of Mexico City, after a transitional period during which the organic content of the sediment would be degraded. DA - 2017/01/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s00027-016-0487-y VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 159 EP - 169 J2 - Aquatic Sciences SN - 1420-9055 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methane emissions from contrasting urban freshwaters: Rates, drivers, and a whole-city footprint AU - Herrero Ortega, Sonia AU - Romero González-Quijano, Clara AU - Casper, Peter AU - Singer, Gabriel A. AU - Gessner, Mark O. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Global urbanization trends impose major alterations on surface waters. This includes impacts on ecosystem functioning that can involve feedbacks on climate through changes in rates of greenhouse gas emissions. The combination of high nutrient supply and shallow depth typical of urban freshwaters is particularly conducive to high rates of methane (CH4) production and emission, suggesting a potentially important role in the global CH4 cycle. However, there is a lack of comprehensive flux data from diverse urban water bodies, of information on the underlying drivers, and of estimates for whole cities. Based on measurements over four seasons in a total of 32 water bodies in the city of Berlin, Germany, we calculate the total CH4 emission from various types of surface waters of a large city in temperate climate at 2.6 ± 1.7 Gg CH4/year. The average total emission was 219 ± 490 mg CH4 m?2 day?1. Water chemical variables were surprisingly poor predictors of total CH4 emissions, and proxies of productivity and oxygen conditions had low explanatory power as well, suggesting a complex combination of factors governing CH4 fluxes from urban surface waters. However, small water bodies (area <1 ha) typically located in urban green spaces were identified as emission hotspots. These results help constrain assessments of CH4 emissions from freshwaters in the world's growing cities, facilitating extrapolation of urban emissions to large areas, including at the global scale. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14799 VL - 25 IS - 12 SP - 4234 EP - 4243 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds AU - Holgerson, Meredith A. AU - Raymond, Peter A. T2 - Nature Geoscience AB - Very small ponds have been omitted from greenhouse gas budgets. Estimates of CO2 and CH4 emissions from 427 lakes and ponds show that very small ponds account for 15% of CO2 and 40% of diffusive CH4 emissions, but 8.6% of lake and pond area. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/ngeo2654 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 222 EP - 226 J2 - Nature Geoscience SN - 1752-0908 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High-resolution mapping of the world's reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management AU - Lehner, Bernhard AU - Liermann, Catherine Reidy AU - Revenga, Carmen AU - Vörösmarty, Charles AU - Fekete, Balazs AU - Crouzet, Philippe AU - Döll, Petra AU - Endejan, Marcel AU - Frenken, Karen AU - Magome, Jun AU - Nilsson, Christer AU - Robertson, James C AU - Rödel, Raimund AU - Sindorf, Nikolai AU - Wisser, Dominik T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment AB - Despite the recognized importance of reservoirs and dams, global datasets describing their characteristics and geographical distribution are largely incomplete. To enable advanced assessments of the role and effects of dams within the global river network and to support strategies for mitigating ecohydrological and socioeconomic costs, we introduce here the spatially explicit and hydrologically linked Global Reservoir and Dam database (GRanD). As of early 2011, GRanD contains information regarding 6862 dams and their associated reservoirs, with a total storage capacity of 6197 km3. On the basis of these records, we estimate that about 16.7 million reservoirs larger than 0.01 ha ? with a combined storage capacity of approximately 8070 km3 ? may exist worldwide, increasing Earth's terrestrial surface water area by more than 305 000 km2. We find that 575 900 river kilometers, or 7.6% of the world's rivers with average flows above 1 cubic meter per second (m3 s?1), are affected by a cumulative upstream reservoir capacity that exceeds 2% of their annual flow; the impact is highest for large rivers with average flows above 1000 m3 s?1, of which 46.7% are affected. Finally, a sensitivity analysis suggests that smaller reservoirs have substantial impacts on the spatial extent of flow alterations despite their minor role in total reservoir capacity. DA - 2011/11/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1890/100125 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 494 EP - 502 J2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment SN - 1540-9295 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The unintended impact of ecosystem preservation on greenhouse gas emissions: Evidence from environmental constraints on hydropower development in the United States AU - Severnini, Edson T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Many countries have passed environmental laws aiming at preserving natural ecosystems, such as the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States. Although those regulations seem to have improved preservation, they may have had unintended consequences in energy production. Here we show that while environmental constraints on hydropower may have preserved the wilderness and wildlife by restricting the development of hydroelectric projects, they led to more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental regulations gave rise to a replacement of hydropower, which is a renewable, relatively low-emitting source of energy, with conventional fossil-fuel power, which is highly polluting. Our estimates indicate that, on average, each megawatt of fossil fuel power-generating capacity added to the grid because of environmental constraints on hydropower development led to an increase in annual carbon dioxide emissions of about 1,400 tons. Environmental regulations focusing only on the preservation of ecosystems appear to have encouraged electric utilities to substitute dirtier fuels for hydropower in electricity generation. DA - 2019/01/10/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0210483 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - e0210483 J2 - PLOS ONE N1 -

publisher: Public Library of Science

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The net carbon footprint of a newly created boreal hydroelectric reservoir AU - Teodoru, Cristian R. AU - Bastien, Julie AU - Bonneville, Marie-Claude AU - del Giorgio, Paul A. AU - Demarty, Maud AU - Garneau, Michelle AU - Hélie, Jean-Francois AU - Pelletier, Luc AU - Prairie, Yves T. AU - Roulet, Nigel T. AU - Strachan, Ian B. AU - Tremblay, Alain T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles AB - We present here the first comprehensive assessment of the carbon (C) footprint associated with the creation of a boreal hydroelectric reservoir (Eastmain-1 in northern Québec, Canada). This is the result of a large-scale, interdisciplinary study that spanned over a 7-years period (2003?2009), where we quantified the major C gas (CO2 and CH4) sources and sinks of the terrestrial and aquatic components of the pre-flood landscape, and also for the reservoir following the impoundment in 2006. The pre-flood landscape was roughly neutral in terms of C, and the balance between pre- and post-flood C sources/sinks indicates that the reservoir was initially (first year post-flood in 2006) a large net source of CO2 (2270 mg C m?2 d?1) but a much smaller source of CH4 (0.2 mg C m?2 d?1). While net CO2 emissions declined steeply in subsequent years (down to 835 mg C m?2 d?1 in 2009), net CH4 emissions remained constant or increased slightly relative to pre-flood emissions. Our results also suggest that the reservoir will continue to emit carbon gas over the long-term at rates exceeding the carbon footprint of the pre-flood landscape, although the sources of C supporting these emissions have yet to be determined. Extrapolation of these empirical trends over the projected life span (100 years) of the reservoir yields integrated long-term net C emissions per energy generation well below the range of the natural-gas combined-cycle, which is considered the current industry standard. DA - 2012/06/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1029/2011GB004187 VL - 26 IS - 2 J2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles SN - 0886-6236 UR - https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004187 Y2 - 2020/08/19/ N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emissions from tropical hydropower and the IPCC AU - Fearnside, Philip M. T2 - Environmental Science & Policy AB - Tropical hydroelectric emissions are undercounted in national inventories of greenhouse gases under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), giving them a role in undermining the effectiveness of as-yet undecided emission limits. These emissions are also largely left out of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, and have been excluded from a revision of the IPCC guidelines on wetlands. The role of hydroelectric dams in emissions inventories and in mitigation has been systematically ignored. DA - 2015/06/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2015.03.002 VL - 50 SP - 225 EP - 239 J2 - Environmental Science & Policy SN - 1462-9011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global boom in hydropower dam construction AU - Zarfl, Christiane AU - Lumsdon, Alexander E. AU - Berlekamp, Jürgen AU - Tydecks, Laura AU - Tockner, Klement T2 - Aquatic Sciences AB - Human population growth, economic development, climate change, and the need to close the electricity access gap have stimulated the search for new sources of renewable energy. In response to this need, major new initiatives in hydropower development are now under way. At least 3,700 major dams, each with a capacity of more than 1 MW, are either planned or under construction, primarily in countries with emerging economies. These dams are predicted to increase the present global hydroelectricity capacity by 73 % to about 1,700 GW. Even such a dramatic expansion in hydropower capacity will be insufficient to compensate for the increasing electricity demand. Furthermore, it will only partially close the electricity gap, may not substantially reduce greenhouse gas emission (carbon dioxide and methane), and may not erase interdependencies and social conflicts. At the same time, it is certain to reduce the number of our planet’s remaining free-flowing large rivers by about 21 %. Clearly, there is an urgent need to evaluate and to mitigate the social, economic, and ecological ramifications of the current boom in global dam construction. DA - 2015/01/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 161 EP - 170 J2 - Aquatic Sciences SN - 1420-9055 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2019 AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Anderl, Michael AU - Geiger, Konstantin AU - Gugele, Bernd AU - Gössl, Michael AU - Haider, Simone AU - Heller, Christian AU - Ibesich, Nikolaus AU - Köther, Traute AU - et al. CY - Vienna DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - Umweltbundesamt LA - Deutsch SN - REP-0702 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Flächeninanspruchnahme - Entwicklung des jährlichen Bodenverbrauchs in Österreich AU - Umweltbundesamt DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/boden/flaecheninanspruchnahme Y2 - 2020/06/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can alternative cropping systems mitigate nitrogen losses and improve GHG balance? Results from a 19-yr experiment in Northern France AU - Autret, Bénédicte AU - Beaudoin, Nicolas AU - Rakotovololona, Lucia AU - Bertrand, Michel AU - Grandeau, Gilles AU - Gréhan, Eric AU - Ferchaud, Fabien AU - Mary, Bruno T2 - Geoderma AB - Alternative cropping systems are promoted to reduce nitrogen (N) losses in the environment and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, these supposed benefits are not fully known, rarely studied together and on the long-term. Here, we studied the N inputs, N exports, soil organic N (SON) storage, N leaching, gaseous N emissions and GHG balance in a 19-yr field experiment comparing four arable cropping systems without manure fertilization, under conventional (CON), low-input (LI), conservation agriculture (CA) and organic (ORG) managements. The N surplus, i.e. the difference between total N inputs and exports, was lowest in LI (43 kg ha−1 yr−1), intermediary for CON and ORG with 63 kg ha−1 yr−1 and highest in CA (163 kg ha−1 yr−1). CA and ORG received high amounts of N derived from biological fixation from alfalfa. The annual SON storage rates markedly differed between CA (55 kg ha−1 yr−1) and both CON and LI (13 and 6 kg ha−1 yr−1), with intermediary value in ORG (30 kg ha−1 yr−1). N leaching, calculated using soil mineral N measurements, reached an average of 21 kg ha−1 yr−1 and did not significantly differ between treatments. The gaseous N emissions (volatilization + denitrification), calculated as the difference between N surplus, SON storage and N leaching, ranged from 12 kg ha−1 yr−1 in ORG to 83 kg ha−1 yr−1 in CA. N2O emissions were continuously monitored with automatic chambers during 40 months. They varied from 1.20 kg ha−1 yr−1 in LI to 4.09 kg ha−1 yr−1 in CA system and were highly correlated with calculated gaseous N emissions. The GHG balance, calculated using SOC and N2O measurements, varied widely between systems: it was highest in CON and LI, with 2198 and 1763 kg CO2eq ha−1 yr−1 respectively. In CA, the GHG balance was much more favourable (306 kg CO2eq ha−1 yr−1), despite important N2O losses which partly offset the benefit of SOC storage. ORG was the system with the smallest GHG balance (−65 kg CO2eq ha−1 yr−1), acting as a CO2 sink in the long-term. Similar trends were observed when GHG was expressed per unit of N input or N exported. The N surplus alone was not a good indicator of the N fate in the four agricultural systems. Complementary predictors of N losses and GHG balance are required to obtain a true overview of the C and N environmental impacts of cropping systems. On an operational point of view, these results should lead to investigate the variability of the GHG emissions within each cropping system. DA - 2019/05/15/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.039 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 342 SP - 20 EP - 33 J2 - Geoderma LA - en SN - 0016-7061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energiemosaik Austria AU - Abart-Heriszt, L- AU - Erker, S. AU - Reichel, S. AU - Schöndorfer, H. AU - Weinke, E. AU - Lang, S. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cities: The core of climate change mitigation AU - Mi, Zhifu AU - Guan, Dabo AU - Liu, Zhu AU - Liu, Jingru AU - Viguié, Vincent AU - Fromer, Neil AU - Wang, Yutao T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Cities, the core of the global climate change mitigation and strategic low-carbon development, are shelters to more than half of the world population and responsible for three quarters of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG). This special volume (SV) provides a platform that promotes multi- and inter- disciplinary analyses and discussions on the climate change mitigation for cities. All papers are divided into four themes, including GHG emission inventory and accounting, climate change and urban sectors, climate change and sustainable development, and strategies and mitigation action plans. First, this SV provides methods for constructing emission inventory from both production and consumption perspectives. These methods are useful to improve the comprehensiveness and accuracy of carbon accounting for international cities. Second, the climate change affects urban sectors from various aspects; simultaneously, GHG emissions caused by activities in urban sectors affect the climate system. This SV focuses on mitigation policies and assessment of energy, transport, construction, and service sectors. Third, climate change mitigation of cities is closely connected to urban sustainable development. This SV explores the relationships between climate change mitigation with urbanization, ecosystems, air pollution, and extreme events. Fourth, climate change mitigation policies can be divided into two categories: quantity-based mechanism (e.g., carbon emission trading) and price-based mechanism (e.g., carbon tax). This SV provides experiences of local climate change mitigation all over the world and proposes the city-to-city cooperation on climate change mitigation. DA - 2019/01/10/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.034 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 207 SP - 582 EP - 589 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low carbon cities in 2050? GHG emissions of European cities using production-based and consumption-based emission accounting methods AU - Harris, Steve AU - Weinzettel, Jan AU - Bigano, Andrea AU - Källmén, Albin T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - The role of cities and their stakeholders in creating a sustainable low carbon society is becoming increasingly critical. Cities and their supply chains are responsible for almost 80% of the global energy consumption and over 60% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). It is expected that 70% of the global population will be living in urban areas by 2050. However, in general cities still quantify and report only their production-based GHG emissions and fail to account for their supply chains. There has been much less focus on the GHG emissions associated with consumption in cities, including household and government consumption. This paper compares the production-based GHG accounting method with the consumption-based method for ten European cities. This is performed for a base year (2010) and two divergent future scenarios for 2050, a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a post carbon (PC 2050) scenario. The PC2050 scenario was created by city stakeholders in the framework of the European research project POCACITO in (2014–2016). Consumption-based emissions are calculated using the EXIOBASE multi-regional input-output model. Compared to 2010, both BAU and PC2050 scenarios show significant decreases for production-based emissions, falling 31% and 68% respectively. However, during this period consumption-based emissions increase for eight cities, rising 33% and 35% respectively. This occurs despite the modelled improvements in global production efficiency for 2050 and the significant production-based reductions under the PC2050 scenarios. The increase in consumption-based emissions is primarily linked to rising GDP and a corresponding increase in spending and consumption, which override the local and global efficiency improvements. Hence the results highlight a notable disparity between the traditional focus on production-based accounting and consumption-based accounting. This suggests that future city actions should extend their focus on addressing the impact of consumption in addition to local energy production and emissions. It also suggests that city stakeholders are generally underestimating the impact of consumption and the responses required. DA - 2020/03/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119206 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 248 SP - 119206 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolution of city-scale GHG emissions inventory methods: A systematic review AU - Arioli, Magdala Satt AU - D'Agosto, Márcio de Almeida AU - Amaral, Fernando Gonçalves AU - Cybis, Helena Beatriz Bettella T2 - Environmental Impact Assessment Review AB - The capacity of cities to act on climate change mitigation is essential to fulfil the Paris Agreement target. In order to do so, cities should establish an effective climate policy which requires, as a first step, a complete greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory. The accurate city-scale GHG inventory enables cities to develop, implement and track climate solution measures, mainly those related to transportation. The compilation of a city-scale GHG inventory requires a standardized method and up-to-date activity data. This systematic review critically examines 40 articles over the past 20 years to (1) identify city-scale GHG inventory methods being applied worldwide, (2) evaluate how these methods are evolving, (3) elaborate how emissions from transport sector are being estimated, and (4) determine what data types and sources of transport-related data are being used. The review was limited to articles that addressed the process of compilation of a GHG inventory. The results demonstrate that city-scale GHG inventory methods evolved from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines to a variety of GHG accounting methods that offer levels of complexity to estimate city-scale emissions. Although GHG inventory methods for city-scale have advanced over the years, almost one third of the articles reviewed were focused on the proposal of a GHG inventory framework, adjusting current methods to each city's reality or proposing new ones. The majority of the cities analysed lack local transport-related data to measure GHG emissions based on the bottom-up approach. Yet, more than 40% of the articles managed to deliver the bottom-up inventory using a diversity of data types and sources. This review shows that there is still a path to achieve a globally compatible method. This would require a joint effort between researchers and city authorities to make international protocols more compliant to each city's data availability along with the improvement of cities data collection. DA - 2020/01/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106316 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 80 SP - 106316 J2 - Environmental Impact Assessment Review LA - en SN - 0195-9255 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review AU - Hertwich, Edgar G AU - Ali, Saleem AU - Ciacci, Luca AU - Fishman, Tomer AU - Heeren, Niko AU - Masanet, Eric AU - Asghari, Farnaz Nojavan AU - Olivetti, Elsa AU - Pauliuk, Stefan AU - Tu, Qingshi AU - Wolfram, Paul T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2019/04/16/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab0fe3 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 043004 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change AU - Isaac, Morna AU - van Vuuren, Detlef P. T2 - Energy Policy AB - In this article, we assess the potential development of energy use for future residential heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. In a reference scenario, global energy demand for heating is projected to increase until 2030 and then stabilize. In contrast, energy demand for air conditioning is projected to increase rapidly over the whole 2000–2100 period, mostly driven by income growth. The associated CO2 emissions for both heating and cooling increase from 0.8GtC in 2000 to 2.2GtC in 2100, i.e. about 12% of total CO2 emissions from energy use (the strongest increase occurs in Asia). The net effect of climate change on global energy use and emissions is relatively small as decreases in heating are compensated for by increases in cooling. However, impacts on heating and cooling individually are considerable in this scenario, with heating energy demand decreased by 34% worldwide by 2100 as a result of climate change, and air-conditioning energy demand increased by 72%. At the regional scale considerable impacts can be seen, particularly in South Asia, where energy demand for residential air conditioning could increase by around 50% due to climate change, compared with the situation without climate change. DA - 2009/02/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.051 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 507 EP - 521 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Heating and cooling energy demand and related emissions of the German residential building stock under climate change AU - Olonscheck, Mady AU - Holsten, Anne AU - Kropp, Jürgen P. T2 - Energy Policy AB - The housing sector is a major consumer of energy. Studies on the future energy demand under climate change which also take into account future changes of the building stock, renovation measures and heating systems are still lacking. We provide the first analysis of the combined effect of these four influencing factors on the future energy demand for room conditioning of residential buildings and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Germany until 2060. We show that the heating energy demand will decrease substantially in the future. This shift will mainly depend on the number of renovated buildings and climate change scenarios and only slightly on demographic changes. The future cooling energy demand will remain low in the future unless the amount of air conditioners strongly increases. As a strong change in the German energy mix is not expected, the future GHG emissions caused by heating will mainly depend on the energy demand for future heating. DA - 2011/09/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.041 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 39 IS - 9 SP - 4795 EP - 4806 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating the daily peak and annual total electricity demand for cooling in Vienna, Austria by 2050 AU - Bird, David Neil AU - de Wit, Rosmarie AU - Schwaiger, Hannes Peter AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Beermann, Martin AU - Žuvela-Aloise, Maja T2 - Urban Climate AB - Climate change is expected to increase temperatures worldwide and exacerbate urban heat load due to the urban heat island effect. Urban populations will be more exposed to climate change impacts on human health and mortality as compared to citizens living in rural areas. To adapt, urban populations will increase the use of air conditioning and an increase in electricity consumption for cooling is forecast. We use a top-down method, based on the hourly electricity consumption and daily temperatures for years 2015 and 2016 for 19 European countries, to estimate the future annual demand and daily peak demand for cooling in Vienna, Austria, until 2050. The estimation is based on an ensemble average of seven downscaled climate models under two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and includes a factor for the increase in air conditioning penetration with climate change. The estimate of peak demand, inclusion of penetration and application to a locality make the study somewhat novel. Our results suggest that annual electrical energy for cooling in Vienna will increase from the current amount of 22 GWh/year to 95 (33–189) GWh/year by 2050 – with little difference during this time frame between RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. During the same period, peak electrical energy demand will increase to around 117 (64–191) MWh/day in 2050 from its current value of 65.5 MWh/day. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100452 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 28 SP - 100452 J2 - Urban Climate LA - en SN - 2212-0955 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Consumer behaviour in the residential heating sector in Austria: Findings from a bottom-up modelling approach AU - Holzmann, Angela AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Energy and Buildings AB - Energy system models usually have to rely on technical parameters like building standards. This kind of technical approach leads to an overestimation of energy demand for heating in the Austrian building sector. Consumer behaviour has been identified as one of the major reasons for this overestimation. In this analysis, a bottom-up energy system model for the residential heating sector has been built with the model generator TIMES and expanded by findings on consumer behaviour. The model is used to investigate the effect of consumer behaviour on residential space heating demand in Austria from 2007 to 2030, and to quantify the implications on possible future energy savings. Model results show that (1) energy demand for residential heating is slightly decreasing, (2) consumer behaviour greatly affects energy demand, (3) neglecting consumer behaviour leads to a significant overestimation of possible energy savings due to building-standard improvement. This analysis provides a better understanding of the interaction between thermal improvements of buildings and consumer behaviour and enables better founded outlooks on possible future energy savings. DA - 2018/01/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.036 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 158 SP - 486 EP - 493 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 0378-7788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low carbon transition of global building sector under 2- and 1.5-degree targets AU - Wang, Huan AU - Chen, Wenying AU - Shi, Jingcheng T2 - Applied Energy AB - Building sector accounts for nearly 30% of global final energy usage, and its energy demand is expected to keep growing with the increasing population and expanding tertiary industry in the coming decades. To achieve global climate mitigation goal, building sector will need to fully tap its potential on energy conservation and CO2 reduction. This paper simulated the transformation pathways of global energy system under 2-degree and 1.5-degree climate targets with Global TIMES model, classified the 14 model regions into high, middle and low income region, and analyzed the main features and key challenges of each region’s building sector transition pathways. Modeling results show that: (1) For global building sector, 32 Gt of CO2 emissions reduction is required between 2010 and 2050 by 2-degree target, additional 28 Gt of reduction would be essential to achieve 1.5-degree target; (2) High income region would take the lead in building sector’s CO2 mitigation, while low income region may be increasingly important when the carbon constraint gets more stringent; (3) Electrification is a critical approach in building sector’s low carbon transition, by 2050, the share of electricity in final energy consumption is expected to reach 44%, 54% and 59% in reference, 2-degree and 1.5-degree scenarios respectively. DA - 2018/07/15/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.090 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 222 SP - 148 EP - 157 J2 - Applied Energy LA - en SN - 0306-2619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic feasibility of building retrofitting mitigation potentials: Climate change uncertainties for Swedish cities AU - Mata, Érika AU - Wanemark, Joel AU - Nik, Vahid M. AU - Sasic Kalagasidis, Angela T2 - Applied Energy AB - Deep and rapid decarbonization of the building sector requires energy demand reductions and the incorporation of renewable-energy sources. Energy retrofitting of existing buildings is a central strategy in climate mitigation and has often been highlighted as a cost-effective strategy. However, decisions on these strategies are often hampered by modeling assessments that are limited by contextual, methodological, parametric, input, or output constraints. Here, we present a novel methodology to investigate the solid economic feasibility in building retrofit evaluations with mitigation measures. We first calculate the variations in the energy saving potentials and costs for 13 energy saving measures and five climate change scenarios. We then compare the obtained uncertainty due to a changing climate to other uncertainties, such as the boundaries for emission inventories and energy system development. Four cities in Sweden are modeled, which are responsible for half of the country’s residential energy use. We find that the profitability of the retrofitting actions is primarily determined based on the annualized investments and energy saving potentials. Future climate has a less determinant role, with uncertainties similar to those of future consumer price development and fuel emission factors. Retrofits that only affect the energy need for space heating are more robust than changes in electricity usage. We conclude that strategies for building retrofitting should focus on prioritizing energy savings and mobilizing investments that may not be profitable based on the current techno-economic perspective. DA - 2019/05/15/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.042 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 242 SP - 1022 EP - 1035 J2 - Applied Energy LA - en SN - 0306-2619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental trade-offs between residential oil-fired and wood pellet heating systems: Forecast scenarios for Austria until 2030 AU - Karner, K. AU - Dißauer, C. AU - Enigl, M. AU - Strasser, C. AU - Schmid, E. T2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews AB - A transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is provoked in European and national policies. Sustainable energy provision has to be aligned with other environmental, social and economic targets, such as air quality or energy security policies, as well. Hence, transition pathways have to be assessed on a broad basis. One potential measure to contribute to EU 2030 targets could be a replacement of heating oil boilers by pellet boilers. In the case of Austria, more than 700,000 heating oil boilers were installed in 2014, from which nearly 50% were older than 20 years. The aim of this analysis is to assess such potential replacements until 2030 and respective environmental impacts. An econometric market model of pellet demand, supply and installed pellet boiler capacity is used to forecast boiler replacements and respective fuel demand. The environmental impacts are assessed by comparing the replacements by either pellet boilers or oil-fired condensing boilers. The results show that 41,350-116,021 old heating oil boilers could be replaced by pellet boilers until 2030, depending on market developments considered in the different forecast scenarios. The reductions of Greenhouse Gas emissions and fossil fuel demand range from 3 Mt to 5.7 Mt CO2-equivalent and from 37.4 PJ to 72 PJ until 2030, respectively. Other environmental impacts such as Tropospheric Ozone Precursor Potential and Human Toxicity increase clearly, while the Acidification Potential increases slightly. Trade-offs between different environmental EU policies, i.e. the EU 2030 targets and the EU Air Policy, may arise by a transition towards wood pellet heating fuels. Austria's energy dependence from countries outside the EU could be reduced due to less fuel imports as well. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.242 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 80 SP - 868 EP - 879 J2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews LA - en SN - 1364-0321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decomposing final energy use for heating in the residential sector in Austria AU - Holzmann, Angela AU - Adensam, Heidelinde AU - Kratena, Kurt AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Energy Policy AB - In Austria a considerable number of measures have been implemented to reduce final energy use for residential heating since the 1990s. The aim of this analysis is to investigate, why – despite these implemented measures – final energy use for heating has not decreased in the expected way. The impact of eight factors on final energy use for heating is quantified by applying the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI I) method. The dataset covers the sector of private households in Austria for the period from 1993 to 2009. The main findings of the analysis are: (1) while technical improvements reduce final energy use for heating significantly, rising comfort needs nearly outweigh these savings. (2) Consumer behaviour reduces calculated final energy use considerably. (3) The extent of this reduction is declining significantly in the period observed. (4) The growing share of single-family houses has increased energy demand for heating in the observed period, though a reversal of this trend is detected from 2007 onwards. (5) The impact of growing floor space per person is the major effect revealed by the analysis. (6) Weather conditions have a major impact on annual fluctuations of energy consumption. DA - 2013/11/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.027 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 62 SP - 607 EP - 616 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Institutional settings and urban sprawl: Evidence from Europe AU - Ehrlich, Maximilian V. AU - Hilber, Christian A. L. AU - Schöni, Olivier T2 - Journal of Housing Economics T3 - Housing in Europe: a different continent – a continent of differences AB - This article explores the role of institutional settings in determining spatial variation in urban sprawl across Europe. We first synthesize the emerging literature that links land use policies and local fiscal incentives to urban sprawl. Next, we compile a panel dataset on various measures of urban sprawl for European countries using high-resolution satellite images. We document substantial variation in urban sprawl across countries. This variation remains roughly stable over the period of our analysis (1990–2012). Urban sprawl is particularly pronounced in emerging Central and Eastern Europe but is comparatively low in Northern European countries. Urban sprawl – especially outside functional urban areas – is strongly negatively associated with real house price growth, suggesting a trade-off between urban containment and housing affordability. Our main novel empirical findings are that decentralization and local political fragmentation are significantly positively associated with urban sprawl. Decentralized countries have a 25–30% higher sprawl index than centralized ones. This finding is consistent with the proposition that in decentralized countries fiscal incentives at local level may provide strong incentives to permit residential development at the outskirts of existing developments. DA - 2018/12/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.jhe.2017.12.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 42 SP - 4 EP - 18 J2 - Journal of Housing Economics LA - en SN - 1051-1377 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Special Report on Climate Change and Land AU - IPCC DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - www.ipcc.ch UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ Y2 - 2020/07/01/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2014 Mitigation of Climate Change AU - IPCC, Working Group III DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 LA - English PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban form, policy packaging and sustainable urban metabolism AU - Davoudi, Simin AU - Sturzaker, John T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling AB - Since the inception of modern urban planning in the early 20th century, numerous urban planning policies have been introduced that seek to steer urban form towards desired patterns. Some have explicitly focused on promoting energy efficient urban forms to reduce carbon emissions and contribute to sustainable urban metabolism. Despite the proliferation of such policies, ‘unsustainable’ trends, such as urban sprawl and long distance car-based commuting, continue and in some cases are worsening. In this paper, we aim to explore the limited success of a number of influential urban planning policies in Europe and North America in trying to steer urban form towards a more sustainable path. Our aim is to identify their potential common shortcomings and suggest a number of principles which may help formulating more effective policy packages for sustainable urban metabolism. DA - 2017/05/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 120 SP - 55 EP - 64 J2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling LA - en SN - 0921-3449 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Raumordnung in Österreich und Bezüge zur Raumentwicklung und Regionalpolitik AU - ÖROK T2 - Schriftenreihe / Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - ger M1 - Nr. 202 PB - Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (ÖROK) SN - 978-3-9504146-2-2 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Integrated spatial and energy planning: supporting climate protection and the energy turn with means of spatial planning AU - Stoeglehner, Gernot AU - Neugebauer, Georg AU - Erker, Susanna AU - Narodoslawsky, Michael T2 - SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology CY - Cham DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - eng PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-319-31870-7 UR - https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319318684#aboutBook ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resilience in the light of energy crises – Part I: A framework to conceptualise regional energy resilience AU - Erker, Susanna AU - Stangl, Rosemarie AU - Stoeglehner, Gernot T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Resilience in the light of an energy crisis is the capacity to successfully deal with energy related disruptions while continuing to deliver affordable energy services to society. A resilient energy system can rapidly recover from a shock as it is able to reinvent itself. But what happens if an energy crisis hits us? Which functions and structures will be affected? Shall we protect something in particular? Do we need to consider further aspects concerning the energy system? And how can we address and operationalise these complex considerations? These are the questions to be answered within this paper. By identifying types of energy crises, protective commodities, and framework conditions, a proposal is introduced to systematically deal with this topic. A new approach for assessing the community resilience in case of a fossil energy crisis is originated and presented: the regional energy resilience assessment (RERA). DA - 2017/10/15/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.163 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 164 SP - 420 EP - 433 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Reports, The International Resource Panel's scientific assessments include Decoupling, Cities, Water, Metals, Land and Soils, Food, Trade, Resource Efficiency, Green Technology and Global Materials Flows AU - IRP T2 - The International Resource Panel UR - https://www.resourcepanel.org/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Urban systems and other settlements. AU - Lwasa, S. AU - Seto, K. C. AU - Bai, X AU - Blanco, H. AU - Gurney, K.R. AU - Kilkis, S. AU - Lucon, O. AU - Murakami, J. AU - Pan, J. AU - Sharifi, A. AU - Yamagata, Y. T2 - Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 - Shukla, J. A2 - Slade, R A2 - Al Khourdajie, A. A2 - van Diemen, R. A2 - McCollum, David A2 - Pathak, M. A2 - Some, S. A2 - Vyas, P. A2 - Fradera, R. A2 - Belkacemi, M A2 - Hasija, A. A2 - Lisboa, G. A2 - Luz, S. A2 - Malley, J. A2 - Shukla, J. A2 - Slade, R A2 - Al Khourdajie, A. A2 - van Diemen, R. A2 - McCollum, David A2 - Pathak, M. A2 - Some, S. A2 - Vyas, P. A2 - Fradera, R. A2 - Belkacemi, M A2 - Hasija, A. A2 - Lisboa, G. A2 - Luz, S. A2 - Malley, J. CY - Cambridge, UK and New Yourk, NY, USA DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 SP - 861 EP - 952 PB - Cambridge University Press, UR - 10.1017/9781009157926.010 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Compact city: A plan for a livable urban environment AU - Dantzig, G.B. AU - Saaty, T.L. CY - San Francisco, CA DA - 1973/// PY - 1973 PB - WH Freeman and Company Publishers ER - TY - JOUR TI - The shape compactness of urban footprints AU - Angel, Shlomo AU - Arango Franco, Sara AU - Liu, Yang AU - Blei, Alejandro M. T2 - Progress in Planning AB - Urban population density has featured in a large body of literature on the Compact City paradigm as the key compactness attribute of cities, yet the shape compactness of urban footprints has hardly deserved a mention. This essay seeks to correct that. We review the literature on the Compact City Paradigm with a special focus on the relationship between urban form and climate change, and focus on twelve physical attributes of cities that make them more or less compact. Other things being equal, both population density and shape compactness help determine the average travel distances in cities, and hence affect their energy consumption and their greenhouse gas emissions. They also affect the length of infrastructure lines and the length of commutes. In principle, therefore, increasing either the shape compactness or the population density of cities can contribute—in different yet similar measure—to mitigating climate change. There are strong forces that push urban footprints to become more compact—that is, circular or near circular in shape—and these forces have evolved over time. There are also powerful forces that have pushed urban footprints to become less compact over time. We introduce these forces and illustrate their effects on particular cities. We then focus on a small set of metrics for measuring the shape compactness of cities. We use them to measure urban footprints obtained from satellite imagery in a stratified global sample of 200 cities in three time periods: 1990, 2000, and 2014. We find that the shape compactness of urban footprints the world over is independent of city size, area, density, and income and that, not surprisingly, it is strongly affected by topography. We also find that it has declined overall between 1990 and 2014 and explain some of the sources of this decline. We conclude the paper by assessing the ways in which the shape compactness of cities can be increased to make them better able to mitigate climate change in decades to come. DA - 2018/12/28/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.progress.2018.12.001 DP - ScienceDirect J2 - Progress in Planning LA - en SN - 0305-9006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305900618300849 Y2 - 2020/04/24/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The selection of compact city policy instruments and their effects on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector: The case of South Korea AU - Lee, Jin Hui AU - Lim, Seunghoo T2 - Sustainable Cities and Society AB - This paper uses the South Korean case to directly identify the factors that affect local governments’ policy instrument choices for achieving the compact city concept and test whether these policy tools lead to low energy consumption and environmentally friendly urban areas. The results of binary logistic regressions show that local governments’ socio-economic characteristics and their locations influence the implementation of compact city-related urban policy instruments. The results of hierarchical linear models suggest that there are strong positive associations between greater urbanization and both transport-related energy consumption and transportation-sector greenhouse gas emissions. These results indicate that urban planning for optimal city size, significant compact city characteristics and effective policies with sufficient financing can help reduce transport-related energy consumption and air pollution. Therefore, we need innovative urban planning policies and policy implementation processes to achieve energy efficiency and air quality improvements in the urban context. DA - 2018/02/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.scs.2017.11.006 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 37 SP - 116 EP - 124 J2 - Sustainable Cities and Society LA - en SN - 2210-6707 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does polycentric and compact development alleviate urban traffic congestion? A case study of 98 Chinese cities AU - Li, Yingcheng AU - Xiong, Weiting AU - Wang, Xingping T2 - Cities AB - Despite a growing interest among policymakers and urban planners in promoting polycentric and compact development to mitigate traffic congestion, empirical studies have often documented mixed and indirect evidence on the impacts of polycentricity and compactness on congestion. Drawing upon a direct and big-data-based measure of congestion and gridded (1 km × 1 km) population data of 98 Chinese cities, this study investigates how polycentricity and compactness may affect congestion in these cities. The degrees of polycentricity and compactness are measured through fine-grained identification of population centers. All else being equal, the empirical results show that congestion is positively associated with the degree of compactness but negatively associated with that of polycentricity. However, increasing the degree of polycentricity by developing more than four population centers may also lead to more congestion. Furthermore, the negative impact of polycentricity on congestion becomes weaker with the increase in a city's population and even turns positive for large cities with more than six million inhabitants within urban districts. The paper concludes with spatial planning implications. DA - 2019/05/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.017 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 88 SP - 100 EP - 111 J2 - Cities LA - en SN - 0264-2751 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of urban compactness on energy-related greenhouse gas emissions across EU member states: Population density vs physical compactness AU - Xu, Chao AU - Haase, Dagmar AU - Su, Meirong AU - Yang, Zhifeng T2 - Applied Energy AB - It remains a matter of debate whether compact urban development can be a sustainable approach to mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, although the compact city theory and GHG emissions have both gained increasing attention. The present study explored the relationship between urban compactness and energy-related per capita GHG emissions among different countries using panel data models. To obtain the energy-related GHG emissions, the GHGs emitted by the energy sector were calculated on a per capita basis according to the “2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories”. Urban compactness was assessed by two indicators, namely population density and the compactness index, of which the latter measures the overall physical compactness of urban land patches. The case study of the 28 EU member countries during 2000–2012 demonstrated that the two indicators did not correlate with each other and they affected energy-related per capita GHG emissions in contrasting ways. That is to say, population density and the overall physical compactness of urban land patches exerted significant negative and positive influences on energy-related per capita GHG emissions, respectively. These findings imply that high population density, mixed-use urban development with a lower degree of physical compactness is advisable in terms of reducing energy footprints and mitigating GHG emissions. However, consideration should also be given to maintaining a balance between effectively reducing GHG emissions and preventing disadvantages associated with high-density urban development in future urban planning practices. DA - 2019/11/15/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113671 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 254 SP - 113671 J2 - Applied Energy LA - en SN - 0306-2619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green Resilient City - A framework to integrate the Green and Open Space Factor and climate simulations into everyday planning to support a green and climate-sensitive landscape and urban development AU - Reinwald, F AU - Ring, Z AU - Kraus, F AU - Kainz, A AU - Tötzer, T AU - Damyanovic, D T2 - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science DA - 2019/09/06/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012082 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 323 SP - 012082 J2 - IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. SN - 1755-1315 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Reduction Effects of Sponge City Construction: A Case Study of the City of Xiamen AU - Shao, Weiwei AU - Liu, Jiahong AU - Yang, Zhiyong AU - Yang, Zhaohui AU - Yu, Yingdong AU - Li, Weijia T2 - Energy Procedia T3 - Cleaner Energy for Cleaner Cities AB - This study analyzed the effects of the construction of sponge cities in China, in recent years, on carbon emission reduction based on the global emission reduction targets and China’s responsibility in reducing carbon emissions. Sponge cities are built with rainwater infiltration, retention, storage, purification, reuse, and drainage facilities to promote natural accumulation, natural infiltration, and natural purification of precipitation in urban spaces. In the process, sponge city construction, by intensifying the treatment of urban sewage, increases the urban green area and expands the urban water surface. The increase in urban greening, expansion of wetlands in urban rivers and lakes, and use of rainwater resources lead to carbon reduction effects in the city. Considering the city of Xiamen as an example and combining the main measures for the construction of a sponge city in Xiamen, our quantitative analysis suggested that urban greening can reduce carbon emissions by 66,266.7 tons per year, and the lake and river wetlands can reduce carbon emissions by 962.8 tons per year. The use of rainwater resources in this sponge city can reduce carbon emissions by 2719.1 tons per year. This shows that emission reductions from the construction of China’s sponge cities are significant, resulting in effective responses to and mitigation of climate change. DA - 2018/10/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.145 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 152 SP - 1145 EP - 1151 J2 - Energy Procedia LA - en SN - 1876-6102 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How outdoor microclimate mitigation affects building thermal-energy performance: A new design-stage method for energy saving in residential near-zero energy settlements in Italy AU - Castaldo, Veronica Lucia AU - Pisello, Anna Laura AU - Piselli, Cristina AU - Fabiani, Claudia AU - Cotana, Franco AU - Santamouris, Mattheos T2 - Renewable Energy DA - 2018/11// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.renene.2018.04.090 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 127 SP - 920 EP - 935 J2 - Renewable Energy LA - en SN - 09601481 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban tree design approaches for mitigating daytime urban heat island effects in a high-density urban environment AU - Tan, Zheng AU - Lau, Kevin Ka-Lun AU - Ng, Edward T2 - Energy and Buildings T3 - SI: Countermeasures to Urban Heat Island AB - Hong Kong suffers from an intense urban heat island (UHI) effect of up to 4°C as a result of compact urban form and highly urbanized land cover. Enhancing the cooling efficiency of urban greenery is essential for improving the microclimate in high-density cities. This paper aims to delineate design strategies for urban greenery to maximize thermal benefits and mitigate the daytime UHI effect. Two site-specific design strategies for tree planting in the urban environment are proposed. The sky view factor (SVF)-based design approach and the wind-path design approach are evaluated in the neighbourhood scale in two climate-sensitive areas with different urban morphologies. Observed data and simulation results indicated that the cooling effect of urban trees is highly associated with SVF. Air temperature reduction (a 1.5°C reduction) is the most profound for the high SVF scenario, whereas substantial radiation shading (Tmrt reduced to 34°C) is detected in areas with medium-low SVFs. The modelling study also showed that the cooling of air temperature and sensible heat were twice as high for vegetation arranged in wind corridors than those for leeward areas. The study demonstrated that tree planting in conjunction with proper planning is an effective measure to mitigate daytime UHI. DA - 2016/02/15/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.031 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 114 SP - 265 EP - 274 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 0378-7788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying cooling effects of facade greening: Shading, transpiration and insulation AU - Hoelscher, Marie-Therese AU - Nehls, Thomas AU - Jänicke, Britta AU - Wessolek, Gerd T2 - Energy and Buildings DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.047 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 114 SP - 283 EP - 290 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 03787788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of vertical greening systems to reduce the energy demand for air conditioning. Field monitoring in Mediterranean climate AU - Perini, Katia AU - Bazzocchi, Francesca AU - Croci, Lorenzo AU - Magliocco, Adriano AU - Cattaneo, Enrica T2 - Energy and Buildings DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.036 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 143 SP - 35 EP - 42 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 03787788 ER - TY - RPRT TI - #mission 2030 - Austrian Climate and Energy Strategy AU - BMNT AU - BMVIT DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie ER - TY - RPRT TI - Szenario Erneuerbare Energie 2030 Und 2050 AU - Krutzler, Thomas AU - Wiesenberger, H. AU - Heller, C. AU - Gössl, M. AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Storch, A. AU - Heinfellner, H. AU - Winter, R. AU - Kellner, M. AU - Schinder, I. T2 - REP-0576 CY - Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gesamtenergiebilanz Österreich 1970 bis 2016 AU - Statistik Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/energie_umwelt_innovation_mobilitaet/energie_und_umwelt/energie/energiebilanzen/index.html Y2 - 2020/08/10/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bioenergie Atlas Österreich 2019 AU - Pfemeter, Christoph AU - Liptay, Peter AU - Kahr, Stefanie T2 - Klimaaktiv CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN ET - 2. Auflage LA - de SN - 978-3-9504380-3-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Update on Implementation Agendas 2018 AU - Bacovsky, Dina T2 - IEA Bioenergy Task 39. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioenergy in Austria. Technological expertise for biomass-based heat, power and transport fuels AU - Bacovsky, Dina AU - Matschegg, Doris DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Zotero SP - 60 LA - en PB - BEST - Bioenergy and Sustainable Technologies GmbH SN - BMVIT Series 52/2019 ER - TY - RPRT TI - IEA Bioenergie Task 33: Thermische Vergasung von Biomasse AU - Hofbauer, H AU - Rauch, R AU - Hrbek, J T2 - Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung CY - Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 M3 - Endbericht SN - 22/2016 UR - https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/endbericht-2016-33-bioenergie-task-33.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioökonomie. Eine Strategie für Österreich AU - BMNT AU - BMBWF AU - BMVIT DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus, Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioenergie - Basisdaten 2017 AU - Plank, Josef AU - Pfemeter, Chrisoph AB - Bioenergie - Basisdaten 2017 DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - de.readkong.com LA - de PB - Österreichischer Biomasseverband UR - https://de.readkong.com/page/bioenergie-basisdaten-2017-sterreich-3434480 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Holzeinschlagsmeldung über das Kalenderjahr 2020 AU - BMLRT CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - Zotero SP - 13 LA - de PB - Bundesministerium für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus Abteilung III/1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomass streams in Austria: Drawing a complete picture of biogenic material flows within the national economy AU - Kalt, Gerald T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling AB - In order to achieve the targets defined in the European Union's "Low Carbon Roadmap", the "Energy Roadmap 2050" and the "Bioeconomy Strategy", an enhanced use of biomass is required; not only for energy but also for material uses. In this context and to facilitate targeted resource and energy policy measures, profound knowledge of the status quo of biomass utilization is of crucial importance. The core objective of this paper is to provide complete flow diagrams of the biomass streams within the Austrian economic system from a meso-scale perspective, taking into account all types of uses. Contrary to material flow accounts (MFA), internal streams (e.g. due to biomass processing and transformation, recycling and reuse of residues and by-products, stock changes of end-consumer products) are explicitly taken into consideration and quantified. This approach reveals gaps and inconsistencies in statistical data and facilitates conclusions about quantities not recorded in statistics. Furthermore, the structure of biomass use is visualized and the extent of biogenic material reuse and recycling is revealed. The results show that biomass imports to Austria surpassed exports by about 15% in 2011 (based on dry mass). The distribution of biomass among the different uses depends on whether direct consumption or final uses are considered. In the latter case, which is considered more appropriate, inland biomass consumption was distributed as follows: 7% human food, 18% raw material, 38% energy and 37% animal feed. Exports are primarily composed of wood products. Contrary to common assumption, energy recovery is still usually the ultimate step of cascadic biomass use rather than primary purpose, or based on by-products. Judging from wood quantities being processed and consumed and foreign trade data, domestic wood supply according to felling reports (and stated as "domestic extraction used" in official MFA data) is clearly underrated. Conversely, domestic feed production according to MFA data is inconsistent with official animal feed statistics and appears to be overestimated by at least 30%. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.12.006 VL - 95 SP - 100 EP - 111 N1 -

publisher: Elsevier B.V.

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Holzströme in Österreich 2018 AU - Strimitzer, Lorenz AU - Höher, Martin AU - Nemestothy, Kasimir CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Austrian Energy Agency, Landwirtschaftskammer Österreich UR - https://www.klimaaktiv.at/erneuerbare/energieholz/holzstr_oesterr.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biogene Materialflüsse in Österreich. Derzeitiger Stand und Perspektiven für eine verstärkte stoffliche Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen in den Bereichen Biokunststoffe und Dämmstoffe AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Amtmann, Maria CY - Vienna DA - 2014/11// PY - 2014 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agricultural and forestry trade drives large share of tropical deforestation emissions AU - Pendrill, Florence AU - Persson, U. Martin AU - Godar, Javier AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Moran, Daniel AU - Schmidt, Sarah AU - Wood, Richard T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Deforestation, the second largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, is largely driven by expanding forestry and agriculture. However, despite agricultural expansion being increasingly driven by foreign demand, the links between deforestation and foreign demand for agricultural commodities have only been partially mapped. Here we present a pan-tropical quantification of carbon emissions from deforestation associated with the expansion of agriculture and forest plantations, and trace embodied emissions through global supply chains to consumers. We find that in the period 2010–2014, expansion of agriculture and tree plantations into forests across the tropics was associated with net emissions of approximately 2.6 gigatonnes carbon dioxide per year. Cattle and oilseed products account for over half of these emissions. Europe and China are major importers, and for many developed countries, deforestation emissions embodied in imports rival or exceed emissions from domestic agriculture. Depending on the trade model used, 29–39% of deforestation-related emissions were driven by international trade. This is substantially higher than the share of fossil carbon emissions embodied in trade, indicating that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change need to consider the role of international demand in driving deforestation. Additionally, we find that deforestation emissions are similar to, or larger than, other emissions in the carbon footprint of key forest-risk commodities. Similarly, deforestation emissions constitute a substantial share (˜15%) of the total carbon footprint of food consumption in EU countries. This highlights the need for consumption-based accounts to include emissions from deforestation, and for the implementation of policy measures that cross these international supply-chains if deforestation emissions are to be effectively reduced. DA - 2019/05/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.03.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 56 SP - 1 EP - 10 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 0959-3780 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Holzströme in Österreich, klimaaktiv AU - klimaaktiv DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.klimaaktiv.at/erneuerbare/energieholz/holzstr_oesterr.html Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - GRÜNER BERICHT 2018 GEMÄSS §9 DES LANDWIRTSCHAFTSGESETZES 59. BERICHT ÜBER DIE SITUATION DER ÖSTERREICHISCHEN LAND- UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT IM JAHR 2017 AU - BMNT DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus SN - 59. Auflage UR - https://gruenerbericht.at/cm4/jdownload/send/2-gr-bericht-terreich/1899-gb2018 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biokraftstoffe im Verkehrssektor 2020 AU - BMK CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 60 PB - Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität, Innovation und Technologie (BMK) ER - TY - RPRT TI - #Mission2030 - die Österreichsche Klima- und Energiestategie CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 64 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie ER - TY - CONF TI - Biomassepotentiale im Kontext von Bioökonomie und Energiewende AU - Dißauer, Christa T2 - 21. Österreichischer Biomassetag - Greening the Strategies C1 - Kufstein, Tirol, Österreich C3 - Bioenergy2020+ DA - 2018/11/06/ PY - 2018 ER - TY - CONF TI - Biomassepotentiale im Kontext von Bioökonomie und Energiewende AU - Dißauer, Christa T2 - Bioenergy221. Österreichischer Biomassetag - Greening the Strategies020+ C1 - Kufstein, Tirol, Österreich C3 - Bioenergy2020+ DA - 2018/11/06/ PY - 2018 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioenergie 2030 AU - Pfemeter, Chrisoph AU - Plank, Josef AU - Liptay, Peter CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Österreichischer Biomasse-Verband UR - https://www.biomasseverband.at/wp-content/uploads/Bioenergie_2030_klein.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - CONF TI - The greenhouse gas mitigation potential of biorefineries in Austria AU - Höltinger, Stefan AU - Kirchner, Mathias AU - Schmidt, Johannes AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Swedish Association of Energy Economics (SAEE) Conference, August 23-24, 2016 C1 - Luleå, Sweden C3 - Meeting Sweden's current and future energy challenges DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatially explicit techno-economic assessment of green biorefinery concepts AU - Höltinger, Stefan AU - Schmidt, Johannes AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining AB - Biorefineries are seen as a key component for the transition toward a resource-efficient, low-carbon bio-economy. The green biorefinery (GBR) concept is promoted in several countries to create business and employment opportunities in rural areas. It aims at providing alternative utilization pathways for surplus grassland areas by producing bioenergy, biomaterials, livestock feed, and organic acids. We have developed a spatially explicit, mixed integer programming model that maximizes total producer surpluses of GBR supply chains subject to resource endowments by selecting optimal plant locations and sizes. The model is applied to assess the economic viability of three GBR concepts compared to biogas plants. Impacts of uncertain model input parameters on model outputs are analyzed by Monte-Carlo simulations and regression analysis. The model results reveal that green biorefineries could utilize significantly more biomass than biogas plants, leading to higher regional feedstock prices. Furthermore, the Monte-Carlo simulation results demonstrate that the economic viability of green biorefineries mainly depends on the selected process layout and the prices of the main products. Under favorable market conditions GBRs are economically viable even without policy support measures with average profits between Ä15 and Ä115 t–1 feedstock input. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1002/bbb.1461 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 325 EP - 341 J2 - Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref LA - en SN - 1932-1031 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CC2BBE - Vulnerability of a bio-based economy to global climate change impact AU - Schmid, Erwin AU - Kirchner, Mathias AU - Leclère, David AU - Schipfer, Fabian AU - Streicher, Gerhard AU - Schmidt, Johannes AU - Deppermann, Andre AU - Havlík, Petr AU - Kranzl, Lukas DA - 2016/03/31/ PY - 2016 M3 - Publizierbarer Endbericht PB - ACRP - Austrian Climate Research Program SN - KR12AC5K01355 UR - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/20160810CC2BBEACRP5EBB286285KR12AC5K01355.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Expanding biomaterial production – potential rebound and side effects AU - Streicher, Gerhard AU - Kirchner, Mathias AU - Leclère, David AU - Schipfer, Fabian AU - Schmid, Erwin AU - Deppermann, Andre AU - Schmidt, Johannes T2 - Annual Meeting of the Austrian Economic Association (NOeG) at Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) C1 - Vienna, Austria C3 - NOeG 2020 DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem services and economic development in Austrian agricultural landscapes — The impact of policy and climate change scenarios on trade-offs and synergies AU - Kirchner, Mathias AU - Schmidt, Johannes AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Kulmer, Veronika AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Prettenthaler, Franz AU - Rüdisser, Johannes AU - Schauppenlehner, Thomas AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Strauss, Franziska AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Ecological Economics AB - We have developed an integrated modeling framework (IMF) to quantify indicators for ecosystem services (ES) and economic development (ED) in agricultural landscapes. Austria serves as a case study in which impacts, trade-offs, and synergies of ES and ED are assessed for different agricultural policy pathways and regional climate change scenarios. Agricultural intensification and incentivized use of provisioning ES (e.g. biomass production) lead to higher macro-economic output (e.g. GDP) but usually reduce ES related to regulation and maintenance (e.g. ecological integrity, climate regulation), as well as cultural services (landscape diversity). We revealed both synergies for certain ES (e.g. biomass production and soil organic carbon stocks) as well as large spatial deviations from the national mean across the heterogeneous agricultural landscapes in Austria. Climate change scenarios (i) lead to substantial variation in ES and ED indicators and (ii) usually amplify trade-offs by stimulating land use intensification. Our findings depict the complex relationship between different ES and ED indicators as well as the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity and regional climate change. This assessment can help to improve targeting of agri-environmental schemes in order to provide a more balanced and efficient supply of ES and to foster rural development. DA - 2015/01/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 109 SP - 161 EP - 174 J2 - Ecological Economics LA - en SN - 0921-8009 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biokraftstoffe im Verkehrssektor 2019 AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus ER - TY - CASE TI - Erneuerbare Energie AU - Europäische Union AB - Richtlinie (EU) 2018/2001 zur Förderung der Nutzung von Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen DA - 2018/12/24/ PY - 2018 LA - Deutsch UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L2001&from=DE ER - TY - RPRT TI - Advanced Biofuels – Potential for Cost Reduction AU - IEA Bioenergy DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 88 LA - en PB - IEA Bioenerg ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Ravindranath, N. H. AU - Berndes, Göran AU - Bolwig, Simon AU - Bright, Ryan AU - Cherubini, Francesco AU - Chum, Helena AU - Corbera, Esteve AU - Delucchi, Mark AU - Faaij, Andre AU - Fargione, Joseph AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Heath, Garvin AU - Lucon, Oswaldo AU - Plevin, Richard AU - Popp, Alexander AU - Robledo‐Abad, Carmenza AU - Rose, Steven AU - Smith, Pete AU - Stromman, Anders AU - Suh, Sangwon AU - Masera, Omar T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, land-use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-the-art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100–300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245 EJ yr−1 to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200 EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2° degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12205 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 916 EP - 944 LA - en SN - 1757-1707 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security? AU - Frank, Stefan AU - Havlík, Petr AU - Soussana, Jean-François AU - Levesque, Antoine AU - Valin, Hugo AU - Wollenberg, Eva AU - Kleinwechter, Ulrich AU - Fricko, Oliver AU - Gusti, Mykola AU - Herrero, Mario AU - Smith, Pete AU - Hasegawa, Tomoko AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Obersteiner, Michael T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - To keep global warming possibly below 1.5 °C and mitigate adverse effects of climate change, agriculture, like all other sectors, will have to contribute to efforts in achieving net negative emissions by the end of the century. Cost-efficient distribution of mitigation across regions and economic sectors is typically calculated using a global uniform carbon price in climate stabilization scenarios. However, in reality such a carbon price would substantially affect food availability. Here, we assess the implications of climate change mitigation in the land use sector for agricultural production and food security using an integrated partial equilibrium modelling framework and explore ways of relaxing the competition between mitigation in agriculture and food availability. Using a scenario that limits global warming cost-efficiently across sectors to 1.5 °C, results indicate global food calorie losses ranging from 110–285 kcal per capita per day in 2050 depending on the applied demand elasticities. This could translate into a rise in undernourishment of 80–300 million people in 2050. Less ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in the land use sector reduces the associated food security impact significantly, however the 1.5 °C target would not be achieved without additional reductions outside the land use sector. Efficiency of GHG mitigation will also depend on the level of participation globally. Our results show that if non-Annex-I countries decide not to contribute to mitigation action while other parties pursue their mitigation efforts to reach the global climate target, food security impacts in these non-Annex-I countries will be higher than if they participate in a global agreement, as inefficient mitigation increases agricultural production costs and therefore food prices. Land-rich countries with a high proportion of emissions from land use change, such as Brazil, could reduce emissions with only a marginal effect on food availability. In contrast, agricultural mitigation in high population (density) countries, such as China and India, would lead to substantial food calorie loss without a major contribution to global GHG mitigation. Increasing soil carbon sequestration on agricultural land would allow reducing the implied calorie loss by 65% when sticking to the initially estimated land use mitigation requirements, thereby limiting the impact on undernourishment to 20–75 million people, and storing significant amounts of carbon in soils. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83 DP - Institute of Physics VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 105004 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Large-scale bioenergy production: how to resolve sustainability trade-offs? AU - Humpenöder, Florian AU - Popp, Alexander AU - Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon AU - Weindl, Isabelle AU - Biewald, Anne AU - Lotze-Campen, Hermann AU - Dietrich, Jan Philipp AU - Klein, David AU - Kreidenweis, Ulrich AU - Müller, Christoph AU - Rolinski, Susanne AU - Stevanovic, Miodrag T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2018/02/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aa9e3b DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 024011 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Correcting a fundamental error in greenhouse gas accounting related to bioenergy AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Sprinz, Detlef AU - Bonazountas, Marc AU - Cocco, Pierluigi AU - Desaubies, Yves AU - Henze, Mogens AU - Hertel, Ole AU - Johnson, Richard K. AU - Kastrup, Ulrike AU - Laconte, Pierre AU - Lange, Eckart AU - Novak, Peter AU - Paavola, Jouni AU - Reenberg, Anette AU - van den Hove, Sybille AU - Vermeire, Theo AU - Wadhams, Peter AU - Searchinger, Timothy T2 - Energy Policy AB - Many international policies encourage a switch from fossil fuels to bioenergy based on the premise that its use would not result in carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Frequently cited bioenergy goals would at least double the present global human use of plant material, the production of which already requires the dedication of roughly 75% of vegetated lands and more than 70% of water withdrawals. However, burning biomass for energy provision increases the amount of carbon in the air just like burning coal, oil or gas if harvesting the biomass decreases the amount of carbon stored in plants and soils, or reduces carbon sequestration. Neglecting this fact results in an accounting error that could be corrected by considering that only the use of ‘additional biomass’ – biomass from additional plant growth or biomass that would decompose rapidly if not used for bioenergy – can reduce carbon emissions. Failure to correct this accounting flaw will likely have substantial adverse consequences. The article presents recommendations for correcting greenhouse gas accounts related to bioenergy. DA - 2012/06/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 45 SP - 18 EP - 23 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Opinion: Reconsidering bioenergy given the urgency of climate protection AU - DeCicco, John M. AU - Schlesinger, William H. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - The use of bioenergy has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by policies partly premised on the belief that bioenergy can contribute to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions mitigation. However, the experience with bioenergy production and the pressure it places on land, water, biodiversity, and other natural resources has raised questions about its merits. Recent studies offer a lesson: Bioenergy must be evaluated by addressing both the stocks and flows of the carbon cycle. Doing so clarifies that increasing the rate of carbon uptake in the biosphere is a necessary condition for atmospheric benefit, even before considering production-related lifecycle emissions and leakage effects due to land-use change. To maximize the role of the biosphere in mitigation, we must focus on and start with measurably raising rates of net carbon uptake on land—rather than seeking to use biomass for energy. The most ecologically sound, economical, and scalable ways to accomplish that task are by protecting and enhancing natural climate sinks. Rather than prioritizing bioenergy production, researchers and policymakers should pursue carbon management initiatives such as the reforestation project pictured here. Such efforts are much more likely to significantly reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the near and medium term. Image courtesy of Lisa M. Dellwo (photographer). Hence, a major reprioritization of climate-related research, policy, and investment is urgently required, a move away from bioenergy and toward terrestrial carbon management (TCM). Researchers and policymakers must pursue actionable mitigation approaches that have the best chance of significantly reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the near and medium term. When the biosphere is engaged, the emphasis should shift toward large-scale natural climate solutions, including the protection, restoration, and enhancement of forests and other terrestrial carbon sinks. As energy researchers and policy analysts have confronted the global warming problem over the past several decades, industrial-scale … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: DeCicco{at}umich.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1 DA - 2018/09/25/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1814120115 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 115 IS - 39 SP - 9642 EP - 9645 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 N1 -

publisher: National Academy of Sciences
section: Opinion
PMID: 30254086

ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 2: Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5°C in the context of sustainable development AU - Rogelj, Joeri AU - Shindell, Drew AU - Jiang, Kejun AU - Fifita, Solomone AU - Forster, Piers AU - Ginzburg, Veronika AU - Handa, Collins AU - Kheshgi, Haroon AU - Kobayashi, Shigeki AU - Kriegler, Elmar AU - Mundaca, Luis AU - Séférian, Roland AU - Vilariño, Maria Virgini T2 - Global Warming of 1.5 °C an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Google Scholar PB - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change N1 -

publisher: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land use change and carbon emissions of a transformation to timber cities AU - Mishra, Abhijeet AU - Humpenöder, Florian AU - Churkina, Galina AU - Reyer, Christopher P. O. AU - Beier, Felicitas AU - Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon AU - Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim AU - Lotze-Campen, Hermann AU - Popp, Alexander T2 - Nature Communications AB - Using engineered wood for construction has been discussed for climate change mitigation. It remains unclear where and in which way the additional demand for wooden construction material shall be fulfilled. Here we assess the global and regional impacts of increased demand for engineered wood on land use and associated CO2 emissions until 2100 using an open-source land system model. We show that if 90% of the new urban population would be housed in newly built urban mid-rise buildings with wooden constructions, 106 Gt of additional CO2 could be saved by 2100. Forest plantations would need to expand by up to 149 Mha by 2100 and harvests from unprotected natural forests would increase. Our results indicate that expansion of timber plantations for wooden buildings is possible without major repercussions on agricultural production. Strong governance and careful planning are required to ensure a sustainable transition to timber cities even if frontier forests and biodiversity hotspots are protected. DA - 2022/08/30/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1038/s41467-022-32244-w VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 4889 J2 - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effective bioeconomy? a MRIO-based socioeconomic and environmental impact assessment of generic sectoral innovations AU - Asada, Raphael AU - Cardellini, Giuseppe AU - Mair-Bauernfeind, Claudia AU - Wenger, Julia AU - Haas, Verena AU - Holzer, Daniel AU - Stern, Tobias T2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change AB - The European Commission (EC) expects a bioeconomic transition to have both environmental and socioeconomic benefits. While bioeconomic impact assessments exist, they usually focus on a particular sustainability dimension and on specific products or technologies. To draw a more holistic picture, this paper aims to analyze the substitution impacts of four bioeconomic innovations in terms of policy objectives as formulated by the EC. We estimated the indirect impacts resulting from a partial replacement of non-bio-based inputs with bio-based substitutes in the transport equipment, construction, textile, and chemical sectors. A multi-regional input-output (MRIO)-based approach was used to yield point estimates and uncertainty intervals. While our results point to a number of possible socioeconomic and environmental benefits, there is an astonishing diversity of outcomes across the scenarios with regard to their potentials and limitations to contribute to policy objectives. Decisions on future utilization paths of biomass will strongly influence the characteristics of an upcoming bioeconomy in terms of sustainability. Mere promotion of additional biomass use as a policy strategy is not sufficient to pursue the development of an effective bioeconomy capable to deliver “sustainable growth.” DA - 2020/04/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119946 VL - 153 SP - 119946 J2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change SN - 0040-1625 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Substitution impacts of wood-based textile fibers: Influence of market assumptions AU - Hurmekoski, Elias AU - Suuronen, Juulia AU - Ahlvik, Lassi AU - Kunttu, Janni AU - Myllyviita, Tanja T2 - Journal of Industrial Ecology AB - Abstract Wood products may help to avoid fossil emissions when they substitute for more fossil-intensive products. However, the estimates of avoided fossil emissions attributed to wood use tend to be based on incomplete market assumptions. Wood products are assumed to fully substitute for non-wood products, yet substitution rarely occurs 1:1 and wood products can also substitute for each other. This study outlines a systematic procedure grounded on economic theory for approximating the existence and rate of substitution between wood and non-wood products, and calculates the marginal avoided fossil emissions with both conventional assumptions and more realistic assumptions based on an expert survey, taking the case of textile markets. The results suggest that regenerated cellulosic fibers (RCFs) are not perfect substitutes for synthetic fibers, meaning that part of an additional RCF supply will replace established textile fibers while part of it merely adds to the overall textile supply, and thereby aggregate fossil emissions. Moreover, in the long term, RCFs are more likely to substitute for synthetics than for cotton, and in the short term, non-viscose RCFs are more likely to substitute for contemporary viscose than for polyester or cotton. In the specified case, the alteration of market assumptions leads to quadrupling the marginal substitution impacts of wood use. Besides the relatively high fossil intensity of contemporary viscose, this is partly explained by increased absolute aggregate fossil emissions. Producing a more realistic account of substitution processes in the forest products markets is central in directing investments that ensure a net reduction in fossil emissions. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1111/jiec.13297 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 1564 EP - 1577 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jiec.13297

ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change AU - Hetemäki, Lauri AU - Kangas, Jyrki AU - Peltola, Heli DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 PB - Springer Cham SN - 978-3-030-99206-4 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Buildings as a global carbon sink AU - Churkina, Galina AU - Organschi, Alan AU - Reyer, Christopher P. O. AU - Ruff, Andrew AU - Vinke, Kira AU - Liu, Zhu AU - Reck, Barbara K. AU - Graedel, T. E. AU - Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim T2 - Nature Sustainability DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 269 EP - 276 J2 - Nat Sustain LA - en SN - 2398-9629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Have product substitution carbon benefits been overestimated? A sensitivity analysis of key assumptions AU - Harmon, Mark E T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2019/06/21/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab1e95 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 065008 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

number: 6

ER - TY - JOUR TI - GHG displacement factors of harvested wood products: the myth of substitution AU - Leturcq, Philippe T2 - Scientific Reports AB - A common idea is that substituting wood for fossil fuels and energy intensive materials is a better strategy in mitigating climate change than storing more carbon in forests. This opinion remains highly questionable for at least two reasons. Firstly, the carbon footprints of wood-products are underestimated as far as the “biomass carbon neutrality” assumption is involved in their determination, as it is often the case. When taking into account the forest carbon dynamics consecutive to wood harvest, and the limited lifetime of products, these carbon footprints are time-dependent and their presumed values under the carbon neutrality assumption are achieved only in steady-state conditions. Secondly, even if carbon footprints are correctly assessed, the benefit of substitutions is overestimated when all or parts of the wood products are supposed to replace non-wood products whatever the market conditions. Indeed, substitutions are effective only if an increase in wood product consumption implies verifiably a global reduction in non-wood productions. When these flaws in the evaluation of wood substitution effects are avoided, one must conclude that increased harvesting and wood utilization may be counter-productive for climate change mitigation objectives, especially when wood is used as a fuel. DA - 2020/11/27/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-77527-8 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 20752 J2 - Scientific Reports SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Apparent Half-Life-Dynamics of Harvested Wood Products (HWPs) in Austria: Development and analysis of weighted time-series for 2002 to 2011 AU - Braun, Martin AU - Winner, Georg AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Stern, Tobias T2 - Forest Policy and Economics DA - 2016/02/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2015.11.008 VL - 63 SP - 28 EP - 34 J2 - Forest Policy and Economics SN - 1389-9341 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of lignocellulosic biorefineries in Germany using a hybrid LCA multi‐objective optimization model AU - Budzinski, Maik AU - Cavalett, Otávio AU - Nitzsche, Roy AU - Strømman, Anders Hammer T2 - Journal of Industrial Ecology DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/jiec.12857 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 1172 EP - 1185 J2 - Journal of Industrial Ecology LA - en SN - 1088-1980, 1530-9290 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction AU - Ramage, Michael H. AU - Burridge, Henry AU - Busse-Wicher, Marta AU - Fereday, George AU - Reynolds, Thomas AU - Shah, Darshil U. AU - Wu, Guanglu AU - Yu, Li AU - Fleming, Patrick AU - Densley-Tingley, Danielle AU - Allwood, Julian AU - Dupree, Paul AU - Linden, P.F. AU - Scherman, Oren T2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews DA - 2017/02// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 68 SP - 333 EP - 359 J2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews LA - en SN - 13640321 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forstwirtschaft und Holzverarbeitung AU - Wolf, Günter T2 - Branchen Bericht CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - Bank Austria ER - TY - RPRT TI - Machbarkeitsuntersuchung Methan aus Biomasse AU - Dißauer, C. AU - Rehling, B AU - Strasser, C. CY - Wieselburg DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 64 SN - 902 TR C410580 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Very Tall Wooden Buildings with Cross Laminated Timber AU - Kuilen, J.W.G.Van De AU - Ceccotti, A. AU - Xia, Zhouyan AU - He, Minjuan T2 - Procedia Engineering DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.204 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 14 SP - 1621 EP - 1628 J2 - Procedia Engineering LA - en SN - 18777058 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi‐storey wood‐frame buildings in Germany, Sweden and the UK AU - Mahapatra, Krushna AU - Gustavsson, Leif AU - Hemström, Kerstin T2 - Construction Innovation DA - 2012/01/13/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1108/14714171211197508 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 62 EP - 85 J2 - Construction Innovation LA - en SN - 1471-4175 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retrofit as a carbon sink: The carbon storage potentials of the EU housing stock AU - Pittau, Francesco AU - Lumia, Gabriele AU - Heeren, Niko AU - Iannaccone, Giuliana AU - Habert, Guillaume T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production DA - 2019/03// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.304 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 214 SP - 365 EP - 376 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 09596526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of future availabilities of recovered wood from Austrian residential buildings AU - Kalcher, Jasmin AU - Praxmarer, Gabriel AU - Teischinger, Alfred T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling DA - 2017/08// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 123 SP - 143 EP - 152 J2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling LA - en SN - 09213449 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ergebnisbericht des Projekts Hochbauten als Wertstoffquelle AU - Kleemann, F AU - Lederer, J AU - Fellner, J A2 - MD Stadtbaudirektion A2 - TU Wien A2 - MA 22 CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 M3 - Ergebnisbericht UR - https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_238867.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Kartierung des anthropogenen Lagers in Deutschland zur Optimierung der Sekundärrohstoffwirtschaft AU - Schiller, G AU - Ortlepp, R AU - Krauß, N AU - Steger, S AU - Schütz, H AU - Acosta Fernández, J AU - Reichenbach, J AU - Wagner, J AU - Baumann, J CY - Dessau-Roßlau DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 315 LA - de SN - 002211 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/texte_83_2015_kartierung_des_anthropogenen_lagers.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wooden buildings as carbon storages – Mitigation or oration? AU - Heräjärvi, Henrik T2 - Wood Material Science & Engineering DA - 2019/09/03/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/17480272.2019.1635205 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 291 EP - 297 J2 - Wood Material Science & Engineering SN - 1748-0272 N1 -

publisher: Taylor & Francis

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meta-analysis of greenhouse gas displacement factors of wood product substitution AU - Sathre, Roger AU - O’Connor, Jennifer T2 - Environmental Science & Policy DA - 2010/04// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2009.12.005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 104 EP - 114 J2 - Environmental Science & Policy LA - en SN - 14629011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon, Fossil Fuel, and Biodiversity Mitigation With Wood and Forests AU - Oliver, Chadwick Dearing AU - Nassar, Nedal T. AU - Lippke, Bruce R. AU - McCarter, James B. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2014/04/03/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1080/10549811.2013.839386 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 248 EP - 275 J2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry SN - 1054-9811 N1 -

publisher: Taylor & Francis

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon dynamics and GHG implications of increasing wood construction: long-term scenarios for residential buildings in Austria AU - Kalt, Gerald T2 - Carbon Management DA - 2018/05/04/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/17583004.2018.1469948 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 265 EP - 275 J2 - Carbon Management LA - en SN - 1758-3004, 1758-3012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cascade utilization of biomass: strategies for a more efficient use of a scarce resource AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Geissler, Susanne T2 - Ecological Engineering DA - 2000/12// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00059-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 16 SP - 111 EP - 121 J2 - Ecological Engineering LA - en SN - 09258574 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon accounting of material substitution with biomass: Case studies for Austria investigated with IPCC default and alternative approaches AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Höher, Martin AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Schipfer, Fabian AU - Kranzl, Lukas T2 - Environmental Science & Policy DA - 2016/10// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.022 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 64 SP - 155 EP - 163 J2 - Environmental Science & Policy LA - en SN - 14629011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extent and costs of forest-based climate change mitigation in Germany: accounting for substitution AU - Bösch, Matthias AU - Elsasser, Peter AU - Rock, Joachim AU - Weimar, Holger AU - Dieter, Matthias T2 - Carbon Management AB - The objective of this study is to quantify the contribution of the German forestry to climate change mitigation and to calculate the associated costs at the national level. For that, the forest and harvested wood products carbon pools are considered as well as energy and material substitution. We compare five different scenarios, each referring to an alternative level of timber harvests (due to changing rotation lengths or setting aside of forest areas). The study shows that enhancing the use of wood products at the expense of other materials, such as steel, plastic or concrete, can have a substantial impact on the overall carbon balance. DA - 2019/03/04/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/17583004.2018.1560194 DP - Crossref VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 127 EP - 134 LA - en SN - 1758-3004, 1758-3012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential Roles of Swedish Forestry in the Context of Climate Change Mitigation AU - Lundmark, Tomas AU - Bergh, Johan AU - Hofer, Peter AU - Lundström, Anders AU - Nordin, Annika AU - Poudel, Bishnu AU - Sathre, Roger AU - Taverna, Ruedi AU - Werner, Frank T2 - Forests DA - 2014/03/26/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.3390/f5040557 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 557 EP - 578 J2 - Forests LA - en SN - 1999-4907 ER - TY - JOUR TI - National and global greenhouse gas dynamics of different forest management and wood use scenarios: a model-based assessment AU - Werner, Frank AU - Taverna, Ruedi AU - Hofer, Peter AU - Thürig, Esther AU - Kaufmann, Edgar T2 - Environmental Science & Policy DA - 2010/02// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2009.10.004 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 72 EP - 85 J2 - Environmental Science & Policy LA - en SN - 14629011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse Gas Dynamics of an Increased Use of Wood in Buildings in Switzerland AU - Werner, Frank AU - Taverna, Ruedi AU - Hofer, Peter AU - Richter, Klaus T2 - Climatic Change DA - 2006/01// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1007/s10584-006-0427-2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 74 IS - 1-3 SP - 319 EP - 347 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biorefineries' impacts on the Austrian forest sector: A system dynamics approach AU - Stern, Tobias AU - Ledl, Caroline AU - Braun, Martin AU - Hesser, Franziska AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter T2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change DA - 2015/02// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.techfore.2014.04.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 91 SP - 311 EP - 326 J2 - Technological Forecasting and Social Change LA - en SN - 00401625 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Aktionsplan zur stofflichen Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe - Auf dem Weg zur ressourcenschonenden und biobasierten Wirtschaft AU - Strimitzer, Lorenz AU - Höher, Martin AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Bruckner, A AU - Schmidl, J CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 92 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of cascade use on the carbon balance of the German and European wood sectors AU - Brunet-Navarro, Pau AU - Jochheim, Hubert AU - Kroiher, Franz AU - Muys, Bart T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.135 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 170 SP - 137 EP - 146 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 09596526 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ERA-NET Wood Wisdom: Cascading Recovered Wood – Verwertbarkeit von Holz aus dem Sekundärwald AU - Teischinger, Alfred AU - Kalcher, Jasmin CY - Tulln an der Donau DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 119 LA - de ER - TY - RPRT TI - Holzbauanteil in Österreich: Statistische Erhebung von Hochbauvorhaben AU - Stingl, R AU - Zukal, M AU - Teischinger, Alfred CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 23 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holzbauanteil in Niederösterreich - Studie und Ansätze zur Erfassung der Wertschöpfung AU - Teischinger, Alfred AU - Stingl, R AU - Stanek, R T2 - Lignovisionen DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 VL - 21 SP - 90 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Holzaufkommen und Verwertung von Holzabfällen in Österreich AU - Höher, Martin AU - Strimitzer, Lorenz CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 32 LA - de PB - Österreichische Energieagentur - Austrian Energy Agency ER - TY - RPRT TI - Die Bestandsaufnahme der Abfallwirtschaft in Österreich. Statusbericht 2019 AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 138 LA - de UR - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/dam/jcr:1bb2560d-908b-48ae-8bce-5f1aa6d77ac3/BAWP_Statusbericht_2020.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyse der Motive österreichischer Kleinwaldeigentümer als Schlüssel für die Holzmobilisierung AU - Huber, Wolfgang AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Stern, Tobias T2 - Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen AB - Analysis of Austrian small forest owners′ motivation as a key to wood mobilisation The largest potential to mobilise unused wood reserves in Austria is from small private forest owners (holdings under 200 ha). Small forest owners who participate in wood markets have shown high supply elasticity with respect to the sawlog price. Due to the ongoing structural change in agriculture the share of owners whose forest management is economically motivated is expected to fall. However, many of the small forest owners are very concerned to look after their forest well, although the understanding of what constitutes a clean and healthy forest can differ widely. Their objectives and motives were investigated by qualitative social research methods. Among respondents that did not have any forest related education or background the phenomenon known as “forest gardening” was observed. These people looked at and managed their forest with objectives and motives usually associated with private gardens. Overall, five different action patterns related to forest management were distinguished. Understanding the goals and motivation of small forest owners gives insight into the potential effectiveness of different wood mobilisation measures. Especially among inexperienced small forest owners, the offer of information, motivation and service is welcome. “Dialogue marketing” is an appropriate communication tool. New information channels, such as Facebook, should be used more to motivate small forest owners to manage their forests sustainably and produce more wood. DA - 2013/09/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.3188/szf.2013.0278 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 164 IS - 9 SP - 278 EP - 284 LA - en SN - 0036-7818, 2235-1469 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ergänzung der einzelbetrieblichen Auswertungen im Testbetriebsnetz des Kleinwaldes und Unterlagen für Betriebsvergleiche AU - Sekot, Walter AU - Toscani, Philipp DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forsatwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pathways of lignocellulosic biomass conversion to renewable fuels AU - Nanda, Sonil AU - Mohammad, Javeed AU - Reddy, Sivamohan N. AU - Kozinski, Janusz A. AU - Dalai, Ajay K. T2 - Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s13399-013-0097-z DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 157 EP - 191 J2 - Biomass Conv. Bioref. LA - en SN - 2190-6815, 2190-6823 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestry biorefineries AU - Stafford, W. AU - De Lange, W. AU - Nahman, A. AU - Chunilall, V. AU - Lekha, P. AU - Andrew, J. AU - Johakimu, J. AU - Sithole, B. AU - Trotter, D. T2 - Renewable Energy DA - 2020/07// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.renene.2020.02.002 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 154 SP - 461 EP - 475 J2 - Renewable Energy LA - en SN - 09601481 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biorefineries in circular bioeconomy: A comprehensive review AU - Ubando, Aristotle T. AU - Felix, Charles B. AU - Chen, Wei-Hsin T2 - Bioresource Technology DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122585 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 299 SP - 122585 J2 - Bioresource Technology LA - en SN - 09608524 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The development of forest-based biorefineries: implications for market behavior and policy AU - Söderholm, P AU - Lundmark, R T2 - Forest Products Journal DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - 59 IS - 1-2 SP - 6 EP - 16 LA - en ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forest bioenergy outlook AU - Hänninen, Riitta AU - Mutanen, Antti T2 - Future of the European forest-based sector. Structural changes towards bioeconomy T3 - What science can tell us CY - Joensuu DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 6 SP - 33 EP - 41 LA - en SN - 978-952-5980-17-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Circular Bioeconomy—Concepts, Opportunities, and Limitations AU - Carus, Michael AU - Dammer, Lara T2 - Industrial Biotechnology DA - 2018/04/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1089/ind.2018.29121.mca DP - liebertpub.com (Atypon) VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 83 EP - 91 J2 - Industrial Biotechnology SN - 1550-9087 N1 -

publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green, circular, bio economy: A comparative analysis of sustainability avenues AU - D'Amato, D. AU - Droste, N. AU - Allen, B. AU - Kettunen, M. AU - Lähtinen, K. AU - Korhonen, J. AU - Leskinen, P. AU - Matthies, B. D. AU - Toppinen, A. T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Despite their evidently different assumptions and operationalization strategies, the concepts of Circular Economy, Green Economy and Bioeconomy are joined by the common ideal to reconcile economic, environmental and social goals. The three concepts are currently mainstreamed in academia and policy making as key sustainability avenues, but a comparative analysis of such concepts is missing. The aim of this article is thus to comprehensively analyse the diversity within and between such concepts. The results are drawn from a bibliometric review of almost two thousand scientific articles published within the last three decades, coupled with a conceptual analysis. We find that, for what concerns environmental sustainability, Green Economy acts as an ‘umbrella’ concept, including elements from Circular Economy and Bioeconomy concepts (e.g. eco-efficiency; renewables), as well as additional ideas, e.g. nature-based solutions. In particular, Circular Economy and Bioeconomy are resource-focused, whereas in principle Green Economy acknowledges the underpinning role of all ecological processes. Regarding the social dimension, Green Economy is more inclusive of some aspects at local level (e.g. eco-tourism, education), while there is an emerging discussion in Bioeconomy literature around local processes in terms of biosecurity and rural policies. When considering weak/strong sustainability visions, all concepts remain limited in questioning economic growth. By comparing the different sustainability strategies promoted by these concepts we do not advocate for their substitutability, but for their clarification and reciprocal integration. The findings are discussed in light of the concepts' synergies and limits, with the purpose to inform research and policy implementation. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.053 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 168 SP - 716 EP - 734 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The circular economy and the bioeconomy - Partners in sustainability AU - EEA CY - Luxembourg DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 M3 - EEA Report PB - European Environment Agency SN - No 8/2018 N1 -

ISBN 978-92-9213-975-9
DOI:10.2800/00956

ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Circular Bioeconomy with Biobased Products from CO2 Sequestration AU - Venkata Mohan, S. AU - Modestra, J. Annie AU - Amulya, K. AU - Butti, Sai Kishore AU - Velvizhi, G. T2 - Trends in Biotechnology AB - The unprecedented climate change influenced by elevated concentrations of CO2 has compelled the research world to focus on CO2 sequestration. Although existing natural and anthropogenic CO2 sinks have proven valuable, their ability to further assimilate CO2 is now questioned. Thus, we highlight here the importance of biological sequestration methods as alternate and viable routes for mitigating climate change while simultaneously synthesizing value-added products that could sustainably fuel the circular bioeconomy. Four conceptual models for CO2 biosequestration and the synthesis of biobased products, as well as an integrated CO2 biorefinery model, are proposed. Optimizing and implementing this biorefinery model might overcome the limitations of existing sequestration methods and could help realign the carbon balance. DA - 2016/06/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.012 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 506 EP - 519 J2 - Trends in Biotechnology LA - en SN - 0167-7799 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemicals from biomass: technological versus environmental feasibility. A review AU - Fiorentino, Gabriella AU - Ripa, Maddalena AU - Ulgiati, Sergio T2 - Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining AB - The production of chemicals from renewable feedstocks is becoming an attractive area of investment for industries in the framework of a more sustainable economy. From a technical point of view, a large fraction of industrial chemicals and materials from fossil resources can be replaced by their bio-based counterparts. Nevertheless, fossil-based chemistry is still dominant because of optimized production processes and lower costs. The best approach to maximize the valorization of biomass is the processing of biological feedstocks in integrated biorefineries where both bio-based chemicals and energy carriers can be produced, similar to a traditional petroleum refinery. The challenge is to prove, together with the technical and economic feasibility, an environmental feasibility, in terms of lower impact over the entire production chain. In this review, potential renewable substrates, conversion pathways, and target molecules are carefully investigated with reference to the most recent technological advancements. Potential environmental impacts and benefits over the life cycle of products are also reviewed. While an economic and technical feasibility can be, and sometimes has been already, reached, the same is not true yet for environmental feasibility, where several issues still need to be explored and the risk for burden shift is not negligible. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the opportunities and constraints related to the transition from petroleum to biomass chemistry and to draw a roadmap of the most sustainable technologies and promising biomass value chains, screening in parallel their environmental implications, toward a market implementation of bio-based chemistry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/bbb.1729 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 195 EP - 214 LA - en SN - 1932-1031 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advanced biomaterials scenarios for the EU28 up to 2050 and their respective biomass demand AU - Schipfer, Fabian AU - Kranzl, Lukas AU - Leclère, David AU - Sylvain, Leduc AU - Forsell, Nicklas AU - Valin, Hugo T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - In order to reach sustainable development, the EU plans to expand the production of renewable resources and their conversion into food, feed, biobased products and bioenergy. Therefore also advanced biobased products like e.g. polymers are discussed to substitute their fossil based counterparts which are highly relevant commodities in terms of volumes. The present paper aims to assess the magnitudes of possible substitution shares as well as their implications on biomass demand in the EU28. Therefore scenarios are calculated based on a top-down estimation of current fossil based- and a literature analysis on biobased capacities, respective expectations and targets. Demands for biogenic building blocks are derived using conversion efficiencies and finally energy contents of underlying biogenic carbon carriers are calculated which could be deployed either for energy or material utilisation. We find lowest substitution potentials for biobased surfactants and highest for biodegradable polymers as well as potentials in a same order of magnitude for more durable polymers and biobased bitumen. Compared to average literature estimates for moderate and ambitious bioenergy scenarios, material utilisation could reach up to 4% and 11% shares in 2050 in a joint biobased subsector respectively. However, our scenarios are based on relatively poor data availability. Clearer definitions of products and feedstocks are needed, official monitoring has to be implemented, EU wide substitution targets must be set and pre-treatment and conversion technologies have to be introduced and diffused if we want to discuss and trigger climate change mitigation effects of this bioeconomy subsector in the upcoming decades. DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.11.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 96 SP - 19 EP - 27 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy SN - 0961-9534 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioplastics market development update 2019 AU - European Bioplastics CY - Berlin DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019 PB - European Bioplastics UR - https://www.european-bioplastics.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Report_Bioplastics-Market-Data_2019_short_version.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Good, the Bad and the Uncertain: Bioenergy Use in the European Union AU - Philippidis, George AU - Bartelings, Heleen AU - Helming, John AU - M’barek, Robert AU - Smeets, Edward AU - Van Meijl, Hans T2 - Energies AB - As the EU is moving towards a low carbon economy and seeks to further develop its renewable energy policy, this paper quantitatively investigates the impact of plausible energy market reforms from the perspective of bio-renewables. Employing a state-of-the-art biobased variant of a computable general equilibrium model, this study assesses the perceived medium-term benefits, risks and trade-offs which arise from an advanced biofuels plan, two exploratory scenarios of a more ‘sustainable’ conventional biofuels plan and a ‘no-mandate’ scenario. Consistent with more recent studies, none of the scenarios considered present significant challenges to EU food-security or agricultural land usage. An illustrative advanced biofuels plan simulation requires non-trivial public support to implement whilst a degree of competition for biomass with (high-value) advanced biomass material industries is observed. On the other hand, it significantly alleviates land use pressures, whilst lignocellulose biomass prices are not expected to increase to unsustainable levels. Clearly, these observations are subject to assumptions on technological change, sustainable biomass limits, expected trends in fossil fuel prices and EU access to third-country trade. With these same caveats in mind, the switch to increased bioethanol production does not result in significant market tensions in biomass markets. DA - 2018/10// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/en11102703 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 2703 LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - Socioeconomic Indicators to Monitor the EU’s Bioeconomy in Transition AU - Ronzon, Tévécia AU - M’Barek, Robert T2 - Sustainability AB - The monitoring of the European bioeconomy is hampered by a lack of statistics on emergent and partially bio-based sectors. In this study, we complete the picture of the bioeconomy in the European Union (EU) by first estimating a set of socioeconomic indicators in missing sectors. Second, we identify four broad bioeconomy patterns within the EU that differ according to the specialisation of Member States’ labour markets in the bioeconomy (location quotient) and according to the apparent labour productivity of their bioeconomies. The patterns are geographically distributed in (i) Eastern Member States and Greece and Portugal; (ii) Central and Baltic Member States; (iii) Western Member States; and (iv) Northern Member States. They are strongly related to the level of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Member States, and to their political histories (e.g., their year of accession to the EU, and the existence and maturity of their bioeconomy strategies). Within each group, diversity exists in terms of sectoral bioeconomy development. Third, we examine temporal dynamics over the period 2008–2015, stressing with the cases of Slovenia, Portugal, Greece and Finland that a transition from one group to another is possible. Finally, we take a closer look at the East–West bioeconomy disparities within Europe and suggest measures to promote EU bioeconomies. DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/su10061745 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 1745 LA - en ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe AU - EC CY - Brussels DA - 2012/02/13/ PY - 2012 M3 - Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions PB - European Commission SN - COM(2012) 60 final ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-annual Implementation Plan of the new EU Forest Strategy - COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT AU - EC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/10102/2015/EN/10102-2015-164-EN-F1-1.PDF ER - TY - RPRT TI - A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment - Updated Bioeconomy Strategy AU - EC CY - Brussels DA - 2018/10/11/ PY - 2018 M3 - Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions PB - European Union SN - COM(2018) 673 final N1 -

issue: COM(2018) 673 final

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bioeconomy: the European way to use natural resources, Action plan AU - EC CN - ISBN 978-92-79-97443-4 CY - Luxenbourg DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 26 PB - European Union ER - TY - RPRT TI - The European Green Deal AU - EC CY - Brussels DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 LA - en PB - European Commission SN - COM(2019) 640 final vom 11.12.2019 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=EN ER - TY - RPRT TI - A new Circular Economy Action Plan - For a cleaner and more competitive Europe AU - EC CY - Brussels DA - 2020/11/03/ PY - 2020 M3 - Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions SN - COM(2020) 98 final UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:9903b325-6388-11ea-b735-01aa75ed71a1.0017.02/DOC_1&format=PDF ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nachhaltige Bioökonomie in Brandenburg Biobasierte Wertschöpfung – regional und innovativ AU - Rupp, Johannes AU - Bluhm, Hannes AU - Hirschl, Bernd AU - Grundmann, Philip AU - Mayer-Aurich, Andreas AU - Huwe, Vivienne AU - Luxen, Philip CY - Potsdam DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 80 LA - de UR - https://mluk.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/Nachhaltige-Biooekonomie.pdf Y2 - 2021/11/11/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Producing Bio-Based Bulk Chemicals Using Industrial Biotechnology Saves Energy and Combats Climate Change AU - Hermann, B. G. AU - Blok, K. AU - Patel, M. K. T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - The production of bulk chemicals from biomass can make a significant contribution to solving two of the most urgent environmental problems:  climate change and depletion of fossil energy. We analyzed current and future technology routes leading to 15 bulk chemicals using industrial biotechnology and calculated their CO2 emissions and fossil energy use. Savings of more than 100% in non-renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions are already possible with current state of the art biotechnology. Substantial further savings are possible for the future by improved fermentation and downstream processing. Worldwide CO2 savings in the range of 500−1000 million tons per year are possible using future technology. Industrial biotechnology hence offers excellent opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil energy sources and therefore has the potential to make inroads into the existing chemical industry. DA - 2007/11/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1021/es062559q DP - ACS Publications VL - 41 IS - 22 SP - 7915 EP - 7921 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. SN - 0013-936X N1 -

publisher: American Chemical Society

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bio-based plastics - A review of environmental, social and economic impact assessments AU - Spierling, Sebastian AU - Knüpffer, Eva AU - Behnsen, Hannah AU - Mudersbach, Marina AU - Krieg, Hannes AU - Springer, Sally AU - Albrecht, Stefan AU - Herrmann, Christoph AU - Endres, Hans-Josef T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Bio-based plastics show an evolving market and application range and therefore have become increasingly popular in research and economy. The limitation of fossil resources as well as linked environmental issues have led to the development of an innovative bioeconomy and also triggered the shift from fossil-based plastics to bio-based plastics. The original motivation for this study was to propose a comprehensive approach to calculate the sustainability performance of bio-based plastics on a global scale. To provide a calculative basis, a review on available data from life cycle assessment (LCA), social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) studies on bio-based plastics was carried out and showed limited availability of quantifiable results with regard to the social and economic performance of bio-based plastics. In environmental LCA, with the ISO-family and related documents, a group of harmonized standards and approaches does exist. However, missing practical and consented guidelines hamper the comparability of studies and the exploitability of data - not only within the bio-based plastic sector but also in comparison to the fossil-based counterparts. Therefore, a calculation for the global sustainability performance of bio-based plastics was merely conducted for the environmental impact category global warming potential. Taking the technical substitution potential of fossil-based with bio-based plastics as well as limitations in data availability into account the estimation was performed for a substitution of approximately two-thirds of the global plastic demand. The results show, that bio-based plastics could potentially save 241 to 316 Mio. t of CO2-eq. annually. Thereby this study gives a first outlook how bio-based plastics could contribute to a sustainable development, making benefits and drawbacks more tangible. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.014 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 185 SP - 476 EP - 491 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life Cycle Inventory and Impact Assessment Data for 2014 Ingeo™ Polylactide Production AU - Vink, Erwin T.H. AU - Davies, Steve T2 - Industrial Biotechnology AB - Ingeo polylactides are versatile biopolymers made from annually renewable resources and produced since 2001 by NatureWorks at what is now a 150,000 t/y facility in Blair, NE. NatureWorks published ecoprofile data for Ingeo production in 2003, 2007, and 2010. All the ecoprofiles were calculated using the Boustead Model, which has also been used by the European trade groupPlasticsEurope (Brussels) since the early 1990s. Since 2011, PlasticsEurope has been updating the ecoprofiles for major fossil-based polymers using different life cycle assessment (LCA) consultants and updated databases. To ensure consistency and ease of comparison, NatureWorks has just updated the Ingeo ecoprofile it published in 2010 using the GaBi (version 6.3) LCA software and the latest available databases. This paper provides a description of the Ingeo production system, the 2014 Ingeo ecoprofile, and the calculation and evaluation of different environmental indicators. The results for primary, nonrenewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions are compared with the latest available data for a selection of fossil-based polymers produced in Europe and the US. This work also discusses topics such as the value proposition of biobased materials, land use for Ingeo production, land-use change, and water use, and also provides remarks about the interpretation of some life cycle impact assessment indicators. DA - 2015/06/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1089/ind.2015.0003 DP - liebertpub.com (Atypon) VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 167 EP - 180 J2 - Industrial Biotechnology SN - 1550-9087 N1 -

number: 3
publisher: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers

ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Review of the Environmental Impacts of Biobased Materials AU - Weiss, Martin AU - Haufe, Juliane AU - Carus, Michael AU - Brandão, Miguel AU - Bringezu, Stefan AU - Hermann, Barbara AU - Patel, Martin K. T2 - Journal of Industrial Ecology AB - Concerns over climate change and the security of industrial feedstock supplies have been opening a growing market for biobased materials. This development, however, also presents a challenge to scientists, policy makers, and industry because the production of biobased materials requires land and is typically associated with adverse environmental effects. This article addresses the environmental impacts of biobased materials in a meta-analysis of 44 life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The reviewed literature suggests that one metric ton (t) of biobased materials saves, relative to conventional materials, 55 ± 34 gigajoules of primary energy and 3 ± 1 t carbon dioxide equivalents of greenhouse gases. However, biobased materials may increase eutrophication by 5 ± 7 kilograms (kg) phosphate equivalents/t and stratospheric ozone depletion by 1.9 ± 1.8 kg nitrous oxide equivalents/t. Our findings are inconclusive with regard to acidification (savings of 2 ± 20 kg sulfur dioxide equivalents/t) and photochemical ozone formation (savings of 0.3 ± 2.4 kg ethene equivalents/t). The variability in the results of life cycle assessment studies highlights the difficulties in drawing general conclusions. Still, common to most biobased materials are impacts caused by the application of fertilizers and pesticides during industrial biomass cultivation. Additional land use impacts, such as the potential loss of biodiversity, soil carbon depletion, soil erosion, deforestation, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from indirect land use change are not quantified in this review. Clearly these impacts should be considered when evaluating the environmental performance of biobased materials. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 16 IS - s1 SP - S169 EP - S181 LA - en SN - 1530-9290 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00468.x

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies to reduce the global carbon footprint of plastics AU - Zheng, Jiajia AU - Suh, Sangwon T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - The life-cycle GHG emissions from plastics are expected to increase. Here, it is shown that an aggressive strategy of decarbonizing energy infrastructure, improving recycling, adopting bio-based plastics and reducing demand is required to keep emissions below 2015 levels. DA - 2019/05// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41558-019-0459-z DP - www.nature.com VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 374 EP - 378 J2 - Nat. Clim. Chang. LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 5
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—A critical review AU - Yates, Madeleine R. AU - Barlow, Claire Y. T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling AB - Biopolymers are generally considered an eco-friendly alternative to petrochemical polymers due to the renewable feedstock used to produce them and their biodegradability. However, the farming practices used to grow these feedstocks often carry significant environmental burdens, and the production energy can be higher than for petrochemical polymers. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are available in the literature, which make comparisons between biopolymers and various petrochemical polymers, however the results can be very disparate. This review has therefore been undertaken, focusing on three biodegradable biopolymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), and starch-based polymers, in an attempt to determine the environmental impact of each in comparison to petrochemical polymers. Reasons are explored for the discrepancies between these published LCAs. The majority of studies focused only on the consumption of non-renewable energy and global warming potential and often found these biopolymers to be superior to petrochemically derived polymers. In contrast, studies which considered other environmental impact categories as well as those which were regional or product specific often found that this conclusion could not be drawn. Despite some unfavorable results for these biopolymers, the immature nature of these technologies needs to be taken into account as future optimization and improvements in process efficiencies are expected. DA - 2013/09/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 78 SP - 54 EP - 66 J2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling LA - en SN - 0921-3449 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainability assessments of bio-based polymers AU - Hottle, Troy A. AU - Bilec, Melissa M. AU - Landis, Amy E. T2 - Polymer Degradation and Stability AB - Bio-based polymers have become feasible alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastics. However, the factors that influence the sustainability of bio-based polymers are often unclear. This paper reviews published life cycle assessments (LCAs) and commonly used LCA databases that quantify the environmental sustainability of bio-based polymers and summarizes the range of findings reported within the literature. LCA is discussed as a means for quantifying environmental impacts for a product from its cradle, or raw materials extraction, to the grave, or end of life. The results of LCAs from existing databases as well as peer-reviewed literature allow for the comparison of environmental impacts. This review compares standard database results for three bio-based polymers, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), and thermoplastic starch (TPS) with five common petroleum derived polymers. The literature showed that biopolymers, coming out of a relatively new industry, exhibit similar impacts compared to petroleum-based plastics. The studies reviewed herein focused mainly on global warming potential (GWP) and fossil resource depletion while largely ignoring other environmental impacts, some of which result in environmental tradeoffs. The studies reviewed also varied greatly in the scope of their assessment. Studies that included the end of life (EOL) reported much higher GWP results than those that limited the scope to resin or granule production. Including EOL in the LCA provides more comprehensive results for biopolymers, but simultaneously introduces greater amounts of uncertainty and variability. Little life-cycle data is available on the impacts of different manners of disposal, thus it will be critical for future sustainability assessments of biopolymers to include accurate end of life impacts. DA - 2013/09/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.016 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 98 IS - 9 SP - 1898 EP - 1907 J2 - Polymer Degradation and Stability LA - en SN - 0141-3910 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse Gas Abatement Potentials and Economics of Selected Biochemicals in Germany AU - Musonda, Frazer AU - Millinger, Markus AU - Thrän, Daniela T2 - Sustainability AB - In this paper, biochemicals with the potential to substitute fossil reference chemicals in Germany were identified using technological readiness and substitution potential criteria. Their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were quantified by using life cycle assessments (LCA) and their economic viabilities were determined by comparing their minimum selling prices with fossil references’ market prices. A bottom up mathematical optimization model, BioENergy OPTimization (BENOPT) was used to investigate the GHG abatement potential and the corresponding abatement costs for the biochemicals up to 2050. BENOPT determines the optimal biomass allocation pathways based on maximizing GHG abatement under resource, capacity, and demand constraints. The identified biochemicals were bioethylene, succinic acid, polylactic acid (PLA), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Results show that only succinic acid is economically competitive. Bioethylene which is the least performing in terms of economics breaks even at a carbon price of 420 euros per ton carbon dioxide equivalent (€/tCO2eq). With full tax waivers, a carbon price of 134 €/tCO2eq is necessary. This would result in positive margins for PHA and PLA of 12% and 16%, respectively. From the available agricultural land, modeling results show high sensitivity to assumptions of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in biochemicals and integrated biochemicals production. GHG abatement for scenarios where these assumptions were disregarded and where they were collectively taken into account increased by 370% resulting in a 75% reduction in the corresponding GHG abatement costs. DA - 2020/03/12/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/su12062230 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 2230 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Betting on negative emissions AU - Fuss, Sabine AU - Canadell, Josep G. AU - Peters, Glen P. AU - Tavoni, Massimo AU - Andrew, Robbie M. AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Jones, Chris D. AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Nakicenovic, Nebosja AU - Le Quéré, Corinne AU - Raupach, Michael R. AU - Sharifi, Ayyoob AU - Smith, Pete AU - Yamagata, Yoshiki T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage could be used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, its credibility as a climate change mitigation option is unproven and its widespread deployment in climate stabilization scenarios might become a dangerous distraction. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2392 DP - www.nature.com VL - 4 IS - 10 SP - 850 EP - 853 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 10
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects AU - Fuss, Sabine AU - Lamb, William F. AU - Callaghan, Max W. AU - Hilaire, Jérôme AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Amann, Thorben AU - Beringer, Tim AU - Garcia, Wagner de Oliveira AU - Hartmann, Jens AU - Khanna, Tarun AU - Luderer, Gunnar AU - Nemet, Gregory F. AU - Rogelj, Joeri AU - Smith, Pete AU - Vicente, José Luis Vicente AU - Wilcox, Jennifer AU - Dominguez, Maria del Mar Zamora AU - Minx, Jan C. T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - The most recent IPCC assessment has shown an important role for negative emissions technologies (NETs) in limiting global warming to 2 °C cost-effectively. However, a bottom-up, systematic, reproducible, and transparent literature assessment of the different options to remove CO2 from the atmosphere is currently missing. In part 1 of this three-part review on NETs, we assemble a comprehensive set of the relevant literature so far published, focusing on seven technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration. In this part, part 2 of the review, we present estimates of costs, potentials, and side-effects for these technologies, and qualify them with the authors’ assessment. Part 3 reviews the innovation and scaling challenges that must be addressed to realise NETs deployment as a viable climate mitigation strategy. Based on a systematic review of the literature, our best estimates for sustainable global NET potentials in 2050 are 0.5–3.6 GtCO2 yr−1 for afforestation and reforestation, 0.5–5 GtCO2 yr−1 for BECCS, 0.5–2 GtCO2 yr−1 for biochar, 2–4 GtCO2 yr−1 for enhanced weathering, 0.5–5 GtCO2 yr−1 for DACCS, and up to 5 GtCO2 yr−1 for soil carbon sequestration. Costs vary widely across the technologies, as do their permanency and cumulative potentials beyond 2050. It is unlikely that a single NET will be able to sustainably meet the rates of carbon uptake described in integrated assessment pathways consistent with 1.5 °C of global warming. DA - 2018/05// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f DP - Institute of Physics VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 063002 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - RPRT TI - IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty AU - Masson-Delmotte, Valérie CY - Geneva, Switzerland, DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 32 EP - pp. PB - World Meteorological Organization UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/ Y2 - 2021/11/11/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Equity in allocating carbon dioxide removal quotas AU - Pozo, Carlos AU - Galán-Martín, Ángel AU - Reiner, David M. AU - Mac Dowell, Niall AU - Guillén-Gosálbez, Gonzalo T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - The first nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement include no mention of the carbon dioxide removal (CDR) necessary to reach the Paris targets, leaving open the question of how and by whom CDR will be delivered. Drawing on existing equity frameworks, we allocate CDR quotas globally according to Responsibility, Capability and Equality principles. These quotas are then assessed in the European Union context by accounting for domestic national capacity of a portfolio of CDR options, including bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, reforestation and direct air capture. We find that quotas vary greatly across principles, from 33 to 325 GtCO2 allocated to the European Union, and, due to biophysical limits, only a handful of countries could meet their quotas acting individually. These results support strengthening cross-border cooperation while highlighting the need to urgently deploy CDR options to mitigate the risk of failing to meet the climate targets equitably. DA - 2020/07// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41558-020-0802-4 DP - www.nature.com VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 640 EP - 646 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 7
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies AU - Grubler, Arnulf AU - Wilson, Charlie AU - Bento, Nuno AU - Boza-Kiss, Benigna AU - Krey, Volker AU - McCollum, David L. AU - Rao, Narasimha D. AU - Riahi, Keywan AU - Rogelj, Joeri AU - De Stercke, Simon AU - Cullen, Jonathan AU - Frank, Stefan AU - Fricko, Oliver AU - Guo, Fei AU - Gidden, Matt AU - Havlík, Petr AU - Huppmann, Daniel AU - Kiesewetter, Gregor AU - Rafaj, Peter AU - Schoepp, Wolfgang AU - Valin, Hugo T2 - Nature Energy AB - Scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5 °C describe major transformations in energy supply and ever-rising energy demand. Here, we provide a contrasting perspective by developing a narrative of future change based on observable trends that results in low energy demand. We describe and quantify changes in activity levels and energy intensity in the global North and global South for all major energy services. We project that global final energy demand by 2050 reduces to 245 EJ, around 40% lower than today, despite rises in population, income and activity. Using an integrated assessment modelling framework, we show how changes in the quantity and type of energy services drive structural change in intermediate and upstream supply sectors (energy and land use). Down-sizing the global energy system dramatically improves the feasibility of a low-carbon supply-side transformation. Our scenario meets the 1.5 °C climate target as well as many sustainable development goals, without relying on negative emission technologies. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - 515 EP - 527 J2 - Nature Energy SN - 2058-7546 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative pathways to the 1.5 °C target reduce the need for negative emission technologies AU - van Vuuren, Detlef P. AU - Stehfest, Elke AU - Gernaat, David E. H. J. AU - van den Berg, Maarten AU - Bijl, David L. AU - de Boer, Harmen Sytze AU - Daioglou, Vassilis AU - Doelman, Jonathan C. AU - Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. AU - Harmsen, Mathijs AU - Hof, Andries F. AU - van Sluisveld, Mariësse A. E. T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Mitigation scenarios that achieve the ambitious targets included in the Paris Agreement typically rely on greenhouse gas emission reductions combined with net carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere, mostly accomplished through large-scale application of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and afforestation. However, CDR strategies face several difficulties such as reliance on underground CO2 storage and competition for land with food production and biodiversity protection. The question arises whether alternative deep mitigation pathways exist. Here, using an integrated assessment model, we explore the impact of alternative pathways that include lifestyle change, additional reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gases and more rapid electrification of energy demand based on renewable energy. Although these alternatives also face specific difficulties, they are found to significantly reduce the need for CDR, but not fully eliminate it. The alternatives offer a means to diversify transition pathways to meet the Paris Agreement targets, while simultaneously benefiting other sustainability goals. DA - 2018/05/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41558-018-0119-8 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 391 EP - 397 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Biomass-based Control of the CO2Concentration in the Atmosphere AU - Spitzer, Josef T2 - Energy for future Wege zur Klimaneutralität: Enlnnov2020 : 16. Symposium Energieinnovation, 12. - 14. Februar 2020 TU Graz, Österreich. T3 - Symposium Energieinnovation CY - Graz DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 35 EP - 37 LA - de SN - 978-3-85125-734-2 UR - https://www.tugraz.at/fileadmin/user_upload/tugrazExternal/4778f047-2e50-4e9e-b72d-e5af373f95a4/files/allg/EnInnov2020_Tagungsband.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/03/ N1 -

OCLC: 1159102509

ER - TY - JOUR TI - National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics AU - Griscom, Bronson W. AU - Busch, Jonah AU - Cook-Patton, Susan C. AU - Ellis, Peter W. AU - Funk, Jason AU - Leavitt, Sara M. AU - Lomax, Guy AU - Turner, Will R. AU - Chapman, Melissa AU - Engelmann, Jens AU - Gurwick, Noel P. AU - Landis, Emily AU - Lawrence, Deborah AU - Malhi, Yadvinder AU - Schindler Murray, Lisa AU - Navarrete, Diego AU - Roe, Stephanie AU - Scull, Sabrina AU - Smith, Pete AU - Streck, Charlotte AU - Walker, Wayne S. AU - Worthington, Thomas T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences AB - Better land stewardship is needed to achieve the Paris Agreement's temperature goal, particularly in the tropics, where greenhouse gas emissions from the destruction of ecosystems are largest, and where the potential for additional land carbon storage is greatest. As countries enhance their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, confusion persists about the potential contribution of better land stewardship to meeting the Agreement's goal to hold global warming below 2°C. We assess cost-effective tropical country-level potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)-protection, improved management and restoration of ecosystems-to deliver climate mitigation linked with sustainable development goals (SDGs). We identify groups of countries with distinctive NCS portfolios, and we explore factors (governance, financial capacity) influencing the feasibility of unlocking national NCS potential. Cost-effective tropical NCS offers globally significant climate mitigation in the coming decades (6.56 Pg CO2e yr-1 at less than 100 US$ per Mg CO2e). In half of the tropical countries, cost-effective NCS could mitigate over half of national emissions. In more than a quarter of tropical countries, cost-effective NCS potential is greater than national emissions. We identify countries where, with international financing and political will, NCS can cost-effectively deliver the majority of enhanced NDCs while transforming national economies and contributing to SDGs. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1098/rstb.2019.0126 DP - PubMed VL - 375 IS - 1794 SP - 20190126 J2 - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. LA - eng SN - 1471-2970 N1 -

PMID: 31983330
PMCID: PMC7017762

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The political economy of negative emissions technologies: consequences for international policy design AU - Honegger, Matthias AU - Reiner, David T2 - Climate Policy DA - 2018/03/16/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/14693062.2017.1413322 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 306 EP - 321 J2 - Climate Policy LA - en SN - 1469-3062, 1752-7457 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biomasse im Spannungsfeld zwischen Energie-und Klimapolitik. AU - Klepper, G. AU - Thrän, Daniela T2 - chriftenreihe Energiesysteme der Zukunft CY - München DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina acatech – Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften Union der deutschen Akademien der Wissenschaften ST - 978-3-9820053-0-0 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moving toward Net-Zero Emissions Requires New Alliances for Carbon Dioxide Removal AU - Fuss, Sabine AU - Canadell, Josep G. AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Jones, Chris D. AU - Lyngfelt, Anders AU - Peters, Glen P. AU - Vuuren, Detlef P. Van T2 - One Earth DA - 2020/08/21/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.002 DP - www.cell.com VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 145 EP - 149 J2 - One Earth LA - English SN - 2590-3330, 2590-3322 N1 -

publisher: Elsevier

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Gains in an Old Growth Deciduous Forest in Germany AU - Schrumpf, Marion AU - Kaiser, Klaus AU - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef T2 - PloS One DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - e89364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying carbon for agricultural soil management: from the current status toward a global soil information system AU - Paustian, Keith AU - Collier, Sarah AU - Baldock, Jeff AU - Burgess, Rachel AU - Creque, Jeff AU - DeLonge, Marcia AU - Dungait, Jennifer AU - Ellert, Ben AU - Frank, Stefan AU - Goddard, Tom AU - Govaerts, Bram AU - Grundy, Mike AU - Henning, Mark AU - Izaurralde, R. César AU - Madaras, Mikuláš AU - McConkey, Brian AU - Porzig, Elizabeth AU - Rice, Charles AU - Searle, Ross AU - Seavy, Nathaniel AU - Skalsky, Rastislav AU - Mulhern, William AU - Jahn, Molly T2 - Carbon Management DA - 2019/11/02/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/17583004.2019.1633231 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 567 EP - 587 J2 - Carbon Management LA - en SN - 1758-3004, 1758-3012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of agronomic practices on the soil carbon storage potential in arable farming in Austria AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Böhm, Karin T2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems AB - According to the Kyoto-Protocol for carbon dioxide mitigation the direct human induced sequestration potential of carbon in agricultural soils may in the future be included for calculating net changes in greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore we used long-term experiments on arable land in Austria differing strongly in climate and soil conditions to explore the effects of agronomic practices on changes in soil organic carbon content. Optimal mineral N fertilizer input increased the carbon stocks on an average to 2.1 t ha−1compared with no N fertilization in a 36 years period. Additional farm yard manure application (10 t ha−1 y−1) enhanced carbon storage to about 5.6 t ha−1 after 21 years. Site-specific influences must be considered. Losses of 2.4 t carbon per ha were caused by additional irrigation of sugar beet and maize in a rotation with cereals in a 21 years period. The incorporation of all crop residues resulted in an increase of 3.4 t ha−1 organic carbon in topsoil after 17 years. In the uppermost soil layer (0–10 cm) minimum and reduced tillage treatment enhanced carbon stocks to about 4.7 t ha−1 and 3.2 t ha−1 compared to conventional soil management within a decade. Based on these results, only a limited soil carbon sequestration potential can be inferred: Manuring and incorporation of crop residues are well-proven practices on arable land and therefore no additional human induced carbon sequestration might be achieved. The adoption of minimum tillage on Phaeozems, Chernozems and Kastanozems could, roughly calculated, result in a supplementary carbon storage of about 0.6% of the entire present annual carbon dioxide emission in Austria. However, the storage of carbon in topsoil means only a mid-term sequestration. By changing practices in short-terms, these amounts of carbon might be a source of additional carbon dioxide in the future. DA - 2001/07/01/ PY - 2001 DO - 10.1023/A:1012607112247 DP - Springer Link VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 49 EP - 55 J2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems LA - en SN - 1573-0867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops – A meta-analysis AU - Poeplau, Christopher AU - Don, Axel T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2015/02// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 200 SP - 33 EP - 41 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term AU - Six, Johan AU - Ogle, Stephen M. AU - Jay breidt, F. AU - Conant, Rich T. AU - Mosier, Arvin R. AU - Paustian, Keith T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2004/02// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00730.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 155 EP - 160 J2 - Global Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agroforestry creates carbon sinks whilst enhancing the environment in agricultural landscapes in Europe AU - Kay, Sonja AU - Rega, Carlo AU - Moreno, Gerardo AU - den Herder, Michael AU - Palma, João H.N. AU - Borek, Robert AU - Crous-Duran, Josep AU - Freese, Dirk AU - Giannitsopoulos, Michail AU - Graves, Anil AU - Jäger, Mareike AU - Lamersdorf, Norbert AU - Memedemin, Daniyar AU - Mosquera-Losada, Rosa AU - Pantera, Anastasia AU - Paracchini, Maria Luisa AU - Paris, Pierluigi AU - Roces-Díaz, José V. AU - Rolo, Victor AU - Rosati, Adolfo AU - Sandor, Mignon AU - Smith, Jo AU - Szerencsits, Erich AU - Varga, Anna AU - Viaud, Valérie AU - Wawer, Rafal AU - Burgess, Paul J. AU - Herzog, Felix T2 - Land Use Policy DA - 2019/04// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.025 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 83 SP - 581 EP - 593 J2 - Land Use Policy LA - en SN - 02648377 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Lindner, Marcus AU - Vesterdal, Lars AU - Bauwens, Bram AU - Baritz, Rainer AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Johnson, Dale W. AU - Minkkinen, Kari AU - Byrne, Kenneth A. T2 - Geoderma DA - 2007/01// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.09.003 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 137 IS - 3-4 SP - 253 EP - 268 J2 - Geoderma LA - en SN - 00167061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon stocks of soil and vegetation on Danubian floodplains AU - Cierjacks, Arne AU - Kleinschmit, Birgit AU - Babinsky, Maren AU - Kleinschroth, Fritz AU - Markert, Arvid AU - Menzel, Markus AU - Ziechmann, Ulrike AU - Schiller, Theresa AU - Graf, Markus AU - Lang, Friederike T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - Abstract Riparian forests are assumed to play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, little data are available on C stocks of floodplains in comparison to other terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we quantified the C stocks of aboveground biomass and soils of riparian vegetation types at 76 sampling sites in the Donau-Auen National Park in Austria. Based on our results and a remotely sensed vegetation map, we estimated total C stocks. Carbon stocks in soils (up to 354 t ha?1 within 1 m below surface) were huge compared to other terrestrial ecosystems. As expected, soils of different vegetation types showed different texture with a higher percentage of sandy soils at the softwood sites, while loamy soils prevailed at hardwood sites. Total C stocks of vegetation types were significantly different, but reflect differences in woody plant biomass rather than in soil C stocks. Mature hardwood and cottonwood forests proved to have significantly higher total C stocks (474 and 403 t ha?1, respectively) than young reforestations (217 t ha?1) and meadows (212 t ha?1). The C pools of softwood forests (356 t ha?1) ranged between those of hardwood/cottonwood forests and of reforestations/meadows. Our study proves the relevance of floodplains as possible C sinks, which should be increasingly taken into account for river management. Furthermore, we conclude that plant-species distribution does not indicate the conditions of sedimentation and soil C sequestration over the time span of interest for the development of soil C stocks. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200900209 VL - 173 IS - 5 SP - 644 EP - 653 J2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science SN - 1436-8730 N1 -

publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ER - TY - RPRT TI - BIOKOHLE - ANWENDUNG IN DER LAND- UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT FACHBEIRAT FÜR BODENFRUCHTBARKEIT UND BODENSCHUTZ IM BMLFUW AU - BMLFUW CY - Vienna DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - BMLFUW UR - https://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/kommissionen/kioes/pdf/Publications/Biokohle_2017_final.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/09/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar is carbon negative AU - Glaser, Bruno AU - Parr, Mike AU - Braun, Christelle AU - Kopolo, Goodspeed T2 - Nature Geoscience DA - 2009/01// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1038/ngeo395 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 2 EP - 2 J2 - Nature Geosci LA - en SN - 1752-0894, 1752-0908 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis AU - Jeffery, S. AU - Verheijen, F.G.A. AU - van der Velde, M. AU - Bastos, A.C. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2011/11// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 144 IS - 1 SP - 175 EP - 187 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies AU - Smith, Pete T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13178 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - 1315 EP - 1324 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 13541013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of biochar to soil and N2O emissions: potential effects of blending fast-pyrolysis biochar with anaerobically digested slurry AU - Bruun, E. W. AU - Müller-Stöver, D. AU - Ambus, P. AU - Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. T2 - European Journal of Soil Science DA - 2011/08// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01377.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 62 IS - 4 SP - 581 EP - 589 LA - en SN - 13510754 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on greenhouse gas emissions and crop production AU - Wang, Jinyang AU - Pan, Xiaojian AU - Liu, Yinglie AU - Zhang, Xiaolin AU - Xiong, Zhengqin T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s11104-012-1250-3 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 360 IS - 1-2 SP - 287 EP - 298 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar and denitrification in soils: when, how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions? AU - Cayuela, Maria Luz AU - Sánchez-Monedero, Miguel Angel AU - Roig, Asunción AU - Hanley, Kelly AU - Enders, Akio AU - Lehmann, Johannes T2 - Scientific Reports DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/srep01732 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 1732 J2 - Sci Rep LA - en SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility AU - Van Zwieten, L. AU - Kimber, S. AU - Morris, S. AU - Chan, K. Y. AU - Downie, A. AU - Rust, J. AU - Joseph, S. AU - Cowie, A. T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2010/02// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 327 IS - 1-2 SP - 235 EP - 246 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar application to temperate soils: effects on nutrient uptake and crop yield under field conditions AU - Karer, Jasmin AU - Wimmer, Bernhard AU - Zehetner, Franz AU - Kloss, Stefanie AU - Soja, Gerhard T2 - Agricultural and Food Science AB - The benefits of biochar (BC) application to fertile, non-acidic soils in temperate climate regions might not always be as evident as for highly weathered tropical soils. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of BC on soil characteristics, nutrient uptake and crop yield in field experiments on two temperate soils (Cambisol and Chernozem) in Austria. Maize and wheat (Cambisol), and barley and sunflower (Chernozem) were grown in successive vegetation periods following different BC application rates (0, 24 and 72 t ha-1 at the start of the experiment), supplemented with identical mineral N supply in 33 m² plots. BC treatments showed varying impacts on nutrient uptake of the investigated crops. The first growing season in the Chernozem region was affected by a prolonged drought period, which resulted in positive effects of BC on soil water-holding capacity (WHC) and barley crop yield (+ 10%) for the 72 t ha-1 BC + N treatment compared to a control with identical nutrient supply but without BC. However, maize and wheat grain yield decreased by 46 and 70%, respectively, after the highest BC application rate (72 t ha-1) in an additional treatment without supplementary N-fertilisation. Still, even with high BC application rates we did not observe any adverse effects on crop yield and nutrient uptake, as long as the soil was supplied with sufficient N according to local agricultural practice. DA - 2013/12/18/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.23986/afsci.8155 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 390 EP - 403 J2 - AFSci SN - 1795-1895, 1459-6067 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Biochar Incorporation on Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Uptake; An Opportunity for Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Agriculture AU - Hood-Nowotny, Rebecca AU - Watzinger, Andrea AU - Wawra, Anna AU - Soja, Gerhard T2 - Geosciences AB - Field studies of biochar addition to soil and nutrient cycling using 15N fertilizers in temperate agriculture are scant. These data are required in order to make evidence based assessments. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar application can increase crop yields through improving the nitrogen uptake and utilization of added inorganic fertilizer, whilst sequestering significant quantities of carbon. Results showed that although biochar addition led to significant spring barley grain yield increases in the first year of biochar application, an unusually dry year; this was possibly not solely the result of improved nitrogen uptake, as total crop N was similar in both treatments. Results suggested it was improved water utilization, indicated by the crop carbon isotope values and soil moisture characteristics. In the second year, there were no significant effects of the previous year’s biochar addition on the sunflower yield, N status, fertilizer recovery or any signs of improved water utilization. These data add to a growing body of evidence, suggesting that biochar addition has only slightly positive or neutral effects on crop growth and fertilizer retention but has the potential to sequester vast amounts of carbon in the soil with minimal yield losses in temperate agriculture. DA - 2018/11/14/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/geosciences8110420 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 8 IS - 11 SP - 420 J2 - Geosciences LA - en SN - 2076-3263 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields AU - Jeffery, Simon AU - Abalos, Diego AU - Prodana, Marija AU - Bastos, Ana Catarina AU - Groenigen, van Jan Willem AU - Hungate, Bruce A. AU - Verheijen, Frank T2 - Environ. Res. Lett. AB - Applying biochar to soil is thought to have multiple benefits, from helping mitigate climate change [1, 2], to managing waste [3] to conserving soil [4]. Biochar is also widely assumed to boost crop yield [5, 6], but there is controversy regarding the extent and cause of any yield benefit [7]. Here we use a global-scale meta-analysis to show that biochar has, on average, no effect on crop yield in temperate latitudes, yet elicits a 25% average increase in yield in the tropics. In the tropics, biochar increased yield through liming and fertilization, consistent with the low soil pH, low fertility, and low fertilizer inputs typical of arable tropical soils. We also found that, in tropical soils, high-nutrient biochar inputs stimulated yield substantially more than low-nutrient biochar, further supporting the role of nutrient fertilization in the observed yield stimulation. In contrast, arable soils in temperate regions are moderate in pH, higher in fertility, and generally receive higher fertilizer inputs, leaving little room for additional benefits from biochar. Our findings demonstrate that the yield-stimulating effects of biochar are not universal, but may especially benefit agriculture in low-nutrient, acidic soils in the tropics. Biochar management in temperate zones should focus on potential non-yield benefits such as lime and fertilizer cost savings, greenhouse gas emissions control, and other ecosystem services. DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aa67bd DP - Institute of Physics VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 053001 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 17 - Biochar use in global forests: opportunities and challenges AU - Bruckman, Viktor J. AU - Pumpanen, Jukka T2 - Developments in Soil Science A2 - Busse, Matt A2 - Giardina, Christian P. A2 - Morris, Dave M. A2 - Page-Dumroese, Debbie S. T3 - Global Change and Forest Soils AB - Biochar is a soil amendment for improving soil health and productivity and shows promise for mitigating climate change by increasing recalcitrant soil carbon (C) content. Unlike char, which is formed during natural and human-made fires, or charcoal, which is used for generation of thermal energy, biochar is formed by a precise pyrolytic process and its intended use is for environmental management. Biochar is an intriguing option for forest management as it can help solve a diversity of issues including site-specific goals (e.g., reduction of plant-available contaminants) to global-scale goals (e.g., sequestration of atmospheric C). Because biochar is highly recalcitrant, the benefits of these amendments are expected to last decades – even centuries! The discovery of fertile, dark soils in the Amazon Basin, where charcoal mixed with organic waste by ancient populations led to development of atypically high soil fertilities in otherwise heavily weathered tropical soils, provides strong evidence for the longevity of biochar effects. In this chapter we summarize biochar research to date and focus on the realized and possible benefits of biochar to the productivity and health of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests. DA - 2019/01/01/ PY - 2019 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 36 SP - 427 EP - 453 LA - en PB - Elsevier UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444639981000173 Y2 - 2020/07/09/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63998-1.00017-3

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5\hspace0.167em°C AU - Werner, C. AU - Schmidt, H.-P. AU - Gerten, D. AU - Lucht, W. AU - Kammann, C. T2 - Environ. Res. Lett. AB - Negative emission (NE) technologies are recognized to play an increasingly relevant role in strategies limiting mean global warming to 1.5 °C as specified in the Paris Agreement. The potentially significant contribution of pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (PyCCS) is, however, highly underrepresented in the discussion. In this study, we conduct the first quantitative assessment of the global potential of PyCCS as a NE technology based on biomass plantations. Using a process-based biosphere model, we calculate the land use change required to reach specific climate mitigation goals while observing biodiversity protection guardrails. We consider NE targets of 100–300 GtC following socioeconomic pathways consistent with a mean global warming of 1.5 °C as well as the option of additional carbon balancing required in case of failure or delay of decarbonization measures. The technological opportunities of PyCCS are represented by three tracks accounting for the sequestration of different pyrolysis products: biochar (as soil amendment), bio-oil (pumped into geological storages) and permanent-pyrogas (capture and storage of CO2 from gas combustion). In addition, we analyse how the gain in land induced by biochar-mediated yield increases on tropical cropland may reduce the pressure on land. Our results show that meeting the 1.5 °C goal through mitigation strategies including large-scale NE with plantation-based PyCCS may require conversion of natural vegetation to biomass plantations in the order of 133–3280 Mha globally, depending on the applied technology and the NE demand. Advancing towards additional bio-oil sequestration reduces land demand considerably by potentially up to 60%, while the benefits from yield increases account for another 3%–38% reduction (equalling 82–362 Mha). However, when mitigation commitments are increased by high balancing claims, even the most advanced PyCCS technologies and biochar-mediated co-benefits cannot compensate for delayed action towards phasing-out fossil fuels. DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e DP - Institute of Physics VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 044036 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar farming: defining economically perspective applications AU - Maroušek, Josef AU - Strunecký, Otakar AU - Stehel, Vojtěch T2 - Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy AB - Biochar refers to the high-carbon, black fine-grained product of biomass pyrolysis. Independent studies repeatedly confirmed that its incorporation into arable land is a reliable carbon sequestration method that significantly improves soil quality. The latest development leads to a reduction in the production cost (− 10 to 30 USD t−1); however, the use of biochar in commercial agriculture remains scarce. The reason is that biochar can substitute lower-quality charcoals (150–300 USD t−1). Therefore, farmers tend to sell their biowaste for energy purposes, respectively, preferring a quick profit over the forgotten soil-improving practices, which hold long-term benefits. A review of the current state of the art was performed in order to search directions toward the most profitable biochar farming applications. There are indications that a promising direction might be its on-farm production followed by on-farm use and nutrient recycling, or more precisely, special fertilization applications. DA - 2019/09/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10098-019-01728-7 DP - Springer Link VL - 21 IS - 7 SP - 1389 EP - 1395 J2 - Clean Techn Environ Policy LA - en SN - 1618-9558 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands AU - Beerling, David J. AU - Kantzas, Euripides P. AU - Lomas, Mark R. AU - Wade, Peter AU - Eufrasio, Rafael M. AU - Renforth, Phil AU - Sarkar, Binoy AU - Andrews, M. Grace AU - James, Rachael H. AU - Pearce, Christopher R. AU - Mercure, Jean-Francois AU - Pollitt, Hector AU - Holden, Philip B. AU - Edwards, Neil R. AU - Khanna, Madhu AU - Koh, Lenny AU - Quegan, Shaun AU - Pidgeon, Nick F. AU - Janssens, Ivan A. AU - Hansen, James AU - Banwart, Steven A. T2 - Nature AB - Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW), deployable with croplands, has potential use for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR), which is now necessary to mitigate anthropogenic climate change1. ERW also has possible co-benefits for improved food and soil security, and reduced ocean acidification2–4. Here we use an integrated performance modelling approach to make an initial techno-economic assessment for 2050, quantifying how CDR potential and costs vary among nations in relation to business-as-usual energy policies and policies consistent with limiting future warming to 2 degrees Celsius5. China, India, the USA and Brazil have great potential to help achieve average global CDR goals of 0.5 to 2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year with extraction costs of approximately US$80–180 per tonne of CO2. These goals and costs are robust, regardless of future energy policies. Deployment within existing croplands offers opportunities to align agriculture and climate policy. However, success will depend upon overcoming political and social inertia to develop regulatory and incentive frameworks. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of ERW deployment, including the potential for excess industrial silicate materials (basalt mine overburden, concrete, and iron and steel slag) to obviate the need for new mining, as well as uncertainties in soil weathering rates and land–ocean transfer of weathered products. DA - 2020/07// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9 DP - www.nature.com VL - 583 IS - 7815 SP - 242 EP - 248 LA - en SN - 1476-4687 N1 -

Bandiera_abtest: a
Cg_type: Nature Research Journals
number: 7815
Primary_atype: Research
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Subject_term: Carbon cycle;Climate change
Subject_term_id: carbon-cycle;climate-change

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks AU - Strefler, Jessica AU - Amann, Thorben AU - Bauer, Nico AU - Kriegler, Elmar AU - Hartmann, Jens T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2018/03/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aaa9c4 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 034010 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions AU - Günther, Anke AU - Barthelmes, Alexandra AU - Huth, Vytas AU - Joosten, Hans AU - Jurasinski, Gerald AU - Koebsch, Franziska AU - Couwenberg, John T2 - Nature Communications AB - Peatlands are strategic areas for climate change mitigation because of their matchless carbon stocks. Drained peatlands release this carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). Peatland rewetting effectively stops these CO2 emissions, but also re-establishes the emission of methane (CH4). Essentially, management must choose between CO2 emissions from drained, or CH4 emissions from rewetted, peatland. This choice must consider radiative effects and atmospheric lifetimes of both gases, with CO2 being a weak but persistent, and CH4 a strong but short-lived, greenhouse gas. The resulting climatic effects are, thus, strongly time-dependent. We used a radiative forcing model to compare forcing dynamics of global scenarios for future peatland management using areal data from the Global Peatland Database. Our results show that CH4 radiative forcing does not undermine the climate change mitigation potential of peatland rewetting. Instead, postponing rewetting increases the long-term warming effect through continued CO2 emissions. Drained peatlands are sources of CO2, and though rewetting could curb emissions, this strategy results in elevated methane release. Here, the authors model peatland emissions scenarios and show that rewetting is a critical way to mitigate climate change despite potential methane increases. DA - 2020/04/02/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-15499-z DP - www.nature.com VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 5 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en SN - 2041-1723 N1 -

Cc_license_type: cc_by
number: 1
Primary_atype: Research
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Subject_term: Climate-change ecology;Environmental impact
Subject_term_id: climate-change-ecology;environmental-impact

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beitrag von Moorschutz- und -revitalisierungsmaßnahmen zum Klimaschutz am Beispiel von Naturschutzgroßprojekten AU - Drösler, Matthias AU - Schaller, L. AU - Kantelhardt, Jochen AU - Schweiger, M. AU - Fuchs, Daniel AU - Tiemeyer, Bärbel AU - Augustin, J AU - Wehrhan, M AU - Förster, C AU - Bergmann, L AU - Kapfer, A AU - Krüger, G T2 - Natur und Landschaft DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 IS - 87 (2) SP - 70 EP - 76 J2 - Natur und Landschaft ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Kohlenstoffbilanz des österreichischen Waldes und Betrachtungen zum Kyoto-Protokoll AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Schieler, K. AU - Schadauer, K AU - Radunsky, Klaus AU - Englisch, M. T2 - Monographien / Umweltbundesamt A2 - Umweltbundesamt A3 - Umweltbundesamt AB - Forstliche Bundesversuchsanstalt Wien CY - Wien DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - de SN - 978-3-85457-454-5 N1 -

OCLC: 248039854

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shrub Expansion of Alnus viridis Drives Former Montane Grassland into Nitrogen Saturation AU - Bühlmann, Tobias AU - Körner, Christian AU - Hiltbrunner, Erika T2 - Ecosystems AB - The N2-fixing shrub Alnus viridis is currently encroaching on montane grasslands in the Alps as a result of reduced land management and complete abandonment. Alnus introduces large amounts of nitrogen (N) into these formerly N-poor grasslands and restricts the succession to montane forests. We studied pools and fluxes of N and the associated C pools in pastures (controls) and adjacent Alnus shrublands at two elevations (1650 versus 1950 m a.s.l.) in three valleys in the Swiss central Alps. The total N and C pools stored in 50-year-old Alnus shrubland did not exceed those in adjacent pastures with a total of approximately 610 g N m−2 in phytomass plus soil (down to 30 cm) at both elevations. In Alnus stands, reduced soil N pools balanced the gain in phytomass N pools, a likely result of a faster turnover of soil N. The soil solution under Alnus was continuously enriched with nitrate, with a total N leaching of 0.79 g N m−2 season−1 (June–October) under 50-year-old stands at both elevations and the highest flux of 1.76 g N m−2 season−1 in 25-year-old shrubland at low elevation, clearly indicating an excess of available N in Alnus shrubland. In contrast, N leaching across all pastures was close to zero (0.08 g N m−2) throughout the season. At the catchment scale, streamlet water showed increased nitrate concentrations with typical flushing peaks in spring and autumn, provided more than one fifth of the catchment area was covered by Alnus shrubs. We conclude that the expansion of Alnus rapidly converts centuries-old, N-poor grassland into N saturated shrubland, irrespective of elevation, and it reduces the C storage potential of the landscape because the Alnus dominance constrains re-establishment of a natural montane forest. DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10021-016-9979-9 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - 968 EP - 985 J2 - Ecosystems SN - 1435-0629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alnus shrub expansion increases evapotranspiration in the Swiss Alps AU - van den Bergh, Thijs AU - Körner, Christian AU - Hiltbrunner, Erika T2 - Regional Environmental Change AB - Shrub encroachment is one of the main consequences of abandonment of montane grassland. Higher surface roughness of shrubs leads to stronger aerodynamic coupling. This should increase evapotranspiration (ET), but lower surface temperatures (due to higher ET and reduced aerodynamic resistance) could counter this effect. We explored this question by employing weighable lysimeters in adjacent grass- and shrubland understorey, and by measuring canopy transpiration in Alnus with sap flow sensors at 1675 m a.s.l. in the Swiss central Alps. For 11 bright days, ET rates of Alnus clearly exceeded those from grassland by on average 31 ± 14% or 1.2 ± 0.6 mm d−1 (mean ± sd). During days with a high vapour pressure deficit (VPD), differences in ET were largest, indicating that enhanced aerodynamic coupling had a greater influence than evaporative cooling. Cooler Alnus than grassland canopies were confirmed by infrared thermography. For the growing season (mid May to end of September), we estimate that this increase in ET results in a reduction in runoff by 78 to 81 mm (2010, 2011). Accounting for the falling height of water, this lower runoff reduces the hydro-electric potential of the upper Reuss catchment (227 km2) by 0.47 Mio Swiss Franc (CHF) per growing season (same amount in US Dollar (USD); Alnus cover analysed for the year 2004/05) and by 1.8 Mio CHF for a scenario where all grasslands below the natural treeline would be converted into shrubland. So, shrub encroachment clearly exerts hydrological drawbacks. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10113-017-1246-x VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 1375 EP - 1385 LA - English SN - 1436-378X N1 -

number: 5

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree restoration potential in the European Union. Preliminary version for public consultation AU - Bastin, Jean-François AU - de Hauleville, T. AU - Maniatis, D. AU - Marchi, G. AU - Massaccesi, E. AU - Mollicone, D. AU - Pregagnoli, C. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural climate solutions versus bioenergy: Can carbon benefits of natural succession compete with bioenergy from short rotation coppice? AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Short rotation plantations are often considered as holding vast potentials for future global bioenergy supply. In contrast to raising biomass harvests in forests, purpose-grown biomass does not interfere with forest carbon (C) stocks. Provided that agricultural land can be diverted from food and feed production without impairing food security, energy plantations on current agricultural land appear as a beneficial option in terms of renewable, climate-friendly energy supply. However, instead of supporting energy plantations, land could also be devoted to natural succession. It then acts as a long-term C sink which also results in C benefits. We here compare the sink strength of natural succession on arable land with the C saving effects of bioenergy from plantations. Using geographically explicit data on global cropland distribution among climate and ecological zones, regionally specific C accumulation rates are calculated with IPCC default methods and values. C savings from bioenergy are given for a range of displacement factors (DFs), acknowledging the varying efficiency of bioenergy routes and technologies in fossil fuel displacement. A uniform spatial pattern is assumed for succession and bioenergy plantations, and the considered timeframes range from 20 to 100 years. For many parameter settings—in particular, longer timeframes and high DFs—bioenergy yields higher cumulative C savings than natural succession. Still, if woody biomass displaces liquid transport fuels or natural gas-based electricity generation, natural succession is competitive or even superior for timeframes of 20–50 years. This finding has strong implications with climate and environmental policies: Freeing land for natural succession is a worthwhile low-cost natural climate solution that has many co-benefits for biodiversity and other ecosystem services. A considerable risk, however, is C stock losses (i.e., emissions) due to disturbances or land conversion at a later time. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12626 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 1283 EP - 1297 LA - en SN - 1757-1707 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12626

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land-Management Options for Greenhouse Gas Removal and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Services and the Sustainable Development Goals AU - Smith, P. AU - Adams, J. AU - Beerling, D. J. AU - Beringer, T. AU - Calvin, K. V. AU - Fuss, S. AU - Griscom, B. AU - Hagemann, N. AU - Kammann, C. AU - Kraxner, F. AU - Minx, J. C. AU - Popp, A. AU - Renforth, P. AU - Vicente Vicente, J. L. AU - Keesstra, Saskia T2 - Annual Review of Environment and Resources AB - Land-management options for greenhouse gas removal (GGR) include afforestation or reforestation (AR), wetland restoration, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), biochar, terrestrial enhanced weathering (TEW), and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We assess the opportunities and risks associated with these options through the lens of their potential impacts on ecosystem services (Nature's Contributions to People; NCPs) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that all land-based GGR options contribute positively to at least some NCPs and SDGs. Wetland restoration and SCS almost exclusively deliver positive impacts. A few GGR options, such as afforestation, BECCS, and biochar potentially impact negatively some NCPs and SDGs, particularly when implemented at scale, largely through competition for land. For those that present risks or are least understood, more research is required, and demonstration projects need to proceed with caution. For options that present low risks and provide cobenefits, implementation can proceed more rapidly following no-regrets principles. DA - 2019/10// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033129 DP - pure.iiasa.ac.at VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 255 EP - 286 SN - 1543-5938 N1 -

number: 1

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Negative emissions from BioEnergy use, carbon capture and sequestration (BECS) - The case of biomass production by sustainable forest management from semi-natural temperate forests AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Nilsson, Sten AU - Obersteiner, Michael T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - In this paper, we show how nature oriented forestry measures in a typical temperate forest type in combination with bioenergy systems could lead to continuous and permanent removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. We employ a forest growth model suited for modeling uneven-aged mixed temperate stands and analyze the interaction with biomass energy systems that allow for CO2 removal and long-term sequestration in geological formations. On global scales this technological option to convert the global energy system from a CO2 emitter to a CO2 remover has been overlooked by both the science and policy communities. Removal of the major Greenhouse Gas (GHG) CO2 from the atmosphere is possible using biomass energy to produce both carbon neutral energy carriers (e.g., electricity and hydrogen) and, at the same time, offer a permanent CO2 sink by capturing carbon at the conversion facility and permanently storing it in geological formations. This technological option resolves the issues of permanence and saturation of biological sinks while at the same time this option respects the multiple benefits of sustaining diverse, healthy, and resilient forests. Our results indicate that a typical temperate forest in combination with capturing and long-term storage can permanently remove and on a continuous basis about on a sustainable basis respecting the ecological integrity of the ecosystem. DA - 2003/04/01/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00172-1 DP - ResearchGate VL - 24 SP - 285 EP - 296 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biophysical and economic limits to negative CO2 emissions AU - Smith, Pete AU - Davis, Steven J. AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Fuss, Sabine AU - Minx, Jan AU - Gabrielle, Benoit AU - Kato, Etsushi AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Cowie, Annette AU - Kriegler, Elmar AU - Vuuren, van Detlef P. AU - Rogelj, Joeri AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Milne, Jennifer AU - Canadell, Josep G. AU - McCollum, David AU - Peters, Glen AU - Andrew, Robbie AU - Krey, Volker AU - Shrestha, Gyami AU - Friedlingstein, Pierre AU - Gasser, Thomas AU - Gruebler, Arnulf AU - Heidug, Wolfgang K. AU - Jonas, Matthias AU - Jones, Chris D. AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Littleton, Emma AU - Lowe, Jason AU - Moreira, Jose Roberto AU - Nakicenovic, Nebojsa AU - Obersteiner, Michael AU - Patwardhan, Anand AU - Rogner, Mathis AU - Rubin, Ed AU - Sharifi, Ayyoob AU - Torvanger, Asbjorn AU - Yamagata, Yoshiki AU - Edmonds, Jae AU - Cho, Yongsung T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/NCLIMATE2870 DP - abdn.pure.elsevier.com VL - 6 SP - 42 EP - 50 LA - English SN - 1758-678X N1 -

publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The energy return on investment of BECCS: is BECCS a threat to energy security? AU - Fajardy, Mathilde AU - Mac Dowell, Niall T2 - Energy & Environmental Science AB - Energy intensive supply chains and low power generation efficiency could challenge the ubiquitous assumption that BECCS is a net provider of electricity. Deploying a net negative energy technology at the EJ scale could represent a threat to energy security. , Compliance with long term climate targets whilst maintaining energy security is understood to rely heavily on the large-scale deployment of negative emissions technologies (NETs). One option, Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), is prominent in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), with projected annual contributions of 8–16.5 Gt CO2 per year of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal whilst contributing 150–300 EJ per year, or 14 to 20% of global primary energy supply, in 2100. Implicit in these scenarios is the assumption that BECCS is a net producer of energy. However, relatively energy intensive biomass supply chains and low power generation efficiency could challenge this ubiquitous assumption. Deploying an energy negative technology at this scale could thus represent a threat to energy security. In this contribution, we evaluate the energy return on investment (EROI) of an archetypal BECCS facility. In order to highlight the importance of biomass sourcing, two feedstock scenarios are considered: use of domestic biomass pellets (UK) and import of biomass pellets from Louisiana, USA. We use the Modelling and Optimisation of Negative Emissions Technologies (MONET) framework to explicitly account for growing, pre-treating, transporting and converting the feedstock in a 500 MW BECCS facility. As an example, we illustrate how the net electricity balance (NE l B) of a UK-based BECCS facility can be either positive or negative, as a function of supply chain decisions. Power plant efficiency, fuel efficiency for transport, transport distance, moisture content, drying method, as well as yield were identified as key factors that need to be carefully managed to maximise BECCS net electricity balance. A key insight of this contribution is that, given an annual carbon removal target, increasing BECCS' power generation efficiency by using a more advanced biomass conversion and CO 2 capture technology could improve BECCS net electricity balance, but at the cost of increasing the amount of BECCS capacity required to meet this target. BECCS optimal deployment pathway is thus heavily dependent on which service provided by BECCS is most valued: carbon dioxide removal or power generation. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1039/C7EE03610H DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 1581 EP - 1594 J2 - Energy Environ. Sci. LA - en SN - 1754-5692, 1754-5706 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A techno-economic approach for capacity assessment and ranking of potential options for geological storage of CO2 in Austria AU - Welkenhuysen, Kris AU - Brüstle, Anna-Katharina AU - Bottig, Magdalena AU - Ramírez, Andrea AU - Swennen, Rudy AU - Piessens, Kris T2 - Geologica Belgica DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.20341/gb.2016.012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 19 IS - 3-4 SP - 237 EP - 249 J2 - Geol. Belg. SN - 13748505, 20341954 ER - TY - BILL TI - Verbot der geologischen Speicherung von Kohlenstoffdioxid sowie Änderung des Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungsgesetzes 2000, des Bundes-Umwelthaftungsgesetzes, der Gewerbeordnung 1994 sowie des Mineralrohstoffgesetzes T2 - GP XXIV RV 1387 AB 1572 S. 137. BR: 8615 AB 8651 S. 803 A2 - BGBL, I/144 T3 - Nationalrat DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - Sonstige Anlage - 03 Beilage 1 M1 - Nr. 144 UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20007616&FassungVom=2015-07-29&Artikel=&Paragraf=0&Anlage=&Uebergangsrecht= ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierungsbericht der Bundesregierung gemäß § 4 des Bundesgesetzes über das Verbot der geologischen Speicherung von Kohlenstoffdioxid AU - BMNT DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus SN - III-238 der Beilagen XXVI. GP - Bericht - 02 Hauptdokument ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal scale of carbon-negative energy facilities AU - Sanchez, Daniel L. AU - Callaway, Duncan S. T2 - Applied Energy DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.134 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 170 SP - 437 EP - 444 J2 - Applied Energy LA - en SN - 03062619 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Achieving carbon-neutral iron and steelmaking in Europe through the deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage AU - Mandová, H. AU - Patrizio, P. AU - Leduc, S. AU - Kjärstad, J. AU - Wang, C. AU - Wetterlund, E. AU - Kraxner, F. AU - Gale, W. T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - The 30 integrated steel plants operating in the European Union (EU) are among the largest single-point CO2 emitters in the region. The deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (bio-CCS) could significantly reduce their fossil-based CO2 emissions. In detail, the results demonstrate that CO2 emission reduction targets of up to 20% can be met entirely by biomass deployment. A slow CCS technology introduction on top of biomass deployment is expected as the requirement for emission reduction exceeds 20%. Bio-CCS could then be a key technology, particularly in terms of meeting targets above 50%, of CO2 avoidance cost ranging between €60 and €100 tCO2−1 at full-scale deployment. The future of bio-CCS and its utilisation on a larger scale would therefore only be viable if such CO2 avoidance cost were to become economically appealing. Small and medium plants in particular, would economically benefit from sharing CO2 pipeline networks. CO2 transport, however, makes a relatively small contribution to the total CO2 avoidance cost. In the future, the role of bio-CCS in the European iron and steelmaking industry will also be influenced by non-economic conditions, such as regulations, public acceptance, realistic CO2 storage capacity, and the progress of other mitigation technologies. DA - 2019/05/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.247 DP - pure.iiasa.ac.at VL - 218 SP - 118 EP - 129 LA - en SN - 1879-1786 N1 -

publisher: Elsevier

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Negative emissions—Part 1: Research landscape and synthesis AU - Minx, Jan C. AU - Lamb, William F. AU - Callaghan, Max W. AU - Fuss, Sabine AU - Hilaire, Jérôme AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Amann, Thorben AU - Beringer, Tim AU - Garcia, Wagner de Oliveira AU - Hartmann, Jens AU - Khanna, Tarun AU - Lenzi, Dominic AU - Luderer, Gunnar AU - Nemet, Gregory F. AU - Rogelj, Joeri AU - Smith, Pete AU - Vicente, Jose Luis Vicente AU - Wilcox, Jennifer AU - Dominguez, Maria del Mar Zamora T2 - Environ. Res. Lett. AB - With the Paris Agreement’s ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 °C, negative emission technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize a comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below 1.5 °C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to a minimum for the 2 °C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many 1.5 °C and 2 °C mitigation scenarios. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, a substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in scenarios and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice. DA - 2018/05// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b DP - Institute of Physics VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 063001 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Considering sustainability thresholds for BECCS in IPCC and biodiversity assessments AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Hof, Christian AU - Hunsberger, Carol AU - Roe, Stephanie T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - The majority of scenarios that meet the goals of the Paris agreements exceed sustainability and precautionary thresholds in land, biodiversity and BECCS potentials. Risks may be best avoided by demand-side driven rapid decarbonization and less land-intensive carbon dioxide removal technologies. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12798 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - 510 EP - 515 LA - en SN - 1757-1707 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12798

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Irrigation of biomass plantations may globally increase water stress more than climate change AU - Stenzel, Fabian AU - Greve, Peter AU - Lucht, Wolfgang AU - Tramberend, Sylvia AU - Wada, Yoshihide AU - Gerten, Dieter T2 - Nature Communications AB - Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered an important negative emissions (NEs) technology, but might involve substantial irrigation on biomass plantations. Potential water stress resulting from the additional withdrawals warrants evaluation against the avoided climate change impact. Here we quantitatively assess potential side effects of BECCS with respect to water stress by disentangling the associated drivers (irrigated biomass plantations, climate, land use patterns) using comprehensive global model simulations. By considering a widespread use of irrigated biomass plantations, global warming by the end of the 21st century could be limited to 1.5 °C compared to a climate change scenario with 3 °C. However, our results suggest that both the global area and population living under severe water stress in the BECCS scenario would double compared to today and even exceed the impact of climate change. Such side effects of achieving substantial NEs would come as an extra pressure in an already water-stressed world and could only be avoided if sustainable water management were implemented globally. DA - 2021/03/08/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-21640-3 DP - www.nature.com VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 1512 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en SN - 2041-1723 N1 -

Bandiera_abtest: a
Cc_license_type: cc_by
Cg_type: Nature Research Journals
number: 1
Primary_atype: Research
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
Subject_term: Climate and Earth system modelling;Climate-change mitigation;Environmental health;Hydrology
Subject_term_id: climate-and-earth-system-modelling;climate-change-mitigation;environmental-health;hydrology

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation AU - Bajželj, Bojana AU - Richards, Keith S. AU - Allwood, Julian M. AU - Smith, Pete AU - Dennis, John S. AU - Curmi, Elizabeth AU - Gilligan, Christopher A. T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Recent studies show that current trends in yield improvement will not be sufficient to meet projected global food demand in 2050, and suggest that a further expansion of agricultural area will be required. However, agriculture is the main driver of losses of biodiversity and a major contributor to climate change and pollution, and so further expansion is undesirable. The usual proposed alternative—intensification with increased resource use—also has negative effects. It is therefore imperative to find ways to achieve global food security without expanding crop or pastureland and without increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Some authors have emphasized a role for sustainable intensification in closing global ‘yield gaps’ between the currently realized and potentially achievable yields. However, in this paper we use a transparent, data-driven model, to show that even if yield gaps are closed, the projected demand will drive further agricultural expansion. There are, however, options for reduction on the demand side that are rarely considered. In the second part of this paper we quantify the potential for demand-side mitigation options, and show that improved diets and decreases in food waste are essential to deliver emissions reductions, and to provide global food security in 2050. DA - 2014/10// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2353 DP - www.nature.com VL - 4 IS - 10 SP - 924 EP - 929 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 10
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating climate change AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Roy, Joyashree AU - Lamb, William F. AU - Azevedo, Inês M. L. AU - Bruin, de Wändi Bruine AU - Dalkmann, Holger AU - Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. AU - Geels, Frank W. AU - Grubler, Arnulf AU - Hepburn, Cameron AU - Hertwich, Edgar G. AU - Khosla, Radhika AU - Mattauch, Linus AU - Minx, Jan C. AU - Ramakrishnan, Anjali AU - Rao, Narasimha D. AU - Steinberger, Julia K. AU - Tavoni, Massimo AU - Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana AU - Weber, Elke U. T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Research on climate change mitigation tends to focus on supply-side technology solutions. A better understanding of demand-side solutions is missing. We propose a transdisciplinary approach to identify demand-side climate solutions, investigate their mitigation potential, detail policy measures and assess their implications for well-being. DA - 2018/04// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41558-018-0121-1 DP - www.nature.com VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 260 EP - 263 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 4
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond Technology: Demand-Side Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Fernandez, Blanca AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Khosla, Radhika AU - Mulugetta, Yacob AU - Seto, Karen C. T2 - Annual Review of Environment and Resources AB - The assessment literature on climate change solutions to date has emphasized technologies and options based on cost-effectiveness analysis. However, many solutions to climate change mitigation misalign with such analytical frameworks. Here, we examine demand-side solutions, a crucial class of mitigation options that go beyond technological specification and cost-benefit analysis. To do so, we synthesize demand-side mitigation options in the urban, building, transport, and agricultural sectors. We also highlight the specific nature of demand-side solutions in the context of development. We then discuss key analytical considerations to integrate demand-side options into overarching assessments on mitigation. Such a framework would include infrastructure solutions that interact with endogenous preference formation. Both hard infrastructures, such as the built environment, and soft infrastructures, such as habits and norms, shape behavior and as a consequence offer significant potential for reducing overall energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude that systemic infrastructural and behavioral change will likely be a necessary component of a transition to a low-carbon society. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085428 DP - Annual Reviews VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 173 EP - 198 N1 -

_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085428

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying the potential for climate change mitigation of consumption options AU - Ivanova, Diana AU - Barrett, John AU - Wiedenhofer, Dominik AU - Macura, Biljana AU - Callaghan, Max W AU - Creutzig, Felix T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2020/04/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8589 Y2 - 2020/05/26/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Ernährungsweisen auf Klimawandel und Flächeninanspruchnahme in Österreich und Übersee (DIETCCLU). AU - Schlatzer, Martin AU - Lindenthal, Thomas DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 M3 - Endbericht von StartClim2019.B in StartClim2019: Weitere Beiträge zur Umsetzung der österreichischen Anpassungsstrategie PB - BMLFUW, BMWF, ÖBf, Land Oberösterreich ER - TY - RPRT TI - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 (AAR14) AU - APCC AB - APCC (2014): Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 (AAR14). Austrian Panel on Climate Change (APCC) [1], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Österreich. CY - Wien DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 1096 UR - http://austriaca.at/APPC_AAR2014.pdf DB - ], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften N1 -

ISBN 978-3-7001-7699-2

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food consumption, diet shifts and associated non-CO2 greenhouse gases from agricultural production AU - Popp, Alexander AU - Lotze-Campen, Hermann AU - Bodirsky, Benjamin T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Today, the agricultural sector accounts for approximately 15% of total global anthropogenic emissions, mainly methane and nitrous oxide. Projecting the future development of agricultural non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is important to assess their impacts on the climate system but poses many problems as future demand of agricultural products is highly uncertain. We developed a global land use model (MAgPIE) that is suited to assess future anthropogenic agricultural non-CO2 GHG emissions from various agricultural activities by combining socio-economic information on population, income, food demand, and production costs with spatially explicit environmental data on potential crop yields. In this article we describe how agricultural non-CO2 GHG emissions are implemented within MAgPIE and compare our simulation results with other studies. Furthermore, we apply the model up to 2055 to assess the impact of future changes in food consumption and diet shifts, but also of technological mitigation options on agricultural non-CO2 GHG emissions. As a result, we found that global agricultural non-CO2 emissions increase significantly until 2055 if food energy consumption and diet preferences remain constant at the level of 1995. Non-CO2 GHG emissions will rise even more if increasing food energy consumption and changing dietary preferences towards higher value foods, like meat and milk, with increasing income are taken into account. In contrast, under a scenario of reduced meat consumption, non-CO2 GHG emissions would decrease even compared to 1995. Technological mitigation options in the agricultural sector have also the capability of decreasing non-CO2 GHG emissions significantly. However, these technological mitigation options are not as effective as changes in food consumption. Highest reduction potentials will be achieved by a combination of both approaches. DA - 2010/08// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.02.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 451 EP - 462 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 09593780 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate benefits of changing diet AU - Stehfest, Elke AU - Bouwman, Lex AU - van Vuuren, Detlef P. AU - den Elzen, Michel G. J. AU - Eickhout, Bas AU - Kabat, Pavel T2 - Climatic Change AB - Climate change mitigation policies tend to focus on the energy sector, while the livestock sector receives surprisingly little attention, despite the fact that it accounts for 18% of the greenhouse gas emissions and for 80% of total anthropogenic land use. From a dietary perspective, new insights in the adverse health effects of beef and pork have lead to a revision of meat consumption recommendations. Here, we explored the potential impact of dietary changes on achieving ambitious climate stabilization levels. By using an integrated assessment model, we found a global food transition to less meat, or even a complete switch to plant-based protein food to have a dramatic effect on land use. Up to 2,700 Mha of pasture and 100 Mha of cropland could be abandoned, resulting in a large carbon uptake from regrowing vegetation. Additionally, methane and nitrous oxide emission would be reduced substantially. A global transition to a low meat-diet as recommended for health reasons would reduce the mitigation costs to achieve a 450 ppm CO2-eq. stabilisation target by about 50% in 2050 compared to the reference case. Dietary changes could therefore not only create substantial benefits for human health and global land use, but can also play an important role in future climate change mitigation policies. DA - 2009/07// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1007/s10584-008-9534-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 95 IS - 1-2 SP - 83 EP - 102 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Daten zur Umwelt. Umwelt, Haushalte und Konsum AU - Umweltbundesamt DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/daten_zur_umwelt_umwelt_haushalte_und_konsum_2.pdf Y2 - 2020/05/29/ ER - TY - THES TI - Treibhausgasemissionen österreichischer Ernährungsweisen im Vergleich. Reduktionspotentiale vegetarischer Optionen AU - Wolbart, Nadine DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 M3 - Social Ecology Working Paper 176 Vienna, January 2019 UR - https://boku.ac.at/fileadmin/data/H03000/H73000/H73700/Publikationen/Working_Papers/WP176_Web.pdf N1 -

ISSN 1726-3816

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Nature Communications DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/ncomms11382 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 11382 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food systems in a zero-deforestation world: Dietary change is more important than intensification for climate targets in 2050 AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Kaltenegger, Katrin AU - Morais, Tiago G. AU - Teixeira, Ricardo F. M. AU - Domingos, Tiago AU - Winiwarter, Wilfried AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Global food systems contribute to climate change, the transgression of planetary boundaries and deforestation. An improved understanding of the environmental impacts of different food system futures is crucial for forging strategies to sustainably nourish a growing world population. We here quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of global food system scenarios within a biophysically feasible “option space” in 2050 comprising all scenarios in which biomass supply – calculated as function of agricultural area and yields – is sufficient to cover biomass demand – derived from human diets and the feed demand of livestock. We assessed the biophysical feasibility of 520 scenarios in a hypothetical no-deforestation world. For all feasible scenarios, we calculate (in) direct GHG emissions related to agriculture. We also include (possibly negative) GHG emissions from land-use change, including changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon sinks from vegetation regrowth on land spared from food production. We identify 313 of 520 scenarios as feasible. Agricultural GHG emissions (excluding land use change) of feasible scenarios range from 1.7 to 12.5 Gt CO2e yr−1. When including changes in SOC and vegetation regrowth on spare land, the range is between −10.7 and 12.5 Gt CO2e yr−1. Our results show that diets are the main determinant of GHG emissions, with highest GHG emissions found for scenarios including high meat demand, especially if focused on ruminant meat and milk, and lowest emissions for scenarios with vegan diets. Contrary to frequent claims, our results indicate that diets and the composition and quantity of livestock feed, not crop yields, are the strongest determinants of GHG emissions from food-systems when existing forests are to be protected. DA - 2020/09/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139353 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 735 SP - 139353 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 0048-9697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas implications of mobilizing agricultural biomass for energy: a reassessment of global potentials in 2050 under different food-system pathways AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Kaltenegger, Katrin AU - Winiwarter, Wilfried AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Matej, Sarah AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2020/03/06/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6c2e DP - iopscience-1iop-1org-1001616ie0803.pisces.boku.ac.at VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 034066 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

number: 3
publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global option space for organic agriculture is delimited by nitrogen availability AU - Barbieri, Pietro AU - Pellerin, Sylvain AU - Seufert, Verena AU - Smith, Laurence AU - Ramankutty, Navin AU - Nesme, Thomas T2 - Nature Food AB - Organic agriculture is widely accepted as a strategy to reduce the environmental impacts of food production and help achieve global climate and biodiversity targets. However, studies concluding that organic farming could satisfy global food demand have overlooked the key role that nitrogen plays in sustaining crop yields. Using a spatially explicit biophysical optimization model that accounts for crop growth nitrogen requirements, we show that, in the absence of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, the production gap between organic and conventional agriculture increases as organic agriculture expands globally (with organic producing 36% less food for human consumption than conventional in a fully organic world). Yet, by targeting both food supply (via a redesign of the livestock sector) and demand (by reducing average per capita caloric intake), public policies could support a transition towards organic agriculture in 40–60% of the global agricultural area even under current nitrogen limitations thus helping to achieve important environmental and health benefits. DA - 2021/05// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s43016-021-00276-y DP - www.nature.com VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 363 EP - 372 J2 - Nat Food LA - en SN - 2662-1355 N1 -

number: 5
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agroecological measures and circular economy strategies to ensure sufficient nitrogen for sustainable farming AU - Morais, T. G. AU - Teixeira, R. F. M. AU - Lauk, C. AU - Theurl, M. C. AU - Winiwarter, W. AU - Mayer, A. AU - Kaufmann, L. AU - Haberl, H. AU - Domingos, T. AU - Erb, K. -H. T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Sustainable food systems face trade-offs between demands of low environmental pressures per unit area and requirements of increasing production. Organic farming has lower yields than conventional agriculture and requires the introduction of nitrogen (N) fixing legumes in crop rotations. Here we perform an integrated assessment of the feasibility of future food systems in terms of land and N availability and the potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results show that switching to 100% organic farming without additional measures results in N deficiency. Dietary change towards a reduced share of animal products can aggravate N limitations, which can be overcome through the implementation of a combination of agroecological, circular economy and decarbonization strategies. These measures help to recycle and transfer N from grassland. A vegan diet from fully decarbonized conventional production performs similarly as the optimized organic scenario. Sustainable food systems hence require measures beyond the agricultural sector. DA - 2021/07/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102313 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 69 SP - 102313 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 0959-3780 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Suffizienz: Die Konsumgesellschaft in der ökologischen Krise AU - Stengel, Oliver T2 - Wuppertaler Schriften CY - München DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - zur Forschung für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung Band 1 PB - oekom verlag, Gesellschaft für ökologische Kommunikation mbH UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304021599_Suffizienz_Die_Konsumgesellschaft_in_der_okologischen_Krise_2011 Y2 - 2021/11/12/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enough? The role of sufficiency in European energy and climate plans AU - Zell-Ziegler, Carina AU - Thema, Johannes AU - Best, Benjamin AU - Wiese, Frauke AU - Lage, Jonas AU - Schmidt, Annika AU - Toulouse, Edouard AU - Stagl, Sigrid T2 - Energy Policy AB - Energy sufficiency is one of the three energy sustainability strategies, next to energy efficiency and renewable energies. We analyse to what extent European governments follow this strategy, by conducting a systematic document analysis of all available European National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and Long-Term Strategies (LTSs). We collect and categorise a total of 230 sufficiency-related policy measures, finding large differences between countries. We find most sufficiency policies in the transport sector, when classifying also modal shift policies to change the service quality of transport as sufficiency policies. Types of sufficiency policy instruments vary considerably from sector to sector, for instance the focus on financial incentives and fiscal instruments in the mobility sector, information in the building sector, and financial incentive/tax instruments in cross-sectoral application. Regulatory instruments currently play a minor role for sufficiency policy in the national energy and climate plans of EU member states. Similar to energy efficiency in recent decades, sufficiency still largely referred to as micro-level individual behaviour change or necessary exogenous trends that will need to take place. It is not treated yet as a genuine field of policy action to provide the necessary framework for enabling societal change. DA - 2021/10/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112483 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 157 SP - 112483 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sufficiency or efficiency to achieve lower resource consumption and emissions? The role of the rebound effect AU - Figge, Frank AU - Young, William AU - Barkemeyer, Ralf T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - A frequent criticism of eco-efficiency strategies is that an increase in efficiency can be offset by the rebound effect. Sufficiency is discussed as a new strategy involving self-imposed restriction of consumption but can also be subject to the rebound effect. We show that the range of possible secondary effects of efficiency and sufficiency strategies goes beyond the rebound effect. The rebound effect can indeed also be linked to eco-sufficiency strategies but there are further secondary effects of both eco-efficiency and eco-sufficiency strategies, such as double dividend effects. We develop an ‘Eco-efficiency-sufficiency matrix’ to logically order eco-efficiency and sufficiency measures to attain lower resource consumption and emissions. DA - 2014/04/15/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.031 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 69 SP - 216 EP - 224 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Environmental Impact of Green Consumption and Sufficiency Lifestyles Scenarios in Europe: Connecting Local Sustainability Visions to Global Consequences AU - Vita, Gibran AU - Lundström, Johan R. AU - Hertwich, Edgar G. AU - Quist, Jaco AU - Ivanova, Diana AU - Stadler, Konstantin AU - Wood, Richard T2 - Ecological Economics AB - The sustainability transformation calls for policies that consider the global consequences of local lifestyles. We used stakeholders' visions of sustainable lifestyles across Europe to build 19 scenarios of sufficiency (net reductions) and 17 of green consumption (shift in consumption patterns). We applied Environmentally Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output analysis to model scenarios by assuming widespread adoption of the proposed lifestyles changes. Finally, we estimated the domestic and foreign implications for land, water, carbon and human toxicity potential. We distinguish the options with most potential from those that are seemingly fruitless or present backfire risks. While our method allows for testing a large number scenarios under a consistent framework, further work is needed to add robustness to the scenarios. However, we do find a range of indicative results that have strong potential to contribute to mitigation efforts. Services: We find that a local and sharing service economy has a maximum reduction potential of 18% of the European carbon footprint (CF). Clothing & Appliances: Sharing and extending lifetimes of clothes and devices could diminish CF by approximately 3%. Transport: Reducing motorized transport by remote work and active travel could mitigate between 9 and 26% of CF. Food: Vegan diets could spare 4% of the land and reduce up to 14% of CF. Bio-economy: Switching to biomaterials and bioenergy tend to reduce carbon and toxic emissions at the risk of increasing water and land use. Housing: Passive housing and decentralized renewable energy reduces carbon emissions up to 5 and 14%, respectively. We characterize the sensitivity of our results by modelling income rebound effects and confirm the importance of deterring expenditure in resource intensive goods. DA - 2019/10/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 164 SP - 106322 J2 - Ecological Economics LA - en SN - 0921-8009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing wood use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of wood product cascading in the European Union AU - Bais-Moleman, Anna Liza AU - Sikkema, Richard AU - Vis, Martijn AU - Reumerman, Patrick AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.153 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 172 SP - 3942 EP - 3954 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 09596526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficiency, sufficiency, and consistency for sustainable healthy food AU - Muller, Adrian AU - Schader, Christian T2 - The Lancet Planetary Health DA - 2017/04/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30012-8 DP - www.thelancet.com VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - e13 EP - e14 J2 - The Lancet Planetary Health LA - English SN - 2542-5196 N1 -

publisher: Elsevier
PMID: 29851588

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Referenzplan als Grundlage für einen wissenschaftlich fundierten und mit den Pariser Klimazielen in Einklang stehenden Nationalen Energie- und Klimaplan für Österreich (Ref-NEKP) AU - Kirchengast, , G. AU - Kromp-Kolb, H. AU - Steininger, K. AU - Stagl, S. AU - Kirchner, M. AU - Ambach, Ch. AU - Grohs, J. AU - Gutsohn, A. AU - Peisker, J. AU - Strunk, B. DA - 2019/09/09/ PY - 2019 UR - https://ccca.ac.at/wissenstransfer/uninetz-sdg-13-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reviewing the scope and thematic focus of 100 000 publications on energy consumption, services and social aspects of climate change: a big data approach to demand-side mitigation * AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Callaghan, Max AU - Ramakrishnan, Anjali AU - Javaid, Aneeque AU - Niamir, Leila AU - Minx, Jan AU - Müller-Hansen, Finn AU - Sovacool, Benjamin AU - Afroz, Zakia AU - Andor, Mark AU - Antal, Miklos AU - Court, Victor AU - Das, Nandini AU - Díaz-José, Julio AU - Döbbe, Friederike AU - Figueroa, Maria J AU - Gouldson, Andrew AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Hook, Andrew AU - Ivanova, Diana AU - Lamb, William F AU - Maïzi, Nadia AU - Mata, Érika AU - Nielsen, Kristian S AU - Onyige, Chioma Daisy AU - Reisch, Lucia A AU - Roy, Joyashree AU - Scheelbeek, Pauline AU - Sethi, Mahendra AU - Some, Shreya AU - Sorrell, Steven AU - Tessier, Mathilde AU - Urmee, Tania AU - Virág, Doris AU - Wan, Can AU - Wiedenhofer, Dominik AU - Wilson, Charlie T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2021/03/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/abd78b DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 033001 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Three Decades of Climate Mitigation: Why Haven't We Bent the Global Emissions Curve? AU - Stoddard, Isak AU - Anderson, Kevin AU - Capstick, Stuart AU - Carton, Wim AU - Joanna, Depledge AU - Facer, Keri AU - Gough, Clair AU - Hache, Frederic AU - Hoolohan, Claire AU - Hultman, Martin AU - Hällström, Niclas AU - Kartha, Sivan AU - Klinsky, Sonja AU - Kuchler, Magdalena AU - Lövbrand, Eva AU - Nasiritousi, Naghmeh AU - Newell, Peter AU - Peters, Glen P. AU - Sokona, Youba AU - Stirling, Andy AU - Stilwell, Matthew AU - Spash, Clive L. AU - Williams, Mariama T2 - Annual Review of Environment and Resources DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011104 DP - Lund University VL - 46 IS - 1 SN - 1545-2050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scenarios for the risk of hunger in the twenty-first century using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways AU - Hasegawa, Tomoko AU - Fujimori, Shinichiro AU - Takahashi, Kiyoshi AU - Masui, Toshihiko T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) are being developed internationally for cross-sectoral assessments of climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. These are five scenarios that include both qualitative and quantitative information for mitigation and adaptation challenges to climate change. In this study, we quantified scenarios for the risk of hunger in the 21st century using SSPs, and clarified elements that influence future hunger risk. There were two primary findings: (1) risk of hunger in the 21st-century greatly differed among five SSPs; and (2) population growth, improvement in the equality of food distribution within a country, and increases in food consumption mainly driven by income growth greatly influenced future hunger risk and were important elements in its long-term assessment. DA - 2015/01// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014010 DP - Institute of Physics VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 014010 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -

publisher: IOP Publishing

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigation potential and global health impacts from emissions pricing of food commodities AU - Springmann, Marco AU - Mason-D’Croz, Daniel AU - Robinson, Sherman AU - Wiebe, Keith AU - Godfray, H. Charles J. AU - Rayner, Mike AU - Scarborough, Peter T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - The projected rise in food-related greenhouse gas emissions could seriously impede efforts to limit global warming to acceptable levels. Despite that, food production and consumption have long been excluded from climate policies, in part due to concerns about the potential impact on food security. Using a coupled agriculture and health modelling framework, we show that the global climate change mitigation potential of emissions pricing of food commodities could be substantial, and that levying greenhouse gas taxes on food commodities could, if appropriately designed, be a health-promoting climate policy in high-income countries, as well as in most low- and middle-income countries. Sparing food groups known to be beneficial for health from taxation, selectively compensating for income losses associated with tax-related price increases, and using a portion of tax revenues for health promotion are potential policy options that could help avert most of the negative health impacts experienced by vulnerable groups, whilst still promoting changes towards diets which are more environmentally sustainable. DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/nclimate3155 DP - www.nature.com VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 74 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 1
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Staatliche Eingriffe in die Lebensmittelwahl: Welche klimapolitischen Instrumente unterstützt die Bevölkerung? AU - Lemken, Dominic AU - Kraus, Katharina AU - Nitzko, Sina AU - Spiller, Achim T2 - GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society AB - In view of climate change, policy approaches addressing the consumption side of nutrition are becoming increasingly relevant to lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, adequate policy instruments can be risky. They interfere with individual freedom of choice and can thus be unpopular. This study investigates the social acceptance of governmental interventions. The study explores four types of climate policy instruments of increasing depth of intervention: 1. information and education, 2. nudging, 3. taxation, 4. bans. Information and nudging are met with the largest degree of approval. Assuming that acceptance will decrease with the depth of intervention, the equally critical perception of taxation and bans is an exception. Apart from the depth of intervention, social acceptance also depends on the field of action. For instance, taxation of airfreight products would be widely accepted. The conclusion explores nutrition policy options motivated by climate policy considerations. DA - 2018/01/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.14512/gaia.27.4.8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 363 EP - 372 J2 - GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society LA - de SN - 0940-5550 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon labelling: too complex or will it transform our buying? AU - Boardman, Brenda T2 - Significance AB - In January 2007, Sir Terry Leahy, Chief Executive of Tesco, made a surprise announcement: Tesco intend to put carbon labels on all their products. The hope is that consumers will be able to judge the impact on the environment of what they buy. But Tesco stock 70 000 products. Can it be done? And, if so, how?Brenda Boardman looks at the challenges. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2008.00322.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 168 EP - 171 LA - en SN - 1740-9713 N1 -

_eprint: https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2008.00322.x

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time to try carbon labelling AU - Vandenbergh, Michael P. AU - Dietz, Thomas AU - Stern, Paul C. T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - A global private carbon-labelling scheme for consumer products could fill the climate-policy gap by influencing the behaviour of consumers and corporate supply chains. DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1071 DP - www.nature.com VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 4 EP - 6 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -

number: 1
publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future of ecolabels AU - Iraldo, Fabio AU - Griesshammer, Rainer AU - Kahlenborn, Walter T2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment DA - 2020/05/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s11367-020-01741-9 DP - Springer Link VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 833 EP - 839 J2 - Int J Life Cycle Assess LA - en SN - 1614-7502 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Footprint bei Lebensmitteln Inhaltsanalytische Ermittlung relevanter Berechnungskriterien AU - Burger, Eva AU - Meixner, Oliver AU - Pöchtrager, Siegfried DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Zotero SP - 149 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can nudging improve the environmental impact of food supply chain? A systematic review AU - Ferrari, Linda AU - Cavaliere, Alessia AU - De Marchi, Elisa AU - Banterle, Alessandro T2 - Trends in Food Science & Technology AB - Background According to the prediction of the Food and Agriculture Organization, food supply must increase by almost 70 percent by 2050, with tremendous consequences in terms of land depletion, natural resource use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The current agri-food system is incapable to cope with this raising demand meanwhile preserving the environment. There is urgent need to reorient the food system onto a more sustainable trajectory: producers should pursue more conscious and environmentally friendly practices and consumers should account for sustainability issues while making their daily food consumption decisions. Scope and approach The goal of this systematic review is to gather existing evidence on green nudging interventions geared at leveraging more environmentally sustainable behaviours among the agents of the food chain, from the producers to the final consumers. An extensive literature search was conducted on Web of Science, Scopus, EconLit, and CAB Abstracts, restricting the selection to the last ten years, and using “nudg*” or “choice architecture” as primary research strings. Finally, 25 studies were included in the review. Key finding and conclusions Almost all studies on farmers as well as on consumers included in this review provide evidence that green nudging can be effective in leveraging more sustainable practices. Overall, we propose that green nudges should not be meant to replace stricter environmental and food policies, but rather they should be regarded as potential complements to be implemented with the aim of gradually moving society in a direction that might benefit all. DA - 2019/09/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 91 SP - 184 EP - 192 J2 - Trends in Food Science & Technology LA - en SN - 0924-2244 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nudging – A promising tool for sustainable consumption behaviour? AU - Lehner, Matthias AU - Mont, Oksana AU - Heiskanen, Eva T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production T3 - Special Volume: Transitions to Sustainable Consumption and Production in Cities AB - Success of strategies for solving problems of climate change, resource efficiency and environmental impacts increasingly depend on whether changes in public behaviour can and will supplement the technical solutions available to date. A renewed perspective on existing policy tools and potential strategies for behaviour change are entering public debate that have implications for behaviour of individuals, but that also raise critical questions about the role of the government in the society and transition to sustainability. The guiding question is whether it is possible to help individuals make better decisions for themselves and society at large by overcoming limitations of human cognitive capacity and behavioural biases? In order to answer these questions, this article 1) analyses existing academic knowledge on nudging and choice architecture; 2) investigates lessons about effectiveness of applied nudging tools and approaches in consumption domains of energy use in the home, food and mobility; 3) discusses opportunities and limitations for devising more successful nudges in the three consumption domains; and 4) outlines critical issues concerning the legitimacy of nudging. The article shows that lately applications of behavioural sciences and behavioural economics, such as nudge, have been helping policy makers in different countries and sectors to more systematically integrate behavioural insights into policy design and implementation. However, the size of the effects of policy interventions and the actual outcomes of interventions in different contexts are very diverse. Results from one experiment cannot be indiscriminately generalised to a different context or to a wider population. The problem is the complexity of human behaviour and the diversity of factors that influence it. Despite that, nudging is a useful strategy for inducing changes in context-specific behaviour. Nudge tools are seen as a complement to the traditional policy instruments rather than as a substitute for laws and regulations and economic tools. The article is based on the project funded by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) that resulted in a report “Nudging. Advancing Swedish policy making with academic insights and practical experiences of changing behaviour” (Mont et al., 2014), which served as an input to the Swedish EPA' recommendations to the Swedish Government on policy measures for sustainable consumption (Naturvårdsverket, 2014). DA - 2016/10/15/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.086 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 134 SP - 166 EP - 177 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ethics of nudging: An overview AU - Schmidt, Andreas T. AU - Engelen, Bart T2 - Philosophy Compass AB - So-called nudge policies utilize insights from behavioral science to achieve policy outcomes. Nudge policies try to improve people's decisions by changing the ways options are presented to them, rather than changing the options themselves or incentivizing or coercing people. Nudging has been met with great enthusiasm but also fierce criticism. This paper provides an overview of the debate on the ethics of nudging to date. After outlining arguments in favor of nudging, we first discuss different objections that all revolve around the worry that nudging vitiates personal autonomy. We split up this worry into different dimensions of autonomy, such as freedom of choice, volitional autonomy, rational agency, and freedom as nondomination. We next discuss worries that nudging is manipulative, violates human dignity, and prevents more important structural reform. Throughout, we will present responses that proponents of nudging can muster. On the whole, we conclude that the objections fail to establish that the nudge program as a whole should be rejected. At the same time, they give us important guidance when moving towards an ethical assessment of nudges on a case-by-case basis. Towards the end, we provide some possible ways forward in debates around the ethics of nudging. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/phc3.12658 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - e12658 LA - en SN - 1747-9991 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/phc3.12658

ER - TY - RPRT TI - A Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system AU - EC CY - Brussels DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en SN - COM(2020) 381 final ST - COM/2020/381 final UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0381 N1 -

issue: COM(2020) 381 final

ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC CY - Cambridge, UK; New York, USA DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimabilanz biologischer und konventioneller Lebensmittel im Vergleich AU - Lindenthal, T AU - Markut, T AU - Hörtenhuber, S AU - Rudolph, G AU - Hanz, K DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Zotero SP - 8 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contrasted greenhouse gas emissions from local versus long-range tomato production AU - Theurl, Michaela Clarissa AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Lindenthal, Thomas T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development AB - Transport from regional production requires less fossil fuel and thus produces lower greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, policies fostering the production of regional goods support rural development. Tomato consumption has increased fast in Europe over the last decade. Intensive production techniques such as heated greenhouses and long-distance transport overcome seasonal constraints in order to provide year-round fresh goods. However, studies that evaluate seasonal and off-season production are scarce. Here, we analyzed the carbon footprint of tomato production systems in Austria, Spain, and Italy using a life cycle approach. We collected data from four main supply chains ending at the point of sale in an average Austrian supermarket. We aimed to identify hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production, heating, packaging, processing, and transport. Our results show that imported tomatoes from Spain and Italy have two times lower greenhouse gas emissions than those produced in Austria in capital-intensive heated systems. On the contrary, tomatoes from Spain and Italy were found to have 3.7 to 4.7 times higher greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to less-intensive organic production systems in Austria. Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions from tomato production highly depend on the production system such as the prevalence or absence of heating. DA - 2014/07// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s13593-013-0171-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 593 EP - 602 J2 - Agron. Sustain. Dev. LA - en SN - 1774-0746, 1773-0155 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutz und Ernährung – Darstellung und Reduktionsmöglichkeiten der Treibhausgasemissionen von verschiedenen Lebensmitteln und Ernährungsstilen AU - Zamecnik, Georg AU - Schweiger, Stefan AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Himmelfreundpointner, Elisabeth AU - Schlatzer, Martin CY - Vienna DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 M3 - Endbericht im Auftrag von ja Natürlich und Greenpeace PB - FiBL ER - TY - CONF TI - Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Organic and Conventional Foodstuffs in Austria AU - Lindenthal, T. AU - Markut, Hörtenhuber, S., T. AU - Theurl, M. AU - Rudolph, G. T2 - lcafood 2010: VII international conference on life assessment in the agri-food sector ; Bari, Italy, September 22-24 2010 ; proceedings , vol. 1 A2 - Notarnicola, B. A2 - Settanni, E. A2 - Tassielli, G. A2 - Giungato, P. A2 - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro A2 - Notarnicola, B. A2 - Settanni, E. A2 - Tassielli, G. A2 - Giungato, P. A2 - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro C1 - Bari C3 - lcafood 2010: VII international conference on life assessment in the agri-food sector ; Bari, Italy, September 22-24 2010 ; proceedings , vol. 1 DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 319 EP - 324 SN - 978-88-88793-29-0 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Livestock and climate change: impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies AU - Grossi, Giampiero AU - Goglio, Pietro AU - Vitali, Andrea AU - Williams, Adrian G T2 - Animal Frontiers DA - 2019/01/03/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1093/af/vfy034 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 76 LA - en SN - 2160-6056, 2160-6064 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector AU - Herrero, Mario AU - Henderson, Benjamin AU - Havlik, Petr AU - Thornton, Philip K. AU - Conant, Richard T. AU - Smith, Pete AU - Wirsenius, Stefan AU - Hristov, Alexander N. AU - Gerber, Pierre AU - Gill, Margaret AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus AU - Valin, Hugo AU - Garnett, Tara AU - Stehfest, Elke T2 - Nature Clim. Change AB - The livestock sector supports about 1.3 billion producers and retailers, and contributes 40-50% of agricultural GDP. We estimated that between 1995 and 2005, the livestock sector was responsible for greenhouse gas emissions of 5.6-7.5 GtCO2e yr-1. Livestock accounts for up to half of the technical mitigation potential of the agriculture, forestry and land-use sectors, through management options that sustainably intensify livestock production, promote carbon sequestration in rangelands and reduce emissions from manures, and through reductions in the demand for livestock products. The economic potential of these management alternatives is less than 10% of what is technically possible because of adoption constraints, costs and numerous trade-offs. The mitigation potential of reductions in livestock product consumption is large, but their economic potential is unknown at present. More research and investment are needed to increase the affordability and adoption of mitigation practices, to moderate consumption of livestock products where appropriate, and to avoid negative impacts on livelihoods, economic activities and the environment. DA - 2016/05// PY - 2016 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 452 EP - 461 J2 - Nature Clim. Change SN - 1758-678X ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lebensmittelbericht Österreich 2010 AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 143 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Gemeinschaftsverpflegung als Motor für die österreichische biologische Landwirtschaft. Endbericht. Studie im Auftrag von Greenpeace in Zentral- und Osteuropa, Bio Austria, in Kooperation mit Mutter Erde AU - Gusenbauer, I. AU - Markut, T. AU - Hörtenhuber, S. AU - Kummer, S. AU - Bartel-Kratochvil, R. CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - deutsch ER - TY - RPRT TI - Richtlinie UZ 200. Tourismus und Freizeitwirtschaft “201 Beherbergungsbetriebe“ „202 Gastronomiebetriebe“ „203 Eventcatering und Party-Service“ „204 Gemeinschaftsverpflegung“ („205 Campingplätze“) „206 Schutzhütten“ „207 Tagungs- und Eventlokalitäten“ „208 Museen und Ausstellungshäuser“. Version 7.0 AU - Österreichisches Umweltzeichen DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.umweltzeichen.at/de/tourismus/gr%C3%BCne-gastronomie Y2 - 2020/07/01/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT EU green public procurement criteria for food, catering services and vending machines AU - EC CY - Brüssel DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - European Commission SN - SWD(2019) 366 final UR - https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjTjM-Z1fT-AhXKhP0HHQxUBYMQFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fgpp%2Fpdf%2F190927_EU_GPP_criteria_for_food_and_catering_services_SWD_(2019)_366_final.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2M8ycEZcZv3_0hBILxzWPd ER - TY - CHAP TI - Food service: climate issues and water demand of meals. AU - Theurl, M. C. AU - Hörtenhuber, S. AU - Markut, T. AU - Lindenthal, T. AU - Wirz, A. T2 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector (LCA Food 2014), San Francisco, California, USA, 8-10 October, 2014 CY - Vashon, USA DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English SN - 978-0-9882145-7-6 N1 -

OCLC: 942864129

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture: From farm production to food consumption AU - Yue, Qian AU - Xu, Xiangrui AU - Hillier, Jonathan AU - Cheng, Kun AU - Pan, Genxing T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture can be mitigated from both supply (production) and demand (consumption) sides. In this study the carbon footprint (CF) of a range of 26 crop and 6 livestock products was calculated using national statistical data and used as an indicator to assess the climatic impacts of agriculture from farm production to food consumption in China. Of the products assessed, meat had the highest CF (6.21 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq)/kg), and vegetable had the lowest (0.15 kg CO2-eq/kg). The CFs of fruit, legume, grain crop, oil crop, milk, industrial crop and poultry egg were 0.31, 0.46, 0.77, 0.95, 1.47, 2.96 and 4.09 kg CO2-eq/kg, respectively. Methane emissions from paddy rice and emissions from fertilizer application were the largest contributors of about 36∼93% of CFs for crop production, whereas GHG emissions from forage, enteric fermentation and manure treatment accounted for more than 96% for CFs of livestock and poultry production. Significant differences between CFs were found across different management patterns and farm scales. GHGs emissions estimated from supply side food production are currently 912.5 kg CO2-eq/capita/year, which was considerably higher than that estimated from consumption being 379.6 kg CO2-eq/capita/year – which may be attributable to export, waste, or to the use of crops as feed for livestock. The CF for dining out was 2.87 kg CO2-eq/capita/meal, which was higher than home dining at 1.57 kg CO2-eq/capita/meal. We conclude that both improved agricultural management and dietary consumption changes have the potential to provide considerable GHG mitigation in China. DA - 2017/04/15/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.172 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 149 SP - 1011 EP - 1019 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Comparative Analysis of Five Forest Certification Programs AU - Gutierrez Garzon, Alba Rocio AU - Bettinger, Pete AU - Siry, Jacek AU - Abrams, Jesse AU - Cieszewski, Chris AU - Boston, Kevin AU - Mei, Bin AU - Zengin, Hayati AU - Yeşil, Ahmet T2 - Forests AB - International expansion of forest certification programs has occurred over the last three decades. Both public and private organizations have shown increased interest in becoming certified by one or more forest certification bodies, to assure the public that forest resources are managed adequately in sustaining forest health and socio-economic viability. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) program is globally used as a benchmark to implement forest certification at the national and regional levels. The Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI) and the American Tree Farm System (ATFS) are also used throughout the United States. In Europe, individual countries such as Bulgaria and Turkey have also developed national forest certification programs. The SFI, ATFS and Bulgarian programs are further endorsed by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). The results of a qualitative analysis comparing the FSC forest certification program with the SFI, the ATFS, and the two European national programs (Bulgarian and Turkish) suggest that differences in these programs are not necessarily related to their language, but to the level of detail and prescriptiveness of each program. We find that the FSC is much more detailed and prescriptive in nearly all aspects considered for forest certification. In particular, we find that most of the elements considered in the FSC Principle 6 (Environmental Impact) are either only superficial, or not addressed at all, in the other four programs. Furthermore, the other programs appear to be less comprehensive and detailed in the substance of the FSC monitoring and assessment principles. In a few areas, the Turkish program requires more quantitative indicators for assessing forest management than the other programs. Though a comparison of the legal framework related to forest management in each of the studied countries was briefly introduced, our study focuses on the certification schemes themselves; it may contribute to policy discussions in the future development and implementation of other certification programs. DA - 2020/08// PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/f11080863 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 863 LA - en N1 -

number: 8
publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Politics of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives: The Crisis of the Forest Stewardship Council AU - Moog, Sandra AU - Spicer, André AU - Böhm, Steffen T2 - Journal of Business Ethics AB - Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) have become a vital part of the organizational landscape for corporate social responsibility. Recent debates have explored whether these initiatives represent opportunities for the “democratization” of transnational corporations, facilitating civic participation in the extension of corporate responsibility, or whether they constitute new arenas for the expansion of corporate influence and the private capture of regulatory power. In this article, we explore the political dynamics of these new governance initiatives by presenting an in-depth case study of an organization often heralded as a model MSI: the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). An effort to address global deforestation in the wake of failed efforts to agree a multilateral convention on forests at the Rio Summit (UNCED) in 1992, the FSC was launched in 1993 as a non-state regulatory experiment: a transnational MSI, administering a global eco-labeling scheme for timber and forest products. We trace the scheme’s evolution over the past two decades, showing that while the FSC has successfully facilitated multi-sectoral determination of new standards for forestry, it has nevertheless failed to transform commercial forestry practices or stem the tide of tropical deforestation. Applying a neo-Gramscian analysis to the organizational evolution of the FSC, we examine how broader market forces and resource imbalances between non-governmental and market actors can serve to limit the effectiveness of MSIs in the current neo-liberal environment. This presents dilemmas for NGOs which can lead to their defection, ultimately undermining the organizational legitimacy of MSIs. DA - 2015/05/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s10551-013-2033-3 DP - Springer Link VL - 128 IS - 3 SP - 469 EP - 493 J2 - J Bus Ethics LA - en SN - 1573-0697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Forest Stewardship Council: Risk and Potential of Private Forest Governance AU - Pattberg, Philipp H. T2 - The Journal of Environment & Development AB - Among the many organizations active in the forestry sector, the Forest Stewardship Council is claimed to be one of the most effective, in terms of its effect on forestry and the political discourse. This article takes the first decade of private forest politics as a starting point for an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of private systems of rules operating on the transnational level. It points to four open questions: (a) the problem of uneven geographic representation and the resulting disadvantages for developing countries; (b) the question of long-term financial support for private politics; (c) the problem of competing schemes and the resulting contradictory signals toward consumers and policy makers; and (d) generic structural limitations to market-based governance. These empirical observations, derived from analyzing one prominent private system, are generalized to a wider set of private systems of rules operating at the global level to assess the future of private governance in sustainability politics. DA - 2005/09/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1177/1070496505280062 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 356 EP - 374 J2 - The Journal of Environment & Development LA - en SN - 1070-4965 N1 -

publisher: SAGE Publications Inc

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluation of the impacts of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of natural forest management in the tropics: a rigorous approach to assessment of a complex conservation intervention AU - Romero, C. AU - Sills, E.O. AU - Guariguata, M.R. AU - Cerutti, P.O. AU - Lescuyer, G. AU - Putz, F.E. T2 - International Forestry Review AB - After more than 20 years and substantial investments of time and money, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of tropical forest management is due for a stringent impact evaluation. For any social, ecological, and economic outcomes to be attributed to FSC certification, rival explanations need to be ruled out. We recognize that different types of knowledge about FSC impacts derived from information gathered through a range of methods can satisfy the evidence-needs of different stakeholders. But this paper describes a roadmap based on rigorous methods to assess whether FSC certification delivers on its expected outcomes and the underlying mechanisms through which changes can be attributable to FSC. To this end, background studies that provide contextual knowledge related to implementation of FSC certification are proposed to account for any positive self-selection biases and to capture the temporal dynamics of certification including changes in the sociopolitical and economic contexts that influence certification decisions. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1505/146554817822295902 DP - IngentaConnect VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 36 EP - 49 J2 - International Forestry Review ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest certification: the challenge of measuring impacts AU - van der Ven, Hamish AU - Cashore, Benjamin T2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability T3 - Environmental change issues 2018 AB - This article begins by situating forest certification within a broader set of forest governance institutions and innovations. It then examines how certification has been practiced to date, before investigating whether, when, and how it has achieved its intended impacts. Doing so reveals a number of gaps in existing knowledge that stem from narrow conceptualizations of impacts, limitations of available data, and epistemological challenges inherent to particular research designs. As a corrective, we propose a three pronged approach to improving impacts research that involves collecting better data, expanding the indicators under observation, and affording a greater role to concept and theory building that draws on mixed-method research to highlight slow-moving, multi-level, historical processes that result in important, but often under-analyzed, impacts. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.06.001 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 32 SP - 104 EP - 111 J2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability LA - en SN - 1877-3435 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Stellungnahme des Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschusses zum Thema „Die integrierte Produktion in der Europäischen Union“ (Initiativstellungnahme) AU - EC T2 - Europäischer Wirtschafts-und Sozialausschuss CY - Brüssel DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 M3 - Initiativstellungnahme SN - 2014/C 214/02 ER - TY - STAT TI - Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides (Text with EEA relevance) AU - EU 128 T2 - EC 2009/128 DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - 2009/128 M1 - EC 2009/128 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32009L0128 ER - TY - RPRT TI - DIRECTIVE 2009/128/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides AU - European Commission CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lebensmittel – Verpackungen – Nachhaltigkeit: Ein Leitfaden für Verpackungshersteller, Lebensmittelverarbeiter, Handel, Politik & NGOs AU - Obersteiner, G. AU - Pilz, H. CY - Wien DA - 2020/02// PY - 2020 M3 - Entstanden aus den Ergebnissen des Forschungsprojekts „STOP waste – SAVE food“ UR - https://boku.ac.at/fileadmin/data/H03000/H81000/H81300/upload-files/Forschung/Lebensmittel/Leitfaden_StopWaste_A4_final_web.pdf Y2 - 2020/05/15/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Sustainable Packaging AU - Siracusa, Valentina AU - Rosa, Marco D. T2 - Sustainable Food Systems from Agriculture to Industry A2 - Galanakis, Charis M. A2 - Galanakis, Charis M. AB - Fresh food industry is even more interested in developing efficient and innovative solutions to guarantee quality and distribution while taking into consideration the environmental sustainability. One of the main factors that influence such crucial aspects is packaging. Today, plastics cover up to 50% of primary food packaging thanks to their positive features such as lightweight, flexibility, strength, transparency, impermeability, ease of sterilization, and so on. This massive consumption is accompanied by a consistent waste generation with an important environmental footprint. Taking into consideration that yet above 30% of plastics wastes are landfilled (PlasticEurope, 2016), the use of biopolymers such as bio-based polymers and/or biodegradable polymers could be a sustainable alternative. But, for food packaging application, the prolongation of food shelf life is required to save money, material consumption and waste, both for food and plastic point of view and not many biopolymers could be employed for this scope. This chapter discusses existing and alternatives packaging solutions, with an ultimate goal of denoting weaknesses and opportunities to improve sustainability efficiency of the food sector. The aim is to assess and consequently reduce the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-life of packaging materials used in the food sector. DA - 2018/01/01/ PY - 2018 DP - ScienceDirect SP - 275 EP - 307 LA - en SN - 978-0-12-811935-8 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128119358000081 Y2 - 2020/07/01/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811935-8.00008-1

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Roadmap 2050 Biobasierter Kunststoff – Kunststoff aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen AU - BMVIT CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 M3 - Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung SN - 6/2018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioplastics and GHGs Saving: The Land Use Change (LUC) Emissions Issue AU - Piemonte, V. AU - Gironi, F. T2 - Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects DA - 2012/09/04/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1080/15567036.2010.497797 VL - 34 IS - 21 SP - 1995 EP - 2003 J2 - Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects SN - 1556-7036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—A critical review AU - Yates, Madeleine R. AU - Barlow, Claire Y. T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling AB - Biopolymers are generally considered an eco-friendly alternative to petrochemical polymers due to the renewable feedstock used to produce them and their biodegradability. However, the farming practices used to grow these feedstocks often carry significant environmental burdens, and the production energy can be higher than for petrochemical polymers. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are available in the literature, which make comparisons between biopolymers and various petrochemical polymers, however the results can be very disparate. This review has therefore been undertaken, focusing on three biodegradable biopolymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), and starch-based polymers, in an attempt to determine the environmental impact of each in comparison to petrochemical polymers. Reasons are explored for the discrepancies between these published LCAs. The majority of studies focused only on the consumption of non-renewable energy and global warming potential and often found these biopolymers to be superior to petrochemically derived polymers. In contrast, studies which considered other environmental impact categories as well as those which were regional or product specific often found that this conclusion could not be drawn. Despite some unfavorable results for these biopolymers, the immature nature of these technologies needs to be taken into account as future optimization and improvements in process efficiencies are expected. DA - 2013/09/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.06.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 78 SP - 54 EP - 66 J2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling LA - en SN - 0921-3449 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344913001407 Y2 - 2020/02/27/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demand side options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the land footprint of urban food systems: A scenario analysis for the City of Vienna AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Kaufmann, Lisa AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Wittmann, Fritz AU - Eder, Michael AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan AU - Freyer, Bernhard AU - Krausmann, Fridolin T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - The provision of food is fundamental for society, but it is also a major driver of environmental change. Cities are important consumers of food, harboring more than half of the global population, a share that is expected to grow in the coming decades. Here we investigate the urban food system of Vienna, a large central European city. We quantify the land and greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of Vienna's food system and explore potentials to reduce the urban footprint through changes in food consumption, applying a counterfactual approach. We systematically compare the land and GHG effect of a shift of consumption towards i) diets with a lower share of animal products, ii) food from regional agriculture and iii) food from organic agriculture, based on the FoodClim model presented in this study. Our results show that Vienna's food system currently requires 639000 ha of agricultural land, about two thirds of it in foreign countries and emits 2.29 Mt CO2e/yr over the whole supply chain. A change in diets has the largest impact, reducing both Vienna's food system land footprint by 54% and its GHG footprint by 57%, while the effect of regionalization is comparatively small. Combined scenarios show that it is possible to maintain a healthy level of meat in diets and to switch to organic agriculture with lower land and livestock productivities and to still save half of the GHG emissions, while avoiding an expansion of the land footprint. DA - 2022/07/20/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132064 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 359 SP - 132064 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Local Food Systems and Their Climate Impacts: A Life Cycle Perspective AU - Theurl, Michaela C. T2 - Land Use Competition: Ecological, Economic and Social Perspectives A2 - Niewöhner, Jörg A2 - Bruns, Antje A2 - Hostert, Patrick A2 - Krueger, Tobias A2 - Nielsen, Jonas Ø. A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Lauk, Christian A2 - Lutz, Juliana A2 - Müller, Daniel A2 - Niewöhner, Jörg A2 - Bruns, Antje A2 - Hostert, Patrick A2 - Krueger, Tobias A2 - Nielsen, Jonas Ø. A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Lauk, Christian A2 - Lutz, Juliana A2 - Müller, Daniel T3 - Human-Environment Interactions AB - The creation and maintenance of local food sovereignty and security is a top priority on political agendas. Food systems are characterized by complex dynamic nexuses at different levels and scales, and sustainability assessments necessarily need to approach social, economic, and environmental dimensions. While the provision of food is limited, among other factors, by the quantity of fertile areas, these areas are also attractive for other land uses, e.g., for the cultivation of energy plants or afforestation, which can result in socioeconomic conflicts related to land-use competition. Numerous studies have looked at the global picture, using integrated assessment models, in which biophysical and economic models are coupled to derive potential future pathways and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of feeding and fueling the rising global population. While such models can be useful to show global boundary conditions, their representation of complex local-to-global interdependencies is necessarily limited. Looking at local structures, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to analyze a product supply chain and gain detailed insights in order to provide apparently complex data in a simple way for detecting option spaces or informing civic societies. This chapter addresses the local food system of Vienna. It shows what we can learn from LCA about, for example, potential savings of food-related GHG emissions and about gaining efficiencies of local produce in contrast to imports from the international market. CY - Cham DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Springer Link SP - 295 EP - 309 LA - en SN - 978-3-319-33628-2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33628-2_18 Y2 - 2022/08/23/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33628-2_18

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lebensmittelabfälle in Österreichischen Haushalten: Status Quo AU - Obersteiner, G. AU - Luck, S CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 3 UR - https://www.wwf.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Bericht-Lebensmittelabfaelle-in-oesterreichischen-Haushalten.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2017 AU - Rust, Petra AU - Hasenegger, Verena AU - König, Jürgen DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Department für Ernährungswissenschaften, Universität Wien UR - https://broschuerenservice.sozialministerium.at/Home/Download?publicationId=528 N1 -

978-3-903099-32-6

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? AU - Garnett, Tara T2 - The challenge of global food sustainability DA - 2011/01// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.10.010 VL - 36, Supplement 1 SP - S23 EP - S32 J2 - Food Policy SN - 0306-9192 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unheated soil-grown winter vegetables in Austria: Greenhouse gas emissions and socio-economic factors of diffusion potential AU - Theurl, Michaela Clarissa AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Palme, Wolfgang T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - The adaption of historic European cultivation techniques for unheated winter vegetable production has gained momentum during the last years in Austria. Studies that evaluate ecological and socio-economic sustainability-factors of these production techniques are scarce. In this study, we analyze the greenhouse gas emissions along vegetable supply chains based on a life cycle approach and investigate factors of the socio-economic system towards future market diffusion of these new-old technologies based on the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Data of the supply-chains of lettuce, spinach, scallions and red radish was collected from field trials in different climatic regions in Austria and compared to existing commercial systems in Austria and Italy. The results show, that unheated winter vegetable production is feasible. Greenhouse gas emissions of unheated vegetables are lower with 0.06e0.12 kg CO2 equivalent versus 0.61e0.64 kg CO2 equivalent per kg fresh product crops from heated systems. Due to small packaging units unheated vegetables show maxima of 0.58 kg CO2 equivalent per kg product. Heated products were outreached by two times when individual shopping trips to the farm were taken into account. Keeping salad frost-free was not found to contribute to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional systems. The analysis reveals that a diffusion of unheated winter harvest systems depend primarily on 11 interdepending socio-economic factors. An innovative subsidy system and the creation of a positive image of winter harvest from unheated vegetables production together with an increased utilization rate of polytunnel areas and the consultancy for producers and processors are the most influential factors towards a sustainable market diffusion of winter harvest produce. DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.016 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 151 SP - 134 EP - 144 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 09596526 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Zamecnik, G., Schweiger, S., Lindenthal, T., Himmelfreundpointner, E., Schlatzer, M. (2021): Klimaschutz und Ernährung – Darstellung und Reduktionsmöglichkeiten der Treibhausgasemissionen von verschiedenen Lebensmitteln und Ernährungsstilen AU - Zamecnik, Georg AU - Schweiger, Stefan AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Himmelfreundpointner, Elisabeth AU - Schlatzer, Martin CY - Vienna DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 M3 - Endbericht im Auftrag von ja Natürlich und Greenpeace ER - TY - RPRT TI - A sustainable food system for the European Union A systematic review of the European policy ecosystem AU - SAPEA, Science Advice for Policy by European Academies CY - Berlin: SAPEA. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Science Advice for Policy by European Academies (SAPEA) SN - 978-3-9820301-3-5 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Wie Städte von urbaner Landwirtschaft profitieren können: eine Typologie, Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse und Ökobilanzierung gängiger urbaner Anbauformen, mit Fallbeispielen aus Wien. Social Ecology Working Paper 186. Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (Hrsg.), Wien AU - Dietl, A. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SN - ISSN 1726-3816 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change mitigation potential of community-based initiatives in Europe AU - Landholm, David M. AU - Holsten, Anne AU - Martellozzo, Federico AU - Reusser, Dominik E. AU - Kropp, Jürgen P. T2 - Regional Environmental Change AB - There is a growing recognition that a transition to a sustainable low-carbon society is urgently needed. This transition takes place at multiple and complementary scales, including bottom-up approaches such as community-based initiatives (CBIs). However, empirical research on CBIs has focused until now on anecdotal evidence and little work has been done to quantitatively assess their impact in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this paper, we analyze 38 European initiatives across the food, energy, transport, and waste sectors to address the following questions: How can the GHG reduction potential of CBIs be quantified and analyzed in a systematic manner across different sectors? What is the GHG mitigation potential of CBIs and how does the reduction potential differ across domains? Through the comparison of the emission intensity arising from the goods and services the CBIs provide in relation to a business-as-usual scenario, we present the potential they have across different activities. This constitutes the foundational step to upscaling and further understanding their potential contribution to achieving climate change mitigation targets. Our findings indicate that energy generation through renewable sources, changes in personal transportation, and dietary change present by far the highest GHG mitigation activities analyzed, since they reduce the carbon footprint of CBI beneficiaries by 24%, 11%, and 7%, respectively. In contrast, the potential for some activities, such as locally grown organic food, is limited. The service provided by these initiatives only reduces the carbon footprint by 0.1%. Overall, although the proliferation of CBIs is very desirable from a climate change mitigation perspective it is necessary to stress that bottom-up initiatives present other important positive dimensions besides GHG mitigation. These initiatives also hold the potential of improving community resilience by strengthening local economies and enhancing social cohesion. DA - 2019/04/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10113-018-1428-1 DP - Springer Link VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 927 EP - 938 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-378X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementing land-based mitigation to achieve the Paris Agreement in Europe requires food system transformation AU - Lee, Heera AU - Brown, Calum AU - Seo, Bumsuk AU - Holman, Ian AU - Audsley, Eric AU - Cojocaru, George AU - Rounsevell, Mark T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2019/10/04/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab3744 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 14 IS - 10 SP - 104009 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - RPRT TI - WHICH NATIONAL POLICY INSTRUMENTS CAN REDUCE CONSUMPTION-BASED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS? AU - Kammerlander, Moritz AU - Omann, Ines AU - Titz, Michaela AU - Vogel, Johanna DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 56 LA - en SN - REF-0663 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0663.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental impacts of food waste in Europe AU - Scherhaufer, Silvia AU - Moates, Graham AU - Hartikainen, Hanna AU - Waldron, Keith AU - Obersteiner, Gudrun T2 - Waste Management AB - Approximately 88 Million tonnes (Mt) of food is wasted in the European Union each year and the environmental impacts of these losses throughout the food supply chain are widely recognised. This study illustrates the impacts of food waste in relation to the total food utilised, including the impact from food waste management based on available data at the European level. The impacts are calculated for the Global Warming Potential, the Acidification Potential and the Eutrophication Potential using a bottomup approach using more than 134 existing LCA studies on nine representative products (apple, tomato, potato, bread, milk, beef, pork, chicken, white fish). Results show that 186 Mt CO2-eq, 1.7 Mt SO2-eq. and 0.7 Mt PO4-eq can be attributed to food waste in Europe. This is 15 to 16% of the total impact of the entire food supply chain. In general, the study confirmed that most of the environmental impacts are derived from the primary production step of the chain. That is why animal-containing food shows most of the food waste related impacts when it is extrapolated to total food waste even if cereals are higher in mass. Nearly three quarters of all food waste-related impacts for Global Warming originate from greenhouse gas emissions during the production step. Emissions by food processing activities contribute 6%, retail and distribution 7%, food consumption, 8% and food disposal, 6% to food waste related impacts. Even though the results are subject to certain data and scenario uncertainties, the study serves as a baseline assessment, based on current food waste data, and can be expanded as more knowledge on the type and amount of food waste becomes available. Nevertheless, the importance of food waste prevention is underlined by the results of this study, as most of the impacts originate from the production step. Through food waste prevention, those impacts can be avoided as less food needs to be produced. DA - 2018/07// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.038 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 77 SP - 98 EP - 113 J2 - Waste Management LA - en SN - 0956053X ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development AU - United Nations CY - New York DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, UR - https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/01/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Achtung heiss und fettig - Klima und Ernährung in Österreich – Auswirkungen der österreichischen Ernährung auf das Klima. AU - De Schutter, L. AU - Bruckner, M AU - Giljum, Stefan DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.wwf.at/de/view/files/download/showDownload/?tool=12&feld=download&sprach_connect=3023 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of trade in the greenhouse gas footprints of EU diets AU - Sandström, Vilma AU - Valin, Hugo AU - Krisztin, Tamás AU - Havlik, Petr AU - Herrero, Mario AU - Kastner, Thomas T2 - Global Food Security DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.007 VL - 19 SP - 48 EP - 55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impacts of Dietary Change on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Land Use, Water Use, and Health: A Systematic Review AU - Aleksandrowicz, Lukasz AU - Green, Rosemary AU - Joy, Edward J. M. AU - Smith, Pete AU - Haines, Andy T2 - PLOS ONE A2 - Wiley, Andrea S. A2 - Wiley, Andrea S. AB - Food production is a major driver of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water and land use, and dietary risk factors are contributors to non-communicable diseases. Shifts in dietary patterns can therefore potentially provide benefits for both the environment and health. However, there is uncertainty about the magnitude of these impacts, and the dietary changes necessary to achieve them. We systematically review the evidence on changes in GHG emissions, land use, and water use, from shifting current dietary intakes to environmentally sustainable dietary patterns. We find 14 common sustainable dietary patterns across reviewed studies, with reductions as high as 70–80% of GHG emissions and land use, and 50% of water use (with medians of about 20–30% for these indicators across all studies) possible by adopting sustainable dietary patterns. Reductions in environmental footprints were generally proportional to the magnitude of animal-based food restriction. Dietary shifts also yielded modest benefits in all-cause mortality risk. Our review reveals that environmental and health benefits are possible by shifting current Western diets to a variety of more sustainable dietary patterns. DA - 2016/11/03/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0165797 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - e0165797 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Human appropriation of land for food: The role of diet AU - Alexander, Peter AU - Brown, Calum AU - Arneth, Almut AU - Finnigan, John AU - Rounsevell, Mark D. A. T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Human appropriation of land for food production has fundamentally altered the Earth system, with impacts on water, soil, air quality, and the climate system. Changes in population, dietary preferences, technology and crop productivity have all played important roles in shaping today’s land use. In this paper, we explore how past and present developments in diets impact on global agricultural land use. We introduce an index for the Human Appropriation of Land for Food (HALF), and use it to isolate the effects of diets on agricultural land areas, including the potential consequences of shifts in consumer food preferences. We find that if the global population adopted consumption patterns equivalent to particular current national per capita rates, agricultural land use area requirements could vary over a 14-fold range. Within these variations, the types of food commodities consumed are more important than the quantity of per-capita consumption in determining the agricultural land requirement, largely due to the impact of animal products and in particular ruminant species. Exploration of the average diets in the USA and India (which lie towards but not at global consumption extremes) provides a framework for understanding land use impacts arising from different food consumption habits. Hypothetically, if the world were to adopt the average Indian diet, 55% less agricultural land would be needed to satisfy demand, while global consumption of the average USA diet would necessitate 178% more land. Waste and over-eating are also shown to be important. The area associated with food waste, including over-consumption, given global adoption of the consumption patterns of the average person in the USA, was found to be twice that required for all food production given an average Indian per capita consumption. Therefore, measures to influence future diets and reduce food waste could substantially contribute towards global food security, as well as providing climate change mitigation options. DA - 2016/11/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.09.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 41 SP - 88 EP - 98 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 0959-3780 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Impacts of Dietary Recommendations and Dietary Styles: Germany As an Example AU - Meier, Toni AU - Christen, Olaf T2 - Environmental Science & Technology AB - Besides technical improvements and a reduction of food losses in the food chain, diet shifts offer practicable opportunities to reduce environmental impacts in the agri-food sector on a low-cost basis. In this paper we analyze the environmental impacts of nutrition in Germany in the year 2006. Based on an equalized daily energy uptake of 2000 kcal person−1 day−1, we compared these impacts with those of four dietary scenarios (D-A-CH, UGB, ovo-lacto vegetarian, vegan) and with average nutrition from 20 years ago, differentiating between effects caused by altering food losses, food wastage, and changed diets. In the year 2006 gender-related impacts were considered separately. With regard to the scenarios analyzed, the highest impact changes would be expected from the vegan and the ovo-lacto vegetarian diet. The impact potentials of the recommendations of UGB and D-A-CH rank third and fourth, but are still significant. Concerning gender, the average female diet is already closer to the recommendations than men’s. In comparison to the years 1985−1989, all indicators (with the exception of blue water) show lower impacts, due mainly to changes in diet. In comparison to this, impact changes resulting from food wastage were lower and mainly contrarian, which could be explained by higher food wastage in 2006 compared to 1985−1989. DA - 2013/01/15/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1021/es302152v DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 877 EP - 888 J2 - Environ. Sci. Technol. LA - en SN - 0013-936X, 1520-5851 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Defining a land boundary for sustainable livestock consumption AU - Zanten, Hannah H. E. Van AU - Herrero, Mario AU - Hal, Ollie Van AU - Röös, Elin AU - Muller, Adrian AU - Garnett, Tara AU - Gerber, Pierre J. AU - Schader, Christian AU - Boer, Imke J. M. De T2 - Global Change Biology AB - The need for more sustainable production and consumption of animal source food (ASF) is central to the achievement of the sustainable development goals: within this context, wise use of land is a core challenge and concern. A key question in feeding the future world is: how much ASF should we eat? We demonstrate that livestock raised under the circular economy concept could provide a significant, nonnegligible part (9–23 g/per capita) of our daily protein needs ( 50–60 g/per capita). This livestock then would not consume human-edible biomass, such as grains, but mainly convert leftovers from arable land and grass resources into valuable food, implying that production of livestock feed is largely decoupled from arable land. The availability of these biomass streams for livestock then determines the boundaries for livestock production and consumption. Under this concept, the competition for land for feed or food would be minimized and compared to no ASF, including some ASF in the human diet could free up about one quarter of global arable land. Our results also demonstrate that restricted growth in consumption of ASF in Africa and Asia would be feasible under these boundary conditions, while reductions in the rest of the world would be necessary to meet land use sustainability criteria. Managing this expansion and contraction of future consumption of ASF is essential for achieving sustainable nutrition security. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14321 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 24 IS - 9 SP - 4185 EP - 4194 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.14321

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Upcycling food leftovers and grass resources through livestock: Impact of livestock system and productivity AU - van Hal, O. AU - de Boer, I. J. M. AU - Muller, A. AU - de Vries, S. AU - Erb, K. -H. AU - Schader, C. AU - Gerrits, W. J. J. AU - van Zanten, H. H. E. T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Consumption of animal-source food is criticised, among other reasons, for its relatively high environmental impact. It is, however, increasingly acknowledged that livestock can contribute to nutrition security if they upcycle low-opportunity-cost feed (LCF) – food waste, food processing by-products and grass resources – into nutritious animal-source food. So far, however, no study explored the allocation question “to which livestock should we feed what LCF to maximise livestock's contribution to human nutrition”. Here we optimise the use of the LCF available in the EU, using a model that assigns LCF to those livestock systems that maximise animal protein production. We included the five most common livestock systems in the EU – pigs, laying hens, broilers, dairy cattle and beef cattle – considering their nutrient requirements under three productivity levels (low, mid and high). LCF availability is based on current food supply combined with food wastage and food processing data, and current grassland productivity. Our results showed that optimal conversion of LCF available in the EU, could supply 31 g animal protein per EU capita per day. We confirmed that this optimal conversion requires a variety of both livestock systems and productivity levels. Dominant livestock systems were those that have a high conversion efficiency (laying hens, dairy cattle), were best able to valorise specific LCF (dairy cattle for grass; pigs for food waste), and could valorise low quality LCF because of their low productivity. Limiting the model to use only conventional, high productive, livestock reduced animal protein supply by 16% to 26 g/(cap*d). Besides the efficiency with which livestock used the available LCF, the estimated protein supply from livestock fed solely on LCF, was sensitive to assumptions regarding the availability and quality of LCF, especially grass resources. Our model provides valuable insights into how livestock can efficiently use LCF, which is essential for a transition towards a circular food system. DA - 2019/05/10/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.329 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 219 SP - 485 EP - 496 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Ökobilanz von Rind-, Schweine- und Geflügelfleisch aus kon- ventionellen, tierfreundlichen und biologischen Produktionssys- temen AU - Grandl, F. AU - Alig, M. AU - Nemecek, T. AU - Gaillard, G. T2 - Ideal und Wirklichkeit - Perspektiven Ökologischer Landbewirtschaftung. T3 - Tagungsband der 12. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau CY - Bonn DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 ET - D. Neuhoff, C. Stumm, S. Ziegler, G. Rahmann, U. Hamm & U. Köpke (Hrsg.) LA - German PB - Verlag Dr. Köster, Berlin UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/21403/1/21403_Grandl.pdf Y2 - 2021/08/20/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change AU - Springmann, Marco AU - Godfray, H. Charles J. AU - Rayner, Mike AU - Scarborough, Peter T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - What we eat greatly influences our personal health and the environment we all share. Recent analyses have highlighted the likely dual health and environmental benefits of reducing the fraction of animal-sourced foods in our diets. Here, we couple for the first time, to our knowledge, a region-specific global health model based on dietary and weight-related risk factors with emissions accounting and economic valuation modules to quantify the linked health and environmental consequences of dietary changes. We find that the impacts of dietary changes toward less meat and more plant-based diets vary greatly among regions. The largest absolute environmental and health benefits result from diet shifts in developing countries whereas Western high-income and middle-income countries gain most in per capita terms. Transitioning toward more plant-based diets that are in line with standard dietary guidelines could reduce global mortality by 6–10% and food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 29–70% compared with a reference scenario in 2050. We find that the monetized value of the improvements in health would be comparable with, or exceed, the value of the environmental benefits although the exact valuation method used considerably affects the estimated amounts. Overall, we estimate the economic benefits of improving diets to be 1–31 trillion US dollars, which is equivalent to 0.4–13% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2050. However, significant changes in the global food system would be necessary for regional diets to match the dietary patterns studied here. DA - 2016/04/12/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1523119113 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 113 IS - 15 SP - 4146 EP - 4151 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meat consumption, health, and the environment AU - Godfray, H. Charles J. AU - Aveyard, Paul AU - Garnett, Tara AU - Hall, Jim W. AU - Key, Timothy J. AU - Lorimer, Jamie AU - Pierrehumbert, Ray T. AU - Scarborough, Peter AU - Springmann, Marco AU - Jebb, Susan A. T2 - Science AB - The future of meat Meat consumption is rising annually as human populations grow and affluence increases. Godfray et al. review this trend, which has major negative consequences for land and water use and environmental change. Although meat is a concentrated source of nutrients for low-income families, it also enhances the risks of chronic ill health, such as from colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease. Changing meat consumption habits is a challenge that requires identifying the complex social factors associated with meat eating and developing policies for effective interventions. Science, this issue p. eaam5324 Structured Abstract BACKGROUNDThe global average per capita consumption of meat and the total amount of meat consumed are rising (see the figure), driven by increasing average individual incomes and by population growth. Growth rates vary across different regions, with consumption in high-income countries static or declining and in middle-income countries moderately to strongly increasing, whereas in low-income countries, meat consumption is on average low and stable. There has been a particularly marked increase in the global consumption of chicken and pork. The consumption of different types of meat and meat products has substantial effects on people’s health, and livestock production can have major negative effects on the environment. ADVANCESMeat is a good source of energy and some essential nutrients—including protein and micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12—although it is possible to obtain a sufficient intake of these nutrients without eating meat if a wide variety of other foods is available and consumed. In high-income Western countries, large prospective studies and meta-analyses generally show that total mortality rates are modestly higher in participants who have high intakes of red and processed meat. The strongest evidence of a specific adverse effect is the increased risk of colorectal cancer with high intakes of processed meat.Meat produces more emissions per unit of energy compared with that of plant-based foods because energy is lost at each trophic level. Within types of meat, ruminant production usually leads to more emissions than that of nonruminant mammals, and poultry production usually leads to less emissions than that of mammals. Meat production is the single most important source of methane, which has a relatively high warming potential but a low half-life in the environment compared with that of CO2. Careful management of grassland systems can contribute to carbon storage, but the net benefits are likely to be relatively modest. Agriculture uses more freshwater than any other human activity, with nearly a third required for livestock, so meat production in water-stressed areas is a major competitor with other uses of water, including that required to maintain natural ecosystems. Meat production can be an important source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other pollutants and affects biodiversity—in particular, through land conversion to pasture and arable feed crops. OUTLOOKGovernments act to shape food systems for economic purposes and to protect health from contaminated food. But there is less agreement over the degree to which the state should use health, environmental, or animal welfare considerations to control the supply of meat through interventions that affect the production, sale, processing, and distribution of meat and meat products or the price to the consumer.If we are to shape consumer demand, more evidence is needed about the effectiveness of different interventions to influence food selection. This may include interventions that affect either the conscious, reflective decision-making systems or nonconscious, automatic processes. Potential interventions within the rational choice paradigm include labeling schemes (based on health or environmental criteria) and certification programs (based on welfare or environmental considerations) or fiscal interventions (such as so-called fat taxes). Alternatively, the largely automatic responses to environmental cues that affect purchase and consumption behaviors can be manipulated by changes to the food environment, in retail and food consumption settings.History suggests that change in dietary behaviors in response to interventions is slow. But social norms can and do change, and this process can be aided by the coordinated efforts of civil society, health organizations, and government. However, successful interventions to improve health and environmental objectives are likely to require a good understanding of the impact of meat consumption on these outcomes, as well as a license from society for governments and other bodies to implement a suite of interventions to stimulate change. Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint Total consumption of meat (in million metric tons) in different regions and (inset) globally.[Data are from www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data.] Both the global average per capita consumption of meat and the total amount of meat consumed are rising, driven by increasing average individual incomes and by population growth. The consumption of different types of meat and meat products has substantial effects on people’s health, and livestock production can have major negative effects on the environment. Here, we explore the evidence base for these assertions and the options policy-makers have should they wish to intervene to affect population meat consumption. We highlight where more research is required and the great importance of integrating insights from the natural and social sciences. DA - 2018/07/20/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1126/science.aam5324 DP - science.sciencemag.org VL - 361 IS - 6399 LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6399/eaam5324 Y2 - 2020/06/23/ N1 -

publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
section: Review
PMID: 30026199

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers AU - Poore, J. AU - Nemecek, T. T2 - Science AB - The global impacts of food production Food is produced and processed by millions of farmers and intermediaries globally, with substantial associated environmental costs. Given the heterogeneity of producers, what is the best way to reduce food's environmental impacts? Poore and Nemecek consolidated data on the multiple environmental impacts of ∼38,000 farms producing 40 different agricultural goods around the world in a meta-analysis comparing various types of food production systems. The environmental cost of producing the same goods can be highly variable. However, this heterogeneity creates opportunities to target the small numbers of producers that have the most impact. Science, this issue p. 987 Food’s environmental impacts are created by millions of diverse producers. To identify solutions that are effective under this heterogeneity, we consolidated data covering five environmental indicators; 38,700 farms; and 1600 processors, packaging types, and retailers. Impact can vary 50-fold among producers of the same product, creating substantial mitigation opportunities. However, mitigation is complicated by trade-offs, multiple ways for producers to achieve low impacts, and interactions throughout the supply chain. Producers have limits on how far they can reduce impacts. Most strikingly, impacts of the lowest-impact animal products typically exceed those of vegetable substitutes, providing new evidence for the importance of dietary change. Cumulatively, our findings support an approach where producers monitor their own impacts, flexibly meet environmental targets by choosing from multiple practices, and communicate their impacts to consumers. Food producer heterogeneity on a global level creates mitigation opportunities with respect to environmental damage caused by food production. Food producer heterogeneity on a global level creates mitigation opportunities with respect to environmental damage caused by food production. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1126/science.aaq0216 DP - science.sciencemag.org VL - 360 IS - 6392 SP - 987 EP - 992 LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 N1 -

publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
section: Research Article
PMID: 29853680

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protein efficiency per unit energy and per unit greenhouse gas emissions: Potential contribution of diet choices to climate change mitigation AU - González, Alejandro D. AU - Frostell, Björn AU - Carlsson-Kanyama, Annika T2 - Food Policy AB - The production, transport and processing of food products have significant environmental impacts, some of them related to climate change. This study examined the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and transport to a port in Sweden (wholesale point) of 84 common food items of animal and vegetable origin. Energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for food items produced in different countries and using various means of production were compared. The results confirmed that animal-based foods are associated with higher energy use and GHG emissions than plant-based foods, with the exception of vegetables produced in heated greenhouses. Analyses of the nutritional value of the foods to assess the amount of protein delivered to the wholesale point per unit energy used or GHG emitted (protein delivery efficiency) showed that the efficiency was much higher for plant-based foods than for animal-based. Remarkably, the efficiency of delivering plant-based protein increased as the amount of protein in the food increased, while the efficiency of delivering animal-based protein decreased. These results have implications for policies encouraging diets with lower environmental impacts for a growing world population. DA - 2011/10// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.07.003 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 36 IS - 5 SP - 562 EP - 570 J2 - Food Policy LA - en SN - 03069192 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Livestock's long shadow AU - Steinfeld, Henning AU - Gerber, Pierre AU - Wassenaar, T. AU - Castel, V. AU - Rosales, Mauricio AU - de Haan, C. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - www.fao.org PB - FAO UR - http://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e00.htm Y2 - 2020/05/13/ N1 -

publisher: FAO of the UN

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems AU - Willett, Walter AU - Rockström, Johan AU - Loken, Brent AU - Springmann, Marco AU - Lang, Tim AU - Vermeulen, Sonja AU - Garnett, Tara AU - Tilman, David AU - DeClerck, Fabrice AU - Wood, Amanda AU - Jonell, Malin AU - Clark, Michael AU - Gordon, Line J. AU - Fanzo, Jessica AU - Hawkes, Corinna AU - Zurayk, Rami AU - Rivera, Juan A. AU - Vries, Wim De AU - Sibanda, Lindiwe Majele AU - Afshin, Ashkan AU - Chaudhary, Abhishek AU - Herrero, Mario AU - Agustina, Rina AU - Branca, Francesco AU - Lartey, Anna AU - Fan, Shenggen AU - Crona, Beatrice AU - Fox, Elizabeth AU - Bignet, Victoria AU - Troell, Max AU - Lindahl, Therese AU - Singh, Sudhvir AU - Cornell, Sarah E. AU - Reddy, K. Srinath AU - Narain, Sunita AU - Nishtar, Sania AU - Murray, Christopher J. L. T2 - The Lancet AB - Food systems have the potential to nurture human health and support environmental sustainability; however, they are currently threatening both. Providing a growing global population with healthy diets from sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge. Although global food production of calories has kept pace with population growth, more than 820 million people have insufficient food and many more consume low-quality diets that cause micronutrient deficiencies and contribute to a substantial rise in the incidence of diet-related obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. DA - 2019/02/02/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4 DP - www.thelancet.com VL - 393 IS - 10170 SP - 447 EP - 492 J2 - The Lancet LA - English SN - 0140-6736, 1474-547X N1 -

publisher: Elsevier
PMID: 30660336

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Versorgungsbilanzen AU - Statistik Austria DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/wirtschaft/land_und_forstwirtschaft/preise_bilanzen/versorgungsbilanzen/index.html Y2 - 2020/07/01/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2019-2028 AU - OECD AU - FAO T2 - OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook DA - 2019/07/08/ PY - 2019 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - OECD SN - 978-92-64-31245-6 UR - https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2019-2028_agr_outlook-2019-en Y2 - 2020/04/15/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1787/agr_outlook-2019-en

ER - TY - ELEC TI - 10 Ernährungsregeln der ÖGE. AU - ÖGE T2 - Österreichische Gessellschaft für Ernährung DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.oege.at/index.php/bildung-information/empfehlungen ER - TY - RPRT TI - Vollwertig essen und trinken nach den 10 Regeln der DGE AU - DGE DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung ST - 10 Regeln der DGE UR - https://www.dge.de/fileadmin/public/doc/fm/10-Regeln-der-DGE.pdf Y2 - 2021/03/09/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Hunger auf Land – Flächenverbrauch der österreichischen Ernährung im In- und Ausland. AU - De Schutter, Liesbeth AU - Bruckner, Martin DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - WWF UR - https://www.wwf.at/de/view/files/download/showDownload/?tool=12&feld=download&sprach_connect=3120 Y2 - 2020/07/09/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Figure 5.12 Technical mitigation potential of changing diets by 2050 according to a range of scenarios examined in the literature. AU - IPCC T2 - Summary for PolicymakersIn: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.- O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/5-5-mitigation-options-challenges-and-opportunities/5-5-2-demand-side-mitigation-options/5-5-2-1-mitigation-potential-of-different-diets/figure-5-12/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture AU - Muller, Adrian AU - Schader, Christian AU - El-Hage Scialabba, Nadia AU - Brüggemann, Judith AU - Isensee, Anne AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Smith, Pete AU - Klocke, Peter AU - Leiber, Florian AU - Stolze, Matthias AU - Niggli, Urs T2 - Nature Communications DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 1290 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risiken für die Lebensmittelversorgung in Österreich und Lösungsansätze für eine höhere Krisensicherheit. Wissenschaftliches Diskussionspapier AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Schlatzer, Martin DA - 2020/06// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 70 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gesundheit, Gesundheitskosten und ausgewogene Ernährung in Österreich AU - Wagner, Karl-Heinz AU - Helmich, Katharina DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Zotero SP - 64 LA - de ER - TY - ELEC TI - 100% Biolandbau in Österreich – Machbarkeit und Auswirkungen Auswirkungen einer kompletten Umstellung auf biologische Landwirtschaft in Österreich auf die Ernährungssituation sowie auf ökologische und volkswirtschaftliche Aspekte AU - Schlatzer, Martin AU - Lindenthal, Thomas DA - 2018/05/22/ PY - 2018 UR - https://archiv.muttererde.at/motherearth/uploads/2018/05/FiBL_gWN_-Bericht_-100P-Bio_Finalversion_21Mai18.pdf Y2 - 2020/05/14/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability AU - Schader, Christian AU - Muller, Adrian AU - Scialabba, Nadia El-Hage AU - Hecht, Judith AU - Isensee, Anne AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Smith, Pete AU - Makkar, Harinder P. S. AU - Klocke, Peter AU - Leiber, Florian AU - Schwegler, Patrizia AU - Stolze, Matthias AU - Niggli, Urs T2 - Journal of The Royal Society Interface AB - Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions −18%; arable land occupation −26%, N-surplus −46%; P-surplus −40%; non-renewable energy use −36%, pesticide use intensity −22%, freshwater use −21%, soil erosion potential −12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption. DA - 2015/12/06/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1098/rsif.2015.0891 DP - royalsocietypublishing.org (Atypon) VL - 12 IS - 113 SP - 20150891 J2 - Journal of The Royal Society Interface N1 -

publisher: Royal Society

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dependency of global primary bioenergy crop potentials in 2050 on food systems, yields, biodiversity conservation and political stability AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Plutzar, Christoph T2 - Energy Policy AB - The future bioenergy crop potential depends on (1) changes in the food system (food demand, agricultural technology), (2) political stability and inve… DA - 2012/08/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.066 DP - www.sciencedirect.com VL - 47 SP - 260 EP - 269 LA - en SN - 0301-4215 N1 -

publisher: Elsevier

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global bioenergy potentials from agricultural land in 2050: Sensitivity to climate change, diets and yields AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Krausmann, Fridolin AU - Bondeau, Alberte AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Müller, Christoph AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Steinberger, Julia K T2 - Biomass and bioenergy DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 4753 EP - 4769 J2 - Biomass and bioenergy SN - 0961-9534 N1 -

number: 12
publisher: Elsevier

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gesunde Ernährung und Nachhaltigkeit – Grundlagen, Methodik und Erkenntnisse eines Forschungsprojektes in Rahmen des proVISION Programmes des BMWF AU - Zessner, M. AU - Steinmüller, H. AU - Wagner, K.H. AU - Krachler, M.M. AU - Thaler, S. AU - Fazeni, K. AU - Helmich, K. AU - Weigl, M. AU - Ruzicka, K. AU - Heigl, S. AU - Kroiss, H. T2 - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft AB - Das Projekt Gesunde Ernährung und Nachhaltigkeit "GERN" behandelt den Zusammenhang zwischen Gesundheit, Ernährung, Nahrungsmittelproduktion, Ressourcenverbrauch und Umweltbelastungen. In diesem Artikel werden generelle Grundlagen und grundlegende methodische Aspekte und in weiteren Artikeln dieses Hefts wesentliche Teilaspekte des Projektes erläutert. Ergebnisse aller Teilaspekte werden wiederum in diesem Artikel im Gesamtzusammenhang dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ernährungsgewohnheiten der Bevölkerung ein wesentlicher Schlüssel für eine effektive Nahrungsmittelproduktion der Bevölkerung sind. Der Bedarf an Fläche, Pflanzennährstoffen und Energie für die Nahrungsmittelversorgung der Bevölkerung Österreichs könnte etwa um ein Drittel gesenkt werden, wenn die Österreicher die Ernährungsempfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung befolgen würden. Mit dieser Einsparung an Ressourcen ginge auch eine deutliche Reduktion der Umweltbelastung einher DA - 2011/07/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s00506-011-0294-6 DP - Springer Link VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - 87 EP - 94 J2 - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw LA - de SN - 1613-7566 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Possible implications of dietary changes on nutrient fluxes, environment and land use in Austria AU - Thaler, S. AU - Zessner, M. AU - Weigl, M. AU - Rechberger, H. AU - Schilling, K. AU - Kroiss, H. T2 - Agricultural Systems AB - Health recommendations clearly show that in Austria and other highly developed countries less animal and more plant based food should be consumed. A meat based diet is held responsible for a number of environmental problems. We explore the impacts on nutrient fluxes (nitrogen and phosphorus) and land use as the result of a change from a meat based diet to a healthier balanced diet consisting of less animal based products and more plant based food in Austria. We use a detailed material flow analysis and the nutrient emissions model MONERIS in combination with scenarios. The scenarios address differing farming methods, varying trade options and different use of potentially available agricultural area. Our findings show that overall, a shift to a healthy balanced diet leads to less land being used for agricultural production (−30%), less resource consumption (20% to 25% less phosphorus) and lower transfer of nutrients from agriculture into the environment compared to the reference situation. Total emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus into water decrease (between 15% and 11% for nitrogen and by 5% to 6% for phosphorus) and nitrogen concentrations in groundwater change substantially depending on the intensity of farming assumed by different scenarios. DA - 2015/06/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.01.006 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 136 SP - 14 EP - 29 J2 - Agricultural Systems LA - en SN - 0308-521X ER - TY - RPRT TI - Die Österreichische Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Teil 2 – Aktionsplan AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fakten zur klimafreundlichen Landwirtschaft und die Rolle der Bio-Landwirtschaft, AU - Lindenthal, T. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abfallvermeidung in der österreichischen Lebensmittelproduktion AU - Pladerer, Christian AU - Hietler, Philipp T2 - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s00506-019-0578-9 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 71 IS - 5-6 SP - 238 EP - 245 J2 - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw LA - de SN - 0945-358X, 1613-7566 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Estimates of European food waste levels AU - Stenmarck, Åsa AU - Jensen, Carl AU - Quested, Tom AU - Moates, Graham AU - Buksti, Michael AU - Cseh, Balázs AU - Juul, Selina AU - Parry, Andrew AU - Politano, Alessandro AU - Redlingshofer, Barbara AU - Scherhaufer, Silvia AU - Silvennoinen, Kirsi AU - Soethoudt, Han AU - Zübert, Christine AU - Östergren, Karin CY - Stockholm DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Open WorldCat SP - 80 LA - en M3 - Projektbericht PB - Swedish Environmental Research Institute UR - http://edepot.wur.nl/378674 Y2 - 2020/04/09/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contrasted greenhouse gas emissions from local versus long-range tomato production AU - Theurl, Michaela Clarissa AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Lindenthal, Thomas T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development AB - Transport from regional production requires less fossil fuel and thus produces lower greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, policies fostering the production of regional goods support rural development. Tomato consumption has increased fast in Europe over the last decade. Intensive production techniques such as heated greenhouses and long-distance transport overcome seasonal constraints in order to provide year-round fresh goods. However, studies that evaluate seasonal and off-season production are scarce. Here, we analyzed the carbon footprint of tomato production systems in Austria, Spain, and Italy using a life cycle approach. We collected data from four main supply chains ending at the point of sale in an average Austrian supermarket. We aimed to identify hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production, heating, packaging, processing, and transport. Our results show that imported tomatoes from Spain and Italy have two times lower greenhouse gas emissions than those produced in Austria in capital-intensive heated systems. On the contrary, tomatoes from Spain and Italy were found to have 3.7 to 4.7 times higher greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to less-intensive organic production systems in Austria. Therefore, greenhouse gas emissions from tomato production highly depend on the production system such as the prevalence or absence of heating. DA - 2014/07// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s13593-013-0171-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 593 EP - 602 J2 - Agron. Sustain. Dev. LA - en SN - 1774-0746, 1773-0155 N1 -

number: 3

ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Die Ökobilanz von Nahrungsmittelproduktion und Konsum. Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Akteure T2 - 9. Symposium «Fleisch in der Ernährung», CY - Bern DA - 2010/09/01/ PY - 2010 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Italian consumers’ income and food waste behavior AU - Setti, Marco AU - Falasconi, Luca AU - Segrè, Andrea AU - Cusano, Ilaria AU - Vittuari, Matteo T2 - British Food Journal DA - 2016/07/04/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1108/BFJ-11-2015-0427 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 118 IS - 7 SP - 1731 EP - 1746 J2 - British Food Journal LA - en SN - 0007-070X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ökobilanz von Kuhmilch und pflanzlichen Drinks AU - Bussa, Maresa AU - Eberhart, Martina AU - Jungbluth, Niels AU - Meili, Christoph T2 - ESU-services GmbH im Auftrag von WWF Schweiz, Schaffhausen, Schweiz DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - Zotero SP - 42 LA - de ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Generated by Tofu Production: A Case Study AU - Mejia, Alfredo AU - Harwatt, Helen AU - Jaceldo-Siegl, Karen AU - Sranacharoenpong, Kitti AU - Soret, Samuel AU - Sabaté, Joan T2 - Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) generated by the production of tofu. A partial life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed using SimaPro 8 software with a functional unit of 1 kg of packaged tofu and a farm to factory gate boundary. Original production data for the period of 1 year were obtained from a tofu manufacturer based in the United States and used with soybean production data from SimaPro 8 Ecoinvent 3.1 and U.S. Life Cycle Inventory databases to calculate the associated GHGEs as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). The LCA calculations included resource inputs required to produce and package tofu: soybeans, water, electricity, natural gas, transportation, and packaging materials. The LCA boundary was from the cradle (i.e., soybean farm) to the factory exit gate (i.e., postpackaging). Uncertainty analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulations. Total CO2e from packaged tofu were 982 g/kg, 9820 g/kg of protein, 1150 g/1000 calories, and 336 g/retail packet of 396 g. For 1 kg of packaged tofu, 16% of CO2e resulted from soybean production, 52% from tofu manufacturing, 23% from packaging, and 9% from transportation. Tofu, a protein-rich plant food, generates relatively low GHGEs. DA - 2018/01/02/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1080/19320248.2017.1315323 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 131 EP - 142 SN - 1932-0248 N1 -

publisher: Taylor & Francis
_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19320248.2017.1315323

ER - TY - CONF TI - Product-Carbon-Footprint von Lebensmitteln in Österreich: biologisch und konventionell im Vergleich AU - Theurl, Michaela Clarissa AU - Markut, T. AU - Hörtenhuber, S. AU - Lindenthal, T. AB - The aim of this broad conceived study was to analyse greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) of more than 130 foodstuffs from two organic agricultural production methods (Organic premium brand and Organic EU-standard) as compared to conventional farming in Austria. The system boundaries of the life-cycle study ranged from agriculture and its upstream supply chain to the retailer, including changes in soil organic carbon (humus) and land use change. In conclusion, all organic products in both organic methods showed lower GHGE per hectare but also per kg of foodstuff than comparable, conventional products. Therefore, the product carbon footprint (PCF) of organic products was lower throughout the implemented study. Organic dairy products resulted in 10 to 21 % lower CO2-eq per kg of product than conventional foodstuffs, organic wheat bread showed 22 to 25 %, bread products 34 to 42% and organic vegetables 10 to 35 % lower CO2-eq per kg of product. Furthermore, this detailed calculation throughout the whole value chain pointed out “hot spots” of CO2-eq-emissions for producers and retailers with existing GHG reducing potentials. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - orgprints.org LA - de UR - https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/17632/ Y2 - 2021/08/30/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Convenience Food - Österreich | Statista Marktprognose AU - Statista T2 - Statista AB - Österreich: Der Umsatz im Segment Convenience Food beträgt 2022 etwa 752,70Mio. €. Der Bereich Convenience umfasst hier im engeren Sinne Produkte, die aufguss-, zubereitungs- oder verzehrfertig verkauft werden, also Fertiggerichte und Suppen. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 LA - de UR - https://de.statista.com/outlook/cmo/lebensmittel/convenience-food/oesterreich Y2 - 2022/08/24/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Food Service: climate issues and water demands AU - Theurl, Michaela Clarissa AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan AU - Markut, Theresia AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Wirz, Axel T2 - 9th International Conference LCA of Food San Francisco C1 - San Francisco, USA DA - 2014/10/08/ PY - 2014 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat Products Through Food Waste Reduction. A Framework for a Sustainability Assessment Approach AU - Winkler, Thomas AU - Aschemann, Ralf T2 - Food Waste Reduction and Valorisation: Sustainability Assessment and Policy Analysis A2 - Morone, Piergiuseppe A2 - Papendiek, Franka A2 - Tartiu, Valentina Elena AB - The global food production industry is responsible for producing high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Along the entire food supply chain (FSC), potential for mitigation exists because approximately one-third of all food globally produced is wasted, equivalent to 1.3 billion tons per year. On a global scale, emissions from livestock production are about 4600–7100 Mt CO2-eq/year when considered over the whole life cycle. These numbers represent roughly 9.4–14.5% of the total global GHG emissions. In Austria, the livestock sector was responsible for producing about 11.6% of the total GHG emissions in 2012 as a result of the production of about 909,000 t of meat. A high potential for mitigation of GHG emissions from livestock production exists, especially during the farming and production phases. A reduction in meat waste would, in the long-term, directly reduce GHG emissions stemming from livestock production. Two scenarios were considered to assess the GHG mitigation potential of waste from meat production: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a reduction (RED) scenario (assuming a one-third reduction in waste from meat production in Austria). Because food waste is influenced by several phenomena along the FSC, taking an approach such as the life cycle assessment (LCA) offers only a partial solution. By using a Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) approach, researchers can consider social, economic and ecological impacts. It is possible to analyze and compare food waste reduction potentials through the use of such a tool, which can support GHG mitigation efforts in terms of their social, environmental and economic contribution to the livestock and meat processing sector. This approach allowed the identification of indicators that contribute to all sustainability dimensions and support the conclusion that preventing waste from meat processing would save at least 4.8 Mt CO2-eq emissions per year in Austria, which represented 6% of Austria’s total CO2-eq emissions in 2012. CY - Cham DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DP - Springer Link SP - 43 EP - 67 LA - en SN - 978-3-319-50088-1 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50088-1_4 Y2 - 2020/03/20/ N1 -

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50088-1_4

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vermeidung von Lebensmittelabfall in Gastronomie, Beherbergung und Großküchen – Erweiterung weitere Betriebe AU - Hrad, Marlies AU - Ottner, Reinhold AU - Lebersorger, Sandra AU - Schneider, Felicitas AU - Obersteiner, Gudrun DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - Zotero SP - 35 LA - de ER - TY - RPRT TI - Aufkommen An LebensmitteLverderb im Österreichischen Lebensmittelhandel AU - Lebersorger, Sandra AU - Schneider, Felicitas DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 M3 - Endbericht im Auftrag der ECR-Arbeitsgruppe Abfallwirtschaft 2014 UR - https://www.ecr.digital/wp_contents/uploads/2016/09/Aufkommen_an_Lebensmittelverderb_im_Oesterr_Lebensmittelhandel.pdf Y2 - 2020/08/06/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Sekundärstudie Lebensmittelabfälle in Österreich. Endbericht. AU - Schneider, Felicitas AU - Part, Florian AU - Böhm, Katharina AU - Lebersorger, Sandra AU - Scherhaufer, Silvia CY - Vienna DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global food losses and food waste - Extent, causes and prevention AU - FAO AB - by Jenny Gustavsson Christel Cederberg Ulf Sonesson Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology (SIK)Gothenburg, Sweden AND Robert van Otterdijk Alexandre Meybeck FAORome CY - Rome DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Zotero SP - 38 LA - en UR - http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2697e.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Auswertung der Restmüllzusammensetzung in Österreich 2018/2019 AU - Beigl, P. CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 M3 - Endbericht PB - BMK UR - https://www.bmk.gv.at/themen/klima_umwelt/abfall/Kreislaufwirtschaft/verwertung/studien/restmuell.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Improve your loss ratio and #reducefoodwaste – Guideline for the Food Service sector 2019 AU - Obersteiner, Gudrun AU - Sacher, Claudia DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 M3 - Guidelines PB - STREFOWA UR - file:///C:/Users/kottusch/Downloads/ce192_strefowa_d.t3.1.3_food_service_guideline.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - D.T2.3.7 Report on food waste prevention in tourism and food preparation. Final Report within the INterreg Central Europe Report STREFOWA AU - Hrad, Marlies AU - Obersteiner, Gudrun AU - Ottner, Reinhold DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Interreg Central Europe ER - TY - RPRT TI - Vermeidung von Lebensmittelabfall in Gastronomie, Beherbergung und Großküchen AU - Schranzhofer, Alexandra AU - Rockenbauer, Rainer AU - Tragner, Franz AU - Hala, Victoria AB - Alexandra Schranzhofer Rainer Rockenbauer Franz Tragner Victoria Hala Marlies HRAD Reinhold OTTNER Gudrun OBERSTEINER Felicitas SCHNEIDER Sandra LEBERSORGER Ann Marie Manhart Cécilia Maronnier CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Tatwort Nachhaltige Projekte GmbH, Universität für Bodenkultur/Institut für Abfallwirtschaft, Envicient OG UR - https://united-against-waste.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Endbericht_UAW_ABF_tatwort_final_ARA.pdf?eb6772 Y2 - 2020/07/02/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Power: the missing element in sustainable consumption and absolute reductions research and action AU - Fuchs, Doris AU - Di Giulio, Antonietta AU - Glaab, Katharina AU - Lorek, Sylvia AU - Maniates, Michael AU - Princen, Thomas AU - Røpke, Inge T2 - Journal of cleaner production DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.006 VL - 132 SP - 298 EP - 307 LA - eng SN - 0959-6526 N1 -

publisher-place: UNITED STATES
publisher: Elsevier

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social norms as solutions AU - Nyborg, K. AU - Anderies, J. M. AU - Dannenberg, A. AU - Lindahl, T. AU - Schill, C. AU - Schluter, M. AU - Adger, W. N. AU - Arrow, K. J. AU - Barrett, S. AU - Carpenter, S. AU - Chapin, F. S. AU - Crepin, A.-S. AU - Daily, G. AU - Ehrlich, P. AU - Folke, C. AU - Jager, W. AU - Kautsky, N. AU - Levin, S. A. AU - Madsen, O. J. AU - Polasky, S. AU - Scheffer, M. AU - Walker, B. AU - Weber, E. U. AU - Wilen, J. AU - Xepapadeas, A. AU - de Zeeuw, A. T2 - Science DA - 2016/10/07/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1126/science.aaf8317 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 354 IS - 6308 SP - 42 EP - 43 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Over-indebtedness as a marker of socioeconomic status and its association with obesity: a cross-sectional study AU - Münster, Eva AU - Rüger, Heiko AU - Ochsmann, Elke AU - Letzel, Stephan AU - Toschke, André M T2 - BMC Public Health AB - Background: The recent credit crunch will have implications for private households. Low socioeconomic status is associated to various diseases. While income, education and occupational status is frequently used in definitions of socioeconomic status, over-indebtedness of private households is usually not considered. Over-indebtedness is currently increasing in high-income countries. However, its association with health – particularly with obesity – remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess an association between over-indebtedness and overweight or obesity. Methods: A cross-sectional study on over-indebtedness and health including 949 over-indebted subjects from 2006 and 2007 in Rhineland-Palatinate and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Germany) and the telephonic health survey 2003 of the Robert Koch-Institute including 8318 subjects, who are representative for the German population, were analysed with adjusted logistic regression considering overweight (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) as response variable. Results: After adjusting for socio-economic (age, sex, education, income) and health factors (depression, smoking habits) an independent effect of the over-indebt situation on the probability of overweight (aOR 1.97 95%-CI 1.65–2.35) and obesity (aOR 2.56 95%-CI 2.07–3.16) could be identified. Conclusion: Over-indebtedness was associated with an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity that was not explained by traditional definitions of socioeconomic status. Overindebtedness should be additionally considered when assessing health effects of socioeconomic status. DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1186/1471-2458-9-286 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 286 J2 - BMC Public Health LA - en SN - 1471-2458 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nachhaltiger Konsum und soziale Ungleichheit AU - Brunner, Karl-Michael T2 - AK-Wien, Abteilung KonsumentInnenpolitik T3 - Working Papers Verbraucherpolitik Verbraucherforschung DA - 2014/02// PY - 2014 DP - Zotero SP - 24 LA - de SN - 2218-2764 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Good Intents, but Low Impacts: Diverging Importance of Motivational and Socioeconomic Determinants Explaining Pro-Environmental Behavior, Energy Use, and Carbon Footprint AU - Moser, Stephanie AU - Kleinhückelkotten, Silke T2 - Environment and Behavior AB - Earlier research has yielded contradictory results as to the main drivers of environmentally significant behavior. Intent-oriented research has stressed the importance of motivational aspects, while impact-oriented research has drawn attention to people’s socioeconomic status. In this study, we investigated the diverging role of a pro-environmental stance under these two research perspectives. Data from a German survey (N = 1,012) enabled assessment of per capita energy use, and individual carbon footprints (impact-related measures), pro-environmental behavior (an intent-related measure), and behavior indicators varying in environmental impact and intent. Regression analyses revealed people’s environmental self-identity to be the main predictor of pro-environmental behavior; however, environmental self-identity played an ambiguous role in predicting actual environmental impacts. Instead, environmental impacts were best predicted by people’s income level. Our results show that individuals with high pro-environmental self-identity intend to behave in an ecologically responsible way, but they typically emphasize actions that have relatively small ecological benefits. DA - 2018/07/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1177/0013916517710685 DP - SAGE Journals VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 626 EP - 656 J2 - Environment and Behavior LA - en SN - 0013-9165 N1 -

publisher: SAGE Publications Inc

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Causes & Determinants of Consumers Food Waste. A theoretical framework. AU - van Geffen, Lisanne AU - van Herpen, Erica AU - van Trijp, Hans AB - van Geffen, L.E.J., van Herpen, E., van Trijp, J.C.M._ DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Wageningen UR ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demand-side solutions for climate mitigation: Bottom-up drivers of household energy behavior change in the Netherlands and Spain AU - Niamir, Leila AU - Ivanova, Olga AU - Filatova, Tatiana AU - Voinov, Alexey AU - Bressers, Hans T2 - Energy Research & Social Science AB - Households are responsible for 70% of CO2 emissions (directly and indirectly). While households as agents of change increasingly become a crucial element in energy transitions, bottom-up mechanisms facilitating behavioral change are not fully understood. A scientific understanding of individual energy use, requires eliciting factors that trigger or inhibit changes in energy behavior. This paper explores individual energy consumption practices and behavioral aspects that affect them. We quantitatively study the determinants of three energy actions: (1) investments in house insulation, solar panels and/or energy-efficient appliances, (2) conservation of energy by changing energy-use habits like switching off unused devices or adjusting house temperature, and (3) switching to green(er) electricity sources. To address this goal, we conduct a comprehensive survey among households (N = 1790) in two EU regions: Overijssel, the Netherlands and Navarre, Spain. We use probit regression to estimate how behavioral factors, households’ socioeconomic characteristics and structural attributes of dwellings influence energy related actions. Our analysis demonstrates that awareness and personal and social norms are as important as monetary factors. Moreover, education and structural dwelling factors significantly affect households’ actions. These results have implications for governmental policies aimed at reducing residential CO2 footprints and facilitating demand-side solutions in a transition to low-carbon economy. DA - 2020/04/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.erss.2019.101356 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 62 SP - 101356 J2 - Energy Research & Social Science LA - en SN - 2214-6296 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Consumer attitudes to food waste and food packaging. AU - Plumb, Alex AU - Downing, Phil AU - Parry, Andrew DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 PB - Icaro Consulting and WRA N1 -

ISBN: 978-1-84405-465-7
Project code: CFP104-000
Research date: April – August 2012

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food and drink waste from households in the UK AU - Quested, T. E. AU - Parry, A. D. AU - Easteal, S. AU - Swannell, R. T2 - Nutrition Bulletin AB - Reducing the amount of food and drink that is wasted is a key element in developing a sustainable food system. In the UK, the largest contribution to food waste is from homes: 8.3 million tonnes per year, costing consumers £12 billion and contributing 3% of UK greenhouse gas emissions. This paper describes recent insights gained from research by the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) and others into the types of food wasted, why it is wasted and what can be done to minimise it. The research methods used – which have parallels with dietary research – are described and findings of interest to the field of nutrition are highlighted, including the impact of waste on intake (e.g. 0.8 portions of fruit and vegetables are wasted per person per day). The activities undertaken by WRAP and its partners to minimise household food waste are described: consumer engagement and working with retailers and food manufacturers to help consumers to buy the right amount, keep what they buy at its best and use what they buy. Between 2006–2007 and 2009, the amount of household food waste reduced, this is discussed in light of the work of WRAP and its partners, and other influences such as food prices. Areas for future research and engagement to further reduce the quantity and impact of food waste are outlined. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01924.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 460 EP - 467 LA - en SN - 1467-3010 N1 -

_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01924.x

ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erste Hilfe für Lebensmittel – Konsumentenorientierte Vermeidungsmaßnahmen entwickeln, umsetzen und evaluieren AU - Schwödt, Sandra AU - Obersteiner, Gudrun T2 - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft AB - Im Rahmen einer Pilotaktion des EU-Projekts STREFOWA wurde am Institut für Abfallwirtschaft (Universität für Bodenkultur Wien) die Erste-Hilfe-Box für Lebensmittel entwickelt. Die Inhalte der Box basieren auf einer von April bis Mai 2017 in Österreich durchgeführten Online-Haushaltsumfrage mit über 2159 TeilnehmerInnen. Die Inhalte wurden an die Ergebnisse der Umfrage und somit an die Bedürfnisse der KonsumentInnen betreffend Wissen, Ausbau genutzter Vermeidungsmaßnahmen sowie Einsatz neuer Hilfsmittel angepasst. Bei der Verteilung von 2000 Boxen wurde auch darauf Rücksicht genommen, auf welche Art und Weise die KonsumentInnen bevorzugt kontaktiert werden möchten. In weiterer Folge wurden die Materialien mittels Befragung evaluiert, um Rückschlüsse ziehen zu können, inwiefern die Materialien den KonsumentInnen weiterhelfen konnten und um von diesen Inputs für die Überarbeitung der Materialien und zukünftige Abfallvermeidungsmaßnahmen zu erhalten. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s00506-019-0576-y DP - Springer Link VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 263 EP - 272 J2 - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw LA - de SN - 1613-7566 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can social media be a tool for reducing consumers’ food waste? A behaviour change experiment by a UK retailer AU - Young, William AU - Russell, Sally V. AU - Robinson, Cheryl A. AU - Barkemeyer, Ralf T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling AB - This paper reports on a landmark study to field-test the influence of a large retailer to change the behaviour of its millions of customers. Previous studies have suggested that social media interaction can influence behaviour. This study implemented three interventions with messages to encourage reductions in food waste. The first was a social influence intervention that used the retailer’s Facebook pages to encourage its customers to interact. Two additional information interventions were used as a comparison through the retailer’s print/digital magazine and e-newsletter. Three national surveys tracked customers’ self-reported food waste one month before as well as two weeks after and five months after the interventions. The control group included those who said they had not seen any of the interventions. The results were surprising and significant in that the social media and e-newsletter interventions as well as the control group all showed significant reductions in self-reported food waste by customers over the study period. Hence in this field study, social media does not seem to replicate enough of the effect of ‘face-to-face’ interaction shown in previous studies to change behaviour above other factors in the shopping setting. This may indicate that results from laboratory-based studies may over-emphasise the effect of social media interventions. DA - 2017/02/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.10.016 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 117 SP - 195 EP - 203 J2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling LA - en SN - 0921-3449 ER -