ISBN 978-3-7001-7699-2
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Adaptation now AU - Adger, W. Neil AU - Lorenzoni, Irene AU - O'Brien, Karen L. T2 - Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance A2 - Adger, W. Neil A2 - Lorenzoni, Irene A2 - O'Brien, Karen L. A2 - Adger, W. Neil A2 - Lorenzoni, Irene A2 - O'Brien, Karen L. CY - Cambridge DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 1 EP - 22 LA - en PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-521-76485-8 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511596667A009/type/book_part Y2 - 2020/03/26/ N1 -DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511596667.002
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are we adapting to climate change? AU - Berrang-Ford, Lea AU - Ford, James D. AU - Paterson, Jaclyn T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Human systems will have to adapt to climate change. Understanding of the magnitude of the adaptation challenge at a global scale, however, is incomplete, constrained by a limited understanding of if and how adaptation is taking place. Here we develop and apply a methodology to track and characterize adaptation action; we apply these methods to the peer-reviewed, English-language literature. Our results challenge a number of common assumptions about adaptation while supporting others: (1) Considerable research on adaptation has been conducted yet the majority of studies report on vulnerability assessments and natural systems (or intentions to act), not adaptation actions. (2) Climate change is rarely the sole or primary motivator for adaptation action. (3) Extreme events are important adaptation stimuli across regions. (4) Proactive adaptation is the most commonly reported adaptive response, particularly in developed nations. (5) Adaptation action is more frequently reported in developed nations, with middle income countries underrepresented and low-income regions dominated by reports from a small number of countries. (6) There is limited reporting on adaptations being developed to take advantage of climate change or focusing on women, elderly, or children. DA - 2011/02// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 33 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 09593780 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: a typology AU - Smit, Barry AU - Skinner, Mark W. T2 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change AB - Adaptation in agriculture to climate change is important for impact and vulnerability assessment and for the development of climate change policy. A wide variety of adaptation options has been proposed as having the potential to reduce vulnerability of agricultural systems to risks related to climate change, often in an ad hoc fashion. This paper develops a typology of adaptation to systematically classify and characterize agricultural adaptation options to climate change, drawing primarily on the Canadian situation. In particular, it differentiates adaptation options in agriculture according to the involvement of different agents (producers, industries, governments); the intent, timing and duration of employment of the adaptation; the form and type of the adaptive measure; and the relationship to processes already in place to cope with risks associated with climate stresses. A synthesis of research on adaptation options in Canadian agriculture identifies four main categories: (i) technological developments, (ii) government programs and insurance, (iii) farm production practices, and (iv) farm financial management. In addition to these ‘direct adaptations’, there are options, particularly information provision, that may stimulate adaptation initiatives. The results reveal that most adaptation options are modifications to on-going farm practices and public policy decisionmaking processes with respect to a suite of changing climatic (including variability and extremes) and non-climatic conditions (political, economic and social). For progress on implementing adaptations to climate change in agriculture there is a need to better understand the relationship between potential adaptation options and existing farm-level and government decision-making processes and risk management frameworks. DA - 2002/03// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1023/A:1015862228270 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 85 EP - 114 J2 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change LA - en SN - 1381-2386, 1573-1596 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation planning for climate change: concepts, assessment approaches, and key lessons AU - Füssel, H.-M. T2 - Sustainability Science AB - Planned adaptation to climate change denotes actions undertaken to reduce the risks and capitalize on the opportunities associated with global climate change. This paper summarizes current thinking about planned adaptation. It starts with an explanation of key adaptation concepts, a description of the diversity of adaptation contexts, and a discussion of key prerequisites for effective adaptation. On the basis of this introduction, major approaches to climate impact and adaptation assessment and their evolution are reviewed. Finally, principles for adaptation assessment are derived from decision-analytical considerations and from the experience with past adaptation assessments. DA - 2007/09/21/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1007/s11625-007-0032-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 265 EP - 275 J2 - Sustain Sci LA - en SN - 1862-4065, 1862-4057 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change: A Literature Review AU - Malik, Arun AU - Qin, Xin AU - Smith, Stephen C T2 - IIEP Working Paper DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Zotero SP - 25 LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability AU - Smit, Barry AU - Burton, Ian AU - Klein, Richard J.T. AU - Wandel, J. T2 - Climatic Change AB - Adaptation to climate variability and change is important both for impact assessment (to estimate adaptations which are likely to occur) and for policy development (to advise on or prescribe adaptations). This paper proposes an "anatomy of adaptation" to systematically specify and differentiate adaptations, based upon three questions: (i) adapt to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? Climatic stimuli include changes in long-term mean conditions and variability about means, both current and future, and including extremes. Adaptation depends fundamentally on the characteristics of the system of interest, including its sensitivities and vulnerabilities. The nature of adaptation processes and forms can be distinguished by numerous attributes including timing, purposefulness, and effect. The paper notes the contribution of conceptual and numerical models and empirical studies to the understanding of adaptation, and outlines approaches to the normative evaluation of adaptation measures and strategies. DA - 2000/04/01/ PY - 2000 DO - 10.1023/A:1005661622966 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 223 EP - 251 J2 - Climatic Change SN - 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Building resilience to face recurring environmental crisis in African Sahel AU - Boyd, Emily AU - Cornforth, Rosalind J. AU - Lamb, Peter J. AU - Tarhule, Aondover AU - Lélé, M. Issa AU - Brouder, Alan T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2013/07// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1856 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 7 SP - 631 EP - 637 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - From impacts assessment to adaptation priorities: the shaping of adaptation policy AU - Burton, Ian AU - Huq, Saleemul AU - Lim, Bo AU - Pilifosova, Olga AU - Schipper, Emma Lisa T2 - Climate Policy AB - Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adaptation has recently gained importance, yet adaptation is much less developed than mitigation as a policy response. Adaptation research has been used to help answer to related but distinct questions. (1) To what extent can adaptation reduce impacts of climate change? (2) What adaptation policies are needed, and how can they best be developed, applied and funded? For the first question, the emphasis is on the aggregate value of adaptation so that this may be used to estimate net impacts. An important purpose is to compare net impacts with the costs of mitigation. In the second question, the emphasis is on the design and prioritisation of adaptation policies and measures. While both types of research are conducted in a policy context, they differ in their character, application, and purpose. The impacts/mitigation research is orientated towards the physical and biological science of impacts and adaptation, while research on the ways and means of adaptation is focussed on the social and economic determinants of vulnerability in a development context. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the national adaptation studies carried under the UNFCCC are broadening the paradigm, from the impacts/mitigation to vulnerability/adaptation. For this to occur, new policy research is needed. While the broad new directions of both research and policy can now be discerned, there remain a number of outstanding issues to be considered. DA - 2002/01// PY - 2002 DO - 10.3763/cpol.2002.0217 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 2-3 SP - 145 EP - 159 J2 - Climate Policy LA - en SN - 1469-3062, 1752-7457 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Introduction AU - Grasso, Marco T2 - Justice in Funding Adaptation under the International Climate Change Regime CY - Dordrecht DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 1 EP - 10 LA - en PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 978-90-481-3438-0 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-90-481-3439-7_1 Y2 - 2020/03/26/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3439-7_1
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Successful Adaptation to Climate Change: Linking Science and Policy in a Rapidly Changing World AU - Moser, Susanne AU - Boykoff, M.T. DA - 2013/07/18/ PY - 2013 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) ET - 1 LA - en PB - Routledge SN - 978-0-203-59388-2 UR - https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203593882 Y2 - 2020/03/26/ N1 -DOI: 10.4324/9780203593882
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Successful adaptation to climate change across scales AU - Adger, Neil .W. AU - Arnell, Nigel W. AU - Tompkins, Emma L. T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Climate change impacts and responses are presently observed in physical and ecological systems. Adaptation to these impacts is increasingly being observed in both physical and ecological systems as well as in human adjustments to resource availability and risk at different spatial and societal scales. We review the nature of adaptation and the implications of different spatial scales for these processes. We outline a set of normative evaluative criteria for judging the success of adaptations at different scales. We argue that elements of effectiveness, efficiency, equity and legitimacy are important in judging success in terms of the sustainability of development pathways into an uncertain future. We further argue that each of these elements of decision-making is implicit within presently formulated scenarios of socio-economic futures of both emission trajectories and adaptation, though with different weighting. The process by which adaptations are to be judged at different scales will involve new and challenging institutional processes. DA - 2005/07// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 15 IS - 2 SP - 77 EP - 86 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 09593780 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why do we not pick the low-hanging fruit? Governing adaptation to climate change and resilience in Tyrolean mountain agriculture AU - Grüneis, Heidelinde AU - Penker, Marianne AU - Höferl, Karl-Michael AU - Schermer, Markus AU - Scherhaufer, Patrick T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Impacts of climate change have become more and more evident and can be observed in ecosystems, societies and economies worldwide. Mountain agriculture is especially vulnerable to climate change, and adaptation seems crucial. Thus, certain adaptation activities, such as installing irrigation technology, switching to drought-resistant crop varieties or shifting planting dates, can already be observed. Despite these efforts, the barriers for climate change adaptation are still manifold and lead to adaptation gaps. One problem is that many approaches ignore non-climatic drivers, such as economic conditions or cultural aspects, which have a strong influence on farmers´ decisions. In the literature, the focus is mostly on planned, “top-down” induced adaptations, where climate change is considered the most important driver. Within this study, we focus on local, “bottom-up” adaptation actions in Tyrolean mountain agriculture that may be triggered by climatic as well as by non-climatic drivers. We identify 27 adaptation practices and cluster them into six types of climate change adaptation: ´Resilience-raising products and production´, ´Hidden actions by farmer organizations´, ´CC motivated agronomic actions´, ´CCA scientific knowledge production´, ´Risk-driven adaptations´ and ´Hidden governmental actions´. These types are helpful to show the broad range of local practices contributing to climate change adaptation. Several adaptation actions from practice are not motivated by climate change and thus are termed “hidden” adaptations, as they do not fit into common adaptation concepts. Hidden climate change adaptation practices, although not considered to date in official CCA policy documents, constitute “low-hanging fruit” for decision makers as they have already proved their feasibility and gained legitimacy by actors on the ground. We argue that additional support for such hidden adaptation practices can help to overcome present adaptation barriers and adaptation gaps. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.025 VL - 79 SP - 386 EP - 396 SN - 02648377 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation AU - Moser, S. C. AU - Ekstrom, J. A. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2010/12/21/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1007887107 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 107 IS - 51 SP - 22026 EP - 22031 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The role of local knowledge in adaptation to climate change: Role of local knowledge in adaptation AU - Naess, Lars Otto T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1002/wcc.204 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 99 EP - 106 J2 - WIREs Clim Change LA - en SN - 17577780 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Climate Change Adaptation as a Social Process AU - Wolf, Johanna T2 - Climate Change Adaptation in Developed Nations A2 - Ford, James D. A2 - Berrang-Ford, Lea AB - Research on the impacts of climate change suggests that developed countries are not immune to the effects of a changing climate. The assumption that because of their high adaptive capacity, developed countries will adapt effectively is beginning to be dispelled by empirical evidence. While advancements in projections have facilitated a move from the study of impacts to concrete adaptation strategies, research that focuses on the social process of adaptation has been relatively neglected. Yet, when viewed as a social process, the psychological, social, and cultural aspects of adaptation are exposed, which brings into focus the effects that values and power dimensions have on actual adjustments and their outcomes for adaptation. This chapter demonstrates that some of the critical barriers to adaptation in developed countries arise from perceptions and values. It argues that these barriers are hindering adaptation now and will continue to do so unless the intricacies of the social processes underpinning adaptation are taken into explicit consideration in research and policy. Drawing on recent theoretical and empirical studies, the examples highlighted here show that narratives of immunity to the impacts of climate change in developed countries, confidence in technology, and perceived lack of immediacy about climate change impacts have resulted in an unwarranted complacency about adaptation. Effective adaptation strategies should be informed by a deeper understanding of the social process of adaptation and need to address a wide range of barriers. CY - Dordrecht DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 42 SP - 21 EP - 32 LA - en PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 978-94-007-0566-1 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-0567-8_2 Y2 - 2020/03/26/ N1 -collection-title: Advances in Global Change Research
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0567-8_2
edition: 2016/11/21
publisher: Cambridge University Press
number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A framework for examining adaptation readiness AU - Ford, James D. AU - King, Diana T2 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change AB - Adaptation readiness is proposed as a complimentary concept to adaptive capacity that captures the strength and existence of governance structures and policy processes which determine whether adaptation takes place. As such, adaptation readiness is concerned with examining actual experiences with planning for adaptation and seeks to characterize whether human systems are prepared and ready to ‘do adaptation.’ We propose a framework for evaluating readiness, identifying 6 overarching factors essential for adaptation taking place: political leadership, institutional organization, adaptation decision making and stakeholder engagement, availability of usable science, funding for adaptation, and public support for adaptation. For each readiness factor we identify potential indicators, data sources, and considerations for analysis, outlining approaches for quantitative scoring and qualitative examination. We briefly illustrate application of the framework using an example from the territory of Nunavut in the Canadian Arctic, a region projected to experience some of the most dramatic changes in climate globally this century. The framework provides a systematic approach for assessing adaptation readiness, and can be used – in combination with other approaches – to inform the identification and prioritization of adaptation support, guide resources to areas where need is greatest, and serve as a proxy for adaptation tracking. DA - 2015/04// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s11027-013-9505-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 505 EP - 526 J2 - Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change LA - en SN - 1381-2386, 1573-1596 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation options under climate change for multifunctional agriculture: a simulation study for western Switzerland AU - Klein, Tommy AU - Holzkämper, Annelie AU - Calanca, Pierluigi AU - Fuhrer, Jürg T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2014/02// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s10113-013-0470-2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 167 EP - 184 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Impact Evaluation at the National Level: The Interdisciplinary Consistent Framework AU - Steininger, K. W. AU - König, M. AU - Bednar-Friedl, B. AU - Formayer, H. T2 - Springer Climate AB - Impact assessment at the national level requires sectoral detail, economy-wide integration, and a consistent framework and toolbox to do so. This chapter discusses the issues and derives the requirements for climate scenarios and local indicators, shared socioeconomic pathways, and economic evaluation to allow for and ensure consistent integration. Finally, a methodological check-list for national level quantitative climate impact assessment is provided. © 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 LA - English PB - Springer SN - 23520698 (ISSN) UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068007573&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-319-12457-5_4&partnerID=40&md5=32451e8d28ad88d197923310c104f029 DB - Scopus N1 -journalAbbreviation: Springer Clim.
container-title: Springer Clim.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12457-5_4
issue: 43
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicherheit und Qualität in der Trinkwasserversorgung in Österreich – Einflussfaktoren, aktuelle Anforderungen und Initiativen AU - Perfler, R. AU - Unterwainig, M. AU - Mayr, E. AU - Neunteufel, R. T2 - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1007/s00506-007-0128-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 59 IS - 9-10 SP - 125 EP - 130 J2 - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw LA - de SN - 0945-358X, 1613-7566 N1 -number: 9-10
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change and climate variability: personal motivation for adaptation and mitigation AU - Semenza, Jan C. AU - Ploubidis, George B. AU - George, Linda A. T2 - Environmental Health AB - Global climate change impacts on human and natural systems are predicted to be severe, far reaching, and to affect the most physically and economically vulnerable disproportionately. Society can respond to these threats through two strategies: mitigation and adaptation. Industry, commerce, and government play indispensable roles in these actions but so do individuals, if they are receptive to behavior change. We explored whether the health frame can be used as a context to motivate behavioral reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation measures. DA - 2011/05/21/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1186/1476-069X-10-46 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 46 J2 - Environmental Health SN - 1476-069X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Teilbericht 5b: Landwirtschaftliche Flächennutzungspotenziale in Österreich und Simulation von Produktionsszenarien bis 2050 Arbeitspaket 3: Flächennutzungspotenziale und -szenarien AU - Schaumberger, J. AU - Buchgraber, K. AU - Schaumberger, A. T2 - Handlungsempfehlungen für eine Entkoppelung des österreichischen Produktionssystems von fossilen Inputs. Die Sicherung einer nachhaltigen Landnutzung in Österreich im Lichte internationaler Verpflichtungen und der Situation in Biomasse-Exportländern A2 - Exner, A. A2 - Fleissner, P. A2 - Kranzl, L. A2 - Kalt, G. A2 - Lauk, C. A2 - Schriefl, E. A2 - Zittel, W. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 UR - https://www.umweltbuero-klagenfurt.at/sos/wp-content/uploads/Teilbericht%205b_Landwirtschaftliche_Produktionspotenziale_Schaumberger_u.a._16122011.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulating and delineating future land change trajectories across Europe AU - Stürck, Julia AU - Levers, Christian AU - van der Zanden, Emma Henriëtta AU - Schulp, Catharina Johanna Elizabeth AU - Verkerk, Pieter Johannes AU - Kuemmerle, Tobias AU - Helming, John AU - Lotze-Campen, Hermann AU - Tabeau, Andrzej AU - Popp, Alexander AU - Schrammeijer, Elizabeth AU - Verburg, Peter T2 - Regional Environmental Change AB - Explorations of future land use change are important to understand potential conflicts between competing land uses, trade-offs associated with particular land change trajectories, and the effectiveness of policies to steer land systems into desirable states. Most model-based explorations and scenario studies focused on conversions in broad land use classes, but disregarded changes in land management or focused on individual sectors only. Using the European Union (EU) as a case study, we developed an approach to identifying typical combinations of land cover and management changes by combining the results of multimodel simulations in the agriculture and forest sectors for four scenarios from 2000 to 2040. We visualized land change trajectories by mapping regional hotspots of change. Land change trajectories differed in extent and spatial pattern across the EU and among scenarios, indicating trajectory-specific option spaces for alternative land system outcomes. In spite of the large variation in the area of change, similar hotspots of land change were observed among the scenarios. All scenarios indicate a stronger polarization of land use in Europe, with a loss of multifunctional landscapes. We analyzed locations subject to change by comparing location characteristics associated with certain land change trajectories. Results indicate differences in the location conditions of different land change trajectories, with diverging impacts on ecosystem service provisioning. Policy and planning for future land use needs to account for the spatial variation of land change trajectories to achieve both overarching and location-specific targets. DA - 2018/03/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10113-015-0876-0 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 733 EP - 749 J2 - Regional Environmental Change SN - 1436-378X N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Relationships between climate, water resources, land use and diffuse pollution and the significance of uncertainty in climate change AU - Dunn, S. M. AU - Brown, I. AU - Sample, J. AU - Post, H. T2 - Journal of Hydrology AB - A multi-scale study has been undertaken to explore the relationships between climate, water resources, land use and diffuse pollution in order to assess the significance of projected future changes in climate and the uncertainty inherent in these projections. Two climate simulations from the GCM–RCM Perturbed Physics Ensemble developed by the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, broadly representing the extremes of future climate simulations, were downscaled and applied to a grid-based dynamic national water balance and nitrate model for Scotland. Results from this model were cross-compared with multiple simulations using synthetic future climate data generated by the 2009 UK Climate Projections Weather Generator (WG) for two selected catchments. At a national scale the model predicted relatively small effects of climate change in terms of spatially and temporally averaged means, but with significant regional variability. Future changes in the seasonality of nitrate losses were also predicted, but with a high degree of uncertainty as to the scale of this change demonstrated by the different climate simulations. A land use scenario was developed in which food security is a very high priority for Scotland and this was linked with a classification of future land capability. Application of this scenario with the national scale model indicated greater changes in nitrate pollution caused by the land use change than those caused by the direct impacts of climate change on hydrological functioning. The multiple climate simulations applied at a catchment scale demonstrated that the two national scale simulations broadly represent likely bounds in future climate, although a probability figure cannot be assigned to them. DA - 2012/04/20/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.039 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 434-435 SP - 19 EP - 35 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en SN - 0022-1694 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A novel integrated modelling framework to assess the impacts of climate and socio-economic drivers on land use and water quality AU - Zessner, Matthias AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Parajka, Juraj AU - Trautvetter, Helene AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Kirchner, Mathias AU - Hepp, Gerold AU - Blaschke, Alfred Paul AU - Strenn, Birgit AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Changes in climatic conditions will directly affect the quality and quantity of water resources. Further on, they will affect them indirectly through adaptation in land use which ultimately influences diffuse nutrient emissions to rivers and therefore potentially the compliance with good ecological status according to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). We present an integrated impact modelling framework (IIMF) to track and quantify direct and indirect pollution impacts along policy-economy-climate-agriculture-water interfaces. The IIMF is applied to assess impacts of climatic and socio-economic drivers on agricultural land use (crop choices, farming practices and fertilization levels), river flows and the risk for exceedance of environmental quality standards for determination of the ecological water quality status in Austria. This article also presents model interfaces as well as validation procedures and results of single models and the IIMF with respect to observed state variables such as land use, river flow and nutrient river loads. The performance of the IIMF for calculations of river nutrient loads (120 monitoring stations) shows a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.73 for nitrogen and 0.51 for phosphorus. Most problematic is the modelling of phosphorus loads in the alpine catchments dominated by forests and mountainous landscape. About 63% of these catchments show a deviation between modelled and observed loads of 30% and more. In catchments dominated by agricultural production, the performance of the IIMF is much better as only 30% of cropland and 23% of permanent grassland dominated areas have a deviation of >30% between modelled and observed loads. As risk of exceedance of environmental quality standards is mainly recognized in catchments dominated by cropland, the IIMF is well suited for assessing the nutrient component of the WFD ecological status. DA - 2017/02/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.092 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 579 SP - 1137 EP - 1151 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 0048-9697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Synergies among extinction drivers under global change AU - Brook, Barry W. AU - Sodhi, Navjot S. AU - Bradshaw, Corey J.A. T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - If habitat destruction or overexploitation of populations is severe, species loss can occur directly and abruptly. Yet the final descent to extinction is often driven by synergistic processes (amplifying feedbacks) that can be disconnected from the original cause of decline. We review recent observational, experimental and meta-analytic work which together show that owing to interacting and self-reinforcing processes, estimates of extinction risk for most species are more severe than previously recognised. As such, conservation actions which only target single-threat drivers risk being inadequate because of the cascading effects caused by unmanaged synergies. Future work should focus on how climate change will interact with and accelerate ongoing threats to biodiversity, such as habitat degradation, overexploitation and invasive species. DA - 2008/08/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.011 VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 453 EP - 460 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution SN - 0169-5347 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. . AU - IPBES DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany N1 -Series Editors: _:n53146
Series Editors: _:n18756
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3553579
number: 6970
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversitäts- und Naturschutz vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels. Für einen dynamischen integrativen Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt AU - Doyle, Ulrike AU - Ristow, Michael T2 - Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung DA - 2006/01// PY - 2006 VL - 38 SP - 101 EP - 107 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species AU - Wiens, John J. T2 - PLOS Biology AB - Author Summary Climate change is an important threat to the world’s plant and animal species, including species on which humans depend. However, predicting how species will respond to future climate change is very difficult. In this study, I analyze the extinctions caused by the climate change that has already occurred. Numerous studies find that species are shifting their geographic ranges in response to climate change, typically moving to higher elevations and latitudes. These studies also contain valuable data on local extinctions, as they document the loss of populations at the “warm edge” of species’ ranges (lower elevations and latitudes). Here, I use these data to show that recent local extinctions related to climate change have already occurred in hundreds of species around the world. Specifically, among 976 species surveyed, local extinctions occurred in 47%. These extinctions are common across climatic zones, habitats, and groups of organisms but are especially common in tropical regions (which contain most of Earth’s species), in animals (relative to plants), and in freshwater habitats. In summary, this study reveals local extinctions in hundreds of species related to the limited global warming that has already occurred. These extinctions will almost certainly increase as global climate continues to warm in the coming decades. DA - 2016/12/08/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001104 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - e2001104 J2 - PLOS Biology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling functional landscape connectivity from genetic population structure: a new spatially explicit approach AU - Braunisch, V AU - Segelbacher, G AU - Hirzel, A T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Abstract Functional connectivity between spatially disjoint habitat patches is a key factor for the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes. Modelling landscape connectivity to identify potential dispersal corridors requires information about those landscape features affecting dispersal. Here we present a new approach using spatial and genetic data of a highly fragmented population of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in the Black Forest, Germany, to investigate effects of landscape structure on gene flow and to parameterize a spatially explicit corridor model for conservation purposes. Mantel tests and multiple regressions on distance matrices were employed to detect and quantify the effect of different landscape features on relatedness among individuals, while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. We extrapolated the results to an area-wide landscape permeability map and developed a new corridor model that incorporates stochasticity in simulating animal movement. The model was evaluated using both a partition of the data previously set apart and independent observation data of dispersing birds. Most land cover variables (such as coniferous forest, forest edges, agricultural land, roads, settlements) and one topographic variable (topographic exposure) were significantly correlated with gene flow. Although inter-individual relatedness inherently varies greatly and the variance explained by geographic distance and landscape structure was low, the permeability map and the corridor model significantly explained relatedness in the validation data and the spatial distribution of dispersing birds. Thus, landscape structure measurably affected within-population gene flow in the study area. By converting these effects into spatially explicit information our model enables localizing priority areas for the preservation or restoration of metapopulation connectivity. DA - 2010/09/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04703.x VL - 19 IS - 17 SP - 3664 EP - 3678 J2 - Molecular Ecology SN - 0962-1083 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Review of Climate-Change Adaptation Strategies for Wildlife Management and Biodiversity Conservation AU - Mawdsley, Jonathan R. AU - O'Malley, Robin AU - Ojima, Dennis S. T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 1080 EP - 1089 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest management under climatic and social uncertainty: Trade-offs between reducing climate change impacts and fostering adaptive capacity AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.028 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 114 SP - 461 EP - 469 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management LA - en SN - 03014797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projecting the future distribution of European potential natural vegetation zones with a generalized, tree species-based dynamic vegetation model: Future changes in European vegetation zones AU - Hickler, Thomas AU - Vohland, Katrin AU - Feehan, Jane AU - Miller, Paul A. AU - Smith, Benjamin AU - Costa, Luis AU - Giesecke, Thomas AU - Fronzek, Stefan AU - Carter, Timothy R. AU - Cramer, Wolfgang AU - Kühn, Ingolf AU - Sykes, Martin T. T2 - Global Ecology and Biogeography DA - 2012/01// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00613.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 50 EP - 63 LA - en SN - 1466822X ER - TY - JOUR TI - How is adaptation to climate change reflected in current practice of forest management and conservation? A case study from Germany AU - Milad, Mirjam AU - Schaich, Harald AU - Konold, Werner T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation DA - 2013/05// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s10531-012-0337-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - 1181 EP - 1202 J2 - Biodivers Conserv LA - en SN - 0960-3115, 1572-9710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking forest management and biodiversity indicators to strengthen sustainable forest management in Europe AU - Oettel, Janine AU - Lapin, Katharina T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - The accelerating global rate of species extinctions and the inevitable human impacts on biodiversity have increased the need to conserve, restore and use ecosystems sustainably. Indicators for biodiversity are the most frequently used tool to monitor the status of biodiversity, changes to biodiversity, and the effects of management actions. In this study, we aim to assess the magnitude of studies on indicators for biodiversity (IB) in European forest ecosystems, establish and analyze the link between IB and silvicultural management measures (MM), and define indicators for management (IM), that aim to support biodiversity at the stand and landscape level. We performed a systematic literature review and analyzed data from 162 studies. We identified 9 IB groups, corresponding to 32 IB and linked them to 7 IM groups corresponding to 44 IM. Arthropods, birds, and plants are the most frequently used IB in European managed forests. We found IB with clear links to specific IM, such as saproxylic species and Collembola (collembolans) with deadwood, bird families (Passeriformes, Piciformes, Accipitriformes) with links to microhabitats, and ground-dwelling species with links to regeneration. We identified 17 species as proposed umbrella species based on the studies examined. This review shows that high structural diversity is associated with an increase in diversity, especially with regard to vascular plants, birds and ground-dwelling species. The adaptation of forest management for biodiversity requires regular active monitoring of IM to assess the temporal and spatial changes and of IB to assess the effectiveness of measures. DA - 2021/03/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107275 VL - 122 SP - 107275 J2 - Ecological Indicators SN - 1470-160X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation options to reduce climate change vulnerability of sustainable forest management in the Austrian Alps AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research AB - Sustaining forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change is a major challenge for forest management. While conceptual advances of adapting coupled social–ecological systems to environmental changes have been made recently, good practice examples at the operational level still remain rare. The current study presents the development of adaptation options for 164 550 ha of commercial forests under the stewardship of the Austrian Federal Forests (AFF). We used a comprehensive vulnerability assessment as analysis framework, employing ecosystem modeling and multicriteria decision analysis in a participatory approach with forest planers of the AFF. An assessment of the vulnerability of multiple ecosystem goods and services under current management served as the starting point for the development of adaptation options. Measures found to successfully reduce vulnerability include the promotion of mixed stands of species well adapted to emerging environmental conditions, silvicultural techniques fostering complexity, and increased management intensity. Assessment results for a wide range of site and stand conditions, stand treatment programs, and future climate scenarios were used to condense robust recommendations for adapting the management guidelines currently used by AFF practitioners. Overall, our results highlight the importance of timely adaptation to sustain forest goods and services and document the respective potential of silvicultural measures. DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1139/x10-235 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 694 EP - 706 J2 - Can. J. For. Res. LA - en SN - 0045-5067, 1208-6037 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbances catalyze the adaptation of forest ecosystems to changing climate conditions AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13506 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 269 EP - 282 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 13541013 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Biodiversität und Klimawandel - Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptionen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang A3 - Essl, Franz A3 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - de SN - 978-3-642-29691-8 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29692-5 Y2 - 2020/07/16/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29692-5
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimawandel & Artenvielfalt. Wie klimafit sind Österreichs Wälder, Flüsse und Alpenlandschaften? AU - Niedermair, Markus AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Plattner, Gerald AU - Formayer, Herbert AU - Seidl, Rupert CY - Wien DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating changes in flood risks and benefits of non-structural adaptation strategies - a case study from Tyrol, Austria AU - Thieken, Annegret H. AU - Cammerer, Holger AU - Dobler, Christian AU - Lammel, Johannes AU - Schöberl, Fritz T2 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change DA - 2016/03// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s11027-014-9602-3 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 343 EP - 376 J2 - Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change LA - en SN - 1381-2386, 1573-1596 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Der Klimawandel – seine Auswirkungen auf agrarmeteorologische Aspekte und Anpassungsoptionen für die Landwirtschaft im europäischen Kontext AU - Eitzinger, Josef T2 - Ländlicher Raum DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Produktionsrisiken in der österreichischen Landwirtschaft und mögliche Anpassungsstrategien AU - Eitzinger, Josef T2 - Ländlicher Raum DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 8 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung der Maßnahme „Pflugloser Ackerbau “hinsichtlich der Klimarelevanz. AU - Zethner, G. AU - Sedy, K. AU - Schwarzl, B. CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Umweltbundesamt ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of climate change adaptation options on soil functions: A review of European case-studies AU - Hamidov, Ahmad AU - Helming, Katharina AU - Bellocchi, Gianni AU - Bojar, Waldemar AU - Dalgaard, Tommy AU - Ghaley, Bhim Bahadur AU - Hoffmann, Christian AU - Holman, Ian AU - Holzkämper, Annelie AU - Krzeminska, Dominika AU - Kvaernø, Sigrun H. AU - Lehtonen, Heikki AU - Niedrist, Georg AU - Øygarden, Lillian AU - Reidsma, Pytrik AU - Roggero, Pier Paolo AU - Rusu, Teodor AU - Santos, Cristina AU - Seddaiu, Giovanna AU - Skarbøvik, Eva AU - Ventrella, Domenico AU - Żarski, Jacek AU - Schönhart, Martin T2 - Land Degradation & Development DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1002/ldr.3006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - 2378 EP - 2389 J2 - Land Degrad Dev LA - en SN - 10853278 ER - TY - RPRT TI - BEAT – Bodenbedarf für die Ernährungssicherung in Österreich - Endbericht AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Schwarz, Michael AU - Huber, Sigbert AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Sedy, Katrin AU - Krammer, Carmen AU - Murer, Erwin AU - Pock, Hannes AU - Rodlauer, Christian AU - Schaumberger, Andreas AU - Nadeem, Imran AU - Formayer, Herbert DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 117 UR - https://dafne.at/content/report_release/aa85879d-af0f-4273-a1e2-b7f1d7178d41_0.pdf Y2 - 2021/01/13/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Das Glossar der Tiroler Raumordnung. AU - Sailer, M DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 UR - https://www.tirol.gv.at/fileadmin/themen/landesentwicklung/raumordnung/downloads/Fachliche_Grundlagen/ro-glossar.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Alpenatlas = Atlas des alpes: society - economy - environment AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Borsdorf, Axel AU - Tasser, Erich CY - Heidelberg DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Spektrum Akademischer Verl SN - 978-3-8274-2004-6 N1 -OCLC: 886662463
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change AU - Brang, Peter AU - Spathelf, Peter AU - Larsen, J. Bo AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Boncčìna, Andrej AU - Chauvin, Christophe AU - Drössler, Lars AU - García-Güemes, Carlos AU - Heiri, Caroline AU - Kerr, Gary AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Mason, Bill AU - Mohren, Frits AU - Mühlethaler, Urs AU - Nocentini, Susanna AU - Svoboda, Miroslav T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - In many parts of Europe, close-to-nature silviculture (CNS) has been widely advocated as being the best approach for managing forests to cope with future climat DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpu018 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 492 EP - 503 J2 - Forestry LA - en SN - 0015-752X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Global Change Effects on Alpine Plant Diversity AU - Grabherr, Georg AU - Gottfried, Michael AU - Pauli, Harald T2 - Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas A2 - Zachos, Frank E. A2 - Habel, Jan Christian AB - Alpine plants contribute considerably to the overall biodiversity. About 20% of the total European vascular plant flora is centred close to and/or above treelines. This high floral diversity for a cold environment depends predominantly on the pronounced heterogeneity of the terrain beyond the treeline. Alpine environments are also rich in endemics. CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 149 EP - 163 LA - English SN - 978-3-642-20992-5 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_8 N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_8
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nature-Based Solutions Accelerating Urban Sustainability Transitions in Cities: Lessons from Dresden, Genk and Stockholm Cities AU - Frantzeskaki, Niki AU - Borgström, Sara AU - Gorissen, Lena AU - Egermann, Markus AU - Ehnert, Franziska T2 - Nature‐based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice A2 - Kabisch, Nadja A2 - Korn, Horst A2 - Stadler, Jutta A2 - Bonn, Aletta A2 - Kabisch, Nadja A2 - Korn, Horst A2 - Stadler, Jutta A2 - Bonn, Aletta CY - Cham DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 342 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action AU - Kabisch, Nadja AU - Frantzeskaki, Niki AU - Pauleit, Stephan AU - Naumann, Sandra AU - Davis, McKenna AU - Artmann, Martina AU - Haase, Dagmar AU - Knapp, Sonja AU - Korn, Horst AU - Stadler, Jutta AU - Zaunberger, Karin AU - Bonn, Aletta T2 - Ecology and Society DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.5751/ES-08373-210239 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 39 J2 - E&S LA - en SN - 1708-3087 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Handlungsfelder der angewandten Stadtklimatologie AU - Henninger, Sascha AU - Weber, Stephan T2 - Stadtklima CY - Paderborn DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 260 PB - UTB Schöningh ER - TY - CHAP TI - Urban Gardens as Multifunctional Nature-Based Solutions for Societal Goals in a Changing Climate AU - Cabral, Ines AU - Costa, Sandra AU - Weiland, Ulrike AU - Bonn, Aletta T2 - Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas A2 - Kabisch, Nadja A2 - Korn, Horst A2 - Stadler, Jutta A2 - Bonn, Aletta CY - Cham DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 342 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Site-specific risk assessment enables trade-off analysis of non-native tree species in European forests AU - Bindewald, Anja AU - Brundu, Giuseppe AU - Schueler, Silvio AU - Starfinger, Uwe AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Lapin, Katharina T2 - Ecology and Evolution AB - Abstract Non-native tree species (NNT) are used in European forestry for many purposes including their growth performance, valuable timber, and resistance to drought and pest or pathogen damage. Yet, cultivating NNT may pose risks to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and the provisioning of ecosystem services, and several NNT have been classified as invasive in Europe. Typically, such classifications are based on risk assessments, which do not adequately consider site-specific variations in impacts of the NNT or the extent of affected areas. Here, we present a new methodological framework that facilitates both mitigating risks associated with NNT and taking advantage of their ecosystem services. The framework is based on a stratified assessment of risks posed by NNT which distinguishes between different sites and considers effectiveness of available management strategies to control negative effects. The method can be applied to NNT that already occur in a given area or those NNT that may establish in future. The framework consists of eight steps and is partly based on existing knowledge. If adequate site-specific knowledge on NNT does not yet exist, new evidence on the risks should be obtained, for example, by collecting and analyzing monitoring data or modeling the potential distribution of NNT. However, limitations remain in the application of this method, and we propose several policy and management recommendations which are required to improve the responsible use of NNT. DA - 2021/12/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1002/ece3.8407 VL - 11 IS - 24 SP - 18089 EP - 18110 J2 - Ecology and Evolution SN - 2045-7758 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Trends der Grundwassertemperatur. Untersuchungen von Daten der Überwachung des Gewässerzustandes in Österreich AU - Schartner, Christina AU - Kralik, Martin CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 24 M3 - Umweltbundesamt REP-0328 PB - Umweltbundesamt ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can riparian vegetation shade mitigate the expected rise in stream temperatures due to climate change during heat waves in a human-impacted pre-alpine river? AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Weihs, Philipp AU - Leidinger, David AU - Formayer, Herbert AU - Kalny, Gerda AU - Melcher, Andreas T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB - Abstract. Global warming has already affected European rivers and their aquatic biota, and climate models predict an increase of temperature in central Europe over all seasons. We simulated the influence of expected changes in heat wave intensity during the 21st century on water temperatures of a heavily impacted pre-alpine Austrian river and analysed future mitigating effects of riparian vegetation shade on radiant and turbulent energy fluxes using the deterministic Heat Source model. Modelled stream water temperature increased less than 1.5 ∘C within the first half of the century. Until 2100, a more significant increase of around 3 ∘C in minimum, maximum and mean stream temperatures was predicted for a 20-year return period heat event. The result showed clearly that in a highly altered river system riparian vegetation was not able to fully mitigate the predicted temperature rise caused by climate change but would be able to reduce water temperature by 1 to 2 ∘C. The removal of riparian vegetation amplified stream temperature increases. Maximum stream temperatures could increase by more than 4 ∘C even in annual heat events. Such a dramatic water temperature shift of some degrees, especially in summer, would indicate a total shift of aquatic biodiversity. The results demonstrate that effective river restoration and mitigation require re-establishing riparian vegetation and emphasize the importance of land–water interfaces and their ecological functioning in aquatic environments. DA - 2018/01/18/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/hess-22-437-2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 437 EP - 461 J2 - Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. LA - en SN - 1607-7938 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - From dimictic to monomictic: Empirical evidence of thermal regime transitions in three deep alpine lakes in Austria induced by climate change AU - Ficker, Harald AU - Luger, Martin AU - Gassner, Hubert T2 - Freshwater Biology DA - 2017/08// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/fwb.12946 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 62 IS - 8 SP - 1335 EP - 1345 J2 - Freshw Biol LA - en SN - 00465070 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ultra-sensitive Alpine lakes and climate change AU - Thompson, Roy AU - Kamenik, Christian AU - Schmidt, Roland T2 - Journal of Limnology DA - 2005/08/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.4081/jlimnol.2005.139 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 139 EP - 152 J2 - J Limnol SN - 1723-8633, 1129-5767 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions AU - Heino, Jani AU - Virkkala, Raimo AU - Toivonen, Heikki T2 - Biological Reviews DA - 2009/02// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00060.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 54 LA - en SN - 14647931, 1469185X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate impacts on water balance of a shallow steppe lake in Eastern Austria (Lake Neusiedl) AU - Soja, Gerhard AU - Züger, Johann AU - Knoflacher, Markus AU - Kinner, Paul AU - Soja, Anna-Maria T2 - Journal of Hydrology DA - 2013/02// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.013 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 480 SP - 115 EP - 124 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en SN - 00221694 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sicherheit und Qualität in der Trinkwasserversorgung in Österreich – Einflussfaktoren, aktuelle Anforderungen und Initiativen AU - Perfler, R. AU - Unterwainig, M. AU - Mayr, E. AU - Neunteufel, R. T2 - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft DA - 2007/10// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1007/s00506-007-0128-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 59 IS - 9-10 SP - 125 EP - 130 J2 - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw LA - de SN - 0945-358X, 1613-7566 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing trade-offs between carbon sequestration and timber production within a framework of multi-purpose forestry in Austria AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Jäger, Dietmar AU - Currie, William S. AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management T3 - Meeting the challenges of process-oriented management. AB - Numerous studies have analyzed the carbon sequestration potential of forests and forest management. However, most studies either focused on national and supra-national scales or on the project level in the context of the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. Few studies are available which analyze the effects of alternative silvicultural strategies on carbon sequestration, timber production and other forest services and functions at the operational level of the forest management unit (FMU). The present study investigates effects of three alternative management strategies for secondary Norway spruce forests (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) (Norway spruce age class forestry; continuous cover forestry; conversion to mixed broadleaved forests) and an unmanaged control variant on C sequestration in situ, in wood products and through bioenergy production at the level of a private FMU in Austria, and analyses the interrelationships with timber production and key indicators of biodiversity. The hybrid patch model PICUS v1.4 and a wood products model are employed to simulate forest ecosystem development, timber production, carbon storage in the forest and in wood product pools. Results show that in situ C sequestration is sensitive to forest management with the highest amount of carbon stored in the unmanaged strategy, followed by the continuous cover regime. All three management strategies store substantial quantities of C in the wood products pool. Considering alternative biomass utilization focused on bioenergy production, substantial C offsets could be generated from potential substitution of fossil fuels. Opportunity cost estimates for C sequestration reveal that C sequestration through forest management can be a cost efficient way to reduce atmospheric CO2, but the achievable quantities are limited due to biological limitations and societal constraints. The study emphasizes the importance of developing sustainable forest management strategies that serve the multiple demands on forests in the future. DA - 2007/08/30/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.035 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 248 IS - 1 SP - 64 EP - 79 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management LA - en SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wegweiser Naturgefahren: Eine Anleitung zur Berücksichtigung von Naturgefahren im Gebäudeschutz. IAN Report 170, Institut für Alpine Naturgefahren AU - Hübl, Johannes AU - Tscharner, Susanna CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Universität für Bodenkultur SN - Report 170 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic motivation of households to undertake private precautionary measures against floods AU - Kreibich, H. AU - Christenberger, S. AU - Schwarze, R. T2 - Natural Hazards and Earth System Science DA - 2011/02/03/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.5194/nhess-11-309-2011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 309 EP - 321 J2 - Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. LA - en SN - 1684-9981 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural Hazard Management from a Coevolutionary Perspective: Exposure and Policy Response in the European Alps AU - Fuchs, Sven AU - Röthlisberger, Veronika AU - Thaler, Thomas AU - Zischg, Andreas AU - Keiler, Margreth T2 - Annals of the American Association of Geographers DA - 2017/03/04/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1080/24694452.2016.1235494 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 107 IS - 2 SP - 382 EP - 392 J2 - Annals of the American Association of Geographers LA - en SN - 2469-4452, 2469-4460 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The future orientation of Austria’s flood policies: from flood control to anticipatory flood risk management AU - Nordbeck, Ralf AU - Steurer, Reinhard AU - Löschner, Lukas T2 - Journal of Environmental Planning and Management DA - 2019/09/19/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/09640568.2018.1515731 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 62 IS - 11 SP - 1864 EP - 1885 J2 - Journal of Environmental Planning and Management LA - en SN - 0964-0568, 1360-0559 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historical development and future outlook of the flood damage potential of residential areas in the Alpine Lech Valley (Austria) between 1971 and 2030 AU - Cammerer, Holger AU - Thieken, Annegret H. T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s10113-013-0407-9 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 999 EP - 1012 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X ER - TY - JOUR TI - European River Floods in a Changing World AU - Mitchell, James K. T2 - Risk Analysis DA - 2003/06// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1111/1539-6924.00337 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 567 EP - 574 J2 - Risk Analysis LA - en SN - 0272-4332, 1539-6924 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatio-temporal dynamics in the flood exposure due to land use changes in the Alpine Lech Valley in Tyrol (Austria) AU - Cammerer, Holger AU - Thieken, Annegret H. AU - Verburg, Peter H. T2 - Natural Hazards DA - 2013/09// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s11069-012-0280-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 1243 EP - 1270 J2 - Nat Hazards LA - en SN - 0921-030X, 1573-0840 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Simulated impact of past and possible future land use changes on the hydrological response of the Northern German lowland ‘Hunte’ catchment AU - Elfert, Simon AU - Bormann, Helge T2 - Journal of Hydrology DA - 2010/03// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.040 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 383 IS - 3-4 SP - 245 EP - 255 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en SN - 00221694 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A case study of land cover change (1950–2003) and runoff in a Mediterranean catchment AU - Fox, Dennis M. AU - Witz, Emmanuelle AU - Blanc, Violaine AU - Soulié, Cécile AU - Penalver-Navarro, Marc AU - Dervieux, Alain T2 - Applied Geography DA - 2012/03// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.007 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 810 EP - 821 J2 - Applied Geography LA - en SN - 01436228 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land-use impacts on storm-runoff generation: scenarios of land-use change and simulation of hydrological response in a meso-scale catchment in SW-Germany AU - Niehoff, Daniel AU - Fritsch, Uta AU - Bronstert, Axel T2 - Journal of Hydrology DA - 2002/10// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00142-7 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 267 IS - 1-2 SP - 80 EP - 93 J2 - Journal of Hydrology LA - en SN - 00221694 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimawandel und Pflanzenbau AU - Eitzinger, J. AU - Kersebaum, K-Ch. T2 - Geographische Rundschau DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - www.westermann.de VL - 3/2016 SP - 4 EP - 11 LA - de SN - 0016-7460 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate-smart pest management: building resilience of farms and landscapes to changing pest threats AU - Heeb, Luca AU - Jenner, Emma AU - Cock, Matthew J. W. T2 - Journal of Pest Science DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10340-019-01083-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 951 EP - 969 J2 - J Pest Sci LA - en SN - 1612-4758, 1612-4766 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Landwirtschaft im Klimawandel Auswirkungen und Anpassungsstrategien für die Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Mitteleuropa AU - Eitzinger, Josef AU - Kersebaum, Kurt Christian AU - Formayer, Herbert CY - Clenze DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 ET - 1. Aufl. SP - Agrimedia PB - Agrimedia SN - 978-3-86037-378-1 UR - http://media.obvsg.at/AC07612047-1001 ER - TY - CONF TI - Landwirtschaft 2030-Herausforderungen für die Biologische Landwirtschaft in Österreich AU - Steinwidder, A AU - Starz, W T2 - 5. Umweltökologisches Symposium 2016 C1 - HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 15 EP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimawandel und Landwirtschaft. Anpassungsstrategien im Ackerbau A2 - VLK - Verband der Landwirtschaftskammern A2 - VLK - Verband der Landwirtschaftskammern AB - VLK - Verband der Landwirtschaftskammern (Hrsg.) DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - http://www.landwirtschaftskammern.de/pdf/klimawandel.pdf ER - TY - CONF TI - Ersatz von Mais/Getreide durch Soja auf Ertrag, Erlös, Treibhausgas-Emissionen und CO2-Vermeidungskosten in 3 Regionen in Österreich AU - Dersch, G AU - Moser, T AU - Schaller, L AU - Mechtler, K AU - Amon, B T2 - VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe Band 71/2015 C1 - Darmstadt, Deutschland C3 - VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe Band 71/2015 DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do cover crops increase or decrease nitrous oxide emissions? A meta-analysis AU - Basche, A. D. AU - Miguez, F. E. AU - Kaspar, T. C. AU - Castellano, M. J. T2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.2489/jswc.69.6.471 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 69 IS - 6 SP - 471 EP - 482 J2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation LA - en ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung verschiedener ÖPUL Maßnahmen in Hinblick auf die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen, insbesondere Lachgas, Endbericht AU - Foldal, Cecilie Brigitte AU - Kasper, Martina AU - Ecker, Eva AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 70 M3 - Forschungsauftrag PB - Universität für Bodenkultur N1 -Auftraggeber Bundesministerium für Nachhaltikeit und Tourismus
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of crop residue incorporation on soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in European agricultural soils AU - Lehtinen, T. AU - Schlatter, N. AU - Baumgarten, A. AU - Bechini, L. AU - Krüger, J. AU - Grignani, C. AU - Zavattaro, L. AU - Costamagna, C. AU - Spiegel, H. T2 - Soil Use and Management AB - Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) improves soil physicochemical and biological properties, and the sequestration of carbon in SOM may mitigate climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) often decreases in intensive cropping systems. Incorporation of crop residues (CR) may be a sustainable management practice to maintain the SOC levels and to increase soil fertility. This study quantifies the effects of CR incorporation on SOC and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2 and N2O) in Europe using data from long-term experiments. Response ratios (RRs) for SOC and GHG emissions were calculated between CR incorporation and removal. The influence of environmental zones (ENZs), clay content and experiment duration on the RRs was investigated. We also studied how RRs of SOC and crop yields were correlated. A total of 475 RRs were derived from 39 publications. The SOC increased by 7% following CR incorporation. In contrast, in a subsample of cases, CO2 emissions were six times and N2O emissions 12 times higher following CR incorporation. The ENZ had no significant influence on RRs. For SOC concentration, soils with a clay content >35% showed 8% higher RRs compared with soils with clay contents between 18 and 35%. As the experiment progressed, RR for SOC concentration increased. For N2O emissions, RR was significantly greater in experiments with a duration <5 yr compared with 11–20 yr. No significant correlations were found between RR for SOC concentration and yields, but differences between sites and study durations were detected. We suggest that a long duration of crop residue incorporation is a win-win scenario under a continental climate. We conclude that CR incorporation is important for maintaining SOC, but its influence on GHG emissions should be taken into account as well. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/sum.12151 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 524 EP - 538 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nudging Climate Change Mitigation: A Laboratory Experiment with Inter-Generational Public Goods AU - Böhm, Robert AU - Gürerk, Özgür AU - Lauer, Thomas T2 - Games AB - To avoid the dangerous consequences of climate change, humans need to overcome two intertwined conflicts. First, they must deal with an intra-generational conflict that emerges from the allocation of costs of climate change mitigation among different actors of the current generation. Second, they face an inter-generational conflict that stems from the higher costs for long-term mitigation measures, particularly helping future generations, compared to the short-term actions aimed at adapting to the immediate effects of climate change, benefiting mostly the current generation. We devise a novel game to study this multi-level conflict and investigate individuals’ behavior in a lab experiment. We find that, although individuals reach sufficient cooperation levels to avoid adverse consequences for their own generation, they contribute more to cheaper short-term than to costlier long-term measures, to the detriment of future generations. Simple “nudge” interventions, however, may alter this pattern considerably. We find that changing the default contribution level to the inter-generational welfare optimum increases long-term contributions. Moreover, providing individuals with the possibility to commit themselves to inter-generational solidarity leads to an even stronger increase in long-term contributions. Nevertheless, the results also suggest that nudges alone may not be enough to induce inter-generationally optimal contributions. DA - 2020/12// PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/g11040042 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 42 LA - en N1 -number: 4
publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
number: 5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated Analysis of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Measures in Austrian Agriculture AU - Schönhart, M. AU - Mitter, H. AU - Schmid, E. AU - Georg, H. AU - Heinrich, G T2 - German Journal of Agricultural Economics DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.22004/ag.econ.253157 VL - 63 SP - 1 EP - 21 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Zwischenfruchtbegrünungen als Quelle oder Senke bodenbürtiger Treibhausgas-Emissionen? Endbericht von StartClim2012.A AU - Bodner, G. AU - Klik, A. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 M3 - Endbericht PB - BMLFUW, BMWF, ÖBF, Land Oberösterreich ER - TY - MGZN TI - Was uns Zwischenfrüchte über Humusaufbau lehren AU - Bodner, G. AU - Keiblinger, K. T2 - Landwirt DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 12/2020 SP - 28 EP - 40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality AU - Jarvis, N. J. T2 - European Journal of Soil Science DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00915.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 523 EP - 546 J2 - Eur J Soil Science LA - en SN - 1351-0754, 1365-2389 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Processes in Microbial Ecology AU - Kirchman, David L. DA - 2011/02/02/ PY - 2011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-958693-6 UR - https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586936.001.0001/acprof-9780199586936 Y2 - 2021/07/07/ N1 -DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586936.001.0001
ER - TY - MGZN TI - Zwischenfruchtbau ist auch im Trockengebiet machbar AU - Bodner, G. AU - Summerer, H. AU - Ecker, F. AU - Rosner, J. T2 - Ländlicher Raum:Online-Fachzeitung des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 09/2011 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Maisertrag nach abfrostender bzw. überwinternder Begrünung im Vergleich AU - Kriegner-Schramml, Simon T2 - Boden.Wasser.Schutz.Blatt DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 VL - Ausgabe Juni 2021 SP - 6 EP - 7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Catch crop diversity increases rhizosphere carbon input and soil microbial biomass AU - Gentsch, Norman AU - Boy, Jens AU - Batalla, Juan Daniel Kennedy AU - Heuermann, Diana AU - von Wirén, Nicolaus AU - Schweneker, Dörte AU - Feuerstein, Ulf AU - Groß, Jonas AU - Bauer, Bernhard AU - Reinhold-Hurek, Barbara AU - Hurek, Thomas AU - Céspedes, Fabricio Camacho AU - Guggenberger, Georg T2 - Biology and Fertility of Soils AB - Abstract Catch crops increase plant species richness in crop rotations, but are most often grown as pure stands. Here, we investigate the impacts of increasing plant diversity in catch crop rotations on rhizosphere C input and microbial utilization. Mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) planted as a single cultivar was compared to diversified catch crop mixtures of four (Mix4) or 12 species (Mix12). We traced the C transfer from shoots to roots towards the soil microbial community and the soil respiration in a 13 C pulse labelling field experiment. Net CO 2 -C uptake from the atmosphere increased by two times in mix 4 and more than three times in mix 12. Higher net ecosystem C production was linked to increasing catch crop diversity and increased belowground transfer rates of recently fixed photoassimilates. The higher rhizosphere C input stimulated the growth and activity of the soil microbiome, which was investigated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses. Total microbial biomass increased from 14 to 22 g m −2 as compared to the fallow and was 18 and 8% higher for mix 12 and mix 4 as compared to mustard. In particular, the fungal and actinobacterial communities profited the most from the higher belowground C input and their biomass increased by 3.4 and 1.3 times as compared to the fallow. The residence time of the 13 C pulse, traced in the CO 2 flux from the soil environment, increased with plant diversity by up to 1.8 times. The results of this study suggest positive impacts of plant diversity on C cycling by higher atmospheric C uptake, higher transport rates towards the rhizosphere, higher microbial incorporation and prolonged residence time in the soil environment. We conclude that diversified catch crop mixtures improve the efficiency of C cycling in cropping systems and provide a promising tool for sustainable soil management. DA - 2020/10// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s00374-020-01475-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 56 IS - 7 SP - 943 EP - 957 J2 - Biol Fertil Soils LA - en SN - 0178-2762, 1432-0789 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Anbau von Zwischenfrüchten Auswertung der Versuchsanlagen 2012/13 in Sachsen AU - Schmidt, Anja AU - Gläser, Heiko CY - Dresden DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie (LfULG) ER - TY - RPRT TI - Boden- und Gewässerschutz durch Zwischenfruchtanbau AU - BWSB CY - Linz DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Boden.Wasser.Schutz.Beratung ER - TY - MGZN TI - Untersaaten als Herbizidersatz? Erfahrungen mit Untersaaten im Rapsanbau zur Unkrautkontrolle AU - Enggist, Andrea T2 - LOP Landwirtschaft ohne Pflug DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 07/2019 SP - 35 EP - 41 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Untersaaten. Wie Sie die neuen agrarpolitischen Vorgaben erfüllen können und gleichzeitig die Bodenfruchtbarkeit fördern AU - Berendes, Markus DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://www.magazin-innovation.de/export/sites/magazin-innovation.de/extras/dokumente/Innovation-ab-4-13/4-14-untersaaten.pdf Y2 - 2021/09/07/ ER - TY - MGZN TI - Ernährung sichern mit Mischkulturen. AU - Hohmann, P. AU - Haug, B. T2 - Forschen und entwickeln mit der Praxis, für die Praxis. FIBL Tätigkeitsbericht 2018 DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Water acquisition, sharing and redistribution by roots: applications to agroforestry systems AU - Bayala, J. AU - Prieto, I. T2 - Plant and Soil AB - Abstract Aims In the face of problems caused by ‘intensive agriculture’ dominated by large areas of monocultures, mixed intercropping mimicking natural ecosystems has been reported to constitute a viable solution to increase and stabilize productivity. When designing such systems, root niche separation was thought to be a prerequisite to optimize production. Methods This paper reviews the beneficial and adverse effects of trees and crops on water acquisition and redistribution in agroforestry ecosystems using the concepts of competition and facilitation between plants in link with root functional traits. Results The results of the review showed that the reality was more complex leading agroforestry practitioners to adopt management practices to induce a separation in root activities thus avoid competition, particularly for water. Water uptake by plant roots is triggered by the water potential difference between the soil and the atmosphere when leaf stomata are open and depends largely on the root exploration capacity of the plant. Thus, root water uptake dynamics are strongly related to root-length densities and root surface areas. In addition, plants with deep roots are able to lift up or redistribute water to the upper layers through a process known as hydraulic lift, potentially acting as “bioirrigators” to adjacent plants. The redistributed water could be of importance not only in regulating plant water status, e.g. by enhancing transpiration, but also in increasing the survival and growth of associated crops in mixed systems. Conclusions Even though some more work is still needed to assess the volume of water transferred to neighbors, hydraulic lift could constitute an ecological viable mechanism to buffer against droughts and ensure productivity in regions with erratic rainfall. Giving the difficulty in measuring the above-mentioned aspects in the field, modeling of some of the most relevant parameters to quantify them might inform the design of future empirical studies. DA - 2020/08// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s11104-019-04173-z DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 453 IS - 1-2 SP - 17 EP - 28 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erfolgreicher Anbau von Körnerleguminosen in Mischkultur mit Getreide. FIBL-Merkblatt AU - Dierauer, H. AU - Clerc, M. AU - Böhler, D. AU - Klaiss, M. AU - Hegglin, D. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Anbau von Körnerleguminosen in Mischkultur im Trockengebiet AU - Fischl, Anbau von Körnerleguminosen in Mischkultur im Trockengebiet AU - Surböck, A. AU - Kranzler, A. AU - Dierauer, H. AU - Grausgruber-Gröger, S. AU - Moyses, A. CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Ländliches Fortbildungsinstitut ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mehrnutzungshecken. Vielfältige Nutzung von Hecken zur nachhaltigen Produktion, zur Erosionsverminderung und zur Erhöhung der regionalen Wertschöpfung AU - Ableidinger, Christophorus AU - Erhart, Eva AU - Sandler, Katharina AU - Kromp, Bernhard AU - Hartl, Wilfried CY - Eigenverlag: Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Bio Forschung Austria ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biodiversität auf dem Landwirtschaftsbetrieb. Ein Handbuch für die Praxis AU - Graf, R AU - Jenny, M AU - Chevillat, V AU - Weidmann, G AU - Hagist, D AU - Pfiffner, L DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach, Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau ER - TY - BOOK TI - An Introduction to Agroforestry AU - Nair, P. K. CY - Dordrecht DA - 1993/// PY - 1993 PB - Springer Science & Business Media ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon stocks, tree diversity, and the role of organic certification in different cocoa production systems in Alto Beni, Bolivia AU - Jacobi, Johanna AU - Andres, Christian AU - Schneider, Monika AU - Pillco, Maria AU - Calizaya, Patricia AU - Rist, Stephan T2 - Agroforestry Systems AB - This study compares aboveground and belowground carbon stocks and tree diversity in different cocoa cultivation systems in Bolivia: monoculture, simple agroforestry, and successional agroforestry, as well as fallow as a control. Since diversified, agroforestry-based cultivation systems are often considered important for sustainable development, we also evaluated the links between carbon stocks and tree diversity, as well as the role of organic certification in transitioning from monoculture to agroforestry. Biomass, tree diversity, and soil physiochemical parameters were sampled in 15 plots measuring 48 × 48 m. Semi-structured interviews with 52 cocoa farmers were used to evaluate the role of organic certification and farmers’ organizations (e.g., cocoa cooperatives) in promoting tree diversity. Total carbon stocks in simple agroforestry systems (128.4 ± 20 Mg ha−1) were similar to those on fallow plots (125.2 ± 10 Mg ha−1). Successional agroforestry systems had the highest carbon stocks (143.7 ± 5.3 Mg ha−1). Monocultures stored significantly less carbon than all other systems (86.3 ± 4.0 Mg ha−1, posterior probability P(Diff > 0) of 0.000–0.006). Among shade tree species, Schizolobium amazonicum, Centrolobium ochroxylum, and Anadenanthera sp. accumulated the most biomass. High-value timber species (S. amazonicum, C. ochroxylum, Amburana cearensis, and Swietenia macrophylla) accounted for 22.0 % of shade tree biomass. The Shannon index and tree species richness were highest in successional agroforestry systems. Cocoa plots on certified organic farms displayed significantly higher tree species richness than plots on non-certified farms. Thus, expanding the coverage of organic farmers’ organizations may be an effective strategy for fostering transitions from monoculture to agroforestry systems. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s10457-013-9643-8 DP - Springer Link VL - 88 IS - 6 SP - 1117 EP - 1132 J2 - Agroforest Syst LA - en SN - 1572-9680 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agroforestry systems: helping smallholders adapt to climate risks while mitigating climate change AU - Lasco, Rodel D. AU - Delfino, Rafaela Jane P. AU - Espaldon, Marya Laya O. T2 - WIREs Climate Change AB - There is increasing interest to combine adaptation and mitigation measures that provide win–win solutions to climate change. Agroforestry systems offer compelling synergies between adaptation and mitigation. This article reviews the empirical evidence from various studies on how trees and agroforestry systems enhance smallholders' capacity to adapt to climate risks. Agroforestry systems improve resilience of smallholder farmers through more efficient water utilization, improved microclimate, enhanced soil productivity and nutrient cycling, control of pests and diseases, improved farm productivity, and diversified and increased farm income while at the same time sequestering carbon. Although these seems very promising, tradeoffs may arise both at the farm and landscape scales. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:825–833. doi: 10.1002/wcc.301 This article is categorized under: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies Climate and Development > Knowledge and Action in Development DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1002/wcc.301 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 5 IS - 6 SP - 825 EP - 833 LA - en SN - 1757-7799 ER - TY - CONF TI - Agroforstliche Nutzungsstrategien zur Sicherung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion im Kontext steigender Urbanisierung und den Folgen des Klimawandels. AU - Kanzler, M. AU - Böhm, C. AU - Mirck, J. AU - Schmitt, D. AU - Veste, M. T2 - Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Pflanzenbauwissenschaften e.V. C3 - Klimawandel und Qualität, Kurzfassungen der Vorträge und Poster, DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 29 SP - 54 EP - 55 PB - Mitt. Ges. Pflanzenbauwiss. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do European agroforestry systems enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services? A meta-analysis AU - Torralba, Mario AU - Fagerholm, Nora AU - Burgess, Paul J. AU - Moreno, Gerardo AU - Plieninger, Tobias T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.002 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 230 SP - 150 EP - 161 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced biodiversity and pollination in UK agroforestry systems: UK agroforestry systems AU - Varah, Alexa AU - Jones, Hannah AU - Smith, Jo AU - Potts, Simon G T2 - Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture DA - 2013/07// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1002/jsfa.6148 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 93 IS - 9 SP - 2073 EP - 2075 J2 - J. Sci. Food Agric. LA - en SN - 00225142 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gründungsresolution AU - ARGE Agroforst DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.arge-agroforst.at/ Y2 - 2021/07/08/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - 3 Agroforstsysteme AU - Herzog, F. AU - Oehen, B. AU - Weibel, F. P. T2 - Ökologischer Landbau: Grundlagen, Wissensstand und Herausforderungen DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 4639 PB - UTB ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agroforst - Lösung für alle/viele Probleme? AU - Wallner, Thomas T2 - Landwirtschaftskammer Oberösterreich DA - 2021/04/16/ PY - 2021 UR - https://ooe.lko.at/agroforst-l%C3%B6sung-f%C3%BCr-alle-viele-probleme+2500+3388092 Y2 - 2021/07/08/ ER - TY - ELEC TI - ArtenReich Streuobstwiese AU - Waiss, G. T2 - Österreichische Bundesforste DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.bundesforste.at/natur-erleben/biosphaerenpark-wienerwald/projekte/artenreich-streuobstwiese.html ER - TY - CHAP TI - Boden AU - Pfeiffer AU - Eschenbach AU - Munch T2 - Klimawandel in Deutschland CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 203 EP - 213 PB - Springer Spektrum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluierung der nachhaltig positiven Wirkung von Kompost auf die Fruchtbarkeit und Produktivität von Böden AU - BMLFUW (Hrsg.) DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Compost use in organic Farming AU - Erhart, E. AU - Hartl, W T2 - Genetic engineering, biofertilization, soil quality and organic farming. T3 - Sustainable Agriculture Reviews CY - Dortrecht, Deutschland DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 4 SP - 311 EP - 345 PB - Springer ER - TY - RPRT TI - Leitfaden zur Humusversorgung. Informationen für Praxis, Beratung und Schulung AU - Kolbe, H. AU - Zimmer, J. CY - Dresden, Deutschland DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Sächsischen Landesamtes für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie ER - TY - MGZN TI - Die Vorteile des Öko-Landbaus für das Klima AU - Fließbach, A AU - Schmid, H AU - Niggli, U T2 - Ökologie & Landbau DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 VL - 145 IS - (1/2008) SP - 17 EP - 19 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaresilienz durch Agrobiodiversität? Literaturstudie zum Zusammenhang zwischen Elementen der Agrobiodiversität und der Empfindlichkeit von landwirtschaftlichen Produktionssystemen gegenüber dem Klimawandel. AU - Petersen, U AU - Weigel, H T2 - Thünen Report DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SN - 25 N1 -issue: 25
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Soil organic matter: its importance in sustainable agriculture and carbon dioxide fluxes AU - Johnston, A. Edward AU - Poulton, Paul R. AU - Coleman, Kevin T2 - Advances in Agronomy CY - San Diego DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 101 SP - 1 EP - 57 LA - en PB - Elsevier SN - 978-0-12-374817-1 UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065211308008018 Y2 - 2020/07/01/ N1 -DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00801-8
ER - TY - MGZN TI - Humus als Ökosystemeigenschaft AU - Bodner, G. AU - Schnecker, J. AU - Keiblinger, K. T2 - Lumbrico DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 06 IS - Mai 2020 SP - 24 EP - 28 N1 -number: Mai 2020
ER - TY - MGZN TI - Humus als Ökosystemeigenschaft AU - Bodner, Gernot AU - Schnecker, Jörg AU - Keiblinger, Katharina T2 - Lumbrico DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 06 IS - Mai 2020 SP - 24 EP - 28 N1 -number: Mai 2020
ER - TY - CONF TI - Beitrag des Biolandbaus zu einem nachhaltigen Boden-und Gewässerschutz AU - Weißhaidinger, R AU - Petrasek, R AU - Hörtenhuber, S AU - Lindenthal, T C1 - Lehr- und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft Raumberg-Gumpenstein DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SP - 49 EP - 54 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Effects of Root Exudates in Microbial Diversity and Activity in Rhizosphere Soils AU - Nannipieri, P. AU - Ascher, J. AU - Ceccherini, M. T. AU - Landi, L. AU - Pietramellara, G. AU - Renella, G. AU - Valori, F. T2 - Molecular Mechanisms of Plant and Microbe Coexistence A2 - Nautiyal, Chandra Shekhar A2 - Dion, Patrice A2 - Nautiyal, Chandra Shekhar A2 - Dion, Patrice CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 15 SP - 339 EP - 365 PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 978-3-540-75574-6 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_14 Y2 - 2021/07/07/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_14
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Going back to the roots: the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere AU - Philippot, Laurent AU - Raaijmakers, Jos M. AU - Lemanceau, Philippe AU - van der Putten, Wim H. T2 - Nature Reviews Microbiology AB - The rhizosphere microbiome is important for plant growth, nutrition and health in agro-ecosystems, but it also directly and/or indirectly affects the composition, biomass and functioning of plant communities in natural ecosystems.The phylum Proteobacteria is the dominant bacterial phylum encountered in the rhizosphere, but fungi such as those in the phyla Ascomycota and Glomeromycota are also an integral component of the rhizosphere microbiome.Soil properties and plant species are the main drivers of the microbial community composition and structure in the rhizosphere.Multitrophic interactions in the rhizosphere, as well as their influence on above-ground communities of herbivores, carnivores, mutualists and symbionts, can be beneficial to plant growth.Integrating our knowledge from both agricultural and natural ecosystems, from single plants and multispecies plant communities, and from below-ground and above-ground multitrophic interactions holds great promise to further improve the sustainability of crop production. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nrmicro3109 DP - www.nature.com VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 789 EP - 799 J2 - Nat Rev Microbiol LA - en SN - 1740-1534 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term effects of compost amendment of soil on functional and structural diversity and microbial activity AU - Ros, M. AU - Klammer, S. AU - Knapp, B. AU - Aichberger, K. AU - Insam, H. T2 - Soil Use and Management DA - 2006/06// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00027.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 209 EP - 218 J2 - Soil Use & Management LA - en SN - 0266-0032, 1475-2743 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Agronomic effects of bovine manure: A review of long-term European field experiments AU - Zavattaro, Laura AU - Bechini, Luca AU - Grignani, Carlo AU - van Evert, Frits K. AU - Mallast, Janine AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Sandén, Taru AU - Pecio, Alicja AU - Giráldez Cervera, Juan Vicente AU - Guzmán, Gema AU - Vanderlinden, Karl AU - D’Hose, Tommy AU - Ruysschaert, Greet AU - ten Berge, Hein F.M. T2 - European Journal of Agronomy DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2017.07.010 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 90 SP - 127 EP - 138 J2 - European Journal of Agronomy LA - en SN - 11610301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - European long-term field experiments: knowledge gained about alternative management practices AU - Sandén, T. AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Stüger, H.-P. AU - Schlatter, N. AU - Haslmayr, H.-P. AU - Zavattaro, L. AU - Grignani, C. AU - Bechini, L. AU - D′Hose, T. AU - Molendijk, L. AU - Pecio, A. AU - Jarosz, Z. AU - Guzmán, G. AU - Vanderlinden, K. AU - Giráldez, J. V. AU - Mallast, J. AU - ten Berge, H. T2 - Soil Use and Management A2 - Aitkenhead, Matt A2 - Aitkenhead, Matt DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/sum.12421 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 167 EP - 176 J2 - Soil Use Manage LA - en SN - 02660032 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing for soil carbon sequestration: Let’s get realistic AU - Schlesinger, William H. AU - Amundson, Ronald T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Improved soil management is increasingly pursued to ensure food security for the world's rising global population, with the ancillary benefit of storing carbon in soils to lower the threat of climate change. While all increments to soil organic matter are laudable, we suggest caution in ascribing large, potential climate change mitigation to enhanced soil management. We find that the most promising techniques, including applications of biochar and enhanced silicate weathering, collectively are not likely to balance more than 5% of annual emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14478 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 386 EP - 389 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterising the biophysical, economic and social impacts of soil carbon sequestration as a greenhouse gas removal technology AU - Sykes, Alasdair J. AU - Macleod, Michael AU - Eory, Vera AU - Rees, Robert M. AU - Payen, Florian AU - Myrgiotis, Vasilis AU - Williams, Mathew AU - Sohi, Saran AU - Hillier, Jon AU - Moran, Dominic AU - Manning, David A. C. AU - Goglio, Pietro AU - Seghetta, Michele AU - Williams, Adrian AU - Harris, Jim AU - Dondini, Marta AU - Walton, Jack AU - House, Joanna AU - Smith, Pete T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14844 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 1085 EP - 1108 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - CO2-Zertifikate für die Festlegung atmosphärischen Kohlenstoffs in Böden: Methoden, Maßnahmen und Grenzen AU - Wiesmeier, Martin AU - Mayer, Stefanie AU - Paul, Carsten AU - Helming, Katharina AU - Don, Axel AU - Franko, Uwe AU - Franko, Markus AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid AB - Agrarböden besitzen durch den Aufbau von organsicher Bodensubstanz (Humus), die zu etwa 58% aus Kohlenstoff (Corg) besteht, ein großes Potential zur Kohlenstoffbindung. Positive Anstrengungen im Humusmanagement könnten daher einen wesentlichen Beitrag für den Klimaschutz leisten. Für Landwirtinnen und Landwirte stellen so genannte CO2-Zertifikate für den Aufbau von Corg („Humuszertifikate“) einen zusätzlichen Anreiz dar, humusfördernde Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen umzusetzen. Diese CO2-Zertifikate werden von privatwirtschaftlichen Initiativen und Unternehmen im Bereich des freiwilligen CO2-Markts vergeben. Insbesondere im Bereich der Landwirtschaft wächst im deutschsprachigen Raum derzeit der Zertifikatehandel für den Aufbau von Corg in Agrarböden. Um zum Klimaschutz beizutragen, müssen bei der Vergabe von Zertifikaten bestimmte Kriterien eingehalten werden. Wissenschaftliche Mindeststandards wurden dabei in der Praxis bislang jedoch wenig berücksichtigt. In dieser Studie werden Empfehlungen hinsichtlich der Erfassung von Corg (Probenahme, Analytik, Vorratsberechnung), eine Bewertung von Maßnahmen zum Corg-Aufbau, sowie Hinweise zu generellen Einschränkungen hinsichtlich des Klimaschutzes über CO2-Zertifikate gegeben. CO2-Zertifikate können einen positiven Anstoß geben, damit sich Landwirte verstärkt mit einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung und Humusversorgung ihrer Böden auseinandersetzen. Da Humus die zentrale Steuergröße für viele Funktionen des Bodens und nicht zuletzt der Bodenfruchtbarkeit darstellt, ist jede Anstrengung für mehr Humus sinnvoll. Landwirtinnen und Landwirte, die sich für Humusaufbau interessieren, sollten daher hinsichtlich standort- und betriebsspezifischen Optionen zum Aufbau von Corg umfassend unterstützt und beraten werden. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.20387/BONARES-F8T8-XZ4H DP - DOI.org (Datacite) UR - https://tools.bonares.de/doi/doc/26/ Y2 - 2021/03/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The International Organic Nitrogen Long-term Fertilisation Experiment (IOSDV) at Vienna after 21 years AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Hösch, Johannes T2 - Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1080/03650341003645624 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 405 EP - 420 J2 - Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science LA - en SN - 0365-0340, 1476-3567 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - RPRT TI - BIOKOHLE - ANWENDUNG IN DER LAND- UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT FACHBEIRAT FÜR BODENFRUCHTBARKEIT UND BODENSCHUTZ IM BMLFUW AU - BMLFUW CY - Vienna DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - BMLFUW UR - https://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/kommissionen/kioes/pdf/Publications/Biokohle_2017_final.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/09/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nachhaltige Bodennutzung - aus technischer, pflanzenbaulicher, ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht : Tagungsband zum Symposium am 16. Oktober 2003 im Forum der FAL AU - Artman, Rudolf AU - Bockisch, Franz-Josef T2 - Landbauforschung Völkenrode Sonderheft 256 CY - Braunschweig DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 ER - TY - MGZN TI - N-Lieferung und Beikrautunterdrückung dreier Zwischenfruchtarten AU - Grosse, M. AU - Heß, J. T2 - Naturland Nachrichten DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 01/2016 IS - Februar 2016 (01) SP - 39 EP - 40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nutrient availability in a long-term field experiment in Austria AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Dersch, G. AU - Hösch, J. AU - Baumgarten, A. T2 - Bodenkultur DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 VL - 58 IS - 1-4 SP - 47 EP - 58 DB - Scopus N1 -number: 1-4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy efficiency of winter wheat in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions AU - Moitzi, Gerhard AU - Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W. AU - Kaul, Hans-Peter AU - Wagentristl, Helmut T2 - European Journal of Agronomy DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2018.11.002 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 103 SP - 24 EP - 31 J2 - European Journal of Agronomy LA - en SN - 11610301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of different tillage systems on fuel consumption and requirement of working time in winter wheat cropping in a semiarid area of production AU - Szalay, T. AU - Moitzi, G. AU - Liebhard, B. AU - Weingartmann, H. T2 - Bodenkultur DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 IS - 66 SP - 39 EP - 48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term experience with conservation tillage practices in Austria: Impacts on soil erosion processes AU - Klik, Andreas AU - Rosner, Josef T2 - Soil and Tillage Research AB - In 1994 a field study started at three sites in eastern Austria to investigate the impacts of mulch till and no-till on soil erosion, surface runoff, nutrient and pesticide losses. The aim of this paper is to show long-term impacts of reduced tillage on runoff, erosion and related processes. The experiments were carried out on fields of agricultural schools in Lower Austria about 100 km north and west of Vienna. Soil textures range from silt loam to silty clay loam. Average annual rainfall at the sites ranges from 621 to 916 mm with average annual air temperatures between 9.4 and 10.4 °C. The following soil tillage treatments were investigated: (1) conventional tillage system with ploughing in fall (CT), (2) mulch tillage with cover crops during winter (MT) and (3) no-till with cover crops during winter (NT). Throughout growing season event based measurements of soil erosion, surface runoff, and nutrient and carbon losses were conducted for all sites and tillage systems. Data on losses of pesticide residues are only available for a few years. The crop rotation at the sites was mainly small grains-root crop but included also other field crops. On a long-term basis reduced tillage practices decreased surface runoff from silt loam by 25–55 % (MT) and 49–60 % (NT). For the not well drained silty clay loam soil an increase by 12–21 % was observed which is related to significantly higher soil bulk densities of MT and NT in the 0−20 cm depth. Mean long-term annual erosion rates for CT ranged between 8.6 and 33.2 t ha−1, for MT between 3.6 and 5.3 t ha−1and for NT between 1.9 and 3.0 t ha−1. Compared to conventional tillage MT and NT reduced soil loss from a silty clay loam by 38 and 65 %, and from silt loam by 70–88 % and 84–93 %, respectively. 10−30% fewer erosion events occurred from MT plots and about 20 % fewer events from NT plots. Higher aggregate stabilities of MT and NT due to higher soil organic carbon contents in the 0−10 cm soil depth, higher soil cover as well as lower flow velocities are responsible for this reduction in soil loss from reduced tillage treatments. Low erosion rates from the reduced tilled plots correlated with low runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus. Total nitrogen losses ranged from 13.3–48.1 kg ha−1 for CT, from 4.5–18.7 kg ha−1 for MT and from 1.6–9.4 for NT. Total nitrogen losses ranged from 13.3–48.1 kg ha−1 for CT, from 4.5–18.7 kg ha−1 for MT and from 1.6–9.4 for NT. Corresponding total P losses ranged from 6.7–29.4 kg ha−1 for CT, 2.1 to 3.7 kg ha−1 for MT and from 0.7 to 2.4 kg ha−1 for NT. Low erosion rates from the reduced tilled plots correlated with low runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus even though N and P concentrations in runoff were greater than from CT and sediments were enriched severalfold in N and P. Conservation tillage methods reduced the SOC losses by 34–86 % for MT and by 58–89 % for NT. Other studies show that these results are not only obtained in central Europe but also in other regions worldwide. The long-term results of this study show that the use of mulch and no tillage in well-drained soils is beneficial for the farmers under central European conditions by improving soil´s aggregate stability and soil water contents and for the environment by reducing soil and nutrient losses. DA - 2020/09/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.still.2020.104669 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 203 SP - 104669 J2 - Soil and Tillage Research LA - en SN - 0167-1987 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of No-Till, Conservation, and Conventional Tillage Systems on Erosion and Soil Properties in Lower Austria AU - Komissarov, M. A. AU - Klik, A. T2 - Eurasian Soil Science AB - The effect of long-term (about 25 years) use of different farming practices on a set of soil properties and development of erosion in Lower Austria has been studied. Three tillage systems—zero, or no-till (NT); minimum, or conservation (CS); and conventional (CV)—are compared. The comparison demonstrates that the properties of Typic Argiudols (Luvic Phaeozems), formed on steep (13.2%) slopes, change depending on both the tillage type and the position on the slope. Unlike the CV tillage, the soil-saving technologies provide higher contents of nutrients, silt, and clay, as well as better water permeability and water stability of soil aggregates. Despite an almost doubled amount of lumpy fractions (>10 mm), the soil aggregate states after NT and CS tillage are estimated as “excellent”. Independently of the tillage system, all agrochemical, electrophysical, and hydrophysical parameters (except for pH and bulk density) increase downward the slope, which is associated with erosion, namely, the washout of suspended sediments by water flows. The Corg content in the soil tightly correlates with the water stability of soil aggregates (r = 0.91), the concentration of soluble humic substances and fine solids (SAK; r = 0.76), and electroconductivity (r = 0.75). An anti-erosion efficiency of tillage practice increases in the series CV–CS–NT. The NT or CS systems are recommended for the erosion-prone slopes of Alpine foothills. DA - 2020/04/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1134/S1064229320040079 DP - Springer Link VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 503 EP - 511 J2 - Eurasian Soil Sc. LA - en SN - 1556-195X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterization of soil aggregate stability using low intensity ultrasonic vibrations AU - Schomakers, J. AU - Mentler, A. AU - Steurer, T. AU - Klik, A. AU - Mayer, H. T2 - International Agrophysics AB - Ultrasonic dispersion equipment has been developed to investigate soil aggregate stability. An ultrasonic probe was vibrating in water containing soil aggregates. Constant vibration amplitudes of 0.5, 1 and 2 μm were used in ultrasonic soil aggregate stability measurements. Ultrasonic power... DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - www.international-agrophysics.org VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 165 EP - 172 J2 - Int. Agrophys. LA - english SN - 0236-8722, 2300-8725 N1 -publisher: Bohdan Dobrzański Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bodenschutz durch Verzicht auf Pflügen AU - Huggins, D. AU - Reganold, J. T2 - Spektrum der Wissenschaft DA - 2009/05// PY - 2009 SP - 79 EP - 85 ER - TY - JOUR TI - No-tillage and soil physical environment AU - Blanco-Canqui, Humberto AU - Ruis, Sabrina J. T2 - Geoderma DA - 2018/09// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 326 SP - 164 EP - 200 J2 - Geoderma LA - en SN - 00167061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional climate change impacts on agricultural crop production in Central and Eastern Europe – hotspots, regional differences and common trends AU - Eitzinger, J. AU - Trnka, M. AU - Semerádová, D. AU - Thaler, S. AU - Svobodová, E. AU - Hlavinka, P. AU - Šiška, B. AU - Takáč, J. AU - Malatinská, L. AU - Nováková, M. AU - Dubrovský, M. AU - Žalud, Z. T2 - The Journal of Agricultural Science AB - SUMMARY The present study investigates regional climate change impacts on agricultural crop production in Central and Eastern Europe, including local case studies with different focuses in Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The area studied experiences a continental European climate and is characterized by strong climatic gradients, which may foster regional differences or trends in the impacts of climate change on agriculture. To study the regional aspects and variabilities of climate change impacts on agriculture, the effect of climate change on selected future agroclimatic conditions, crop yield and variability (including the effect of higher ambient CO 2 concentrations) and the most important yield limiting factors, such as water availability, nitrogen balance and the infestation risks posed by selected pests were studied. In general, the results predicted significant agroclimatic changes over the entire area during the 21st century, affecting agricultural crop production through various pathways. Simulated crop yield trends confirmed past regional studies but also revealed that yield-limiting factors may change from region to region. For example, pest pressures, as demonstrated by examining two pests, are likely to increase due to warmer conditions. In general, higher potentials for cereal yield increase are seen for wetter and cooler regions (i.e. uplands) than for the drier and warmer lowlands, where yield potentials will be increasingly limited by decreasing crop water availability and heat under most scenarios. In addition, yield variability will increase during the coming decades, but this may decrease towards the end of the 21st century. The present study contributes to the interpretation of previously conducted climate change impact and adaptation studies for agriculture and may prove useful in proposing future research in this field. DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1017/S0021859612000767 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 151 IS - 6 SP - 787 EP - 812 J2 - J. Agric. Sci. LA - en SN - 0021-8596, 1469-5146 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Basic soil chemical properties after 15 years in a long-term tillage and crop rotation experiment AU - Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W. AU - Száková, Jiřina AU - Pachtrog, Vera AU - Tlustoš, Pavel AU - Černý, Jindřich AU - Kulhánek, Martin AU - Kaul, Hans-Peter AU - Euteneuer, Pia AU - Moitzi, Gerhard AU - Wagentristl, Helmut T2 - International Agrophysics AB - Basic soil chemical properties were assessed in a long-term tillage and crop rotation experiment 15 years after its establishment on a Chernozem in Raasdorf (Austria) with four tillage treatments – mouldboard ploughing, no-till, deep conservation tillage and shallow conservation tillage – and two crop rotations. The following parameters were assessed: pH CaCl 2 , pH H 2 O , electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, total organic carbon and total carbon. Among which, pH CaCl 2 , pH H 2 O , and total carbon increased with soil depth while electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon decreased with soil depth. The differences between tillage treatments occurred after 15 years in the upper soil layer from 0-5 cm with higher values of electrical conductivity under no-till, deep conservation tillage and shallow conservation tillage than with mouldboard ploughing, higher values of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen for no-till than for mouldboard ploughing (with deep conservation tillage and shallow conservation tillage showing intermediate values) and more total organic carbon for no-till and deep conservation tillage than for mouldboard ploughing. At a 5-10 cm depth, electrical conductivity was higher for no-till than for mouldboard ploughing. Values of pH CaCl 2 and pH H 2 O did not differ between tillage treatments in any soil layer. In deeper soil layers, tillage did not affect the analysed parameters. Crop rotation did not affect any of the analysed soil chemical properties. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.31545/intagr/114880 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 133 EP - 140 J2 - International Agrophysics SN - 0236-8722 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Water Quality: Soil Erosion AU - Klik, A T2 - Encyclopedia of Environmental Management CY - New York DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - IV SP - 2776 EP - 2790 PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - MGZN TI - N-Lieferung und Beikrautunterdrückung dreier Zwischenfruchtarten AU - Grosse, M. AU - Heß, J. T2 - Naturland Nachrichten DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 01/2016 IS - Februar 2016 (01) SP - 39 EP - 40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Winter wheat yields in a long-term tillage experiment&under Pannonian climate conditions AU - Neugschwandtner, R AU - Kaul, H-P AU - Liebhard, P. AU - Wagentristl, H. T2 - Plant, Soil and Environment DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.17221/820/2014-PSE DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 61 IS - No. 4 SP - 145 EP - 150 J2 - Plant Soil Environ. SN - 12141178, 18059368 ER - TY - CONF TI - Energieeffiziente Bodenbearbeitung im biologischen Ackerbau AU - Theurl, Michaela Clarissa AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef AU - Surböck, Andreas C3 - 13. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde, 17. - 20. März 2015. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth, yield, and yield components of winter wheat and the effects of tillage intensity, preceding crops, and N fertilisation AU - Rieger, S. AU - Richner, W. AU - Streit, B. AU - Frossard, E. AU - Liedgens, M. T2 - European Journal of Agronomy DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2007.11.006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 405 EP - 411 J2 - European Journal of Agronomy LA - en SN - 11610301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Reduced Tillage on Crop Yield, Plant Available Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter in a 12-Year Long-Term Trial under Organic Management AU - Zikeli, Sabine AU - Gruber, Sabine AU - Teufel, Claus-Felix AU - Hartung, Karin AU - Claupein, Wilhelm T2 - Sustainability DA - 2013/09/12/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.3390/su5093876 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 5 IS - 9 SP - 3876 EP - 3894 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic agriculture and the global food supply AU - Badgley, Catherine AU - Moghtader, Jeremy AU - Quintero, Eileen AU - Zakem, Emily AU - Chappell, M. Jahi AU - Avilés-Vázquez, Katia AU - Samulon, Andrea AU - Perfecto, Ivette T2 - Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems AB - Abstract The principal objections to the proposition that organic agriculture can contribute significantly to the global food supply are low yields and insufficient quantities of organically acceptable fertilizers. We evaluated the universality of both claims. For the first claim, we compared yields of organic versus conventional or low-intensive food production for a global dataset of 293 examples and estimated the average yield ratio (organic:non-organic) of different food categories for the developed and the developing world. For most food categories, the average yield ratio was slightly <1.0 for studies in the developed world and >1.0 for studies in the developing world. With the average yield ratios, we modeled the global food supply that could be grown organically on the current agricultural land base. Model estimates indicate that organic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base. We also evaluated the amount of nitrogen potentially available from fixation by leguminous cover crops used as fertilizer. Data from temperate and tropical agroecosystems suggest that leguminous cover crops could fix enough nitrogen to replace the amount of synthetic fertilizer currently in use. These results indicate that organic agriculture has the potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply, while reducing the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional agriculture. Evaluation and review of this paper have raised important issues about crop rotations under organic versus conventional agriculture and the reliability of grey-literature sources. An ongoing dialogue on these subjects can be found in the Forum editorial of this issue. DA - 2007/06// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1017/S1742170507001640 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 86 EP - 108 J2 - Renew. Agric. Food Syst. LA - en SN - 1742-1705, 1742-1713 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial 1981 to 2005: long-term analysis of organic and conventional maize and soybean cropping systems AU - Hepperly, P.R. AU - Douds, D. AU - Seidel, R. T2 - Long-term field experiments in organic farming CY - Berlin DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 SP - 15 EP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is organic agriculture in line with the EU-Nitrate directive? On-farm nitrate leaching from organic and conventional arable crop rotations AU - Biernat, Lars AU - Taube, Friedhelm AU - Vogeler, Iris AU - Reinsch, Thorsten AU - Kluß, Christof AU - Loges, Ralf T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Sustainable intensive agriculture requires enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and reductions in nitrogen (N) leaching losses. To investigate if organic farming systems have potential to achieve this, a comparison between conventional and organic arable farming was carried out over a two-year period. Two differently managed specialized organic arable crop rotations (low N-intensive (Ol), semi-N-intensive (Os)), and a typical N-intensive conventional crop rotation (Ch) were studied. The study was done under commercial farm scale conditions covering close to 400 ha in total (5−23 ha field sizes) in a highly productive arable region on fertile soils in northern Germany. Nitrogen leaching losses were measured using ceramic suction cups. Two functional units were used as indicators for eco-efficiency: N losses per area and per unit of grain equivalent (GE) produced. Results revealed that organic arable crop rotations reduced the nitrate (NO3-N) leaching loads per area significantly, with losses (kg NO3−-N ha-1 a-1) of 22.0 in Ol, 24.4 in Os and 35.1 in Ch. In contrast, when using the functional unit ‘nitrate leaching per grain equivalent’ as an indicator for eco-efficiency the conventional system resulted in 50 % lower N leaching loads per GE. This was due to the much higher land use efficiency of the conventional system (115 GE ha-1 vs 36 GE ha-1 for Ol and 38 GE ha-1 for Os), which resulted in N leaching losses (kg NO3-N GE-1) of Ch 0.32 for Ch, 0.64 for Ol, and 0.66 for Os. Regarding EU-Nitrate directive threshold for drinking water of 11.3 mg NO3-N l-1, all crop rotations exceeded the critical load. For the various main crop/preceeding crop sequences, the soil mineral N content at the end of the vegetation period and the autumn N uptake were the best predictors for N leaching, whereas for the aggregated effect across the various crop rotations within a farm system the N balance was the best descriptor. Considering N leaching loads our results show that both, specialized arable conventional and organic farming systems fail to meet the requirements of given environmental standards for water protection in the EU. This suggests that integrated approaches beyond such specialised systems are necessary, which are based on a balanced combination of forages (with two year leys), catch crops and cash crops. DA - 2020/08/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2020.106964 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 298 SP - 106964 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do Organic Farming Practices Reduce Nitrate Leaching? AU - Kirchmann, Holger AU - Bergström, Lars T2 - Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis AB - Agriculture is a contributor of nitrate to natural waters and there is concern about the excess nitrogen burden loadings from agriculture on natural waters. Agricultural practices that reduce nitrate leaching from arable land are needed. It is postulated by certain groups that organic farming practices reduce nitrate leaching among other environmental benefits. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to compile, summarize and critically analyse information about NO3-N leaching from farming systems that were managed according to organic farming principles; (2) to compare NO3-N leaching from organic farming systems with that from conventional systems. This review consists of several parts. The available literature on leaching of NO3-N from organic farming and conventional farming systems was analysed. Leachable amounts of NO3-N in soils from two types of farming systems were compared. Finally NO3-N leaching from animal manure versus inorganic fertilizer was examined. In all studies we found in the literature, both the sequence and type of crops grown, and the input intensity of N was different in organic and conventional systems. Organic farming systems had on average a lower N input and more legumes in rotation. Average leaching of NO3-N from organic farming systems over a crop rotation period was somewhat lower than in conventional agriculture. If the different input intensities of N between organic and conventional systems were taken into account and corrected for, no differences in leaching losses between systems were found. However, a proper comparison of leaching between the two types of systems should take the yield into account. Attempting to do this in this review, we found only two studies which provided data for this. In both studies, specific conditions of the soil—a high organic matter content resulting in a high N mineralization at one site and a heavy clay texture resulting in very small leaching losses at the other site—did not enable us to come up with a clear-cut answer. Nevertheless, we could not find any evidence that nitrate leaching will be reduced by the introduction of organic farming practices, if the goal is to maintain the same crop yield levels as in conventional farming systems. Reduction of nitrate leaching is not a question of organic or conventional farming, but rather of introduction and use of appropriate counter- measures. This insight should guide our thinking when developing environmentally friendly and sustainable cropping systems. DA - 2001/04/30/ PY - 2001 DO - 10.1081/CSS-100104101 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 32 IS - 7-8 SP - 997 EP - 1028 SN - 0010-3624 N1 -number: 7-8
publisher: Taylor & Francis
_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-100104101
number: 5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling predicts that heat stress, not drought, will increase vulnerability of wheat in Europe AU - Semenov, Mikhail A. AU - Shewry, Peter R. T2 - Scientific Reports AB - New crop cultivars will be required for a changing climate characterised by increased summer drought and heat stress in Europe. However, the uncertainty in climate predictions poses a challenge to crop scientists and breeders who have limited time and resources and must select the most appropriate traits for improvement. Modelling is a powerful tool to quantify future threats to crops and hence identify targets for improvement. We have used a wheat simulation model combined with local-scale climate scenarios to predict impacts of heat stress and drought on winter wheat in Europe. Despite the lower summer precipitation projected for 2050s across Europe, relative yield losses from drought is predicted to be smaller in the future, because wheat will mature earlier avoiding severe drought. By contrast, the risk of heat stress around flowering will increase, potentially resulting in substantial yield losses for heat sensitive cultivars commonly grown in northern Europe. DA - 2011/08/18/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1038/srep00066 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 66 J2 - Scientific Reports SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Landwirtschaft AU - Gömann, Horst AU - Frühauf, Cathleen AU - Lüttger, Andrea AU - Weigel, Hans-Joachim T2 - Klimawandel in Deutschland: Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven A2 - Brasseur, Guy P. A2 - Jacob, Daniela A2 - Schuck-Zöller, Susanne AB - Die Änderungen wichtiger Klimakenngrößen wie Temperatur und Niederschlag sowie der Konzentration von Spurengasen in der Atmosphäre beeinflussen unmittelbar physiologische Prozesse in Kulturpflanzen und damit die Ernte und die Landwirtschaft insgesamt. Zudem wirken sich Klimaänderungen indirekt auf die Pflanzenproduktion aus, indem sie strukturelle und funktionelle Eigenschaften von Agrarökosystemen verändern. Zu erwarten sind sowohl negative als auch positive Konsequenzen für die deutsche Landwirtschaft. Betrachtet werden neben direkten Auswirkungen auch mögliche Folgen für Schadorganismen und Nutztiere sowie die zu erwartende Entwicklung der Agrarproduktion. Entscheidend dafür, wie diese Effekte ausfallen, sind zum einen die Art und Intensität der Klimaveränderungen selbst, zum anderen die Empfindlichkeit der jeweils betrachteten Produktionssysteme und die Implementierung von Anpassungsmaßnahmen, mit deren Hilfe sich die Folgen des Klimawandels nutzen, vermeiden oder mildern lassen. CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 183 EP - 191 SN - 978-3-662-50397-3 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-50397-3_18 N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-50397-3_18
ER - TY - CHAP TI - 4.6 Mehr Kohlendioxid in der Atmosphäre: Wie reagieren Kulturpflanzen? AU - Weigel, Hand-Joachim AU - Manderschied, Remy AU - Fangmeier, Andreas AU - Högy, Petra T2 - Warnsignal Klima: Gefahren für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen A2 - Lozán, J. L. A2 - Grassl, H. A2 - Karbe, L. A2 - Jendritzky, G. A2 - Lozán, J. L. A2 - Grassl, H. A2 - Karbe, L. A2 - Jendritzky, G. CY - elektronische Veröffentlichung DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - https://www.klima-warnsignale.uni-hamburg.de/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Einfluss von Trockenheit auf pflanzenbauliche Parameter, Ertrag und Qualität bei Winterweizen AU - Flamm, C AU - Engel, C AU - Pauk, J T2 - ALVA Jahrestagung 2012 DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 ER - TY - CONF TI - Langfristige Trends und Anpassung der Anbausysteme an den Klimawandel AU - Christen, O T2 - Pflanzenproduktion im Wandel – Wandel im Pflanzenschutz C1 - Braunschweig DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 57 EP - 64 PB - Tiedemann A. v., Heitefuss R., Feldmann F. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimawandel – Auswirkungen und Anpassungsmöglichkeiten. AU - Weigel, Hans-Joachim T2 - Rahmann, G. und Schumacher, U. (Hrsg.). Praxis trifft Forschung. Neues aus dem Ökologischen Ackerbau und der Ökologischen Tierhaltung 2011 T3 - Landbauforschung Sonderheft 354 DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 9 EP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Testing drought tolerance of wheat by a complex stress diagnostic system installed in greenhouse AU - Majer, P. AU - Sass, L. AU - Lelley, T. AU - Cseuz, L. AU - Vass, I. AU - Dudits, D AU - Pauk, J. T2 - Biologica Szegediensis DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 97 EP - 100 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adapting agriculture to climate change: A walk on the wild side AU - Kilian, Benjamin AU - Dempewolf, Hannes AU - Guarino, Luigi AU - Werner, Peter AU - Coyne, Clarice AU - Warburton, Marilyn L. T2 - Crop Science DA - 2021/01// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1002/csc2.20418 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 61 IS - 1 SP - 32 EP - 36 J2 - Crop Sci. LA - en SN - 0011-183X, 1435-0653 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: A Global Initiative to Collect, Conserve, and Use Crop Wild Relatives AU - Dempewolf, Hannes AU - Eastwood, Ruth J. AU - Guarino, Luigi AU - Khoury, Colin K. AU - Müller, Jonas V. AU - Toll, Jane T2 - Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems DA - 2014/04/21/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1080/21683565.2013.870629 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 369 EP - 377 J2 - Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems LA - en SN - 2168-3565, 2168-3573 ER - TY - ELEC TI - CROP WILD RELATIVES GLOBAL PORTAL AU - Biodiversity International DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - http://www.cropwildrelatives.org/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and emerging trends in microbial application AU - Compant, Stéphane AU - Samad, Abdul AU - Faist, Hanna AU - Sessitsch, Angela T2 - Journal of Advanced Research DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.004 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 19 SP - 29 EP - 37 J2 - Journal of Advanced Research LA - en SN - 20901232 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Harnessing the Plant Microbiome for Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance AU - Hussain, Syed Sarfraz AU - Mehnaz, Samina AU - Siddique, Kadambot H. M. T2 - Plant Microbiome: Stress Response A2 - Egamberdieva, Dilfuza A2 - Ahmad, Parvaiz CY - Singapore DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) ET - Springer Singapore VL - 5 SP - 21 EP - 43 SN - 978-981-10-5513-3 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-5514-0_2 Y2 - 2021/07/08/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5514-0_2
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grüner Bericht 2019. Die Situation der österreichischen Land- und Forstwirtschaft AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 299 LA - German M3 - Report PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus UR - https://gruenerbericht.at/cm4/jdownload/download/2-gr-bericht-terreich/2007-gb2019 DB - SR-LU_graue_Literatur Y2 - 2020/06/23/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Oö. Klimawandel-Anpassungsstrategie AU - Amt der oberösterreichischen Landesregierung CY - Linz DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the impact of climate change on crop management in winter wheat – a case study for Eastern Austria AU - Ebrahimi, E. AU - Manschadi, A. M. AU - Neugschwandtner, R. W. AU - Eitzinger, J AU - Thaler, S. AU - Kaul, H.-P. T2 - The Journal of Agricultural Science AB - SUMMARY Climate change is expected to affect optimum agricultural management practices for autumn-sown wheat, especially those related to sowing date and nitrogen (N) fertilization. To assess the direction and quantity of these changes for an important production region in eastern Austria, the agricultural production systems simulator was parameterized, evaluated and subsequently used to predict yield production and grain protein content under current and future conditions. Besides a baseline climate (BL, 1981–2010), climate change scenarios for the period 2035–65 were derived from three Global Circulation Models (GCMs), namely CGMR, IPCM4 and MPEH5, with two emission scenarios, A1B and B1. Crop management scenarios included a combination of three sowing dates (20 September, 20 October, 20 November) with four N fertilizer application rates (60, 120, 160, 200 kg/ha). Each management scenario was run for 100 years of stochastically generated daily weather data. The model satisfactorily simulated productivity as well as water and N use of autumn- and spring-sown wheat crops grown under different N supply levels in the 2010/11 and 2011/12 experimental seasons. Simulated wheat yields under climate change scenarios varied substantially among the three GCMs. While wheat yields for the CGMR model increased slightly above the BL scenario, under IPCM4 projections they were reduced by 29 and 32% with low or high emissions, respectively. Wheat protein appears to increase with highest increments in the climate scenarios causing the largest reductions in grain yield (IPCM4 and MPEH-A1B). Under future climatic conditions, maximum wheat yields were predicted for early sowing (September 20) with 160 kg N/ha applied at earlier dates than the current practice. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1017/S0021859616000083 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 154 IS - 7 SP - 1153 EP - 1170 J2 - J. Agric. Sci. LA - en SN - 0021-8596, 1469-5146 N1 -number: 7
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Österreichische Beschreibende Sortenliste 2021 Landwirtschaftliche Pflanzenarten AU - AGES DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://bsl.baes.gv.at/ N1 -1560-635X
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate change and invasive alien species AU - Masters, G. AU - Norgrove, L. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 M3 - CABI Working Paper 1 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Will Climate Change Promote Alien Plant Invasions? AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - Richardson, David M. AU - Midgley, Guy F. T2 - Biological Invasions A2 - Nentwig, Wolfgang CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 193 SP - 197 EP - 211 LA - en PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-36920-2_12
ER - TY - MGZN TI - Neue Erreger im Anmarsch AU - Huss, Herbert T2 - BIO AUSTRIA Fachzeitschrift für Landwirtschaft und Ökologie DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 4 IS - 13 SP - 20 EP - 21 N1 -number: 13
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of areas with the most significant shift in persistence of pests in Europe under climate change: Determination of areas with the most significant shift AU - Svobodová, Eva AU - Trnka, Miroslav AU - Dubrovský, Martin AU - Semerádová, Daniela AU - Eitzinger, Josef AU - Štěpánek, Petr AU - Žalud, Zdeněk T2 - Pest Management Science DA - 2014/05// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1002/ps.3622 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 708 EP - 715 J2 - Pest. Manag. Sci. LA - en SN - 1526498X N1 -number: 5
ER - TY - CHAP TI - 4.3 Veränderungen im Auftreten von Pflanzenkrankheiten, Schädlingen und deren natürlichen Gegenspielern AU - Krengel, S AU - Klocke, B AU - Seidel, P AU - Freier, B T2 - Warnsignal Klima: Gefahren für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Lozán JL; Grassl, H.; Karbe, l. & G. Jendritzky UR - https://www.klima-warnsignale.uni-hamburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/krengel_etal.pdf Y2 - 2020/04/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Der Maiswurzelbohrer AU - Grabenweger, Giselher DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A zero-inflated Poisson mixture model to analyse spread and abundance of the Western Corn Rootworm in Austria AU - Falkner, Katharina AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Moltchanova, Elena AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Agricultural Systems AB - The Western Corn Rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) has become one of the main maize pests in Europe. Our objective was to develop a model for mapping spread and abundance of WCR in Austria as a function of the natural spread, climatic conditions and the maize share in crop rotations. Records of a total of 5,338 WCR monitoring traps spread over Austria are available for the period 2002–2015, with 2,520 (47.2%) showing zero counts. We developed a spatial zero-inflated Poisson mixture (ZIP) model to relate WCR counts to climatic conditions and maize shares and account for zero-inflation, and spatial correlation in the count data. The model was validated by a 40-fold cross validation procedure and applied to Austrian cropland on a spatial resolution of 1 km. Results show that increased probabilities of WCR occurrence and abundance are associated with higher maize shares in crop rotations combined with a positive influence of higher winter temperatures and summer precipitation. The developed model provides a scientifically sound basis for analysing impacts of future climate change scenarios and crop rotational maize restrictions on the spread and abundance of WCR. It supports the development of WCR control measures. DA - 2019/08/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2019.04.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 174 SP - 105 EP - 116 J2 - Agricultural Systems SN - 0308-521X ER - TY - ELEC TI - Eingeschleppte Schädlinge und Krankheiten bedrohen die Ernte AU - Landwirtschaftskammer Steiermark DA - 2020/10/22/ PY - 2020 UR - https://stmk.lko.at/eingeschleppte-sch%C3%A4dlinge-und-krankheiten-bedrohen-die-ernte+2500+3271768 Y2 - 2021/03/07/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complex responses of global insect pests to climate warming AU - Lehmann, Philipp AU - Ammunét, Tea AU - Barton, Madeleine AU - Battisti, Andrea AU - Eigenbrode, Sanford D AU - Jepsen, Jane Uhd AU - Kalinkat, Gregor AU - Neuvonen, Seppo AU - Niemelä, Pekka AU - Terblanche, John S AU - Økland, Bjørn AU - Björkman, Christer T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/fee.2160 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 141 EP - 150 J2 - Front Ecol Environ LA - en SN - 1540-9295, 1540-9309 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated modelling of efficient crop management strategies in response to economic damage potentials of the Western Corn Rootworm in Austria AU - Feusthuber, Elisabeth AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Agricultural Systems DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.07.011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 157 SP - 93 EP - 106 J2 - Agricultural Systems LA - en SN - 0308521X ER - TY - ELEC TI - netzwerk zukunftsraum land LE14-20 AU - zukunftsraumland T2 - netzwerk zukunftsraum land LE14-20 DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.zukunftsraumland.at/ ER - TY - MGZN TI - Blühstreifen für Nützlinge AU - Balmer, Oliver AU - Luka, Henryk AU - Pfiffner, Lukas T2 - Bio Austria DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 2/2012 SP - 44 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Protection of biodiversity in the risk assessment and risk management of pesticides (plant protection products & biocides) with a focus on arthropods, soil organisms and amphibians AU - Brühl, CA AU - Alscher, A AU - Hahn, M AU - Berger, G AU - Bethwell, C AU - Graef, F AU - Schmidt, T AU - Weber, B CY - Dessau, Deutschland DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 M3 - Schmidt T, Weber B PB - Umweltbundesamt ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production AU - IPBES CY - Bonn, Deutschland DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 PB - Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ER - TY - RPRT TI - Pflanzenschutz und Biodiversität in Agrarökosystemen AU - Niggli, Urs AU - Riedel, Judith AU - Brühl, Carsten AU - Liess, Matthias AU - Schulz, Ralf AU - Altenburger, Rolf AU - Märländer, Bernward AU - Bokelmann, Wolfgang AU - Heß, Jürgen AU - Reineke, Annette AU - Gerowitt, Bärbel T2 - Berichte über Landwirtschaft, 98, 1 DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investment in Irrigation Systems under Precipitation Uncertainty AU - Heumesser, Christine AU - Fuss, Sabine AU - Szolgayová, Jana AU - Strauss, Franziska AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Water Resources Management AB - Efficient agricultural water management is indispensable in meeting future food demands. The European Water Framework Directive promotes several measures such as the adoption of adequate water pricing mechanisms or the promotion of water-saving irrigation technologies. We apply a stochastic dynamic programming model (SDPM) to analyze a farmer’s optimal investment strategy to adopt a water-efficient drip irrigation system or a sprinkler irrigation system under uncertainty about future production conditions, i.e. about future precipitation patterns. We assess the optimal timing to invest into either irrigation system in the planning period 2010 to 2040. We then investigate how alternative policies, (a) irrigation water pricing, and (b) equipment subsidies for drip irrigation, affect the investment strategy. We perform the analysis for the semi-arid agricultural production region Marchfeld in Austria, and use data from the bio-physical process simulation model EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) which takes into account site and management related characteristics as well as weather parameters from a statistical climate change model. We find that investment in drip irrigation is unlikely unless subsidies for equipment cost are granted. Also water prices do not increase the probability to adopt a drip irrigation system, but rather delay the timing to invest into either irrigation system. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s11269-012-0053-x DP - SpringerLink VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - 3113 EP - 3137 J2 - Water Resour. Manag. SN - 0920-4741 N1 -number: 11
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disentangling Drivers of Meteorological Droughts in the European Greater Alpine Region During the Last Two Centuries AU - Haslinger, K. AU - Hofstätter, M. AU - Kroisleitner, C. AU - Schöner, W. AU - Laaha, G. AU - Holawe, F. AU - Blöschl, G. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres AB - This study investigates the atmospheric drivers of severe precipitation deficits in the Greater Alpine Region during the last 210 years utilizing a daily atmospheric circulation type reconstruction. Precipitation deficit tends to be higher during periods with more frequent anticyclonic (dry) and less frequent cyclonic (wet) circulation types, as would be expected. However, circulation characteristics are not the main drivers of summer precipitation deficit. Dry soils in the warm season tend to limit precipitation, which is particularly the case for circulation types that are sensitive to a soil moisture-precipitation feedback. This mechanism is of specific relevance in explaining the major drought decades of the 1860s and 1940s. Both episodes show large negative precipitation anomalies in spring followed by increasing frequencies of circulation types sensitive to soil moisture precipitation feedbacks. The dry springs of the 1860s were likely caused by circulation characteristics that were quite different from those of recent decades as a consequence of the large spatial extent of Arctic sea ice at the end of the Little Ice Age. On the other hand, the dry springs of the 1940s developed under a persistent positive pressure anomaly across Western and Central Europe, triggered by positive sea surface temperatures in the western subtropical Atlantic. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1029/2018JD029527 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 124 IS - 23 SP - 12404 EP - 12425 LA - en SN - 2169-8996 N1 -number: 23
_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018JD029527
ISSN 1606-612X
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Systeme reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung im Trockengebiet Österreichs - Macht reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung den Boden klimafitter? AU - Gollner, G. AU - Friedel, J. K. AU - Wohlmuth, M.-L. AU - Surböck, A DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Effiziente Wassernutzung im Ackerbau Nord-Ost-Niedersachsens: Möglichkeiten zur Anpassung an den prognostizierten Klimawandel. Literaturübersicht AU - Grocholl, J. CY - Uelzen, Deutschland DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 M3 - Projektbericht ER - TY - RPRT TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 2016 AU - Statistik Austria CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://statcube.at/statistik.at/ext/statcube/jsf/tableView/tableView.xhtml ER - TY - JOUR TI - ÖPUL 2015 – das Agrar-Umweltprogramm bis 2020, verlängert bis 2022 AU - BMLRT DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/land/laendl_entwicklung/oepul/oepul2015.html; Y2 - 2021/03/04/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Stoffverlagerungen durch Bewässerung in Niedersachsen AU - Fricke, Ekkehard T2 - Landbauforschung Sonderheft C1 - Braunschweig C3 - Landbauforschung Sonderheft DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - 328 SP - 59 EP - 62 PB - Dirksmeyer, W. und Sourell,H. (Hrsg.). Johann-Heinrich von Thünen-Institut ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bewässerung in der Landwirtschaft. AU - Schimmelpfennig, S AU - Anter, J AU - Heidecke, C AU - Lange, S AU - Röttcher, K AU - Bittner, F T2 - Thünen Working Paper 85 DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 M3 - Tagungsband zur Fachtagung am 11./12.09 in Suderburg ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimal tensiometer placement for high-frequency subsurface drip irrigation management in heterogeneous soils AU - Dabach, Sharon AU - Shani, Uri AU - Lazarovitch, Naftali T2 - Agricultural Water Management AB - Efficient control of irrigation systems depends on attaining representative water status data for an irrigated field. The spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties and root growth patterns, hamper the use of single-value representations. This work proposes a two-pronged approach designed for determining optimal sensor location for irrigation water management. It combines experimental results, which offer a method of pre-determining root growth patterns, with modeling analysis in which the effect of tensiometer location on coefficient of variation (CV) of matric head measurements and irrigation system operation was investigated. In the experimental part, the effect of a geotextile material, wrapped around the drippers along the drip line to create a “Geotextile Drip Interface” (GDI), on root growth patterns in the field was evaluated. The results showed higher root density around the GDI vs. regular buried drippers, with well-defined peak root density in the former vs. no one location with peak root density in the latter. Genetic root architecture had smaller effect on root distribution under the GDI treatment. The modeling part consisted of HYDRUS 2D/3D simulations of high-frequency subsurface drip irrigation in heterogeneous soils with GDI root distribution as observed in the experiment. The simulations explored different locations for tensiometer placement which will result in low variability of system operation. HYDRUS 2D/3D simulations showed that the optimal location for tensiometer placement is near the subsurface dripper, resulting in low CV of matric head measurements and applied irrigation water, high sensitivity to irrigation, and lower drainage below the root zone. Overall, the results show that measuring soil water status with tensiometers located close to drippers in GDI volume, improve control of high frequency irrigation systems and allow greater water application efficiency in drip irrigated fields. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2015.01.003 VL - 152 SP - 91 EP - 98 LA - English SN - 0378-3774 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil water monitoring in a vineyard and assessment of unsaturated hydraulic parameters as thresholds for irrigation management AU - Nolz, R. AU - Cepuder, P. AU - Balas, J. AU - Loiskandl, W. T2 - Agricultural Water Management AB - Monitoring soil water status is a well-known method to efficiently control irrigation in order to optimally meet plant water requirements and at the same time avoid unproductive water losses through deep percolation. A common approach is to keep soil water status within a certain range that is defined via soil-specific unsaturated hydraulic parameters. In this study, water content and matric potential were monitored in a soil profile in a vineyard. The soil hydraulic properties required for irrigation control were determined by water retention analyses using a pressure plate apparatus, and estimated by means of pedotransfer functions. While the soil matric potential sensors delivered calibrated absolute values, their range was limited and soil water dynamics were not always reflected properly. The soil water content probe, on the other hand, properly illustrated soil water dynamics, but the readings were possibly inaccurate as no onsite calibration was executed. Furthermore, the determined unsaturated hydraulic parameters differed considerably depending on the applied method. Alternatively, a modified approach was applied. It was based on measurements of a sensor pair in a representative depth and should combine the advantages of both sensors types. The respective thresholds for irrigation management were determined based on sensor data using in-situ soil water retention functions. The main advantages were that neither field calibration of soil water content sensors nor laborious soil analyses were required. Furthermore, data interpretation was more plausible compared to the standard approach. Due to the reduced sensor setup and the omitted soil sampling and analyses, the modified approach represented a practical and economical alternative as basis for irrigation control. DA - 2016/01/31/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2015.10.030 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 164 SP - 235 EP - 242 J2 - Agricultural Water Management LA - en SN - 0378-3774 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating soil water content data monitored at different locations in a vineyard with regard to irrigation control AU - Nolz, R. AU - Loiskandl, W. T2 - Soil and Water Research AB - Knowledge on the water content of a certain soil profile and its temporal changes due to rainfall and plant water uptake is a key issue for irrigation management. In this regard, sensors can be utilized to monitor soil water content (SWC). Due to the characteristic spatial variability of SWC, a key question is whether the measurements are representative and reliable. This study focused on the assessment of SWC and its variability in a vineyard with subsurface drip irrigation. SWC was measured in profiles down to a 50 cm depth by means of multi-sensor capacitance probes. The probes were installed at six locations along vine rows. A temporal stability analysis was performed to evaluate the representativeness and reliability of each monitoring profile with regard to irrigation control. Mean SWC was within a plausible range compared to unsaturated hydraulic parameters determined in a laboratory. The measurements revealed a considerable variability, but standard deviations were comparable to values from literature. The main finding was that some monitoring profiles (probes) proved to be more suitable to monitor SWC with respect to irrigation control than the others. Considering temporal stability provided helpful insights into the spatio-temporal variability of SWC measurements. However, not all questions that are related to the concept of temporal stability could be answered based on the given dataset. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.17221/9/2016-SWR VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - 152 EP - 160 LA - English ER - TY - JOUR TI - Determination of Crop Water Stress Index by Infrared Thermometry in Grapefruit Trees Irrigated with Saline Reclaimed Water Combined with Deficit Irrigation AU - Romero-Trigueros, Cristina AU - Bayona Gambín, José María AU - Nortes Tortosa, Pedro Antonio AU - Alarcón Cabañero, Juan José AU - Nicolás Nicolás, Emilio T2 - Remote Sensing DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3390/rs11070757 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 7 J2 - Remote Sensing LA - en SN - 2072-4292 N1 -number: 7
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental flow limits to global groundwater pumping AU - de Graaf, Inge E. M. AU - Gleeson, Tom AU - (Rens) van Beek, L. P. H. AU - Sutanudjaja, Edwin H. AU - Bierkens, Marc F. P. T2 - Nature AB - Groundwater is the world’s largest freshwater resource and is critically important for irrigation, and hence for global food security1–3. Already, unsustainable groundwater pumping exceeds recharge from precipitation and rivers4, leading to substantial drops in the levels of groundwater and losses of groundwater from its storage, especially in intensively irrigated regions5–7. When groundwater levels drop, discharges from groundwater to streams decline, reverse in direction or even stop completely, thereby decreasing streamflow, with potentially devastating effects on aquatic ecosystems. Here we link declines in the levels of groundwater that result from groundwater pumping to decreases in streamflow globally, and estimate where and when environmentally critical streamflows—which are required to maintain healthy ecosystems—will no longer be sustained. We estimate that, by 2050, environmental flow limits will be reached for approximately 42 to 79 per cent of the watersheds in which there is groundwater pumping worldwide, and that this will generally occur before substantial losses in groundwater storage are experienced. Only a small decline in groundwater level is needed to affect streamflow, making our estimates uncertain for streams near a transition to reversed groundwater discharge. However, for many areas, groundwater pumping rates are high and environmental flow limits are known to be severely exceeded. Compared to surface-water use, the effects of groundwater pumping are markedly delayed. Our results thus reveal the current and future environmental legacy of groundwater use. DA - 2019/10/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41586-019-1594-4 VL - 574 IS - 7776 SP - 90 EP - 94 J2 - Nature SN - 1476-4687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate of pesticides in soil AU - Müller, K. AU - Magesan, G.N. AU - Bolan, N.S. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2007/05// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2006.08.016 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 120 IS - 2-4 SP - 93 EP - 116 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 N1 -number: 2-4
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Leitfaden für die Errichtung landwirtschaftlicher Bewässerungsanlagen AU - Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung CY - Graz DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Abteilung 14 – Wasserwirtschaft, Ressourcen und Nachhaltigkeit ER - TY - RPRT TI - Water resources across Europe - confronting water scarcity and drought. AU - EEA - European Environment Agency CY - Kopenhagen, Dänemark DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SN - EEA Report No. 2/2009. N1 -issue: EEA Report No. 2/2009.
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wassermanagement in der Landwirtschaft. Schlussbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben 2813HS007 der Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung AU - Dietrich, O AU - Schubert, U AU - Schuler, J AU - Steidl, J AU - Zander, P CY - Müncheberg DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 M3 - Endbericht PB - Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung ER - TY - RPRT TI - FarmClim: Farming for a better climate by improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Publizierbarer Endbericht AU - Amon, B. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus AU - Gundersen, Per AU - Ambus, Per AU - Augustin, Jürgen AU - Beier, Claus AU - Boeckx, Pascal AU - Dannenmann, Michael AU - Gimeno, Benjamin Sanchez AU - Ibrom, Andreas AU - Kiese, Ralf AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Rees, Robert M. AU - Smith, Keith A. AU - Stevens, Carly AU - Vesala, Timo AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie T2 - The European Nitrogen Assessment A2 - Sutton, Mark A. A2 - Howard, Clare M. A2 - Erisman, Jan Willem A2 - Billen, Gilles A2 - Bleeker, Albert A2 - Grennfelt, Peringe A2 - van Grinsven, Hans A2 - Grizzetti, Bruna A2 - Sutton, Mark A. A2 - Howard, Clare M. A2 - Erisman, Jan Willem A2 - Billen, Gilles A2 - Bleeker, Albert A2 - Grennfelt, Peringe A2 - van Grinsven, Hans A2 - Grizzetti, Bruna CY - Cambridge DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 99 EP - 125 PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-511-97698-8 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511976988A023/type/book_part Y2 - 2020/07/01/ N1 -DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511976988.009
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Following Band-Incorporation of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Swine Manure AU - Chantigny, Martin H. AU - Rochette, Philippe AU - Angers, Denis A. AU - Bittman, Shabtai AU - Buckley, Katherine AU - Massé, Daniel AU - Bélanger, Gilles AU - Eriksen-Hamel, Nikita AU - Gasser, Marc-Olivier T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2010/09// PY - 2010 DO - 10.2134/jeq2009.0482 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1545 EP - 1553 J2 - J. Environ. Qual. LA - en SN - 00472425 N1 -number: 5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrous oxide emissions from silage maize fields under different mineral nitrogen fertilizer and slurry applications AU - van Groenigen, J.W. AU - Kasper, G.J. AU - Velthof, G.L. AU - van den Pol-van Dasselaar, A. AU - Kuikman, P.J. T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2004/06// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000047729.43185.46 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 263 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 111 J2 - Plant and Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe. AU - Jarvis, S AU - Hutchings, N AU - Brentrup, F AU - Olesen, J.E. AU - van de Hoek, K. W. AU - Sutton, M. A. AU - Howard, C. M. AU - Erisman, J. W. AU - Billen, B. AU - Bleeker, A. AU - Grennfelt, P. AU - van Grinsven, H. AU - Grizzetti, B T2 - The European Nitrogen Assessment CY - Cambridge DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 211 EP - 228 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen efficiency of wheat: Genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement AU - Barraclough, Peter B. AU - Howarth, Jonathan R. AU - Jones, Janina AU - Lopez-Bellido, Rafael AU - Parmar, Saroj AU - Shepherd, Caroline E. AU - Hawkesford, Malcolm J. T2 - European Journal of Agronomy DA - 2010/07// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2010.01.005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 11 J2 - European Journal of Agronomy LA - en SN - 11610301 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Toward Improved Nitrogen Fertilization with Precision Farming Based on Sensor and Satellite Technologies AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Sandén, Taru AU - Essl, Laura AU - Vuolo, Francesco T2 - Women in Precision Agriculture A2 - Hamrita, Takoi Khemais A2 - Hamrita, Takoi Khemais CY - Cham DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 69 EP - 83 LA - en SN - 978-3-030-49243-4 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-49244-1_4 Y2 - 2021/02/08/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49244-1_4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of the Nmin soil test in fertilizer recommendations and environment protection in Austria. AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Robier, J. AU - Springer, J. AU - Übleis, T. AU - Dersch, G. T2 - Nawozy i Nawożenie (Fertilisers and Fertilization) DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 IS - 37 SP - 17 EP - 31 N1 -number: 37
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using cover crops to mitigate and adapt to climate change. A review AU - Kaye, Jason P. AU - Quemada, Miguel T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development AB - Cover crops have long been touted for their ability to reduce erosion, fix atmospheric nitrogen, reduce nitrogen leaching, and improve soil health. In recent decades, there has been resurgence in cover crop adoption that is synchronous with a heightened awareness of climate change. Climate change mitigation and adaptation may be additional, important ecosystem services provided by cover crops, but they lie outside of the traditional list of cover cropping benefits. Here, we review the potential for cover crops to mitigate climate change by tallying all of the positive and negative impacts of cover crops on the net global warming potential of agricultural fields. Then, we use lessons learned from two contrasting regions to evaluate how cover crops affect adaptive management for precipitation and temperature change. Three key outcomes from this synthesis are (1) Cover crop effects on greenhouse gas fluxes typically mitigate warming by ~100 to 150 g CO2 e/m2/year, which is higher than mitigation from transitioning to no-till. The most important terms in the budget are soil carbon sequestration and reduced fertilizer use after legume cover crops. (2) The surface albedo change due to cover cropping, calculated for the first time here using case study sites in central Spain and Pennsylvania, USA, may mitigate 12 to 46 g CO2 e/m2/year over a 100-year time horizon. And (3) Cover crop management can also enable climate change adaptation at these case study sites, especially through reduced vulnerability to erosion from extreme rain events, increased soil water management options during droughts or periods of soil saturation, and retention of nitrogen mineralized due to warming. Overall, we found very few tradeoffs between cover cropping and climate change mitigation and adaptation, suggesting that ecosystem services that are traditionally expected from cover cropping can be promoted synergistically with services related to climate change. DA - 2017/01/19/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s13593-016-0410-x DP - Springer Link VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 4 J2 - Agron. Sustain. Dev. LA - en SN - 1773-0155 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Langzeitversuche – Eine Analyse der Ertragsentwicklung AU - Mayer, J. AU - Mäder, P. T2 - Freyer, B. (Hrsg.) Ökologischer Landbau: Grundlagen, Wissensstand und Herausforderungen DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Stickstoffeinträgen in Gewässer: eine wasserschutzorientierte Landwirtschaft zur Umsetzung der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie AU - Osterburg, Bernhard AU - Runge, Tania T2 - Sonderheft 307 CY - Braunschweig, Deutschland DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Landbauforschung Völkenrode FAL Agricultural Research. ER - TY - MGZN TI - Humusaufbau braucht noch mehr Engagement AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Spiegel, Heide T2 - Bauernzeitung DA - 2020/08/20/ PY - 2020 VL - 34 SP - 7 N1 -number: 34
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grüner Bericht 2020 AU - BMLRT CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - de PB - Bundesministerium für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of spatial variability of multiple ecosystem services in grasslands of different intensities AU - Le Clec'h, Solen AU - Finger, Robert AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Gosal, Arjan S. AU - Hörtnagl, Lukas AU - Huguenin-Elie, Olivier AU - Jeanneret, Philippe AU - Lüscher, Andreas AU - Schneider, Manuel K. AU - Huber, Robert T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Grasslands provide multiple Ecosystem Services (ES) such as forage provision, carbon sequestration or habitat provision. Knowledge about the trade-offs between these ES is of great importance for grassland management. Yet, the outcome of different management strategies on ES provision is highly uncertain due to spatial variability. We aim to characterize the provision (level and spatial variability) of grassland ES under various management strategies. To do so, we combine empirical data for multiple ES with spatially explicit census data on land use intensities. We analyzed the variations of five ES (forage provision, climate regulation, pollination, biodiversity conservation and outdoor recreation) using data from biodiversity fieldwork, experimental plots for carbon as well as social network data from Flickr. These data were used to calculate the distribution of modelled individual and multiple ES values from different grassland management types in a Swiss case study region using spatial explicit information for 17,383 grassland parcels. Our results show that (1) management regime and intensity levels play an important role in ES provision but their impact depends on the ES. In general, extensive management, especially in pastures, favors all ES but forage provision, whereas intensive management favors only forage provision and outdoor recreation; (2) ES potential provision varies between parcels under the same management due to the influence of environmental drivers, related to topography and landscape structure; (3) there is a trade-offs between forage provision and other ES at the cantonal level but a synergy between forage provision and biodiversity conservation within the grassland categories, due to the negative impact of elevation on both ES. Information about multiple ES provision is key to support effective agri-environmental measures and information about the spatial variability can prevent uncertain outputs of decision-making processes. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109372 VL - 251 SP - 109372 LA - English SN - 0301-4797 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Multifunktionalität und Bewirtschaftungsvielfalt im österreichischen Grünland T2 - 16. Alpenländisches Expertenforum zum Thema "Biodiversität im Grünland" AB - Die Multifunktionalität und Bewirtschaftungsvielfalt des österreichischen Grünlandes hebt sich insgesamt betrachtet sehr deutlich und positiv von intensiven Grünlandregionen Europas ab, wenngleich in einigen Gunstlagen auch Tendenzen zur Intensivierung mit all ihren negativen Begleiterscheinungen erkennbar sind. Zahlreiche positive Umweltleistungen sind eng mit der traditionellen, nachhaltigen Nutzung der Wiesen und Weiden von den Tallagen bis in den Almenbereich verbunden. Einige dieser Leistungen sind sogenannte „non-marketable functions“, die zwar eine immer stärker werdende Nachfrage durch die gesamte Bevölkerung jedoch keinen klassischen Marktpreis aufweisen. Die Landwirtschaft ist sich in einem hohen Maße des Stellenwertes einer ökologischen, standortangepassten Bewirtschaftung des Grünlandes bewusst und verzichtet auf eine Produktionsmaximierung. Dies erfordert jedoch auch zukünftig eine entsprechende Unterstützung, um einerseits die Aufrechterhaltung einer flächendeckenden Bewirtschaftung und damit zugleich auch die essentiellen Funktionen und vielfältigen Umweltleistungen sicherzustellen. Zitat TÖDTER (1994): „Wenn sich die Berglandwirtschaft an den Naturgegebenheiten orientiert, bildet sie eine naturverträgliche Kreislaufwirtschaft, womit auch die Begründung für ihre besondere Förderung gegeben ist“. Dieser unter dem Aspekt „Hoffnungsschimmer für Alpine Kulturlandschaften“ getroffenen Aussage haben sich erfreulicherweise zahlreiche (agrar)politische Entscheidungsträger bei der im Dezember 2009 in Alpbach abgehaltenen Berggebietskonferenz angeschlossen und ein klares Bekenntnis zur fl ächendeckenden Erhaltung und Unterstützung der Berglandwirtschaft auch über die derzeit laufende Finanzperiode hinaus, abgegeben. CY - Gumpenstein DA - 2010/03/11/ PY - 2010 LA - German ER - TY - JOUR TI - Almwirtschaft und Grünland zunehmend unter Druck AU - Ellmauer, Siegfried T2 - Der Alm- und Bergbauer AB - Die blühenden Zeiten der Almwirtschaft und Grünlandwirtschaft gehören in Österreich leider der Vergangenheit an. Die Ergebnisse der vom Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus verlautbarten aktuellen Almstatistik für das Jahr 2018 sind wenig erfreulich und geben keinen Grund zur Entwarnung. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 2019 IS - 5 SP - 9 EP - 11 LA - German N1 -number: 5
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Protecting biodiversity in grasslands AU - Isselstein, Johannes T2 - Improving grassland and pasture management in agriculture A2 - Marshall, Athole A2 - Collins, Rosemary CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 381 EP - 396 LA - English PB - Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing ER - TY - SLIDE TI - The role of grassland in rural tourism and recreation in Europe T2 - 24th EGF General Meeting "Grassland - a European Resource" AB - Grasslands are an essential element of sustainable farming systems and are acknowledged as having economic, ecological, social and cultural roles. In many areas raising animals in a grassland-based system is providing farmers with a decent income while in others the only way for farmers to stay in agriculture is to ‘cultivate’ tourists through agritour ism and ecotourism. Agritourism is a particular form of rural tourism, i.e. farmers provide on-farm activities connected to farming. Grassland in a diversified landscape provides an added value for tourists and is the most important resource for tourism development having a greater aesthetic and recreational potential than uniform agricultural areas both in lowlands and mountains. Consumers often perceive food products from extensive and organic grassland-based agriculture as of higher quality. Nature-based tourism (ecotour ism) where people visit rural areas characterized by high species and habitat diversity is also an important source of additional income to farmers. Ecotourism generates many economic benefits for local communities and activities related to farming are more attractive, such as the direct sale of products labelled as coming from Natura 2000 sites. Tourism may also have negative impacts when the number of tourists is large or the resources are overused CY - Lublin, Poland DA - 2012/06/03/ PY - 2012 LA - English ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Optimale Grünlandbewirtschaftung in Bergregionen T2 - 39. Viehwirtschaftliche Fachtagung zum Thema "Milchproduktion - Status quo und Anpassung an zukünftige Herausforderungen" AB - Die optimale Bewirtschaftung des Grünlandes im Berggebiet erfordert eine möglichst gute Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Standortsverhältnisse, damit das Ertragsniveau nachhaltig auf einem guten Niveau gehalten werden kann. Eine standortangepasste Bewirtschaftung des Grünlandes führt aber auch zu unterschiedlichen Erträgen und daraus erzielbaren tierischen Leistungen, die im Falle von ungünstigen Standortsbedingungen nur durch den Einsatz kostenintensiver, externer Betriebsmittel angehoben werden können. Je ungünstiger die Standortbedingungen sind, umso sensibler reagiert das System auf diese künstliche Anhebung des Nährstoffniveaus. Eine Entartung des Pflanzenbestandes, Ertrags- und Qualitätseinbußen sowie eine verminderte Effizienz der Düngernährstoffe sind die Folge. Aber auch unter günstigen Standortbedingungen ergeben sich durch eine weitere Intensivierung zunehmend Probleme und Mehrkosten in der Bestandesführung, Düngung und Nutzung, die nicht immer durch entsprechende Mehrerträge kompensiert werden können. Im Bereich der Düngung sind neben den gesetzlichen Auflagen auch Aspekte der sach- und umweltgerechten Düngung verpflichtend einzuhalten und darüber hinaus bestehen weitere Einschränkungen im Rahmen der freiwilligen Teilnahme am österreichischen Agrarumweltprogramm, das eine starke ökologische Ausrichtung aufweist. Die Art und vor allem die Häufigkeit der Nutzung beeinflusst primär die Qualität des Grundfutters und unterliegen im Vergleich zur Düngung nur wenigen Einschränkungen. Grundsätzlich ist es möglich, auch im Rahmen von ÖPUL ansprechende Erträge und Futterqualitäten im Grünland zu erreichen, wenngleich dadurch vor allem in Gunstlagen das Produktionspotenzial nicht immer ausgeschöpft werden kann. Für den Einzelbetrieb ist letztlich individuell abzuklären, ob außerhalb von ÖPUL längerfristig tatsächlich ausreichend mehr an Produktionsleistung erzielt werden kann und sich dies auch entsprechend rechnet. CY - LFZ Raumberg-Gumpenstein DA - 2012/04/25/ PY - 2012 LA - German UR - https://www.gumpenstein.at/c/index.php?option=com_fodok&task=detail&filter_publnr[0]=10918&Itemid=&lang=en ER - TY - CONF TI - Boden- und Grundwasserschutz im Wirtschaftsgrünland AU - Bohner, Andreas AU - Eder, Gerfried T2 - Umweltprogramme für die Landwirtschaft C1 - Irdning DA - 2006/03/07/ PY - 2006 SP - 53 EP - 64 LA - German PB - HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought stress resistance and resilience of permanent grasslands are shaped by functional group composition and N fertilization AU - Carlsson, Monika AU - Merten, Maria AU - Kayser, Manfred AU - Isselstein, Johannes AU - Wrage-Mönnig, Nicole T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Central European old permanent grasslands are of considerable economic importance and ecological value. So far, there are conflicting results on their resistance and resilience to future drought events. Especially the influence of functional diversity on these attributes has yet to be fully understood, as most studies originate from experimental grassland communities. During three consecutive years we induced spring and summer drought events on three permanent grassland sites typical for Northern Germany. We observed a larger drought resistance in swards that were grass-dominated than in functionally diverse swards. Grasses determined the drought resistance potential of a sward, and their performance was impaired by the presence of forbs and legumes. Fertilization increased the resistance to drought stress of swards either through direct positive effects on the productivity or indirect effects through changes of functional sward composition. Sward functional composition was not important for sward resilience. Grasses and whole swards were resilient to drought stress only if previously fertilized. We found that the grass functional group is responsible for the swards’ resistance and resilience to drought, but its behaviour was partly regulated not only by the presence but also by the biomass share of the forb and legume functional group. The differences among the functional groups’ share of the total sward biomass might be important determinants of responses to drought stress. We therefore hypothesize that there is no uniform reaction of permanent grassland to drought stress events. DA - 2017/01/02/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2016.11.009 VL - 236 SP - 52 EP - 60 SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Wasserbedarf in der Landwirtschaft AU - Chmielewski, Frank-Michael T2 - Warnsignal Klima: Genug Wasser für alle? Wissenschaftliche Fakten A2 - Lozán, J. L. A2 - Graßl, H. A2 - Hupfer, P. A2 - Menzel, L. A2 - Schönwiese, C.-D. T3 - Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen CY - Hamburg DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 3. Auflage SP - 149 EP - 156 LA - German PB - Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen SN - 3-9809668-0-1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ÖKS15-Klimaszenarien für Österreich AU - Chimani, B AU - Heinrich, G AU - Hofstätter, M AU - Kerschbaumer, M AU - Kienberger, S AU - Leuprecht, A AU - Lexer, A AU - Peßenteiner, S AU - Poetsch, MS AU - Salzmann, M CY - Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 M3 - Endbericht ER - TY - JOUR TI - Community-specific hydraulic conductance potential of soil water decomposed for two Alpine grasslands by small-scale lysimetry AU - Frenck, G. AU - Leitinger, G. AU - Obojes, N. AU - Hofmann, M. AU - Newesely, C. AU - Deutschmann, M. AU - Tappeiner, U. AU - Tasser, E. T2 - Biogeosciences AB - For central Europe in addition to rising temperatures an increasing variability in precipitation is predicted. This will increase the probability of drought periods in the Alps, where water supply has been sufficient in most areas so far. For Alpine grasslands, community-specific imprints on drought responses are poorly analyzed so far due to the sufficient natural water supply. In a replicated mesocosm experiment we compared evapotranspiration (ET) and biomass productivity of two differently drought-adapted Alpine grassland communities during two artificial drought periods divided by extreme precipitation events using high-precision small lysimeters. The drought-adapted vegetation type showed a high potential to utilize even scarce water resources. This is combined with a low potential to translate atmospheric deficits into higher water conductance and a lower biomass production as those measured for the non-drought-adapted type. The non-drought-adapted type, in contrast, showed high water conductance potential and a strong increase in ET rates when environmental conditions became less constraining. With high rates even at dry conditions, this community appears not to be optimized to save water and might experience drought effects earlier and probably more strongly. As a result, the water use efficiency of the drought-adapted plant community is with 2.6 gDW kg−1 of water much higher than that of the non-drought-adapted plant community (0.16 gDW kg−1). In summary, the vegetation's reaction to two covarying gradients of potential evapotranspiration and soil water content revealed a clear difference in vegetation development and between water-saving and water-spending strategies regarding evapotranspiration. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/bg-15-1065-2018 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 1065 EP - 1078 LA - English SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaänderung 2014: Synthesebericht AU - IPCC T2 - Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppen I, II und III zum Fünften Sachstandsbericht des Zwischenstaatlichen Ausschusses für Klimaänderung (IPCC) CY - Bonn DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 164 LA - German M3 - Report ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Auswirkung zukünftiger Klimabedingungen auf Ertrag und Futterqualität im Grünland T2 - 21. Alpenländisches Expertenforum zum Thema "Klimawandel im Alpenraum - Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem Grünland und dessen Bewirtschaftung" CY - Gumpenstein DA - 2019/03/26/ PY - 2019 LA - German N1 -Presenters: _:n29912
ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Einflussfaktoren auf Ertrag und Qualität von Grünlandfutter T2 - Fortbildungsveranstaltung "Tierärztliche Bestandsbetreuung von Milchviehbetrieben in Österreich" CY - Gumpenstein DA - 2009/06/04/ PY - 2009 LA - German N1 -Presenters: _:n29797
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought- and heat-induced shifts in vegetation composition impact biomass production and water use of alpine grasslands AU - Tello-García, Elena AU - Huber, Lisa AU - Leitinger, Georg AU - Peters, Andre AU - Newesely, Christian AU - Ringler, Marie-Eve AU - Tasser, Erich T2 - Environmental and Experimental Botany DA - 2020/01// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103921 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 169 SP - 103921 J2 - Environmental and Experimental Botany LA - en SN - 00988472 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Veränderungen der Vegetationsdynamik unter zukünftigen Klimabedingungen T2 - 21. Alpenländisches Expertenforum zum Thema "Klimawandel im Alpenraum - Auswirkungen auf das Ökosystem Grünland und dessen Bewirtschaftung" CY - Gumpenstein DA - 2019/03/26/ PY - 2019 LA - German ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alpine grassland plants grow earlier and faster but biomass remains unchanged over 35 years of climate change AU - Wang, Hao AU - Liu, Huiying AU - Cao, Guangmin AU - Ma, Zhiyuan AU - Li, Yikang AU - Zhang, Fawei AU - Zhao, Xia AU - Zhao, Xinquan AU - Jiang, Lin AU - Sanders, Nathan J. AU - Classen, Aimée T. AU - He, Jin-Sheng T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Abstract Satellite data indicate significant advancement in alpine spring phenology over decades of climate warming, but corresponding field evidence is scarce. It is also unknown whether this advancement results from an earlier shift of phenological events, or enhancement of plant growth under unchanged phenological pattern. By analyzing a 35-year dataset of seasonal biomass dynamics of a Tibetan alpine grassland, we show that climate change promoted both earlier phenology and faster growth, without changing annual biomass production. Biomass production increased in spring due to a warming-induced earlier onset of plant growth, but decreased in autumn due mainly to increased water stress. Plants grew faster but the fast-growing period shortened during the mid-growing season. These findings provide the first in situ evidence of long-term changes in growth patterns in alpine grassland plant communities, and suggest that earlier phenology and faster growth will jointly contribute to plant growth in a warming climate. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/ele.13474 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - 701 EP - 710 LA - English SN - 1461-023X N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Subalpine grassland productivity increased with warmer and drier conditions, but not with higher N deposition, in an altitudinal transplantation experiment AU - Volk, M. AU - Suter, M. AU - Wahl, A. L. AU - Bassin, S. T2 - Biogeosciences AB - Multiple global change drivers affect plant productivity of grasslands and thus ecosystem services like forage production and the soil carbon sink. Subalpine grasslands seem particularly affected and may serve as a proxy for the cold, continental grasslands of the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we conducted a 4-year field experiment (AlpGrass) with 216 turf monoliths, subjected to three global change drivers: warming, moisture, and N deposition. Monoliths from six different subalpine pastures were transplanted to a common location with six climate scenario sites (CSs). CSs were located along an altitudinal gradient from 2360 to 1680 m a.s.l., representing an April–October mean temperature change of −1.4 to +3.0 ∘C, compared to CSreference with no temperature change and with climate conditions comparable to the sites of origin. To uncouple temperature effects along the altitudinal gradient from soil moisture and soil fertility effects, an irrigation treatment (+12 %–21 % of ambient precipitation) and an N-deposition treatment (+3 kg and +15 kg N ha−1 a−1) were applied in a factorial design, the latter simulating a fertilizing air pollution effect. Moderate warming led to increased productivity. Across the 4-year experimental period, the mean annual yield peaked at intermediate CSs (+43 % at +0.7 ∘C and +44 % at +1.8 ∘C), coinciding with ca. 50 % of days with less than 40 % soil moisture during the growing season. The yield increase was smaller at the lowest, warmest CS (+3.0 ∘C) but was still 12 % larger than at CSreference. These yield differences among CSs were well explained by differences in soil moisture and received thermal energy. Irrigation had a significant effect on yield (+16 %–19 %) in dry years, whereas atmospheric N deposition did not result in a significant yield response. We conclude that productivity of semi-natural, highly diverse subalpine grassland will increase in the near future. Despite increasingly limiting soil water content, plant growth will respond positively to up to +1.8 ∘C warming during the growing period, corresponding to +1.3 ∘C annual mean warming. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.5194/bg-18-2075-2021 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 2075 EP - 2090 LA - English SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A meta-analysis of climate change effects on forage quality in grasslands: specificities of mountain and Mediterranean areas AU - Dumont, B. AU - Andueza, D. AU - Niderkorn, V. AU - Lüscher, A. AU - Porqueddu, C. AU - Picon-Cochard, C. T2 - Grass and Forage Science AB - Abstract Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), global mean temperature and interannual variability in temperature and rainfall are expected to increase significantly by the end of the 21st century. To review the effects of these factors on forage quality, we carried out a meta-analysis of climate manipulation experiments. The first notable result was a lack of effect of elevated CO2 on structural carbohydrates and digestibility. Elevated CO2 increased the total non-structural carbohydrates of forage tissues by an average of 25% and decreased forage nitrogen (N) content by 8%. Increased legume abundance in multispecies swards can, however, maintain N concentration in the harvested biomass. There were no consistent effects of warming on contents of N, water-soluble and structural carbohydrates, or on digestibility. We highlight the continuum in the effect of water availability, from drought to irrigation, with a curvilinear increase of forage N as water availability decreased. Digestibility increased, on average, by 7% with drought, but with strong experimental variations. The review places special emphasis on discussion of the specificities of mountain and Mediterranean grasslands, the former being limited by low temperature, the latter by drought and heat. Elevated CO2 decreased forage N content in mountain areas and in temperate plains alike. It increased N content by an average of 3% in Mediterranean areas; this could be due to shifts in vegetation communities under elevated CO2 or to a greater concentration of N in plant tissues under drought conditions. Further experiments are needed to investigate the effects of combined factors, including extreme climatic events. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/gfs.12169 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 239 EP - 254 LA - English SN - 0142-5242 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grassland biomass balance in the European Alps: current and future ecosystem service perspectives AU - Jäger, Hieronymus AU - Peratoner, Giovanni AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Tasser, Erich T2 - Ecosystem Services AB - Grassland ecosystems provide the basis for grassland farming where climate and topography constrain the cultivation of crops. Current agricultural systems and their nutrient cycles are out of balance, due to the segregation of feed provision and consumption. However, knowledge on interlinkages between feed supply and demand is scarce and remains unclear on the transnational level. Here we show that the ecosystem service (ES) biomass production from grassland (BP), based on supply, flow and demand, varies spatially in the Alpine space and that climate change is contributing to the amplification of BP surpluses or deficits. We detected hotspots of BP flow and demand resulting in a negative energy balance: in the strongholds of animal husbandry, the demand exceeded the flow by up to 2,320 GJ ME ha−1. We found strong regional distinctions concerning climate change: Southern Alps will experience loss in BP provision, whereas low-elevation pre-Alps are predisposed to an increase of BP provision under moderate climate change. Livestock systems in mountains depend on grassland BP flows. We therefore recommend that our findings are integrated in a climate change adapted grassland management, which is crucial on the transnational level for the restoration and maintenance of regional nutrient cycles and BP provision. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101163 VL - 45 SP - 101163 LA - English SN - 2212-0416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Drought Stress and Sward Botanical Composition on the Nutritive Value of Grassland Herbage AU - Küchenmeister, Frank AU - Küchenmeister, Kai AU - Kayser, Manfred AU - Wrage-Mönnig, Nicole AU - Isselstein, Johannes T2 - International Journal of Agriculture and Biology AB - The predicted increase of drought incidents even in temperate climates might affect not only yield but the nutritive value ofgrassland herbage as well. It is not yet clear whether species richness or functional group composition could mitigate a possibly negative reaction of the nutritive value to drought. Here, we report findings of a study investigating the effects of drought stress, species richness (one to five species) and functional group composition (grass, forb and legume) on nutritive value (crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber) of herbage under semicontrolled conditions in a vegetation hall. Moderate or strong drought was imposed on plants in one growing season and followed by a recovery period. Drought had no or minor immediate or residual effects on nutritive value, and there was no interaction of species richness or functional group with drought. However, functional group and seasonal variation distinctively influenced the nutritive value of herbage. It was concluded that under conditions of climate change with drought stress events, yield decreases in grassland seem to be by far more important than changes in nutritive value. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 715 EP - 722 LA - English ER - TY - JOUR TI - Auswirkung von Trockenperioden auf Wiesen AU - Meisser, Marco AU - Deléglise, Claire AU - Stévenin, L. AU - Mosimann, Eric T2 - Agrarforschung Schweiz AB - Um (simulierte oder natürliche) Trockenperioden beurteilen zu können, sind allgemeine Kriterien erforderlich, welche den Stress berücksichtigen, dem die Pflanzen bei solchen Ereignissen ausgesetzt sind. Diese Studie untersucht die Aussagekraft verschiedener Indikatoren für die Beschreibung der Intensität von Perioden mit Wassermangel. Diese Indikatoren wurden mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse von Trockenversuchen (Simulationen im Folientunnel) evaluiert, die von Agroscope zwischen 2012 und 2014 auf Kunstwiesen in 470 bis 1200 m Höhe durchgeführt worden sind. Indikatoren, die einzig auf klimatischen Parametern basieren, können die Intensität einer Trockenheitsbehandlung nicht ausreichend beschreiben. Das Wasserdefizit, (N–ETP) genügt zum Beispiel nicht, um die Intensität des Stresses zu beschreiben, dem die Pflanzen ausgesetzt sind. Dieser Parameter berücksichtigt nämlich den Zusammenhang zwischen Vegetation und Boden nicht. Aussagekräftiger sind Indikatoren, die auf dem im Boden verfügbaren Wasser beruhen, da sie die Ertragsunterschiede zwischen Flächen mit Wassermangel und ausreichend versorgten Flächen besser erklären. In unseren Versuchen beliefen sich die Ertragsunterschiede je nach Situation zwischen 13% und 60%. Schwieriger als die Ertragsunterschiede sind Auswirkungen von Trockenperioden auf den Nährwert zu bestimmen. Die oben erwähnten Indikatoren können die beobachteten Abweichungen der Nährwerte nicht erklären. So beeinflusst Trockenstress die Vegetation und deren Umgebung über verschiedene Prozesse, die sich in manchmal gegenläufiger Weise auf die Futterqualität auswirken. Wenn es jedoch zu keiner bedeutenden Veränderung der botanischen Zusammensetzung kommt, hat eine Trockenperiode einen viel geringeren Einfluss auf die Futterqualität als auf den Ertrag. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 6 IS - 9 SP - 400 EP - 407 LA - German ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen status of functionally different forage species explains resistance to severe drought and post-drought overcompensation AU - Hofer, Daniel AU - Suter, Matthias AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Lüscher, Andreas T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Forage species of intensively managed temperate grassland differ substantially in their drought responses. We investigated whether differences in resistance and resilience, based on biomass yield, are related to species nitrogen (N) acquisition and drought-induced N deficiency. A three-factorial field experiment was established with monocultures of four species (first factor) that differed in functional traits regarding N acquisition and rooting depth: Lolium perenne L. (shallow-rooted non-legume), Cichorium intybus L. (deep-rooted non-legume), Trifolium repens L. (shallow-rooted legume), and Trifolium pratense L. (deep-rooted legume). A ten-week summer drought was simulated (second factor) and compared to a rainfed control during two regrowths under drought and one regrowth during a subsequent six-week post-drought period. The distribution of applied fertiliser N (200kgha−1year−1 in total) was manipulated (third factor) with plots receiving no N during drought or 60kgNha−1. Soil water availability during drought became increasingly restricted over time. Plant-available soil N was reduced up to 4- and 12-fold during the first and second regrowths under drought, respectively, but was increased up to 4-fold during the post-drought regrowth, compared to rainfed control conditions. Legumes were consistently less N-limited than non-legumes (P<0.001). Nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) in the legume T. repens was 72% under severe drought (first regrowth under drought). Here, legumes were rather drought-resistant (biomass yield under drought was −22% compared to the rainfed control), while non-legumes were not (−41%). Further, N fertilisation mitigated the negative drought effect on biomass yield of non-legumes from −41% (no N under drought) to 23% (N under drought). Under extreme drought (second regrowth under drought), all species were strongly impaired, irrespective of N fertilisation (−75% on average); yet, Ndfa in T. repens was still 56%. During the post-drought regrowth, former drought-stressed non-legumes overcompensated and revealed +53% higher yield than the control. The interspecific differences in plant species responses to drought suggest a shift from N limitation under severe drought to water limitation under extreme drought. Because legumes were able to compensate for drought-induced restrictions in yield through symbiotic N2 fixation, and non-legumes overcompensated during post-drought, cropping selected legumes in mixtures with non-legumes could improve resistance and resilience of forage swards against severe drought events. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2016.11.022 VL - 236 SP - 312 EP - 322 LA - English SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Yield of temperate forage grassland species is either largely resistant or resilient to experimental summer drought AU - Hofer, Daniel AU - Suter, Matthias AU - Haughey, Eamon AU - Finn, John A. AU - Hoekstra, Nyncke J. AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Lüscher, Andreas AB - Summary Due to climate change, an increasing frequency and severity of drought events are expected to impair grassland productivity, particularly of intensively managed temperate grasslands. To assess drought impacts, a common field experiment to manipulate precipitation was set up at three sites (two Swiss and one Irish) using monocultures and mixtures with two and four key forage species. Species differed in their functional traits: a shallow-rooted non-legume (Lolium perenne L.), a deep-rooted non-legume (Cichorium intybus L.), a shallow-rooted legume (Trifolium repens L.) and a deep-rooted legume (Trifolium pratense L.). A 9-week summer drought was simulated, and soil water status, above-ground biomass yield and plant nitrogen (N) limitation were compared to a rainfed control. Based on soil water measurements, the drought induced severe stress at both Swiss sites and extreme stress at the Irish site. Under severe stress, the legumes were more drought resistant and showed an average change in above-ground biomass (CAB, compared to rainfed control) of only −8% and −24% (for the two Swiss sites), while the non-legumes had an average CAB of −51% and −68%. The lower resistance of non-legumes coincided with an apparent limitation of plant N, which further increased under drought. Under extreme drought (Irish site), growth nearly ceased with an average CAB of −85%. During a 6-week post-drought period with adequate water supply (Swiss sites), formerly drought-stressed species were highly resilient and either attained (legumes) or clearly outperformed (non-legumes) the yield level of the rainfed controls. This outperformance coincided with post-drought reductions in N limitation in formerly drought-stressed species. As a result, aggregated over the drought and the post-drought periods, a negative drought impact was found only for the shallow-rooted L. perenne at one of the severely stressed sites. Significant overyielding by multispecies mixtures was evident under rainfed control conditions (+38% across all three sites, P < 0·05) and was equally apparent under severe drought (+50%, P < 0·05). This overyielding was greatest in mixtures with approximately equal species proportions and was sufficiently large that drought-stressed mixtures at least attained the same yield as the average of the rainfed monocultures. Under extreme drought, growth almost ceased in monocultures and mixtures. Synthesis and applications. Yields of selected species of intensively managed temperate grasslands are either resistant to a single severe drought or are highly resilient as soon as soil moisture levels recover after the drought event. However, these forage species seem unable to cope with an extreme drought event. Combining species in mixtures can compensate for yield reductions caused by severe drought and it offers a practical management tool to adapt forage production to climate change. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12694 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 1023 EP - 1034 LA - English SN - 0021-8901 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on evapotranspiration and soil moisture: A practical approach for the Netherlands AU - Kruijt, Bart AU - Witte, Jan-Philip M. AU - Jacobs, Cor M. J. AU - Kroon, Timo T2 - Journal of Hydrology AB - Summary The extent to which climate change will affect evapotranspiration and water deficits is still uncertain. Temperature increase was recently shown to lead to enhanced drought in the Netherlands. In contrast, experimental evidence shows that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations tend to reduce stomatal opening in plants. This leads to lower transpiration rates, although models of atmospheric and soil water feedback show that reductions may be smaller than expected from stomatal closure. We combined the various effects and feedbacks. First, we inferred partial corrections on ‘crop factors’ used in simple evaporation equations such as Makkink’s, for a range of crops and vegetation types in the Netherlands. Second, we applied these corrected factors to infer the likely effects on water deficits in the Netherlands, using a coupled set of hydrological models and national climate scenarios. The combined effects of CO2 on evapotranspiration are generally modest, between a reduction of a few percent for short crops to about 15% for tall, rough vegetation. These reductions are, however, of comparable but opposite magnitude to predicted temperature-induced increases in evapotranspiration. We show that, if combined within the coupled hydrological model, the CO2-effect would lead to a much-reduced desiccating effect of climate change. In general, it is argued that, especially for sub-regional spatial scales and seasonal time-scales, CO2 is likely to be a significant factor in the water balance even of relatively wet regions. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.052 VL - 349 IS - 3 SP - 257 EP - 267 LA - English SN - 0022-1694 ER - TY - CONF TI - Einfluss erhöhter Termperatur und CO2-Konzentration auf den Bodenwasserhaushalt im Dauergrünland AU - Slavitsch, V. AU - Herndl, M. AU - Schaumberger, A. AU - Pötsch, A. AU - Birk, S. T2 - 18. Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung C1 - Irdning C3 - Tagungsband der 18. Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung "Lysimeter – ein geeignetes Instrument zur Quantifizierung von Wasser-, Nährstoff- und Schadstoffflüssen" DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 33 EP - 40 PB - HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein UR - https://www.raumberg-gumpenstein.at/cm4/de/forschung/forschungsbereiche/nutztierforschung/alle-projekte/158-aktuelles/veranstaltungen/6269-18-lysimetertagung-21-22-5-2018.html; ISBN: 978-3-902849-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought-induced shifts in plants traits, yields and nutritive value under realistic grazing and mowing managements in a mountain grassland AU - Deléglise, Claire AU - Meisser, Marco AU - Mosimann, Eric AU - Spiegelberger, Thomas AU - Signarbieux, Constant AU - Jeangros, Bernard AU - Buttler, Alexandre T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Extreme drought events can dramatically impact grassland ecosystems, causing potential loss of forage production for livestock in temperate grasslands. However, knowledge of drought effects on forage production, nutritive value and plant community stability in the real context of farming management is scarce. For this purpose, the effect of a simulated summer drought was studied under two realistic management types on a semi-natural grassland in the Swiss Jura mountains. The first management (“grazing”) consisted in six consecutive utilizations by animals over the growing season, representing a rotational grazing system as regionally conducted. The second management (“mowing”) consisted of three harvests, corresponding to the usual mowing frequency of hay meadows. In both managements, drought caused minor short-term modifications of species composition and almost no persistent effects were observed. Besides, important short-term changes were observed in community weighted mean of several key functional traits, reflecting a strong decline in community growth during the drought followed by a partial recovery two months later. Forage yields, and to a lesser extent its nutritive value, thus declined during the drought period. Both were still affected in the following months, but had recovered in spring of the following year. Forage loss was twofold higher in the grazing management, but recovery as well as nutritive value was slightly improved in this management. The results suggest that rotational grazing can amplify negative drought impacts, compared to traditional mowing, and highlight the need to adapt such management in dry years. They also demonstrate that, even under a fairly intensive management, resilience of such mountain grasslands after one extreme drought event can be expected to be high, with no persistent changes in species and trait compositions. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.020 VL - 213 SP - 94 EP - 104 LA - English SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Ernte- und Qualitätserträge einer simulierten Kurzrasen- und Koppelweide bei trockenheitsgefährdetem Dauergrünland T2 - 12. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau AB - Continuous (CG) and rotational grazing (RG) are important strategies for pasture based organic milk production systems. This study tests both grazing systems on their suitability for permanent grassland areas with drought tendency. The investigation was carried out on an organic dairy farm in Lower Austria on a permanent pasture sward in 2010. Simulated grazed swards were used at an average sward height of 8.5 cm (CG) and 14.8 cm (RG). CG variant was cut 9 times and RG variant 6 times in 2010. Low precipitation periods showed an effect on CG by reducing grass growth. RG reached significant higher yields in dry matter (10,561 kg ha-1), net energy lactation (68,359 MJ ha-1) and crude protein (1,916 kg ha-1) as CG (7,753 kg DM ha-1, 52,792 MJ NEL ha-1 and 1,636 kg CP ha-1). Differences were also measured in energy and CP content. CG yielded highest energy and CP contents from June to August. Results of this study suggest that RG is more suitable at locations with drought ten dency. However, implementation of RG requires good management to reach higher yields. CY - Berlin DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 LA - German ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon emission and sequestration by agricultural land use: a model study for Europe AU - Vleeshouwers, L. M. AU - Verhagen, A. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - A model was developed to calculate carbon fluxes from agricultural soils. The model includes the effects of crop (species, yield and rotation), climate (temperature, rainfall and evapotranspiration) and soil (carbon content and water retention capacity) on the carbon budget of agricultural land. The changes in quality of crop residues and organic material as a result of changes in CO2 concentration and changed management were not considered in this model. The model was parameterized for several arable crops and grassland. Data from agricultural, meteorological, soil, and land use databases were input to the model, and the model was used to evaluate the effects of different carbon dioxide mitigation measures on soil organic carbon in agricultural areas in Europe. Average carbon fluxes under the business as usual scenario in the 2008–2012 commitment period were estimated at 0.52 tC ha−1 y−1 in grassland and −0.84 tC ha−1 y−1 in arable land. Conversion of arable land to grassland yielded a flux of 1.44 tC ha−1 y−1. Farm management related activities aiming at carbon sequestration ranged from 0.15 tC ha−1 y−1 for the incorporating of straw to 1.50 tC ha−1 y−1 for the application of farmyard manure. Reduced tillage yields a positive flux of 0.25 tC ha−1 y−1. The indirect effect associated with climate was an order of magnitude lower. A temperature rise of 1 °C resulted in a −0.05 tC ha−1 y−1 change whereas the rising CO2 concentrations gave a 0.01 tC ha−1 y−1 change. Estimates are rendered on a 0.5 × 0.5° grid for the commitment period 2008–2012. The study reveals considerable regional differences in the effectiveness of carbon dioxide abatement measures, resulting from the interaction between crop, soil and climate. Besides, there are substantial differences between the spatial patterns of carbon fluxes that result from different measures. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00485.x VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 519 EP - 530 LA - English SN - 1365-2486 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at country-scale – a European case study AU - Janssens, I. A. AU - Freibauer, A. AU - Schlamadinger, B. AU - Ceulemans, R. AU - Ciais, P. AU - Dolman, A. J. AU - Heimann, M. AU - Nabuurs, G.-J. AU - Smith, P. AU - Valentini, R. AU - Schulze, E.-D. T2 - Biogeosciences AB - We summed estimates of the carbon balance of forests, grasslands, arable lands and peatlands to obtain country-specific estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance during the 1990s. Forests and grasslands were a net sink for carbon, whereas croplands were carbon sources in all European countries. Hence, countries dominated by arable lands tended to be losing carbon from their terrestrial ecosystems, whereas forest-dominated countries tended to be sequestering carbon. In some countries, draining and extraction of peatlands caused substantial reductions in the net carbon balance. Net terrestrial carbon balances were typically an order of magnitude smaller than the fossil fuel-related carbon emissions. Exceptions to this overall picture were countries where population density and industrialization are small. It is, however, of utmost importance to acknowledge that the typically small net carbon balance represents the small difference between two large but opposing fluxes: uptake by forests and grasslands and losses from arable lands and peatlands. This suggests that relatively small changes in either or both of these large component fluxes could induce large effects on the net total, indicating that mitigation schemes should not be discarded a priori. In the absence of carbon-oriented land management, the current net carbon uptake is bound to decline soon. Protecting it will require actions at three levels; a) maintaining the current sink activity of forests, b) altered agricultural management practices to reduce the emissions from arable soils or turn into carbon sinks and c) protecting current large reservoirs (wetlands and old forests), since carbon is lost more rapidly than sequestered. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 26 LA - English ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of grassland ploughing and reseeding on CO2 emissions and soil carbon stocks AU - Reinsch, Thorsten AU - Loges, Ralf AU - Kluß, Christof AU - Taube, Friedhelm T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Ploughing of grassland for reseeding can result in a temporary decline in soil carbon stocks due to reduced gross primary production and increased soil respiration. To improve understanding of processes affecting the decay of soil organic matter after grassland renovation we measured soil respiration and soil carbon stocks for several months after ploughing and reseeding of 16-year-old grass-clover swards on a sandy loam soil in Sep 2010 (I), May 2011 (II), Sep 2011 (III) and May 2012 (IV). Simultaneously, to establish the CO2-flux baseline, the ecosystem respiration, consisting of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration, was measured on intact control swards (IG). Collected data were used to calibrate a soil carbon model to estimate mid- and long-term carbon losses. Results showed that, on the basis of the model used, heterotrophic soil respiration from ploughed plots exceeded the IG baseline in all experimental periods (I-IV). The amount of residual plant material at the time of ploughing and increased decay of native soil organic matter for approximately six months after soil disturbance were identified as the main drivers for enhanced soil respiration in the short-term. Long-term simulation of the calibrated model for 100 years indicated that net soil carbon stocks can decrease by 21 and 14 Mg C ha−1, compared with intact grassland, when sward renovation by reseeding, involving ploughing, is conducted every 5 to 10 years, and that grassland reseeding in spring carries a higher risk of soil carbon losses compared with reseeding later in the year. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2018.06.020 VL - 265 SP - 374 EP - 383 LA - English SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Einfluss der Beregnung auf Futterertrag und -qualität von Bergwiesen in Südtirol T2 - 53. Jahrestagung der AGGF zum Thema "Futterbau und Klimawandel: Grünlandbewirtschaftung als Senke und Quelle für Treibhausgase" AB - Die künstliche Beregnung hat sich vor allem im letzten Jahrzehnt aufgrund der wiederkehrenden Trockenperioden auch im Grünland stark verbreitet. Die Beregnung kann Mängeln an pflanzenverfügbarem Wasser vorbeugen und daher hohe, stabile Futtererträge sichern (Troxler et al., 1992). Das ist besonders wichtig an südexponierten Hanglagen der Bergregionen in den Südalpen, bei denen sich die Trockenperioden sehr negativ auf die Vegetation auswirken. Selbst in Gebieten, die im Allgemeinen kein trockenes Klima aufweisen, wurden in den letzten Jahren Bewässerungsanlagen errichtet. Dabei ist von großer Bedeutung, den Ertragsgewinn in Abhängigkeit der Beregnung zu quantifizieren, um die Beregnungsgaben zu optimieren und die Kalkulation der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Investition zu erleichtern. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Beregnung auf den Ertrag und die Futterqualität, auch unter Berücksichtigung der natürlichen Niederschlagsmenge. CY - Kleve: Landwirtschaftskammer Nordrhein-Westfalen DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 LA - German ER - TY - CONF TI - Bewässerung der Berglandwirtschaft in Südtirol AU - Prünster, Thomas T2 - 47. Viehwirtschaftliche Fachtagung 2020 AB - Die Bewässerung spielt in Südtirol bereits seit Jahrhunderten eine Rolle in der Landwirtschaft und hat im Grünlandbereich vor allem während Trockenperioden einen positiven Einfl uss auf den Futterertrag, währenddessen die Qualität des Grundfutters eher weniger davon beeinfl usst wird. Derzeit wird in der Grün landberatung eine wöchentliche Bewässerung mit max. 25 mm empfohlen. Wird durch eine Bewässerung der Wasserbedarf der Grünlandbestände überschritten, so konnte in der Praxis beobachtet werden, dass sich der Pflanzenbestand im Laufe der Zeit verändert hat und vermehrt Gemeine Rispe (Poa trivialis) und Wiesenkerbel (Anthriscus sylvestris) aufgetreten sind. Ebenso konnte festgestellt werden, dass eine niedrige Wassertemperatur ein reduziertes Wachstum der Futtergräser hervorrufen kann. Derzeit wird in Südtirol im Bereich Obst- und Weinbau ein Modell getestet, welches in Echtzeit den Wasserbedarf der Kulturpflanzen messen kann. Dieses Modell könnte möglicherweise auch in der Zukunft eine Rolle im Grünlandbereich spielen. Nur wenige Länder und Regionen ver wenden eine Bewässerung im Grünland, so dass der Umfang der Studien über den Wasserbedarf von Futterpfl anzen sehr begrenzt ist. Im Besonderen müssen auch noch abgeklärt werden, welche Auswirkungen eine Bewässerung und deren Wassertemperatur auf den Pflanzenbestand hat. C3 - Gruenlandmanagement Bibliothek DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 109 EP - 113 LA - German PB - HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating natural grassland biomass by vegetation indices using Sentinel 2 remote sensing data AU - Guerini Filho, Marildo AU - Kuplich, Tatiana Mora AU - Quadros, Fernando L. F. De T2 - International Journal of Remote Sensing AB - Estimation of natural grassland biomass was carried out in a region located in the Brazilian Pampa, using field and remote sensing data and statistical models. The study was conducted in a grassland with a rotational grazing system, with grazing rest interval based on accumulated thermal sums 375 and 750 Degrees Day (DD). One image of the MSI (MultiSpectral Instrument) sensor aboard the Sentinel-2 satellite was evaluated and calibrated by 57 sampled biomass units collected in the field. Initially, the image was preprocessed, with extraction of the reflectance values of the Sentinel-2 bands, re-sampling of the pixels to 20 metres and calculation of vegetation indices. Data statistical analyses indicated significant correlations between field and remote sensing data. Multiple linear regression analyses were applied at each grazing rest interval using the remote sensing variables as predictors (independent) of the biomass (dependent). Among the variables, it is important to highlight the significant correlation of the red-edge bands with the biomass. The equations for estimating green biomass-presented coefficients of determination (R2) of R2 = 0.51 for the rest interval 375 DD and R2 = 0.65 for the rest interval 750 DD, while the senescent and total biomass generated adjustments with R2 ≤ 0.50 for the two rest intervals. Biomass estimates results were satisfactory, regardless of the interval evaluated. Sampling schemes at different seasons of the year and further spectral and field variables (spectral and biomass) are suggested to improve even more the accuracy of the estimates. DA - 2020/04/17/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1080/01431161.2019.1697004 VL - 41 IS - 8 SP - 2861 EP - 2876 SN - 0143-1161 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Grassland monitoring based on Sentinel-1 AU - Siegmund, R. AU - Redl, S. AU - Wagner, Markus AU - Hartmann, S. T2 - SPIE Remote Sensing AB - Grassland occupies a large proportion of utilised agricultural area, especially in mountainous regions. Despite its importance current and reliable data on grassland yields and cutting frequencies with a sufficient spatial coverage are lacking. Both are essential for optimizing the use of grassland, nature conservation and policy consultation. Model approaches for the assessment of grassland yields take cutting dates and frequency into account despite environmental and cultivation factors. The European Earth Observation programme Copernicus provides large quantities of spatial and temporal high resolution data collected by a set of Sentinel satellites. The freely and openly accessible Sentinel-1 radar data form a valid basis for automated satellite and ground data processing methods to detect cutting events. These cutting frequencies are a fundamental information source for further analysis – the computation of grassland yields with different model approaches. In this study we like to present our overall approach integrating and analyzing data of different sources. A comparison between two different automated data processing methods to detect cutting frequencies from radar satellite data in three different regions in Bavaria is included. The common statistical detection represents a robust and reliable way by analysing time series of Sentinel-1 radar images of the same acquisition geometry with time intervals of 6 days. In contrast, machine learning techniques offer the opportunity to increase the accuracy and limit cutting dates to more precise time intervals. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 11149 LA - English PB - SPIE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of Direct and Indirect Determination of Leaf Area Index in Permanent Grassland AU - Klingler, Andreas AU - Schaumberger, Andreas AU - Vuolo, Francesco AU - Kalmár, László B. AU - Pötsch, Erich M. T2 - PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science AB - Indirect, non-destructive methods to derive biophysical parameters, such as leaf area index (LAI), are of major importance for optimal grassland growth modelling and management. In this study, we compared different methods for the estimation of LAI in permanent grassland including (i) two direct methods, (ii) two indirect optical methods (AccuPAR and LAI-2200C), (iii) a proximal (field spectrometer) and a satellite remote sensing approach using Sentinel-2 (S-2) data, both based on radiative transfer modelling (RTM) of vegetation. To consider the seasonal variability of LAI sufficiently, we performed in situ measurements weekly during the entire growing season of 2018 and 2019. The RTM-based methods showed the lowest root-mean-square error (RMSE) when compared with direct green LAI measurements, which ranged from 1.68 to 7.85. The indirect optical methods resulted in higher RMSE values but in similar high correlation coefficients (r). The comparison between the indirect optical methods showed that the AccuPAR and the LAI-2200C highly correlate with a systematic underestimation of the AccuPAR in the upper range of LAI values. As expected, S-2 and the field spectrometer showed the highest correlation (RMSE: 0.40 and r: 0.95). Generally, we observed a significant influence of the seasonal changes of the canopy structure and morphology on the estimation accuracy. DA - 2020/08/20/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s41064-020-00119-8 VL - 88 IS - 5 SP - 369 EP - 378 LA - English SN - 2512-2819 N1 -number: 5
ER - TY - CONF TI - Futterpflanzenzüchtung und Generhaltung – was braucht und was bietet das Grünland? AU - Krautzer, Bernhard AU - Graiss, Wilhelm T2 - 20. Alpenländisches Expertenforum zum Thema "Bedeutung und Funktionen des Pflanzenbestandes im Grünland" A2 - Raumberg-Gumpenstein, HBLFA C1 - Irdning DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 91 EP - 98 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought Stress Responses and Recovery of Texas × Kentucky Hybrids and Kentucky Bluegrass Genotypes in Temperate Climate Conditions AU - Merewitz, Emily AU - Meyer, William AU - Bonos, Stacy AU - Huang, Bingru T2 - Agronomy Journal AB - Turf quality (TQ) decline due to drought is a major concern in cool-season turfgrass management. The study was conducted to examine whether selected Texas (TBG) × Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) hybrids (HBGs) (Poa arachnifera Torr. × P. pratensis L.) exhibit improved drought stress tolerance and recuperative ability in comparison to commonly-used KBG (P. pratensis) genotypes. Plant material included two HBG selections (HBG568 and HBG668), two commercially-available HBGs ('Thermal Blue' and 'Bandera'), and two KBG genotypes ('Midnight' and 'Baron'). The experiment was conducted in field plots covered with a rainout shelter in 2006 and 2007 in North Brunswick, NJ. Treatments consisted of (i) well-watered controls; (ii) drought stress (withholding irrigation) from June to August; and (iii) recovery (rewatering after a period of drought stress) in September and October. The HBGs Thermal Blue and Bandera generally did not show significant difference in turf growth from the two KBG genotypes in both years. HBG568 maintained significantly higher TQ, relative water content (RWC), cell membrane stability, and canopy density estimated as the reflectance ratio of infrared to red (IR/R, leaf area index) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), compared with the two KBG genotypes and other HBGs following a prolonged period of drought stress (after 20 d of treatment) on most sampling dates in both years. HBG568 exhibited more rapid recovery of TQ, IR/R (IR935/R661), NDVI, and sod tensile strength than the other genotypes in both years, while HBG668 also had better recovery in 2007. The results demonstrate genetic variation in drought stress tolerance and recovery among HBGs and KBGs and the potential for the development of HBGs with improved tolerance to drought stress and performance during recovery. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.2134/agronj2009.0328 VL - 102 IS - 1 SP - 258 EP - 268 LA - English ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grassland resistance and resilience after drought depends on management intensity and species richness AU - Vogel, Anja AU - Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael AU - Weigelt, Alexandra T2 - PloS one AB - The degree to which biodiversity may promote the stability of grasslands in the light of climatic variability, such as prolonged summer drought, has attracted considerable interest. Studies so far yielded inconsistent results and in addition, the effect of different grassland management practices on their response to drought remains an open question. We experimentally combined the manipulation of prolonged summer drought (sheltered vs. unsheltered sites), plant species loss (6 levels of 60 down to 1 species) and management intensity (4 levels varying in mowing frequency and amount of fertilizer application). Stability was measured as resistance and resilience of aboveground biomass production in grasslands against decreased summer precipitation, where resistance is the difference between drought treatments directly after drought induction and resilience is the difference between drought treatments in spring of the following year. We hypothesized that (i) management intensification amplifies biomass decrease under drought, (ii) resistance decreases with increasing species richness and with management intensification and (iii) resilience increases with increasing species richness and with management intensification.We found that resistance and resilience of grasslands to summer drought are highly dependent on management intensity and partly on species richness. Frequent mowing reduced the resistance of grasslands against drought and increasing species richness decreased resistance in one of our two study years. Resilience was positively related to species richness only under the highest management treatment. We conclude that low mowing frequency is more important for high resistance against drought than species richness. Nevertheless, species richness increased aboveground productivity in all management treatments both under drought and ambient conditions and should therefore be maintained under future climates. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0036992 DP - PubMed VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - e36992 EP - e36992 J2 - PLoS One LA - eng SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forage grasses under drought stress in conditions of Poland AU - Staniak, M. AU - Kocon, A. T2 - Acta Physiologiae Plantarum AB - Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among the environmental factors, water is one of the most important, which limits the crop production on a global basis. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing, and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are observed. There are many problems that are specifically related to water scarcity: an extremely dynamic nature of plant water status, relationship to the severity of the effects of water, time stress during ontogeny of plants, and the interaction of water stress with other environmental variables. The paper presents a review of recent literature on the effect of the grasses to drought stress at the level of physiological processes and the possibility of yielding. A better understanding of how long-term growth and yield are affected by water stress should aid in improving irrigation efficiency and practices, in modifying plants for more efficient water use, and in developing effective dryland agriculture. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 10 LA - English ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physiological traits related to drought tolerance in tall fescue AU - Ebrahimiyan, Maryam AU - Majidi, Mohammad Mahdi AU - Mirlohi, Aghafakhr AU - Noroozi, Abbas T2 - Euphytica AB - The physiological basis of genetic variation in drought response and its association with yield and related indices is not clear in tall fescue. In this study thirty genotypes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sampled from a polycross population and evaluated under two levels of irrigation in 2010 (normal and intense stress) and 2011 (normal and mild stress). Physiological traits including relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll (TChl), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), Chla/Chlb, carotenoids (Car), TChl/Car and proline content along with forage yield, agro-morpholgical traits and selection indices (stress tolerance index, STI and drought susceptibility index, DSI) were studied. Large variation and moderate to high heritability was estimated for most of the studied traits. Intense drought condition decreased chlorophyll content while mild stress significantly increased it. In the other hand intense drought stress increased Chla/b while mild stress didn’t change it. Under mild drought stress condition STI was positively correlated with RWC while under intense drought stress condition STI was positively correlated with chlorophyll content. Although proline content was significantly increased in both intense and mild drought stress conditions, no relationship was found between proline accumulation with forage yield and STI. Applications of principle component analysis for screening suitable genotypes are also discussed. DA - 2013/04/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s10681-012-0808-8 VL - 190 IS - 3 SP - 401 EP - 414 SN - 1573-5060 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Advanced phenotyping offers opportunities for improved breeding of forage and turf species AU - Walter, Achim AU - Studer, Bruno AU - Kölliker, Roland T2 - Annals of Botany AB - Advanced phenotyping, i.e. the application of automated, high-throughput methods to characterize plant architecture and performance, has the potential to accelerate breeding progress but is far from being routinely used in current breeding approaches. In forage and turf improvement programmes, in particular, where breeding populations and cultivars are characterized by high genetic diversity and substantial genotype × environment interactions, precise and efficient phenotyping is essential to meet future challenges imposed by climate change, growing demand and declining resources.This review highlights recent achievements in the establishment of phenotyping tools and platforms. Some of these tools have originally been established in remote sensing, some in precision agriculture, while others are laboratory-based imaging procedures. They quantify plant colour, spectral reflection, chlorophyll-fluorescence, temperature and other properties, from which traits such as biomass, architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal aperture or stress resistance can be derived. Applications of these methods in the context of forage and turf breeding are discussed.Progress in cutting-edge molecular breeding tools is beginning to be matched by progress in automated non-destructive imaging methods. Joint application of precise phenotyping machinery and molecular tools in optimized breeding schemes will improve forage and turf breeding in the near future and will thereby contribute to amended performance of managed grassland agroecosystems. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1093/aob/mcs026 VL - 110 IS - 6 SP - 1271 EP - 1279 SN - 0305-7364 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic variation in an orchardgrass population promises successful direct or indirect selection of superior drought tolerant genotypes AU - Abtahi, Mozhgan AU - Majidi, Mohammad Mahdi AU - Hoseini, Behnam AU - Mirlohi, Aghafakhr AU - Araghi, Bahram AU - Hughes, Nia T2 - Plant Breeding AB - Abstract Improvement in drought tolerance is an important component of forage grass breeding. To assess the potential of selecting drought tolerant genotypes of orchardgrass, a polycross population was created in 2010 and evaluated in the field under normal and drought stress conditions during 2011–2013. Drought stress reduced performance in forage yield, growth characteristics, and most of the physiological traits measured, but increased carotenoid content, proline content, and the chlorophyll a/b ratio. High estimates of narrow-sense heritability for chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as forage yield components, indicated that phenotypic selection would be successful in achieving genetic progress. Indirect selection to improve forage yield under drought stress conditions was efficient through selecting for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content. These physiological traits were also significantly associated with drought tolerance index. Overall, families 5, 7, 8, 13, 14 and 24 with high stress tolerance index values and high forage yield under both water conditions were identified as suitable families for breeding drought adaptive varieties. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/pbr.12657 VL - 137 IS - 6 SP - 928 EP - 935 SN - 0179-9541 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Higher species richness enhances yield stability in intensively managed grasslands with experimental disturbance AU - Haughey, Eamon AU - Suter, Matthias AU - Hofer, Daniel AU - Hoekstra, Nyncke J. AU - McElwain, Jennifer C. AU - Lüscher, Andreas AU - Finn, John A. T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Climate models predict increased frequency and severity of drought events. At an Irish and Swiss site, experimental summer droughts were applied over two successive years to grassland plots sown with one, two or four grassland species with contrasting functional traits. Mean yield and plot-to-plot variance of yield were measured across harvests during drought and after a subsequent post-drought recovery period. At both sites, there was a positive relationship between species richness and yield. Under rainfed control conditions, mean yields of four-species communities were 32% (Wexford, Ireland) and 51% (Zürich, Switzerland) higher than in monocultures. This positive relationship was also evident under drought, despite significant average yield reductions (−27% at Wexford; −21% at Zürich). Four-species communities had lower plot-to-plot variance of yield compared to monoculture or two-species communities under both rainfed and drought conditions, which demonstrates higher yield stability in four-species communities. At the Swiss but not the Irish site, a high degree of species asynchrony could be identified as a mechanism underlying increased temporal stability in four-species communities. These results indicate the high potential of multi-species grasslands as an adaptation strategy against drought events and help achieve sustainable intensification under both unperturbed and perturbed environmental conditions. DA - 2018/10/09/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41598-018-33262-9 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 15047 SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought tolerance is determined by species identity and functional group diversity rather than by species diversity within multi-species swards AU - Komainda, Martin AU - Küchenmeister, Frank AU - Küchenmeister, Kai AU - Kayser, Manfred AU - Wrage-Mönnig, Nicole AU - Isselstein, Johannes T2 - European Journal of Agronomy AB - Low-input grasslands depend on the presence of grasses and legumes for the provision of nitrogen and a sufficient amount and quality of herbage for livestock. Increasing variability in the amount and distribution of rainfall, associated with climate change, is a major factor affecting production from permanent grassland and particularly grass-clover swards. Previous work has shown that introduction of deep-rooting dicotyledonous forbs into grass-legume mixtures increases functional trait diversity (FTD), which facilitates the resistance and resilience of grassland to drought. It also increases species diversity and functional group diversity (FGD). However, the role of species diversity at a given level of FGD and associated FTD for the resistance and resilience of low-input grassland towards drought remains unclear. This knowledge is required to design forage mixtures adapted to drier climatic conditions. We conducted a drought-stress experiment with 16 different sown sward types, grown in cylindrical mesocosms, combining three levels of species diversity (one, three, five) and three levels of FGD (one, two, three) all being associated with FTD in terms of phenology, rooting depth and nitrogen fixation to determine whether maximum levels of species diversity or FGD promote adaptation to drought. The study was conducted over three drought-stress cycles in an open-sided greenhouse where the climate followed ambient natural conditions. Over the duration of 685 days, we found no clear species diversity effect but a distinct species identity effect on biomass production and agronomic water use efficiency. A positive species identity effect depended largely on white clover presence and on the FGD within mixtures. The best performing mixtures for resistance and resilience combined FGD and FTD in a complementary way, irrespective of whether the swards contained three or five species, as FGD and FTD were already maximized within the best-performing three-species swards. Increasing complementarity of traits by species grown in carefully designed mixtures is one measure to achieve diversity effects and facilitate future sustainable grassland production. We propose to exploit the benefits of species identity and functional group diversity in designing future mixtures to cope with drought. DA - 2020/09/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126116 VL - 119 SP - 126116 SN - 1161-0301 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Complementary effects of species and genetic diversity on productivity and stability of sown grasslands AU - Prieto, Iván AU - Violle, Cyrille AU - Barre, Philippe AU - Durand, Jean-Louis AU - Ghesquiere, Marc AU - Litrico, Isabelle T2 - Nature Plants AB - Plant species diversity regulates the productivity1–3 and stability2,4 of natural ecosystems, along with their resilience to disturbance5,6. The influence of species diversity on the productivity of agronomic systems is less clear7–10. Plant genetic diversity is also suspected to influence ecosystem function3,11–14, although empirical evidence is scarce. Given the large range of genotypes that can be generated per species through artificial selection, genetic diversity is a potentially important leverage of productivity in cultivated systems. Here we assess the effect of species and genetic diversity on the production and sustainable supply of livestock fodder in sown grasslands, comprising single and multispecies assemblages characterized by different levels of genetic diversity, exposed to drought and non-drought conditions. Multispecies assemblages proved more productive than monocultures when subject to drought, regardless of the number of genotypes per species present. Conversely, the temporal stability of production increased only with the number of genotypes present under both drought and non-drought conditions, and was unaffected by the number of species. We conclude that taxonomic and genetic diversity can play complementary roles when it comes to optimizing livestock fodder production in managed grasslands, and suggest that both levels of diversity should be considered in plant breeding programmes designed to boost the productivity and resilience of managed grasslands in the face of increasing environmental hazards. DA - 2015/03/30/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1038/nplants.2015.33 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 15033 SN - 2055-0278 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vascular plant diversity and climate change in the alpine belt of the central Apennines (Italy) AU - Stanisci, Angela AU - Pelino, Giovanni AU - Blasi, Carlo T2 - Biodiversity & Conservation AB - The aim of this study is to analyse the vascular flora and the local climate along the altitude gradient in the largest alpine belt of the central Apennines (Majella National Park), and to contribute to the evaluation of the possible effects of global climate changes on the biodiversity of the alpine ecosystem. For this purpose floristic-quantitative analyses and temperature records on three different summits have been carried out by using the methodological protocol of the UE-GLORIA project (2001 2003); the project aims toward a standardised monitoring of flora and temperature in the alpine environment of the main European chains. From the analysis of the changes in species richness along the altitude gradient (2405 m versus 2730 m a.s.l.), it emerged that 70% of species do not reach the highest summit and only 11% of the overall flora is shared by all of the summits examined; a drop in mean temperature has been observed at soil level, along the same gradient from 3.11 to 0.03 °C. Floristic-quantitative and climatic analyses have been carried out even along the horizontal gradient (principal exposures), highlighting a great species richness and vegetation cover in eastward aspects. We singled out some endangered rare species and we proved that the slopes facing east will be the first to be affected by the coming of subalpine species from below, whereas northward exposures will be the most conservative, showing greater inertia toward the invasive process caused by the climate warming. DA - 2005/06/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1007/s10531-004-9674-6 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 1301 EP - 1318 LA - English SN - 1572-9710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of atmospheric and climate change at the timberline of the Central European Alps AU - Wieser, Gerhard AU - Matyssek, Rainer AU - Luzian, Roland AU - Zwerger, Peter AU - Pindur, Peter AU - Oberhuber, Walter AU - Gruber, Andreas T2 - Annals of Forest Science AB - • This review considers potential effects of atmospheric change and climate warming within the timberline ecotone of the Central European Alps. After focusing on the impacts of ozone (O3) and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, effects of climate warming on the carbon and water balance of timberline trees and forests will be outlined towards conclusions about changes in tree growth and treeline dynamics.• Presently, ambient ground-level O3 concentrations do not exert crucial stress on adult conifers at the timberline of the Central European Alps. In response to elevated atmospheric CO2Larix decidua showed growth increase, whereas no such response was found in Pinus uncinata. Overall climate warming appears as the factor responsible for the observed growth stimulation of timberline trees.• Increased seedling re-establishment in the Central European Alps however, resulted from invasion into potential habitats rather than upward migration due to climate change, although seedlings will only reach tree size upon successful coupling with the atmosphere and thus loosing the beneficial microclimate of low stature vegetation.• In conclusion, future climate extremes are more likely than the gradual temperature increase to control treeline dynamics in the Central European Alps. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1051/forest/2009023 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 402 EP - 402 LA - English SN - 1297-966X ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Almen in Österreich AU - Zwittkovits, F. CY - Zillingsdorf DA - 1974/// PY - 1974 LA - German PB - Selbstverlag ER - TY - RPRT TI - Storylines of Socio-Economic and Climatic drivers for Land use and their hydrological impacts in Alpine Catchments AU - Strasser, U. AU - Schermer, M. AU - Formayer, H. AU - Förster, K. AU - Meißl, G. AU - Marke, Th. AU - Mair, E. AU - Stotten, R. AU - Steinbacher, M. AU - Nadeem, I. T2 - Austrian Climate Research Program 6 (Project B368582, Endbericht) CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 36 LA - English PB - Klima- und Energiefonds UR - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/20180206STELLAACRP6EBB368582KR13AC6K11109.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alnus shrub expansion increases evapotranspiration in the Swiss Alps AU - van den Bergh, Thijs AU - Körner, Christian AU - Hiltbrunner, Erika T2 - Regional Environmental Change AB - Shrub encroachment is one of the main consequences of abandonment of montane grassland. Higher surface roughness of shrubs leads to stronger aerodynamic coupling. This should increase evapotranspiration (ET), but lower surface temperatures (due to higher ET and reduced aerodynamic resistance) could counter this effect. We explored this question by employing weighable lysimeters in adjacent grass- and shrubland understorey, and by measuring canopy transpiration in Alnus with sap flow sensors at 1675 m a.s.l. in the Swiss central Alps. For 11 bright days, ET rates of Alnus clearly exceeded those from grassland by on average 31 ± 14% or 1.2 ± 0.6 mm d−1 (mean ± sd). During days with a high vapour pressure deficit (VPD), differences in ET were largest, indicating that enhanced aerodynamic coupling had a greater influence than evaporative cooling. Cooler Alnus than grassland canopies were confirmed by infrared thermography. For the growing season (mid May to end of September), we estimate that this increase in ET results in a reduction in runoff by 78 to 81 mm (2010, 2011). Accounting for the falling height of water, this lower runoff reduces the hydro-electric potential of the upper Reuss catchment (227 km2) by 0.47 Mio Swiss Franc (CHF) per growing season (same amount in US Dollar (USD); Alnus cover analysed for the year 2004/05) and by 1.8 Mio CHF for a scenario where all grasslands below the natural treeline would be converted into shrubland. So, shrub encroachment clearly exerts hydrological drawbacks. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10113-017-1246-x VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - 1375 EP - 1385 LA - English SN - 1436-378X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mehr als 4 Millionen Hektar Wald in Österreich AU - Russ, Wolfgang T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 3 EP - 7 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - A life cycle assessment of seasonal grass-based and confinement dairy farms AU - O’Brien, Donal AU - Shalloo, Laurence AU - Patton, Joe AU - Buckley, Frank AU - Grainger, Chris AU - Wallace, Michael T2 - Agricultural Systems AB - Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic systems approach that aims to assess the environmental impacts (potential pollutants and resource use) of the production of goods and services. The aim of this study was to develop an LCA model to compare contrasting milk production systems, a seasonal pasture-based dairy farm and a confinement dairy farm. The environmental impacts considered were global warming, eutrophication, acidification, land use and non-renewable energy use. The LCA estimated on-farm, off-farm (pollutants and resources associated with the production and supply of purchased farm inputs) and total (on-farm and off-farm) environmental impacts. Environmental impacts were quantified per unit of milk and per unit area. The study only considered two research farms, because high quality data were unavailable for a large number of farms. Thus, this was not a representative LCA comparison. The genetic merit of cows modelled was similar for each system. A total mixed ration was fed in the confinement system and grazed grass was mainly fed in the grass-based system. Research data were used to confirm simulated dry matter intake (DMI) and predicted enteric CH4 output from simulated DMI. The study found that when expressed per unit of milk and per on-farm area, all total environmental impacts were greater for the confinement system compared to the grass-based system. Per total farm area (on-farm and off-farm area), all environmental impacts except global warming were lower for the grass-based system. The greater environmental impact of the confinement dairy system was due to the greater use of concentrate feed and the longer manure storage period. Scenario modelling demonstrated that there is potential to decrease the environmental impact of dairy systems, particularly the confinement system, by reducing the use of concentrate ingredients with a high environmental impact and by storing manure in solid systems. Scenario modelling also showed that assumptions regarding the carbon cycle should be clearly outlined when assessing milk production systems and that standardisation of LCA allocation procedures is required. This LCA study is one of the few to directly compare the environmental impact of a grass-based and a confinement dairy system. However direct comparisons are needed, using an LCA methodology such as described in this paper, and using data from a greater number of farms so that each system is better represented thereby ensuring a robust comparison of the two systems on a regional or national basis. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2011.11.004 VL - 107 SP - 33 EP - 46 LA - English SN - 0308-521X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental factors and management intensity affect in different ways plant diversity and pastoral value of alpine pastures AU - Pittarello, Marco AU - Lonati, Michele AU - Ravetto Enri, Simone AU - Lombardi, Giampiero T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - Based on a wide dataset of vegetation surveys carried out across the pastures of Western Italian Alps, the objective of the research was to determine the relative importance of management intensity and environmental factors (i.e. topography, climate, bedrock type) on 1) plant diversity and 2) forage quality and productivity (Pastoral Value - PV) of alpine summer pastures. Plant diversity (i.e. Shannon diversity index and species richness) and PV were affected in different ways by both factors, but they showed a hump-shaped relationship with pastoral management intensity. Plant diversity was mainly affected by environmental factors (elevation and total annual precipitation) rather than management intensity. Shannon index and species richness were lower at higher elevations and in locations with higher precipitation, and they were higher on steep sites and calcareous bedrock. However, management intensity had a noteworthy influence on plant diversity. PV was strongly affected by management intensity, whereas environmental factors had limited importance. Differently from plant diversity, PV was not elevation dependent as several vegetation communities with either a low and a high PV occurred within a large range of altitude. PV was higher on flattest sites, in sites with a low level of precipitation, and on calcareous bedrock. Our results highlighted that environmental factors are the main drivers of plant diversity in alpine pastures. Pastures are typically located at higher elevation, are less accessible, and lay in less homogeneous areas where the environmental constraints have a predominant effect on plant community development with respect to management intensity. Contrariwise, the influence of management intensity on PV suggests that an appropriate grazing management can enhance forage productivity and quality for livestock even in harsh environments. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106429 VL - 115 SP - 106429 LA - English SN - 1470-160X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of climate change on protected cultivation: Impacts and sustainable adaptation strategies - A review AU - Gruda, Nazim AU - Bisbis, Mehdi AU - Tanny, Josef T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - The interaction between agriculture, particularly intensive greenhouse horticulture, and climate, is of dual nature. The resources required to produce crops, such as fossil fuel, affect climate change (CC), which, in turn, will backfire with altered growing conditions in the future. For instance, phenomena like heat waves and severe droughts would significantly affect management of protected cultivation systems, which would require adaptation processes. This puts greenhouse vegetable producers under high pressure, as they are required to adopt environmentally friendly production strategies. Here, we provide a comprehensive critical review of the effects of present and future CC scenarios on controlled environment agriculture as well as the mapping of climate protection measures in these environments. We examined published articles from 1990 to 2019, focused mainly on the European region and pinpointing the differences between the temperate North and the Mediterranean basin, although some research works from other regions were also considered. We recommend adaptations in terms of sufficient cooling, and improvement of natural and additional light for winter production. Technical and conceptual innovations such as the semi-/closed greenhouse based on mechanical cooling and dehumidification are discussed along with structural solutions such as passively ventilated greenhouses and screenhouses. Moreover, we recommend adaptation in terms of cultivar selection, greenhouse type, cover material, cultural practices and production technology to cope with abnormal climate alterations and extreme weather conditions associated with CC. We believe that this work will contribute to advance sustainable year-round production. DA - 2019/07/10/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.210 VL - 225 SP - 481 EP - 495 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Securing Horticulture in a Changing Climate—A Mini Review. AU - Bisbis, Mehdi AU - Gruda, N. AU - Blanke, M. T2 - Horticulturae DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3390/horticulturae5030056 VL - 5 SP - 56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tomato yield, physiological response, water and nitrogen use efficiency under deficit and partial root zone drying irrigation in an arid region AU - Badr, M.A. AU - El-Tohamy, W.A. AU - Abou Hussein, S. D. AU - Gruda, N. T2 - Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.5073/JABFQ.2018.091.042 VL - 91 UR - https://ojs.openagrar.de/index.php/JABFQ/article/view/10007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions AU - Badr, M. A. AU - Abou Hussein, S. D. AU - El-Tohamy, W. A. AU - Gruda, N. T2 - Gesunde Pflanzen AB - Efficient water delivery systems such as drip irrigation can contribute towards increasing crop yield potential, improving crop water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, critical management considerations such as subsurface drip irrigation are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits particularly under arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two irrigation methods, surface and subsurface drip irrigation combined with four irrigation levels, 100, 80, 60 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration on yield and yield components of potato grown on sandy soil. The field experiments were conducted in the years 2008 and 2009. In terms of soil water availability to plants, subsurface drip provided more favorable growth conditions for plant growth and maintained higher soil water content at the root zone, which resulted in a significant higher potato yield compared to surface drip irrigation. The difference between the two irrigation methods on yield components was concentrated on the mean tuber weight per plant, while no significant difference was found on the tuber number per plant. Reducing the amounts of applied water significantly decreased total potato yield and its components. Under subsurface drip irrigation, reducing amounts of applied water to 80% ETc gave comparable yield and yield components to surface drip at full irrigation supply, indicating that 20% irrigation water can be saved without affecting the potato yield. At all irrigation levels, subsurface drip recorded higher water use efficiency (WUE) over surface drip. Maximum value was observed at 40% ETc. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was also higher under subsurface drip and reduced significantly under both irrigation methods with increasing water deficit. These results suggested that subsurface drip offers the potential of better water management with respect to saving and distribution of water in the root zone and to obtain maximum yield accompanied by highest water and FUE. DA - 2010/11/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10343-010-0222-x VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 63 EP - 70 J2 - Gesunde Pflanzen SN - 1439-0345 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Impact of Climate Change on Viticulture and Wine Quality AU - van Leeuwen, Cornelis AU - Darriet, Philippe T2 - Journal of Wine Economics AB - Climate change is a major challenge in wine production. Temperatures are increasing worldwide, and most regions are exposed to water deficits more frequently. Higher temperatures trigger advanced phenology. This shifts the ripening phase to warmer periods in the summer, which will affect grape composition, in particular with respect to aroma compounds. Increased water stress reduces yields and modifies fruit composition. The frequency of extreme climatic events (hail, flooding) is likely to increase. Depending on the region and the amount of change, this may have positive or negative implications on wine quality. Adaptation strategies are needed to continue to produce high-quality wines and to preserve their typicity according to their origin in a changing climate. The choice of plant material is a valuable resource to implement these strategies. (JEL Classifications: Q13, Q54) DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1017/jwe.2015.21 DP - Cambridge University Press VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 150 EP - 167 SN - 1931-4361 DB - Cambridge Core N1 -edition: 2016/06/14
publisher: Cambridge University Press
issue: 922
journalAbbreviation: ActaHortic.
publisher: Routledge
ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Innovative Obstarten:Voraussetzungen für erfolgreichen Anbau und Vermarktung T2 - Innovationstag Obstbau 2020 CY - Güssing DA - 2020/02/19/ PY - 2020 UR - file:///C:/Users/foldal/AppData/Local/Temp/Handout_Innovationstag_Obstbau_2020_Innovative_Obstarten_Wurm.pdf N1 -Presenters: _:n26630
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A model-based assessment of adaptation options for Chianti wine production in Tuscany (Italy) under climate change AU - Zhu, Xueqin AU - Moriondo, Marco AU - van Ierland, Ekko C. AU - Trombi, Giacomo AU - Bindi, Marco T2 - Regional Environmental Change AB - This paper covers a comprehensive economic analysis of climate change adaptation options for a specific wine producing region, namely Tuscany. As temperature increases under climate change, rainfall patterns will be different, and Chianti wine production in Tuscany therefore needs to adapt in the near future. We address the adaptation challenges and identify grape yield and quality loss as the main impact of climate change on wine production. Relocation of vineyards uphill and introducing drought-resistant varieties are considered as adaptation measures. We appraise these adaptation measures using an optimization framework, where regional wine producers maximize income subject to economic constraints including the climate change impacts on wine productivity and quality. Our simulation shows quantitatively to what extent a higher degree of climate change impact demands a higher degree of adaptation. We find that a combination of the two measures provides a better strategy because it leads to higher economic efficiency. However, uncertainty regarding the efficiency of the new variety discourages the use of this new drought-resistant variety, whereas a higher efficiency would make this choice more favourable. Sensitivity analysis for time horizon and discount rate confirms the theory of investment under uncertainty, showing a shorter time horizon (or more frequent investment) provides the possibility to postpone the decision to implement adaptation measures due to the value of flexibility, while a higher discount rate leads to a later adaptation decision, because uncertainty creates a value of waiting for new information. DA - 2016/01/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10113-014-0622-z VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 85 EP - 96 J2 - Regional Environmental Change SN - 1436-378X ER - TY - RPRT TI - UMSTELLUNG DER ÖSTERREICHISCHEN STICKSTOFF- UND PHOSPHORBILANZ DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF EUROSTAT-VORGABEN. AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Research and Innovation towards a more sustainable and circular European agriculture Exploring synergies between the livestock and crop sectors AU - ATF / ETP DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Erhebung zum Wirtschaftsdüngermanagement aus der landwirtschaftlichen Tierhaltung in Österreich AU - Pöllinger, Alfred AU - Zentner, Andreas AU - Brettschuh, Sigrid AU - Lackner, Lukas AU - Amon, Barbara AU - Stickler, Yvonne T2 - Abschlussbericht TIHALO II, Projekt Nr./Wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit Nr. 3662 CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 PB - BM für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus ER - TY - BOOK TI - Freilandhaltung von Rindern im Konnex zum Aktionsprogramm 2003 AU - Pötsch, Erich M DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Almen standortangepasst bewirtschaften. Vom Wissen zum Handeln AU - LFI CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - Ländliches Fortbildungsinstitut Österreich ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zur Weidepflege auf den Almen bedarf es mehr Vieh AU - Machatschek, Michael T2 - Der Alm- und Bergbauer DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 3 SP - 13 EP - 16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Ernährungsweisen auf Klimawandel und Flächeninanspruchnahme in Österreich und Übersee (DIETCCLU). AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Schlatzer, Martin DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 M3 - Endbericht von StartClim2019.B in StartClim2019: Weitere Beiträge zur Umsetzung der österreichischen Anpassungsstrategie PB - BMLFUW, BMWF, ÖBf, Land Oberösterreich ER - TY - RPRT TI - European Union Emission Inventory Report. 1990–2015 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) AU - EEA T2 - EEA Report No 9/2017 CY - Luxembourg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - European Environment Agency N1 -number-of-volumes: EEA Report No 9/2017
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Air quality in Europe — 2017 report AU - EEA CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - European Environment Agency N1 -volume: EEA Report No 13/2018
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austrian Agriculture 2020-2050. Scenarios and Sensitivity Analyses on Land Use, Production, Livestock and Production Systems AU - Sinabell, Franz AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schmid, Erwin CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 94 PB - Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitut (WIFO) und Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU) UR - https://www.wifo.ac.at/jart/prj3/wifo/resources/person_dokument/person_dokument.jart?publikationsid=61571&mime_type=application/pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik 2020+ Grundlagen für die SWOT-Analyse der Umweltziele (d), (e) und (f) in Österreich AU - Anderl, Michael AU - Buxbaum, Iris AU - Ellmauer, Thomas AU - Gabriel, Oliver AU - Götzl, Martin AU - Gössl, Michael AU - Greiter, Anita AU - Heissenberger, Andreas AU - Lindinger, Helga AU - Loishandl-Weisz, Harald AU - Nagl, Christian AU - Neuwirth, Martin AU - Offenzeller, Martina AU - Oberleitner, Irene AU - Paar, Monika AU - Paternoster, David AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Schindler, Stefan AU - Schmid, Carmen AU - Schwaiger, Elisabeth AU - Schwarz, Sigrid AU - Schwarzl, Bettina AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Österreich AU - Bundesministerium Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus AB - Umwelt und Klimaschutz stehen im Fokus der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik (GAP) der EU für die Periode nach 2020. Drei der neun Ziele beschäftigen sich mit Klimaschutz, Anpassung an den Klimawandel, nachhaltige Energie, effiziente Bewirtschaftung natürlicher Ressourcen und Schutz der Biodiversität. Zur Erreichung dieser Ziele muss jeder Mitgliedstaat einen "GAP-Strategieplan" erstellen und darin die nationale Situation in Bezug auf Stärken, Schwächen, Chancen und Gefahren ("SWOT-Analyse") sowie den damit verbundenen Handlungsbedarf analysieren. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt die Grundlagen für die Erstellung einer SWOT Analyse für den Bereich Umwelt und Klima zur Verfügung. Die Beschreibung und Analyse der gegenwärtigen Situation in Österreich erfolgt durch die Darstellung von relevanten Rechtsinstrumenten, Kontextindikatoren, sowie Ergebnissen nationaler Studien. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - Open WorldCat LA - de SN - 978-3-99004-514-5 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0695.pdf Y2 - 2021/04/08/ N1 -OCLC: 1225256835
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Antibiotika und (multi-)resistente Keime in der Tierhaltung. Fehlentwicklungen und Gefahren für die Humanmedizin AU - Greenpeace DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Livestock-associated risk factors for pneumonia in an area of intensive animal farming in the Netherlands AU - Freidl, Gudrun S AU - Spruijt, Ineke T AU - Borlée, Floor AU - Smit, Lidwien AM AU - van Gageldonk-Lafeber, Arianne B AU - Heederik, Dick JJ AU - Yzermans, Joris AU - van Dijk, Christel E AU - Maassen, Catharina BM AU - van der Hoek, Wim T2 - PloS one DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - e0174796 SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - RPRT TI - AABEL: Atemwegserkrankungen und Allergien bei Einschulungskindern in ländlichen Regionen AU - Hoopmann, M. AU - Hehl, O. AU - Neisel, F. CY - Hanover DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 PB - Niedersächsiches Landesgesundheitsamt ER - TY - RPRT TI - Atemwegsgesundheit und Allergiestatus bei jungen Erwachsenen in ländlichen Regionen Niedersachsens - Niedersächsische Lungenstudie. Abschlußbericht AU - Radon, Katja CY - München DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 PB - Klinikum der Universität München, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Umweltmedizin ER - TY - JOUR TI - Q Fever and Pneumonia in an Area with a High Livestock Density: A Large Population-Based Study AU - Smit, Lidwien A. M. AU - van der Sman-de Beer, Femke AU - Opstal-van Winden, Annemieke W. J. AU - Hooiveld, Mariëtte AU - Beekhuizen, Johan AU - Wouters, Inge M. AU - Yzermans, Joris AU - Heederik, Dick T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Concerns about public health risks of intensive animal production in the Netherlands continue to rise, in particular related to outbreaks of infectious diseases. The aim was to investigate associations between the presence of farm animals around the home address and Q fever and pneumonia. Electronic medical record data for the year 2009 of all patients of 27 general practitioners (GPs) in a region with a high density of animal farms were used. Density of farm animals around the home address was calculated using a Geographic Information System. During the study period, a large Q fever outbreak occurred in this region. Associations between farm exposure variables and pneumonia or ‘other infectious disease’, the diagnosis code used by GPs for registration of Q fever, were analyzed in 22,406 children (0–17 y) and 70,142 adults (18–70 y), and adjusted for age and sex. In adults, clear exposure-response relationships between the number of goats within 5 km of the home address and pneumonia and ‘other infectious disease’ were observed. The association with ‘other infectious disease’ was particularly strong, with an OR [95%CI] of 12.03 [8.79–16.46] for the fourth quartile (>17,190 goats) compared with the first quartile (<2,251 goats). The presence of poultry within 1 km was associated with an increased incidence of pneumonia among adults (OR [95%CI] 1.25 [1.06–1.47]). A high density of goats in a densely populated region was associated with human Q fever. The use of GP records combined with individual exposure estimates using a Geographic Information System is a powerful approach to assess environmental health risks. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0038843 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - e38843 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Development and validating procedure of a formula to calculate a minimum separation distance from piggeries and poultry facilities to sensitive receptors AU - Nicolas, Jacques AU - Delva, Julien AU - Cobut, Pierre AU - Romain, Anne-Claude T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - A specific formula to calculate separation distance from piggeries and poultry facilities to sensitive receptor is developed for Walloon Region, in Belgium. The paper briefly presents the main principles of the formula and discusses more deeply the compatibility of the distance approach with odour units, odour rate and percentiles usually applied to assess the odour annoyance zones. A method of validation is presented and tested to adjust the different parameters of the formula to Belgian field reality. A total of 43 farms of which 21 piggeries and 22 poultry facilities are visited and, for each case, the distance calculated by the formula is compared to the one deduced from odour annoyance criterion (10oum−3 at 98th percentile). Validation work results in discussing the sensibility of different factors of the formula and especially in adjusting a fitting factor to match the absolute distances to real field annoyance impression. Conclusions show that both approaches – separation distance formula and percentile evaluation – are coherent. The validation method allows parameter adjustment but should need further refinements to examine separately piggeries and poultry facilities. DA - 2008/09/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.007 VL - 42 IS - 30 SP - 7087 EP - 7095 J2 - Atmospheric Environment SN - 1352-2310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Separation distance to avoid odour nuisance due to livestock calculated by the Austrian odour dispersion model (AODM) AU - Schauberger, G. AU - Piringer, M. AU - Petz, E. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Odour emission of livestock buildings is major burden for ambient residential areas. Using a dispersion model to calculate ambient odour concentrations, the separation distance between livestock buildings and residential areas was defined by a pre-selected odour threshold and an exceeding probability. The dynamic Austrian odour dispersion model (AODM) was used to calculate the separation distance for several combinations of these two values, which represent the protection level of various land use categories. The AODM consists of three modules: (1) odour release on the basis of a simulation model for the indoor climate of livestock buildings; (2) a regulatory dispersion model (Gauss) to calculate hourly or half-hourly ambient odour concentrations; and (3) a fluctuation module, calculating the instantaneous odour concentration, depending on wind velocity and stability of the atmosphere. The calculated separation distances for a pig fattening unit of 1000 heads were compared with empirical guide lines used in some countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands, USA). For most guide lines, the separation distances were smaller compared to the model calculation, except for the German guide line applied for non-agricultural areas. Odour sensation occurred predominantly around sunset, with neutral or slightly stable atmospheric stability. The presented AODM is a useful tool for regulatory purpose. DA - 2001/10/01/ PY - 2001 DO - 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00299-1 VL - 87 IS - 1 SP - 13 EP - 28 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Stickstoffbilanzen. Berechnung auf GWK-Ebene AU - Loishandl-Weisz, H. AU - Zethner, G. AU - Wemhöner, U. AU - Zieritz, I. AU - Grath, J. CY - Wien DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Bundeministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wassergüte in Österreich. Jahresbericht (2014-2016) AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable strategies towards a phosphorus circular economy AU - Nesme, Thomas AU - Withers, Paul J. A. T2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems DA - 2016/04/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10705-016-9774-1 DP - Springer Link VL - 104 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 264 J2 - Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst LA - en SN - 1573-0867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Presence and fate of veterinary antibiotics in age-dated groundwater in areas with intensive livestock farming AU - Kivits, Tano AU - Broers, Hans Peter AU - Beeltje, Henry AU - van Vliet, Mariëlle AU - Griffioen, Jasper T2 - Environmental Pollution AB - The combination of emerging antibiotic resistance and lack of discovery of new antibiotic classes poses a threat to future human welfare. Antibiotics are administered to livestock at a large scale and these may enter the environment by the spreading of manure on agricultural fields. They may leach to groundwater, especially in the Netherlands which has some of the most intensive livestock farming and corresponding excessive manure spreading in the world. This study investigates the presence of antibiotics in groundwater in two regions with the most intensive livestock farming in the Netherlands. If so, the hydrochemical conditions were further elaborated. Ten multi-level wells with in total 46 filters were sampled, focusing on relatively young, previously age-dated groundwater below agricultural fields. Twenty-two antibiotics were analyzed belonging to the following antibiotic groups: tetracyclines, sulfonamides, trimethoprims, β-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, quinolones, nitrofurans and chloramphenicol. The samples were analyzed for these antibiotics by LC-MS/MS ESI-POS/NEG (MRM) preceded by solid phase extraction which resulted in importantly low detection limits. Six antibiotics were found above detection limits in 31 filters in seven wells: sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and sulfadiazine. The concentrations range from 0.3 to 18 ng L−1. Sulfonamides were detected at all measured depths down to 23 meters below surface level with apparent groundwater ages up to 40 years old. No antibiotics were detected below the nitrate/iron redox cline, which suggests that the antibiotics might undergo degradation or attenuation under nitrate-reducing redox conditions. This study provides proof that antibiotics are present in groundwater below agricultural areas in the Netherlands due to the spreading of animal manure. DA - 2018/10/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.085 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 241 SP - 988 EP - 998 J2 - Environmental Pollution LA - en SN - 0269-7491 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Antibiotics in groundwater under locations with high livestock density in Germany AU - Balzer, F. AU - Zühlke, S. AU - Hannappel, S. T2 - Water Supply AB - Antibiotics are deployed in large quantities both in human and in veterinary medicine. Studies show that antibiotic residues occur in the environment (e.g. soil DA - 2016/10/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.2166/ws.2016.050 DP - iwaponline.com VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1361 EP - 1369 J2 - Water Supply LA - en SN - 1606-9749 N1 -publisher: IWA Publishing
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Occurrence of Antibiotics in Surface and Groundwater of a Drinking Water Catchment Area in Germany AU - Burke, Victoria AU - Richter, Doreen AU - Greskowiak, Janek AU - Mehrtens, Anne AU - Schulz, Lena AU - Massmann, Gudrun T2 - Water Environment Research AB - ABSTRACT: The contamination of the aquatic environment with organic micropollutants, such as veterinary pharmaceuticals, has become an increasingly serious problem and has aroused attention in the course of the last decades. This study presents a screening for a series of veterinary antibiotics, potentially introduced by the application of liquid manure, in ground- and surface water of a drinking water catchment in Lower Saxony, Germany. Of the 26 compounds analyzed, eight, including sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, dehydrato-erythromycin, sulfadimidine, tylosin, and tetracycline were detected in surface water samples. Trimethoprim was detected in 11 out of 15 shallow groundwater samples, indicating its high environmental relevance. Column sorption experiments conducted on trimethoprim show a comparatively moderate sorption affinity to sandy aquifer material with a retardation coefficient of 5.7. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.2175/106143016X14609975746604 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 88 IS - 7 SP - 652 EP - 659 LA - en SN - 1554-7531 N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2175/106143016X14609975746604
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Auftreten und Herkunftsbestimmung von Antibiotika in viehstarken Regionen Niedersachsens AU - Karfusehr, Christel AU - Kayser, Annette AU - te Gempt, Ralf AU - Hein, Arne AU - Germershausen, Lars T2 - Grundwasser AB - Die Belastung des Grundwassers durch Antibiotika aus der Gruppe der Sulfonamide und Trimethoprim wurde in Niedersachsen in Gebieten mit hohem Viehbesatz an 159 oberflächennahen Grundwassermessstellen untersucht. Die Indikatoren Carbamazepin und Acesulfam-K zeigen den möglichen Einfluss häuslicher Abwässer aus Kleinkläranlagen. Die ausschließliche Verkehrsfähigkeit einiger Ausgangswirkstoffe als Tierarzneimittel belegt eine landwirtschaftliche Herkunft. 32 Messstellen enthielten Antibiotikawirkstoffe, die sowohl in der Tier-, als auch in der Humanmedizin Verwendung finden. 16 Messstellen enthielten ausschließlich das Tierarzneimittel Sulfadimidin. Bei neun Messstellen ist aufgrund des Fundspektrums eine Mischbelastung mit Humanarzneimitteln aus häuslichem Abwasser möglich. Funde von Sulfadiazin und Sulfamethoxazol an fünf Messstellen erfordern eine weitere Aufklärung. Für weitere zwei Messstellen belegt eine Detailuntersuchung eine landwirtschaftliche Quelle und einen Abwassereintrag. Lediglich an zwei Messstellen überstiegen die Funde den vom Umweltbundesamt vorgeschlagenen Schwellenwert. Neben landwirtschaftlichen Quellen erwiesen sich Kleinkläranlagen als bedeutende Eintragsquelle für Antibiotikawirkstoffe. Aufgrund der häufigen Kombinationsfunde von Wirkstoffen sollte neben einem Schwellenwert für Einzelstoffe auch ein Summenschwellenwert diskutiert werden. DA - 2019/03/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s00767-018-0407-2 DP - Springer Link VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 11 J2 - Grundwasser LA - de SN - 1432-1165 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment and Its Relevance to Environmental Regulators AU - Singer, Andrew C. AU - Shaw, Helen AU - Rhodes, Vicki AU - Hart, Alwyn T2 - Frontiers in Microbiology AB - The environment is increasingly being recognised for the role it might play in the global spread of clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance. Environmental regulators monitor and control many of the pathways responsible for the release of resistance-driving chemicals into the environment (e.g., antimicrobials, metals, biocides). Hence, environmental regulators should be contributing significantly to the development of global and national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) action plans. It is argued that the lack of environment-facing mitigation actions included in existing AMR action plans is likely a function of our poor fundamental understanding of many of the key issues. Here, we aim to present the problem with AMR in the environment through the lens of an environmental regulator, using the Environment Agency (England’s regulator) as an example from which parallels can be drawn globally. The issues that are pertinent to environmental regulators are drawn out to answer: What are the drivers and pathways of AMR? How do these relate to the normal work, powers and duties of environmental regulators? What are the knowledge gaps that hinder the delivery of environmental protection from AMR? We offer several thought experiments for how different mitigation strategies might proceed. We conclude that: 1) AMR Action Plans do not tackle all the potentially relevant pathways and drivers of AMR in the environment; and 2) AMR Action Plans are deficient, in part, because the science to inform policy is lacking and this needs to be addressed. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01728 DP - Frontiers VL - 7 J2 - Front. Microbiol. LA - English SN - 1664-302X UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01728/full Y2 - 2020/06/29/ N1 -publisher: Frontiers
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Thermal indices and their applications for livestock environments AU - Hahn, G LeRoy AU - Gaughan, John B AU - Mader, Terry L AU - Eigenberg, Roger A T2 - Livestock Energetics and Thermal Environment Management DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 113 EP - 130 PB - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers SN - 1-892769-74-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle AU - Mader, T. L. AU - Davis, M. S. AU - Brown-Brandl, T. T2 - Journal of Animal Science AB - Data from 3 summer feedlot studies were utilized to determine the environmental factors that influence heat stress in cattle and also to determine wind speed (WSPD; m·s-1) and solar radiation (RAD; W·m-2) adjustments to the temperature-humidity index (THI). Visual assessments of heat stress, based on panting scores (0 = no panting to 4 = severe panting), were collected from 1400 to 1700. Mean daily WSPD, black globe temperature at 1500, and minimums for nighttime WSPD, nighttime black globe THI, and daily relative humidity were found to have the greatest influence on panting score from 1400 to 1700 (R2 = 0.61). From hourly values for THI, WSPD, and RAD, panting score was determined to equal -7.563 + (0.121 × THI) - (0.241 × WSPD) + (0.00082 × RAD) (R2 = 0.49). Using the ratio of WSPD to THI and RAD to THI (-1.992 and 0.0068 for WSPD and RAD, respectively), adjustments to the THI were derived for WSPD and RAD. On the basis of these ratios and the average hourly data for 1400 to 1700, the THI, adjusted for WSPD and RAD, equals [4.51 + THI - (1.992 × WSPD) + (0.0068 × RAD)]. Four separate cattle studies, comparable in size, type of cattle, and number of observations to the 3 original studies, were utilized to evaluate the accuracy of the THI equation adjusted for WSPD and RAD, and the relationship between the adjusted THI and panting score. Mean panting score derived from individual observations of black-hided cattle in these 4 studies were 1.22, 0.94, 1.32, and 2.00 vs. the predicted panting scores of 1.15, 1.17, 1.30, and 1.96, respectively. Correlations between THI and panting score in these studies ranged from r = 0.47 to 0.87. Correlations between the adjusted THI and mean panting score ranged from r = 0.64 to 0.80. These adjustments would be most appropriate to use, within a day, to predict THI during the afternoon hours using hourly data or current conditions. In addition to afternoon conditions, nighttime conditions, including minimum WSPD, minimum black globe THI, and minimum THI, were also found to influence heat stress experienced by cattle. Although knowledge of THI alone is beneficial in determining the potential for heat stress, WSPD and RAD adjustments to the THI more accurately assess animal discomfort. ©2006 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 VL - 84 IS - 3 SP - 712 EP - 719 J2 - J. Anim. Sci. LA - English SN - 00218812 (ISSN) DB - Scopus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of heat stress on meat quality and strategies for amelioration: a review AU - Zhang, Minghao AU - Dunshea, Frank R. AU - Warner, Robyn D. AU - DiGiacomo, Kristy AU - Osei-Amponsah, R. AU - Chauhan, Surinder S. T2 - International Journal of Biometeorology AB - During the summer, high ambient temperature and humidity cause economic loss to the global livestock industry via reduced livestock productivity and increased mortality. The problem of heat stress (HS) is likely to be exacerbated by global warming and climate change. Recent research has shown that HS not only leads to physiological and metabolic perturbations in live animals but can also affect carcass and meat quality characteristics plausibly by altering the rate and extent of postmortem muscle glycolysis and resultant pH. However, these impacts of HS are not consistent across species. Higher incidence of pale soft and exudative (PSE) meat has been reported in poultry. On the contrary, higher incidence of high ultimate pH and dark firm and dry (DFD) meat or no impacts of HS have been reported in sheep and cattle. With the limited data on HS impacts on meat quality of ruminants, it is difficult to explain the exact mechanisms driving these variable impacts. However, it is hypothesized that the severity and duration of HS may lead to variable impacts due to lack of opportunity to adapdate to acute heat exposure. Longer HS exposure may allow ruminants to adapdate to heat and may not record any negative impacts on meat quality. This paper reviews the recent research on impacts of HS on meat quality characteristics and identify the key areas of further research required to better understand these negative impacts to develop strategies for amelioration. In addition, some mitigation strategies of HS have also been discussed which include both managemental and nutritional interventions. DA - 2020/05/06/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s00484-020-01929-6 SN - 1432-1254 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01929-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of global warming on confined livestock systems for growing-fattening pigs: simulation of heat stress for 1981 to 2017 in Central Europe AU - Mikovits, Christian AU - Zollitsch, Werner AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan AU - Baumgartner, Johannes AU - Niebuhr, Knut AU - Piringer, Martin AU - Anders, Ivonne AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Hennig-Pauka, Isabel AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schauberger, Günther T2 - International Journal of Biometeorology DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s00484-018-01655-0 VL - 63 IS - 2 SP - 221 EP - 230 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in Europe AU - Skjøth, C. A. AU - Geels, C. T2 - Atmos. Chem. Phys. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.5194/acp-13-117-2013 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 117 EP - 128 SN - 1680-7324 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of global warming on the odour and ammonia emissions of livestock buildings used for fattening pigs AU - Schauberger, Günther AU - Piringer, Martin AU - Mikovits, Christian AU - Zollitsch, Werner AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan J. AU - Baumgartner, Johannes AU - Niebuhr, Knut AU - Anders, Ivonne AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Hennig-Pauka, Isabel AU - Schönhart, Martin T2 - Biosystems Engineering AB - Ammonia and odour are the most relevant pollutants emitted from livestock buildings used for monogastric animal production. Whereas odour can cause annoyance in the close vicinity of the source, emission of ammonia is a precursor for the formation of particulate matter and acidification on a regional scale. Because of clean air regulation in Europe, total ammonia emissions reduced by 23% between 1990 and 2015 whilst, over the same period, anthropogenic warming became more and more evident. By a simulation of the indoor climate of a confined livestock building with a mechanical ventilation for 1800 fattening pigs, the modification of the odour and ammonia emission was calculated for the period between 1981 and 2017. For ammonia emission, a relative increase of 0.16% per year was determined. But following the clean air endeavour between 1990 and 2015 emissions over that period were reduced by 23%. The global warming signal counteracting this reduction in the range of 4% during over this period, which means that the overall reduction for the ammonia emission was only 19%. For Austria with a global warming increase of 1% from 1990 to 2015, this gives an increase in emissions of 5% instead. Odour emissions also increased by about 0.16% per year. The relative increase of the separation distances for the four cardinal directions was about 0.06% per year, the related increase for the separation area was 0.13% per year. This case study on the fattening pigs shows that the global warming signal has a negligible impact on separation distances. DA - 2018/11/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.09.001 VL - 175 SP - 106 EP - 114 J2 - Biosystems Engineering SN - 1537-5110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition AU - Sutton, Mark A. AU - Reis, Stefan AU - Riddick, Stuart N. AU - Dragosits, Ulrike AU - Nemitz, Eiko AU - Theobald, Mark R. AU - Tang, Y. Sim AU - Braban, Christine F. AU - Vieno, Massimo AU - Dore, Anthony J. AU - Mitchell, Robert F. AU - Wanless, Sarah AU - Daunt, Francis AU - Fowler, David AU - Blackall, Trevor D. AU - Milford, Celia AU - Flechard, Chris R. AU - Loubet, Benjamin AU - Massad, Raia AU - Cellier, Pierre AU - Personne, Erwan AU - Coheur, Pierre F. AU - Clarisse, Lieven AU - Van Damme, Martin AU - Ngadi, Yasmine AU - Clerbaux, Cathy AU - Skjøth, Carsten Ambelas AU - Geels, Camilla AU - Hertel, Ole AU - Wichink Kruit, Roy J. AU - Pinder, Robert W. AU - Bash, Jesse O. AU - Walker, John T. AU - Simpson, David AU - Horváth, László AU - Misselbrook, Tom H. AU - Bleeker, Albert AU - Dentener, Frank AU - de Vries, Wim T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DA - 2013/07/05/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1098/rstb.2013.0166 VL - 368 IS - 1621 SP - 20130166 J2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences N1 -publisher: Royal Society
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Premises and Policies AU - Garnett, T. AU - Appleby, M. C. AU - Balmford, A. AU - Bateman, I. J. AU - Benton, T. G. AU - Bloomer, P. AU - Burlingame, B. AU - Dawkins, M. AU - Dolan, L. AU - Fraser, D. AU - Herrero, M. AU - Hoffmann, I. AU - Smith, P. AU - Thornton, P. K. AU - Toulmin, C. AU - Vermeulen, S. J. AU - Godfray, H. C. J. T2 - Science DA - 2013/07/05/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1126/science.1234485 VL - 341 IS - 6141 SP - 33 J2 - Science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Livestock intensification as a climate policy: Lessons from the Brazilian case AU - Silva, Jonathan AU - Ruviaro, Clandio AU - de Souza Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento T2 - Land Use Policy DA - 2017/03/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.12.025 VL - 62 SP - 232 EP - 245 J2 - Land Use Policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of extensification of European agriculture for a more sustainable food system, focusing on nitrogen AU - Van Grinsven, H. J. M. AU - Erisman, J. W. AU - De Vries, W. AU - Westhoek, H. T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Most global strategies for future food security focus on sustainable intensification of production of food and involve increased use of nitrogen fertilizer and manure. The external costs of current high nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union, are 0.3-1.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008. We explore the potential of sustainable extensification for agriculture in the EU and The Netherlands by analysing cases and scenario studies focusing on reducing N inputs and livestock densities. Benefits of extensification are higher local biodiversity and less environmental pollution and therefore less external costs for society. Extensification also has risks such as a reduction of yields and therewith a decrease of the GDP and farm income and a smaller contribution to the global food production, and potentially an i0ncrease of global demand for land. We demonstrate favourable examples of extensification. Reducing the N fertilization rate for winter wheat in Northwest Europe to 25-30% below current N recommendations accounts for the external N cost, but requires action to compensate for a reduction in crop yield by 10-20%. Dutch dairy and pig farmers changing to less intensive production maintain or even improve farm income by price premiums on their products, and/or by savings on external inputs. A scenario reducing the Dutch pig and poultry sector by 50%, the dairy sector by 20% and synthetic N fertilizer use by 40% lowers annual N pollution costs by 0.2-2.2 billion euro (40%). This benefit compensates for the loss of GDP in the primary sector but not in the supply and processing chain. A 2030 scenario for the EU27 reducing consumption and production of animal products by 50% (demitarean diet) reduces N pollution by 10% and benefits human health. This diet allows the EU27 to become a food exporter, while reducing land demand outside Europe in 2030 by more than 100 million hectares (2%), which more than compensates increased land demand when changing to organic farming. We conclude that in Europe extensification of agriculture is sustainable when combined with adjusted diets and externalization of environmental costs to food prices. © 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/025002 VL - 10 IS - 2 J2 - Environ.Res.Lett. LA - English SN - 17489318 (ISSN) UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923796765&doi=10.1088%2f1748-9326%2f10%2f2%2f025002&partnerID=40&md5=e28fdb29a4f89725c82a62efcffaa0d6 DB - Scopus N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Prospects for sustainability of pig production in relation to climate change and novel feed resources AU - Rauw, W. M. AU - Rydhmer, L. AU - Kyriazakis, I. AU - Øverland, M. AU - Gilbert, H. AU - Dekkers, J. C. M. AU - Hermesch, S. AU - Bouquet, A. AU - Gómez Izquierdo, E. AU - Louveau, I. AU - Gomez-Raya, L. T2 - Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture AB - Pig production systems provide multiple benefits to humans. However, the global increase in meat consumption has profound consequences for our earth. This perspective describes two alternative scenarios for improving the sustainability of future pig production systems. The first scenario is a high input–high output system based on sustainable intensification, maximizing animal protein production efficiency on a limited land surface at the same time as minimizing environmental impacts. The second scenario is a reduced input–reduced output system based on selecting animals that are more robust to climate change and are better adapted to transform low quality feed (local feeds, feedstuff co-products, food waste) into meat. However, in contrast to the first scenario, the latter scenario results in reduced predicted yields, reduced production efficiency and possibly increased costs to the consumer. National evaluation of the availability of local feed and feedstuff co-product alternatives, determination of limits to feed sourced from international markets, available land for crop and livestock production, desired production levels, and a willingness to politically enforce policies through subsidies and/or penalties are some of the considerations to combine these two scenarios. Given future novel sustainable alternatives to livestock animal protein, it may become reasonable to move towards an added general premium price on ‘protein from livestock animals’ to the benefit of promoting higher incomes to farmers at the same time as covering the extra costs of, politically enforced, welfare of livestock animals in sustainable production systems. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/jsfa.10338 J2 - J. Sci. Food Agric. LA - English SN - 00225142 (ISSN) UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082622232&doi=10.1002%2fjsfa.10338&partnerID=40&md5=e72b2bd63620640d327d06e8e1c6b419 DB - Scopus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scenario-based environmental assessment of farming systems: the case of pig production in France AU - Basset-Mens, Claudine AU - van der Werf, Hayo M.G. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Current intensive pig production is often associated with environmental burdens. However, very few studies deal with the environmental performance of both current and alternative systems of pig production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the environmental impacts of three contrasting pig production systems using the life cycle assessment method and to identify hot spots for each system. The scenarios compared were conventional good agricultural practice (GAP) according to French production rules, a French quality label scenario called red label (RL) and a French organic scenario called organic agriculture (OA). For each of the three scenarios a “favourable” and an “unfavourable” variant was defined; these variants were used as indicators of uncertainty with respect to key parameters for technical performance and emissions of pollutants. The environmental categories assessed were: eutrophication, climate change, acidification, terrestrial toxicity, energy use, land use and pesticide use. Two functional units (FU) were used to express impacts: 1kg of pig produced and 1ha of land surface used. The scenarios were examined with particular emphasis on their contribution to eutrophication and acidification. Given this perspective, the RL scenario can be an interesting alternative to GAP on the condition that its emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced. The results for OA were very dependent on the choice of the FU. Per kg of pig, eutrophication and acidification were similar for OA and GAP, while OA had less eutrophication and acidification than GAP when expressed per ha. For the three scenarios, environmental hot spots and important margins of improvement were identified. Finally, the uncertainty analysis indicated that efforts should be made to produce more reliable estimations of emission factors for NO3, NH3 and N2O in the field. DA - 2005/01/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2004.05.007 VL - 105 IS - 1 SP - 127 EP - 144 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments AU - de Vries, M. AU - de Boer, I. J. M. T2 - Livestock Science AB - Livestock production has a major impact on the environment. Choosing a more environmentally-friendly livestock product in a diet can mitigate environmental impact. The objective of this research was to compare assessments of the environmental impact of livestock products. Twenty-five peer-reviewed studies were found that assessed the impact of production of pork, chicken, beef, milk, and eggs using life cycle analysis (LCA). Only 16 of these studies were reviewed, based on five criteria: study from an OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) country, non-organic production, type of LCA methodology, allocation method used, and definition of system boundary. LCA results of these 16 studies were expressed in three ways: per kg product, per kg protein, and per kg of average daily intake of each product for an OECD country. The review yielded a consistent ranging of results for use of land and energy, and for climate change. No clear pattern was found, however, for eutrophication and acidification. Production of 1 kg of beef used most land and energy, and had highest global warming potential (GWP), followed by production of 1 kg of pork, chicken, eggs, and milk. Differences in environmental impact among pork, chicken, and beef can be explained mainly by 3 factors: differences in feed efficiency, differences in enteric CH4 emission between monogastric animals and ruminants, and differences in reproduction rates. The impact of production of 1 kg of meat (pork, chicken, beef) was high compared with production of 1 kg of milk and eggs because of the relatively high water content of milk and eggs. Production of 1 kg of beef protein also had the highest impact, followed by pork protein, whereas chicken protein had the lowest impact. This result also explained why consumption of beef was responsible for the largest part of the land use and GWP in an average OECD diet. This review did not show consistent differences in environmental impact per kg protein in milk, pork, chicken and eggs. Only one study compared environmental impact of meat versus milk and eggs. Conclusions regarding impact of pork or chicken versus impact of milk or eggs require additional comparative studies and further harmonization of LCA methodology. Interpretation of current LCA results for livestock products, moreover, is hindered because results do not include environmental consequences of competition for land between humans and animals, and consequences of land-use changes. We recommend, therefore, to include these consequences in future LCAs of livestock products. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007 VL - 128 IS - 1-3 SP - 1 EP - 11 J2 - Livest. Sci. LA - English SN - 18711413 (ISSN) DB - Scopus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating environmental impacts of contrasting pig farming systems with life cycle assessment AU - Dourmad, J.Y. AU - Ryschawy, J. AU - Trousson, T. AU - Bonneau, M. AU - Gonzàlez, J. AU - Houwers, H.W.J. AU - Hviid, M. AU - Zimmer, C. AU - Nguyen, T.L.T. AU - Morgensen, L. T2 - Animal AB - Environmental impacts of 15 European pig farming systems were evaluated in the European Union Q-PorkChains project using life cycle assessment. One conventional and two non-conventional systems were evaluated from each of the five countries: Denmark, The Netherlands, Spain, France and Germany. The data needed for calculations were obtained from surveys of 5 to 10 farms from each system. The systems studied were categorised into conventional (C), adapted conventional (AC), traditional (T) and organic (O). Compared with C systems, AC systems differed little, with only minor changes to improve meat quality, animal welfare or environmental impacts, depending on the system. The difference was much larger for T systems, using very fat, slow-growing traditional breeds and generally outdoor raising of fattening pigs. Environmental impacts were calculated at the farm gate and expressed per kg of pig live weight and per ha of land used. For C systems, impacts per kg LW for climate change, acidification, eutrophication, energy use and land occupation were 2.3 kg CO2-eq, 44.0 g SO2-eq, 18.5 g PO4-eq, 16.2 MJ and 4.1 m2, respectively. Compared with C, differences in corresponding mean values were +13%, +5%, 0%, +2% and +16% higher for AC; +54%, +79%, +23%, +50% and +156% for T, and +4%, −16%, +29%, +11% and +121% for O. Conversely, when expressed per ha of land use, mean impacts were 10% to 60% lower for T and O systems, depending on the impact category. This was mainly because of higher land occupation per kg of pig produced, owing to feed production and the outdoor raising of sows and/or fattening pigs. The use of straw bedding tended to increase climate change impact per kg LW. The use of traditional local breeds, with reduced productivity and feed efficiency, resulted in higher impacts per kg LW for all impact categories. T systems with extensive outdoor raising of pigs resulted in markedly lower impact per ha of land used. Eutrophication potential per ha was substantially lower for O systems. Conventional systems had lower global impacts (global warming, energy use, land use), expressed per kg LW, whereas differentiated systems had lower local impacts (eutrophication, acidification), expressed per ha of land use. DA - 2014/01/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1017/S1751731114002134 VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 2027 EP - 2037 J2 - Animal SN - 1751-7311 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing intensive, extensified and organic grassland farming in southern Germany by process life cycle assessment AU - Haas, Guido AU - Wetterich, Frank AU - Köpke, Ulrich T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - To reduce the environmental burden of agriculture, suitable methods to comprehend and assess the impact on natural resources are needed. One of the methods considered is the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, which was used to assess the environmental impacts of 18 grassland farms in three different farming intensities — intensive, extensified, and organic — in the Allgäu region in southern Germany. Extensified and organic compared with intensive farms could reduce negative effects in the abiotic impact categories of energy use, global warming potential (GWP) and ground water mainly by renouncing mineral nitrogen fertilizer. Energy consumption of intensive farms was 19.1GJha−1 and 2.7GJt−1 milk, of extensified and organic farms 8.7 and 5.9GJha−1 along with 1.3 and 1.2GJt−1 milk, respectively. Global warming potential was 9.4, 7.0 and 6.3 CO2-equivalentsha−1 and 1.3, 1.0 and 1.3 CO2-equivalentst−1 milk for the intensive, extensified and organic farms, respectively. Acidification calculated in SO2-equivalents was high, but the extensified (119kg SO2ha−1) and the organic farms (107kg SO2ha−1) emit a lower amount compared with the intensive farms (136kg SO2ha−1). Eutrophication potential computed in PO4-equivalents was higher for intensive (54.2kg PO4ha−1) compared with extensified (31.2kg PO4ha−1) and organic farms (13.5kg PO4ha−1). Farmgate balances for N (80.1, 31.4 and 31.1kgha−1) and P (5.3, 4.5 and −2.3kgha−1) for intensive, extensified and organic farms, respectively, indicate the different impacts on ground and surface water quality. Analysing the impact categories biodiversity, landscape image and animal husbandry, organic farms had clear advantages in the indicators number of grassland species, grazing cattle, layout of farmstead and herd management, but indices in these categories showed a wide range and are partly independent of the farming system. DA - 2001/01/01/ PY - 2001 DO - 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00160-2 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 53 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of Three Husbandry Systems on Environmental Impact of Organic Pigs AU - Rudolph, Gwendolyn AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan AU - Bochicchio, Davide AU - Butler, Gillian AU - Brandhofer, Roland AU - Dippel, Sabine AU - Dourmad, Jean AU - Edwards, Sandra AU - Früh, Barbara AU - Meier, Matthias AU - Prunier, Armelle AU - Winckler, Christoph AU - Zollitsch, Werner AU - Leeb, Christine T2 - Sustainability AB - This study examined the environmental impact of the three common organic pig husbandry systems, indoor (n = 24), partly outdoor (n = 30), and outdoor (n = 10), in eight European countries. Global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP) was assessed per 1000 kg pig live weight on 64 farrow-to-finish pig production chains (cradle to farm gate). GWP, AP, and EP varied greatly, and the most important source was feed production, followed by housing. GWP did not differ between systems (p = 0.934), but AP in indoor systems and EP in outdoor systems were higher than in partly outdoor systems (p = 0.006 and p = 0.010, respectively). The higher AP in indoor systems can mainly be explained by NH3 arising from manure spreading, while PO4-eq arising from feed consumption and emissions on pasture accounted for the higher EP in outdoor systems. Associations of farm characteristics with (reduced) environmental impacts were mainly found for AP and EP, and included: (Increasing) farm size, numbers of piglets born and weaned per litter, (bought-in) mineral feed, and high-protein by-products, the latter probably connected to beneficial effects of appropriate dietary digestible lysine levels and feed conversion ratio. Increasing carcass weights and dietary cereal proportions were associated with higher environmental impacts. Overall, variation was mostly higher within than between systems, and measures to mitigate environmental impact were identified. DA - 2018/10/20/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/su10103796 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 10 IS - 10 SP - 3796 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The net contribution of dairy production to human food supply: The case of Austrian dairy farms AU - Ertl, Paul AU - Klocker, Hannes AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan AU - Knaus, Wilhelm AU - Zollitsch, Werner T2 - Agricultural Systems AB - Due to their ability to convert human-inedible fibrous plant materials into high quality animal products, ruminants have always played an important role as net food producers. However, to meet the animals' nutritional requirements, today's rations for high yielding dairy cows also contain substantial amounts of potentially human-edible feeds (e.g. cereals and pulses), which increases competition between animal feed and human food availability. The aim of the present study was therefore to calculate the human-edible feed conversion efficiency (heFCE) for 30 Austrian dairy farms operating under different production systems in order to evaluate their contribution to net food production. The heFCE was calculated at farm gate level on a gross energy and crude protein basis, and was defined as potentially human-edible output in the form of animal products (milk and meat) divided by the input of potentially human-edible feedstuffs. The potentially human-edible fraction of all feedstuffs used on the 30 farms was estimated based on available literature using a “low,” “medium,” and “high” scenario, representing low, average, and above average extraction rates of human-edible nutrients from feedstuffs, respectively. The human-edible fraction ranged from 0% for some fibrous feedstuffs up to 100% for some cereals in the high scenario. For the “medium” scenario, heFCE ranged from 0.50 up to 2.95 for energy and from 0.47 up to 2.15 for protein. About half of the analysed farms showed a heFCE below 1, indicating a net loss in food supply. For both energy and protein, heFCE was negatively correlated with the amount of concentrates per kg milk and the total amount of concentrates per cow and year. In addition, we found a positive correlation between heFCE and the area of grassland utilized per ton of milk, as well as a negative correlation between heFCE and the area of arable land required per ton of milk. Therefore, feeding large amounts of concentrates to dairy cows has to be questioned in terms of the heFCE. The results of this study clearly show that grass-based dairy production highly contributes to net food production, particularly if the amount of concentrates per kg milk is reduced. DA - 2015/07/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.04.004 VL - 137 SP - 119 EP - 125 J2 - Agricultural Systems SN - 0308-521X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Re-defining efficiency of feed use by livestock AU - Wilkinson, J. M. T2 - Animal AB - Livestock, particularly ruminants, can eat a wider range of biomass than humans. In the drive for greater efficiency, intensive systems of livestock production have evolved to compete with humans for high-energy crops such as cereals. Feeds consumed by livestock were analysed in terms of the quantities used and efficiency of conversion of grassland, human-edible (edible) crops and crop by-products into milk, meat and eggs, using the United Kingdom as an example of a developed livestock industry. Some 42 million tonnes of forage dry matter were consumed from 2008 to 2009 by the UK ruminant livestock population of which 0.7 was grazed pasture and 0.3 million tonnes was conserved forage. In addition, almost 13 million tonnes of raw material concentrate feeds were used in the UK animal feed industry from 2008 to 2009 of which cereal grains comprised 5.3 and soyabean meal 1.9 million tonnes. The proportion of edible feed in typical UK concentrate formulations ranged from 0.36 for milk production to 0.75 for poultry meat production. Example systems of livestock production were used to calculate feed conversion ratios (FCR - feed input per unit of fresh product). FCR for concentrate feeds was lowest for milk at 0.27 and for the meat systems ranged from 2.3 for poultry meat to 8.8 for cereal beef. Differences in FCR between systems of meat production were smaller when efficiency was calculated on an edible input/output basis, where spring-calving/grass finishing upland suckler beef and lowland lamb production were more efficient than pig and poultry meat production. With the exception of milk and upland suckler beef, FCR for edible feed protein into edible animal protein were >1.0. Edible protein/animal protein FCR of 1.0 may be possible by replacing cereal grain and soyabean meal with cereal by-products in concentrate formulations. It is concluded that by accounting for the proportions of human-edible and inedible feeds used in typical livestock production systems, a more realistic estimate of efficiency can be made for comparisons between systems. © 2011 The Animal Consortium. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1017/S175173111100005X VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - 1014 EP - 1022 J2 - Animal LA - English SN - 17517311 (ISSN) DB - Scopus N1 -number: 7
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The environmental impact of climate change adaptation on land use and water quality AU - Fezzi, Carlo AU - Harwood, Amii R. AU - Lovett, Andrew A. AU - Bateman, Ian J. T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Policies designed to encourage adaptation to climate change may conflict with regulation aimed at protecting environmental quality. This paper analyses the trade-offs between two fundamental ecosystem services that will be impacted by climate change: provisioning services derived from agriculture and regulating services in the form of freshwater quality. DA - 2015/03// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2525 DP - www.nature.com VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 255 EP - 260 LA - en SN - 1758-6798 N1 -number: 3
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Climate Change-Induced Temperature Increase on Performance and Environmental Impact of Intensive Pig Production Systems AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan J. AU - Schauberger, Günther AU - Mikovits, Christian AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Baumgartner, Johannes AU - Niebuhr, Knut AU - Piringer, Martin AU - Anders, Ivonne AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Hennig-Pauka, Isabel AU - Zollitsch, Werner T2 - Sustainability AB - This study examined climate change impacts (CCI) on productivity of pig production systems, their resource use, environmental impacts and the relevance of potential adaptation options. The impact of increasing temperature and temperature-humidity index (THI) on performance of pigs in confined housing systems was analysed by a meta-analysis. Using climate data for an Austrian site for the period 1981 to 2010, different scenarios (cold year, warm year, hot year, worst case scenario) were modelled and compared. Although significant differences between thermoneutral and heat stress conditions were detected for the analysed traits of growing and finishing pigs, overall performance, resource use (cumulative energy demand) and environmental impacts (global warming, acidification and eutrophication potential) per kg of live mass for finished pigs and reared piglets did not significantly differ between most scenarios. Elements of pig production systems resilient to CCI, which were not considered under performance and environmental impacts (LCA), were addressed in a system analysis that was based on literature and expert knowledge. The most important detected system elements are plants and animals with an appropriate genetic potential, securing the access to inexpensive feed, including land for feed production, securing water supply and the implementation of health plans and measures against diseases associated with CCI. DA - 2020/11/13/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/su12229442 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 22 SP - 9442 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 N1 -number: 22
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelled performance of energy saving air treatment devices to mitigate heat stress for confined livestock buildings in Central Europe AU - Vitt, Ronja AU - Weber, Lutz AU - Zollitsch, Werner AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan J. AU - Baumgartner, Johannes AU - Niebuhr, Knut AU - Piringer, Martin AU - Anders, Ivonne AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Hennig-Pauka, Isabel AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schauberger, Günther T2 - Biosystems Engineering AB - Intensive pig and poultry production are predominantly performed in confined livestock buildings which are equipped with mechanical ventilation systems. The frequency of heat stress will increase due to climate change. Heat stress events are accompanied by performance depressions (e.g. daily weight gain, egg production, mortality, feed conversion rate). Consequently, appropriate air treatment devices can become necessary to optimise the indoor climate of confined livestock buildings because of a high inlet air temperature. In this study, we analysed the effects of three energy saving air treatment devices: (1) earth-air heat exchanger, (2) direct evaporative cooling by cooling pads, and (3) indirect evaporative cooling systems which combine evaporative cooling (e.g. by cooling pads) with a subsequent heat recovery system. All systems are compared to a reference ventilation system without air treatment, which is today's typical housing system. The results show that the earth-air heat exchanger (1) is the most efficient air treatment device. It eliminates heat stress and can also be used during wintertime to increase the inlet air temperature. The two adiabatic cooling systems (2) and (3) can reduce heat stress by about 90%. Cooling pads can lead to a high relative humidity of the inlet air between 75% and 100%, which can cause problems inside the livestock buildings, e.g. increasing the moisture content of the bedding material. The indirect cooling device can avoid this disadvantage at the expense of a reduced temperature reduction of the inlet air temperature and higher investment costs. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.013 VL - 164 SP - 85 EP - 97 J2 - Biosystems Engineering SN - 1537-5110 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global warming impact on confined livestock in buildings: efficacy of adaptation measures to reduce heat stress for growing-fattening pigs AU - Schauberger, Günther AU - Mikovits, Christian AU - Zollitsch, Werner AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan J. AU - Baumgartner, Johannes AU - Niebuhr, Knut AU - Piringer, Martin AU - Knauder, Werner AU - Anders, Ivonne AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Hennig-Pauka, Isabel AU - Schönhart, Martin T2 - Climatic Change AB - Pigs and poultry are raised predominantly at high stocking densities in confined, insulated livestock buildings with mechanical ventilation systems. These systems are quite sensitive to heat stress, which has increased in recent decades from anthropogenic warming. A dataset of hourly meteorological data from 1981 to 2017 was used to drive a steady-state balance model for sensible and latent heat that simulates the indoor climate of a conventional reference system, and this model was used to predict the effect of global warming on growing-fattening pigs housed in such livestock confinement buildings. Seven adaptation measures were selected to investigate the effect on the indoor climate; these measures included three energy-saving air preparation systems, a doubling of the maximum ventilation rate, a reduction in the stocking density, and a shift in the feeding and resting time patterns. The impact of heat stress on animals was calculated with the following three heat stress metrics: a threshold of the indoor temperature, the temperature-humidity index, and a body mass–adapted temperature. The seven adaptation measures were quantified by a reduction in factors of the heat stress parameters. The highest reduction of heat stress in comparison with the conventional reference system was achieved by the three air preparation systems in the range of 54 to 92% for adiabatic systems and 65 to 100% for an earth-air heat exchanger, followed by an increase in the ventilation rate and the time shift. The reduction in the stocking density showed the lowest improvement. In addition to the reduction in the heat stress, a temporal trend over three decades was also used to quantify the resilience of pig confinement systems. The efficacy of some of the adaptation measures is great enough to mitigate the increase of heat stress that occurs due to global warming. DA - 2019/10/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10584-019-02525-3 VL - 156 IS - 4 SP - 567 EP - 587 J2 - Climatic Change SN - 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chemical coupling between ammonia, acid gases, and fine particles AU - Baek, Bok Haeng AU - Aneja, Viney P AU - Tong, Quansong T2 - Environmental Pollution DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 89 EP - 98 SN - 0269-7491 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Österreichischer Special Report Gesundheit, Demographie und Klimawandel (ASR18) – Supplement AU - Haas, Moshammer, H., Muttarak, R., Balas, M., Ekmekcioglu, C., Formayer, H., Kromp-Kolb, H., Matulla, C., Nowak, P., Schmid, D.,, W. AU - Striessnig, Weisz, U., Allerberger, F., Auer, I., Bachner, F., Baumann-Stanzer, K., Bobek, J., Fent, T., Frankovic, I., Gepp, C., Groß, R., Haas, S., Hammerl,, E. AU - C., A., Hirtl, M., Hoffmann, R., Koland, O., Offenthaler, I., Piringer, M., Ressl, H., Richter, L., Scheifinger, H., Schlatzer, M., Schlögl, M., Schulz, K.,, Hanika AU - Schöner, Simic, S., Wallner, P., Widhalm, T., Lemmerer, K., W. CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-7001-8464-5 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Framework Code for Good Agricultural Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions AU - UNECE, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 PB - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UR - http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=41358 Y2 - 2020/04/21/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A model of ammonia volatilization from a grazing livestock farm AU - Hutchings, N.J. AU - Sommer, S.G. AU - Jarvis, S.C. T2 - Atmospheric Environment AB - A dynamic model was developed to predict the ammonia volatilization from grazing livestock farms and to allow potential control measures to be evaluated. The relationships within the model were based on the underlying physical and chemical processes but empirically based factors were used to reduce the demand for input data and where the understanding of the underlying processes was inadequate. On a daily basis, the model simulates the partitioning of dietary nitrogen into dung and urine and its subsequent fate within the pasture or the slurry handling system. The fate of dry matter and water added in dung, urine and from other sources is also predicted. The model illustrates the indirect interactions between ammonia sources, highlights the influence of slurry management on ammonia losses, stresses the need for integrated, whole farm measurements and demonstrates that assessments of the impact of control measures may be misleading unless considered at the scale of the whole farm. DA - 1996/02/01/ PY - 1996 DO - 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00315-0 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 589 EP - 599 J2 - Atmospheric Environment SN - 1352-2310 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanistic Models of Ammonia Release from Liquid Manure: a Review AU - Ni, Jiqin T2 - Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research AB - Mechanistic models of ammonia (NH3) release from liquid manure in 30 available publications are reviewed. They include models of NH3release in animal houses, from slurry applied fields, from constructed manure stores, from an anaerobic lagoon and from flooded rice and soil systems. The models are decomposed and their general structure is synthesized as a core model combined with some submodels. The theoretical bases of the models are compared. The general model structure, core model and different submodels are discussed. The core model is a model of convective mass transfer. Determination of the convective mass transfer coefficient is essential for modelling NH3release. This coefficient ranges from 11·7×10−3to 1·3×10−6m/s as investigated in laboratory and field experiments. It usually suffices to express it as a function of air velocity at the manure surface and air or manure temperature. Determination of the gaseous NH3concentration at the manure surface is also essential. This concentration can be calculated using some submodels, which may include Henry's constant, dissociation constant, pH change coefficient, manure production by animals, NH3generation in manure and NH3diffusion in manure. The Henry's constant found in the reviewed reports has nine different definitions and units. It is in a state of confusion and a standard Henry's constant is needed. For NH3in animal manure, the dissociation constant ranged from one-sixth to one-fifth of that for NH3in water. The pH change coefficient describes a dynamic change of pH in the surface manure as influenced by the releases of carbon dioxide (CO2) and NH3. The manure production submodel is still insufficiently developed. The submodel of NH3generation in manure is usually neglected. The submodel of NH3diffusion in manure is based on Fick's law of diffusion. DA - 1999/01/01/ PY - 1999 DO - 10.1006/jaer.1998.0342 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 J2 - Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research SN - 0021-8634 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Empirical model of odor emission from deep-pit swine finishing barns to derive a standardized odor emission factor AU - Schauberger, Günther AU - Lim, Teng-Teeh AU - Ni, Ji-Qin AU - Bundy, Dwaine S. AU - Haymore, Barry L. AU - Diehl, Claude A. AU - Duggirala, Ravi K. AU - Heber, Albert J. T2 - Agriculture and Air Quality: Emission Measurement and Modeling AB - Odor emission from swine housing is influenced by the herd characteristics and building environment. The following three specific factors were identified as inputs to a swine house odor emission model: indoor temperature, barn ventilation rate, and pig activity. Model input parameters were determined based on tests of four, identical, 1000-head, mechanically-ventilated swine finishing houses. Each building had two sidewall curtains, a curtain on the west end wall, five exhaust fans on the east end wall, four pit ventilation fans, and long-term manure storage beneath a fully slatted floor. Odor concentrations of 112 odor samples were determined using dynamic forced-choice olfactometry with four to six trained panelists. The emission model showed that the standard live mass specific odor emission factor was 48 OU s−1 per 500 kg live mass or animal unit (AU), and it corresponded to an indoor temperature of T0 = 20 °C, a ventilation rate of V0 = 200 m3 h−1 (55.6 × 10−3 m3 s−1) per pig (maximum capacity for summer time), and the daily mean animal activity. The rate of odor emission from a swine finishing house can be calculated based on these parameters coupled with the number of animals, the mean live mass, and the standard live mass specific odor emission factor. Using this process-based odor emission model, the odor emission estimation and therefore the input for odor dispersion models can be improved to obtain more reliable estimates of separation distance for siting future pig farms. DA - 2013/02/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.046 VL - 66 SP - 84 EP - 90 J2 - Atmospheric Environment SN - 1352-2310 ER - TY - CONF TI - Ammoniakemissionen in der Landwirtschaft. Minderungsziele und -potenziale. AU - Wulf, S AU - Rösemann, C AU - Eurich-Menden, B AU - Grimm, E T2 - Aktuelle Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Tierhaltung C1 - Hannover C3 - proceedings of the Meeting Aktuelle Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Tierhaltung, Hannover DA - 2017/05/30/ PY - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cooling growing/finishing pigs with showers in the slatted area: Effect on animal occupation area, pen fouling and ammonia emission AU - Jeppsson, Knut-Håkan AU - Olsson, Anne-Charlotte AU - Nasirahmadi, Abozar T2 - Livestock Science AB - Growing and finishing pigs kept in insulated buildings are often exposed to high ambient temperature during summer. In high-temperature conditions, pigs in partly slatted pens change their behaviour to increase lying on the slatted area and fouling on the solid floor area, resulting in increased ammonia emissions. One way to cool the animals is to shower/sprinkle water in the slatted area, allowing pigs to wet their skin to increase heat loss. This study examined the effects of providing showers on pig activity and occupation area in pens, pen fouling and ammonia emission from the room. The investigation was performed in a commercial growing-finishing house with 10 identical rooms, each containing 16 pens for 9–13 pigs growing from 25–30 kg to 115–120 kg. Pigs were introduced into two parallel rooms in the house. During two summers and four batches, one room with showers in the slatted area and one room without per batch were compared in terms of concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3), pig activity and occupation area in the pen, pen fouling and NH3 emissions, recorded on four measuring occasions (M1–M4) during the growing period. Gas concentrations were measured using a photoacoustic analyser, pig activity and occupation area detected by machine vision techniques and pen fouling was visually investigated. Climate parameters (air temperature and relative humidity) were logged continuously during the entire growing period. Ammonia emission was calculated from ventilation rate (determined by the indirect CO2 tracer gas method) and the difference in ammonia concentration between outlet and inlet air. The results showed that the pigs spent less time lying on the slats (p < 0.05) and the solid floor was cleaner (p < 0.05) on measuring occasions M2, M3 and M4 in rooms with showers than in control rooms. Mean NH3 emission for the four measurement occasions were 3.0–5.1 g pig−1 day−1 and 4.2–10.0 g pig−1 day−1 for the shower and control rooms, respectively. The differences were significant (p < 0.05) for all measuring occasions. The results also show improved animal environment when using showers to cool pigs at high ambient temperatures. Overall, providing showers in the slatted area in partly slatted pens encouraged growing/finishing pigs to lie in the lying area, reduced problems with pen fouling and decreased NH3 emissions by 45%. The latter could be partly due to reduced pen fouling and partly to dilution of urine on the slatted area and on the surface of slurry in the pit. DA - 2021/01/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104377 VL - 243 SP - 104377 J2 - Livestock Science SN - 1871-1413 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Scrubber Capabilities to Remove Airborne Microorganisms and Other Aerial Pollutants from the Exhaust Air of Animal Houses AU - Aarnink, A. J. A. AU - Landman, W. J. M. AU - Melse, Roland W. AU - Zhao, Y. AU - Ploegaert, J. P. M. AU - Huynh, T. T. T. T2 - Transactions of the ASABE AB - Two studies were conducted to assess the efficiency of air scrubbers to reduce airborne microorganisms in the exhaust air from animal houses. First, in a field study, the effects of a bio-scrubber and an acid scrubber on total bacterial counts were assessed. Higher bacterial counts were found in the outlet air compared to the inlet air of a bio-scrubber (increase from 6.1 × 104 to 2.4 × 105 CFU m-3), while an acid scrubber with sulfuric acid reduced bacterial emissions from 2.7 × 105 to 8.4 × 104 CFU m-3. Second, in a laboratory study, the effects of three disinfectants, added to the circulating water of an experimental air scrubber, on reductions of bacteria and virus were tested and compared with the effect of using only water. The air to the scrubber was extracted from four isolators each harboring seven roosters. Enterococcus faecalis and Gumboro vaccine virus were aerosolized in the air of one of the isolators. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.6%), peracetic acid (CH3CO3H; a solution of 0.13% acetic acid, 0.6% peroxide, and 0.13% peracetic acid), or ozone (O3; 0.015%) were used as disinfectants. Peracetic acid was the only disinfectant that reduced bacteria and virus concentrations to below the sampler detection limits. We conclude that an acid scrubber with sulfuric acid is very useful at reducing ammonia emissions to the atmosphere but cannot significantly prevent emissions of microorganisms. Peracetic acid has a high potential to reduce these emissions and could replace or supplement sulfuric acid in existing scrubbers during periods of high risk of disease outbreak. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.13031/2013.39833 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 1921 EP - 1930 J2 - Transactions of the ASABE SN - 2151-0032 N1 -publisher-place: St. Joseph, MI
publisher: ASABE
number-of-volumes: Report 0591,
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reduktionspotenzial im Sektor Landwirtschaft. Ammoniak. AU - Anderl M., Zethner G, Haider S. CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Umweltundesamt ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest Condition Monitoring in Austria - 20 Years Intensive Monitoring Plots (Level II). Waldzustandsmonitoring in Österreich - 20 Jahre Intensivbeobachtungsflächen (Level II) AU - Neumann, Markus DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 156 PB - BFW N1 -issue: 156
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Leitfaden UVP für Intensivtierhaltungen. Umweltverträglichkeitserklärung Einzelfallprüfung AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 PB - Bundesministerium für Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasser ER - TY - CASE TI - Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes–Immissionsschutzgesetz. (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft – TA Luft) AU - TA Luft DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The strategic assessment of atmospheric ammonia from intensive agriculture – early stage screening AU - Kelleghan, David AU - Hayes, Enda AU - Everard, Mark AU - Ward, Shane AU - Curran, Thomas P. T2 - Biosystems Engineering Research Review AB - Intensive pig and poultry farming has been shown to influence its environs by the release of ammonia into the atmosphere. While Food Harvest 2020 aims to increase productivity of these two sectors, any existing impact on the environment is also likely to increase. In order to comply with the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), and subsequent devolved National European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 (SI 477/2011) it is necessary to prove beyond any reasonable doubt that the intensive agriculture units in Ireland have no significant impact on Natura 2000 (N2K) sites. This project adopted the United Kingdom’s Environment Agency threshold distances in order to identify priority areas for assessment within the N2K network. Following geospatial analysis, it was found that 0.5%, 2.5%, 4.4% and 4.1% of the N2K network fell within 1km, 5km, 10km and 15km respectively of intensive poultry units; where 0.5%, 2.3%, 6.4% and 9.3% of the N2K network fell within 1km, 5km, 10km and 15km respectively of intensive pig units. Though this level of screening can be used to identify the potential risk areas, it does not provide any indication of actual impact. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 19 SP - 124 EP - 129 ER - TY - CHAP TI - To integrate or to segregate: balancing commodity production and biodiversity conservation in European forests AU - Bollmann, K. AU - Braunisch, V. T2 - Integrative approaches as an opportunity for the conservation of forest biodiversity A2 - Kraus, D. A2 - Krumm, F. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 18 EP - 31 PB - European Forest Institute ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global forest resources assessment 2010. Main report AU - FAO T2 - FAO Forestry Paper CY - Rome DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 378 PB - FAO SN - 163 ER - TY - RPRT TI - State of Europe's Forest 2020 AU - Forest Europe CY - Bratislava DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 394 PB - Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe UR - https://foresteurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SoEF_2020.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - State of Europe's Forests 2011. Status and Trends in Sustainable Forest Management in Europe AU - Forest Europe AU - UNECE AU - FAO DA - 2011/06/01/ PY - 2011 SN - 978-82-92980-05-7 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Waldentwicklungsplan. Richtlinie über Inhalt und Ausgestaltung – Fassung 2012 AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SP - 95 UR - file:///C:/Users/Foldal/AppData/Local/Temp/WEP%20Richtlinie_2012.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being, a framwork for assessment Our Human Planet AU - MA CY - Washington D.C. Island DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CICES Towards a common classification of ecosystem services AU - EEA AB - ICES V5.1 which updates and extends V4.3 is now available. The new version and the associated technical guidance can be downloaded here. See revision highlights for an overview of the changes The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) developed from the work on environmental accounting undertaken by the European Environment Agency (EEA). It supports their contribution to the revision of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is currently being led by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD). DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en-US UR - https://cices.eu/ Y2 - 2020/07/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A European assessment of the provision of ecosystem services - Towards an atlas of ecosystem services. AU - Maes, J. AU - Paracchini, M. AU - Zulian, G. T2 - Puplications Office of the European Union DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.2788/63557 J2 - JRC SN - 1018-5593 UR - https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC63505 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trade-offs in the multi-use potential of managed boreal forests AU - Strengbom, Joachim AU - Axelsson, E. Petter AU - Lundmark, Tomas AU - Nordin, Annika T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology AB - Abstract Implementing multi-use forest management to account for both commercial and non-commercial ecosystem services is gaining increased global recognition. Despite its spatial extent, and great economic and ecological values, few studies have evaluated the boreal forest and its management to assess the potential for simultaneous delivery of a suite of ecosystem services. Using data from a Swedish long-term experiment, this study explores how biodiversity of the ground vegetation and potential delivery of multiple ecosystem services (timber production, carbon [C] storage and non-timber forest products) are influenced by two common silvicultural practices (thinning, fertilization and their interaction). Diversity (diversity indices and species richness) of the ground vegetation was higher in thinned than in unthinned forest, a result attributable in part to six species of lichens that only occurred in thinned forest. In addition, supply of lichens for reindeer forage was three times higher in thinned forest. Fertilization negatively affected the lingonberry shrub (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Timber production increased with fertilization, but decreased with thinning. The potential for C storage was highest in fertilized forests, which, apart from having the highest timber production, also supported the highest standing tree biomass. The silvicultural practices evaluated induced trade-offs among the ecosystem features studied as thinning increased biodiversity of the ground vegetation, production potential of wild berries and lichens, but reduced timber production and the potential for C storage. Fertilization had the opposite effect, promoting the potential for C storage at the expense of biodiversity and the ecosystem services delivered by the ground vegetation. Synthesis and applications. Increased multi-use potential is a common goal for forest management in many parts of the world. Our result shows that commonly used silvicultural practices can be used to determine the multi-use output, and might be applied to maintain, or even increase the multi-use potential of the boreal forest biome. Nevertheless, trade-offs among values were common, indicating that the multi-use potential will be limited at the site level. Allowing management objectives to vary across the landscape might, in such cases, be a preferable way to achieve high multi-use potential. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.13019 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 958 EP - 966 N1 -_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2664.13019
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continental mapping of forest ecosystem functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality AU - van der Plas, Fons AU - Ratcliffe, Sophia AU - Ruiz-Benito, Paloma AU - Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael AU - Verheyen, Kris AU - Wirth, Christian AU - Zavala, Miguel A. AU - Ampoorter, Evy AU - Baeten, Lander AU - Barbaro, Luc AU - Bastias, Cristina C. AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Benavides, Raquel AU - Benneter, Adam AU - Bonal, Damien AU - Bouriaud, Olivier AU - Bruelheide, Helge AU - Bussotti, Filippo AU - Carnol, Monique AU - Castagneyrol, Bastien AU - Charbonnier, Yohan AU - Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. AU - Dahlgren, Jonas AU - Checko, Ewa AU - Coppi, Andrea AU - Dawud, Seid Muhie AU - Deconchat, Marc AU - De Smedt, Pallieter AU - De Wandeler, Hans AU - Domisch, Timo AU - Finér, Leena AU - Fotelli, Mariangela AU - Gessler, Arthur AU - Granier, André AU - Grossiord, Charlotte AU - Guyot, Virginie AU - Haase, Josephine AU - Hättenschwiler, Stephan AU - Jactel, Hervé AU - Jaroszewicz, Bogdan AU - Joly, François-Xavier AU - Jucker, Tommaso AU - Kambach, Stephan AU - Kaendler, Gerald AU - Kattge, Jens AU - Koricheva, Julia AU - Kunstler, Georges AU - Lehtonen, Aleksi AU - Liebergesell, Mario AU - Manning, Peter AU - Milligan, Harriet AU - Müller, Sandra AU - Muys, Bart AU - Nguyen, Diem AU - Nock, Charles AU - Ohse, Bettina AU - Paquette, Alain AU - Peñuelas, Josep AU - Pollastrini, Martina AU - Radoglou, Kalliopi AU - Raulund-Rasmussen, Karsten AU - Roger, Fabian AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Selvi, Federico AU - Stenlid, Jan AU - Valladares, Fernando AU - van Keer, Johan AU - Vesterdal, Lars AU - Fischer, Markus AU - Gamfeldt, Lars AU - Allan, Eric T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Abstract Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade-offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade-offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win-win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8-49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/ele.12868 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 42 N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ele.12868
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversity response to forest management intensity, carbon stocks and net primary production in temperate montane forests AU - Asbeck, Thomas AU - Sabatini, Francesco AU - Augustynczik, Andrey L. D. AU - Basile, Marco AU - Helbach, Jan AU - Jonker, Marlotte AU - Knuff, Anna AU - Bauhus, Jürgen T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Managed forests are a key component of strategies aimed at tackling the climate and biodiversity crises. Tapping this potential requires a better understanding of the complex, simultaneous effects of forest management on biodiversity, carbon stocks and productivity. Here, we used data of 135 one-hectare plots from southwestern Germany to disentangle the relative influence of gradients of management intensity, carbon stocks and forest productivity on different components of forest biodiversity (birds, bats, insects, plants) and tree-related microhabitats. We tested whether the composition of taxonomic groups varies gradually or abruptly along these gradients. The richness of taxonomic groups was rather insensitive to management intensity, carbon stocks and forest productivity. Despite the low explanatory power of the main predictor variables, forest management had the greatest relative influence on richness of insects and tree-related microhabitats, while carbon stocks influenced richness of bats, birds, vascular plants and pooled taxa. Species composition changed relatively abruptly along the management intensity gradient, while changes along carbon and productivity gradients were more gradual. We conclude that moderate increases in forest management intensity and carbon stocks, within the range of variation observed in our study system, might be compatible with biodiversity and climate mitigation objectives in managed forests. DA - 2021/01/15/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-80499-4 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1625 J2 - Scientific Reports SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigating forest biodiversity and ecosystem service losses in the era of bio-based economy AU - Eyvindson, Kyle AU - Repo, Anna AU - Mönkkönen, Mikko T2 - Forest Policy and Economics AB - Forests play a crucial role in the transition towards a bioeconomy by providing biomass to substitute for fossil-based materials and energy. However, a policy-policy conflict exists between the desire to increase the utilization of bio based renewable resources and the desire to protect and conserve biodiversity. Increasing forest harvest levels to meet the needs of the bioeconomy may conflict with biodiversity protection and ecosystem services provided by forests. Through an optimization framework, we examined trade-offs between increasing the extraction of timber resources, and the impacts on biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services, and investigated possibilities to reconcile trade-off with changes in forest management in 17 landscapes in boreal forests. A diverse range of alternative forest management regimes were used. The alternatives varied from set aside to continuous cover forestry and a range of management options to reflect potential applications of the current management recommendations. These included adjustments to the number of thinning, the timing of final felling and the method of regeneration. Increasing forest harvest level to the maximum economically sustainable harvest had a negative effect on the habitat suitability index, bilberry yield, deadwood diversity and carbon storage. It resulted in a loss in variation among landscapes in their conservation capacity and the ability to provide ecosystem services. Multi-objective optimization results showed that combining different forest management regimes alleviated the negative effects of increasing harvest levels to biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services. The results indicate that careful landscape level forest management planning is crucial to minimize the ecological costs of increasing harvest levels. DA - 2018/07/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.04.009 VL - 92 SP - 119 EP - 127 J2 - Forest Policy and Economics SN - 1389-9341 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Timber Production in Mixed Uneven-Aged Mountain Forests: Identification of Ecological Intensification Pathways AU - Lafond, Valentine AU - Cordonnier, Thomas AU - Courbaud, Benoît T2 - Environmental Management AB - Mixed uneven-aged forests are considered favorable to the provision of multiple ecosystem services and to the conciliation of timber production and biodiversity conservation. However, some forest managers now plan to increase the intensity of thinning and harvesting operations in these forests. Retention measures or gap creation are considered to compensate potential negative impacts on biodiversity. Our objectives were to assess the effect of these management practices on timber production and biodiversity conservation and identify potential compensating effects between these practices, using the concept of ecological intensification as a framework. We performed a simulation study coupling Samsara2, a simulation model designed for spruce-fir uneven-aged mountain forests, an uneven-aged silviculture algorithm, and biodiversity models. We analyzed the effect of parameters related to uneven-aged management practices on timber production, biodiversity, and sustainability indicators. Our study confirmed that the indicators responded differently to management practices, leading to trade-offs situations. Increasing management intensity had negative impacts on several biodiversity indicators, which could be partly compensated by the positive effect of retention measures targeting large trees, non-dominant species, and deadwood. The impact of gap creation was more mitigated, with a positive effect on the diversity of tree sizes and deadwood but a negative impact on the spruce-fir mixing balance and on the diversity of the understory layer. Through the analysis of compensating effects, we finally revealed the existence of possible ecological intensification pathways, i.e., the possibility to increase management intensity while maintaining biodiversity through the promotion of nature-based management principles (gap creation and retention measures). DA - 2015/11/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s00267-015-0557-2 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - 1118 EP - 1133 J2 - Environmental Management SN - 1432-1009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the influence of harvesting intensities on structural diversity of forests in south-west Germany AU - Storch, Felix AU - Kändler, Gerald AU - Bauhus, Jürgen T2 - Forest Ecosystems AB - To increase ecosystem resilience and biodiversity, the maintenance and improvement of structural and compositional diversity of forests has become an important goal in forest management for many forest owners and jurisdictions. At the same time, future harvesting intensity (HI) may increase to meet the demand for woody biomass by an increasing bioeconomy sector. Yet, the influence of HI on forest structural diversity is largely unknown. Here, we address this issue by analyzing the relationship between HI and structural diversity based on large-scale national forest inventory (NFI) data, where the latter is quantified using a previously developed Forest Structure Index and HI is expressed as wood volume removal during the period 2002–2012 for the same inventory plots. DA - 2019/09/17/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1186/s40663-019-0199-6 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 40 J2 - Forest Ecosystems SN - 2197-5620 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services AU - Brockerhoff, Eckehard G. AU - Barbaro, Luc AU - Castagneyrol, Bastien AU - Forrester, David I. AU - Gardiner, Barry AU - González-Olabarria, José Ramón AU - Lyver, Phil O’B. AU - Meurisse, Nicolas AU - Oxbrough, Anne AU - Taki, Hisatomo AU - Thompson, Ian D. AU - van der Plas, Fons AU - Jactel, Hervé T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation AB - Forests are critical habitats for biodiversity and they are also essential for the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services that are important to human well-being. There is increasing evidence that biodiversity contributes to forest ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Here we provide a review of forest ecosystem services including biomass production, habitat provisioning services, pollination, seed dispersal, resistance to wind storms, fire regulation and mitigation, pest regulation of native and invading insects, carbon sequestration, and cultural ecosystem services, in relation to forest type, structure and diversity. We also consider relationships between forest biodiversity and multifunctionality, and trade-offs among ecosystem services. We compare the concepts of ecosystem processes, functions and services to clarify their definitions. Our review of published studies indicates a lack of empirical studies that establish quantitative and causal relationships between forest biodiversity and many important ecosystem services. The literature is highly skewed; studies on provisioning of nutrition and energy, and on cultural services, delivered by mixed-species forests are under-represented. Planted forests offer ample opportunity for optimising their composition and diversity because replanting after harvesting is a recurring process. Planting mixed-species forests should be given more consideration as they are likely to provide a wider range of ecosystem services within the forest and for adjacent land uses. This review also serves as the introduction to this special issue of Biodiversity and Conservation on various aspects of forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10531-017-1453-2 VL - 26 IS - 13 SP - 3005 EP - 3035 J2 - Biodiversity and Conservation SN - 1572-9710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Value-based ecosystem service trade-offs in multi-objective management in European mountain forests AU - Langner, Alexandra AU - Irauschek, Florian AU - Perez, Susana AU - Pardos, Marta AU - Zlatanov, Tzvetan AU - Öhman, Karin AU - Nordström, Eva-Maria AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Ecosystem Services DA - 2017/08// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 26 SP - 245 EP - 257 J2 - Ecosystem Services LA - en SN - 22120416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating multifunctionality and adaptive capacity of mountain forest management alternatives under climate change in the Eastern Alps AU - Irauschek, Florian AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10342-017-1051-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 136 IS - 5-6 SP - 1051 EP - 1069 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using a novel assessment framework to evaluate protective functions and timber production in Austrian mountain forests under climate change AU - Maroschek, Michael AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s10113-014-0691-z DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 15 IS - 8 SP - 1543 EP - 1555 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X N1 -number: 8
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future ecosystem services from European mountain forests under climate change AU - Mina, Marco AU - Bugmann, Harald AU - Cordonnier, Thomas AU - Irauschek, Florian AU - Klopcic, Matija AU - Pardos, Marta AU - Cailleret, Maxime T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology A2 - Brando, Paulo A2 - Brando, Paulo DA - 2017/04// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12772 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 389 EP - 401 J2 - J Appl Ecol LA - en SN - 00218901 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the effects of forest management on rockfall protection and timber production at slope scale AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Brauner, Michael AU - Ruprecht, Herwig AU - Lexer, Manfred Josef T2 - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research DA - 2015/11/17/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1080/02827581.2015.1046911 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 719 EP - 731 J2 - null SN - 0282-7581 N1 -publisher: Taylor & Francis
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The influence of climate change and canopy disturbances on landslide susceptibility in headwater catchments AU - Scheidl, Christian AU - Heiser, Micha AU - Kamper, Sebastian AU - Thaler, Thomas AU - Klebinder, Klaus AU - Nagl, Fabian AU - Lechner, Veronika AU - Markart, Gerhard AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Forests have an important regulating function on water runoff and the occurrence of shallow landslides. Their structure and composition directly influence the risk of hydrogeomorphic processes, like floods with high sediment transport or debris flows. Climate change is substantially altering forest ecosystems, and for Central Europe an increase in natural disturbances from wind and insect outbreaks is expected for the future. How such changes impact the regulating function of forest ecosystems remains unclear. By combining methods from forestry, hydrology and geotechnical engineering we investigated possible effects of changing climate and disturbance regimes on shallow landslides. We simulated forest landscapes in two headwater catchments in the Eastern Alps of Austria under four different future climate scenarios over 200 years. Our results indicate that climate-mediated changes in forest dynamics can substantially alter the protective function of forest ecosystems. Climate change generally increased landslide risk in our simulations. Only when future warming coincided with drying landslide risk decreased relative to historic conditions. In depth analyses showed that an important driver of future landslide risk was the simulated vegetation composition. Trajectories away from flat rooting Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests currently dominating the system towards an increasing proportion of tree species with heart and taproot systems, increased root cohesion and reduced the soil volume mobilized in landslides. Natural disturbances generally reduced landslide risk in our simulations, with the positive effect of accelerated tree species change and increasing root cohesion outweighing a potential negative effect of disturbances on the water cycle. We conclude that while the efficacy of green infrastructure such as protective forests could be substantially reduced by climate change, such systems also have a strong inherent ability to adapt to changing conditions. Forest management should foster this adaptive capacity to strengthen the protective function of forests also under changing environmental conditions. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140588 VL - 742 SP - 140588 SN - 0048-9697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invasive alien pests threaten the carbon stored in Europe’s forests AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Klonner, Günther AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Essl, Franz AU - Moreno, Adam AU - Neumann, Mathias AU - Dullinger, Stefan T2 - Nature Communications AB - Forests mitigate climate change by sequestering large amounts of carbon (C). However, forest C storage is not permanent, and large pulses of tree mortality can thwart climate mitigation efforts. Forest pests are increasingly redistributed around the globe. Yet, the potential future impact of invasive alien pests on the forest C cycle remains uncertain. Here we show that large parts of Europe could be invaded by five detrimental alien pests already under current climate. Climate change increases the potential range of alien pests particularly in Northern and Eastern Europe. We estimate the live C at risk from a potential future invasion as 1027 Tg C (10% of the European total), with a C recovery time of 34 years. We show that the impact of introduced pests could be as severe as the current natural disturbance regime in Europe, calling for increased efforts to halt the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 1626 EP - 1626 J2 - Nature Communications ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldschutzsituation: keine Entspannung AU - Steyrer, Gottfried AU - Cech, Thomas AU - Perny, Bernhard AU - Hoch, Gernot T2 - Forstzeitung DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 131 IS - 4 SP - 10 EP - 13 J2 - Forstzeitung ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emergent vulnerability to climate-driven disturbances in European forests AU - Forzieri, Giovanni AU - Girardello, Marco AU - Ceccherini, Guido AU - Spinoni, Jonathan AU - Feyen, Luc AU - Hartmann, Henrik AU - Beck, Pieter S. A. AU - Camps-Valls, Gustau AU - Chirici, Gherado AU - Mauri, Achille AU - Cescatti, Alessandro T2 - Nature Communications AB - Forest disturbance regimes are expected to intensify as Earth’s climate changes. Quantifying forest vulnerability to disturbances and understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, observational evidence is largely missing at regional to continental scales. Here, we quantify the vulnerability of European forests to fires, windthrows and insect outbreaks during the period 1979–2018 by integrating machine learning with disturbance data and satellite products. We show that about 33.4 billion tonnes of forest biomass could be seriously affected by these disturbances, with higher relative losses when exposed to windthrows (40%) and fires (34%) compared to insect outbreaks (26%). The spatial pattern in vulnerability is strongly controlled by the interplay between forest characteristics and background climate. Hotspot regions for vulnerability are located at the borders of the climate envelope, in both southern and northern Europe. There is a clear trend in overall forest vulnerability that is driven by a warming-induced reduction in plant defence mechanisms to insect outbreaks, especially at high latitudes. DA - 2021/02/23/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-21399-7 DP - www.nature.com VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 1081 LA - en SN - 2041-1723 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications AU - Hlásny, T. AU - Zimová, S. AU - Merganičová, K. AU - Štěpánek, P. AU - Modlinger, R. AU - Turčáni, M. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Outbreaks of tree-killing insects are intensifying globally, affecting economies, human well-being, and driving ecosystem transitions. The Czech Republic has recently become Europe’s epicenter of the outbreak of spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, the most aggressive species in Eurasia. We investigated a countrywide outbreak dynamic during the period 2003–2019, with a special focus on the period 2017–2019 when the outbreak reached an unprecedented intensity. In order to identify main outbreak drivers, we investigated annual time series of the volume of trees killed by bark beetles in the Czech districts (n = 77), and a suite of climatic and forest structure-related predictors using Generalized Additive Models. Finally, we reviewed a large body of public materials to understand broader social, ecological, and economic implications of the outbreak. We found that bark beetles were damaging 0.2–1.4% of Norway spruce growing stock annually across the Czech Republic in the period 2003–2016. This level increased to 3.1–5.4% in 2017–2019, causing the total depletion of spruce in some regions. The long-term bark beetle dynamics (2003–2019) was driven by the combination of wind disturbance and climatic drivers, represented in our study by annual temperature anomaly and Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index. However, the effect of wind was diminished during the period 2017–2019, whereas the effect of drought dominated. Our findings thus suggest a transition from wind- to drought-driven bark beetle dynamics. The outbreak and subsequent large-scale salvaging and wood transportation affected quality of life of people in a broad vicinity of outbreak areas. Extensive management actions aggravated some of the notorious conflicts between forest management and nature conservation, and highlighted the poor harmonization of respective policies. A decrease in timber price, an excessive workload, and other cascading effects caused severe revenue loss, requiring state interventions amounting to ca 260 million EUR in 2018–2019. We suggest that increasing frequency of climate extremes in combination with the unfavorable forest structure pushed Central European spruce forests to the margin of their ecological space and unfolded large-scale forest transformations. Effective responses will require fundamental structural changes in the regional forest-based sector, particularly aiming at increased social and ecological resilience. DA - 2021/06/15/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119075 VL - 490 SP - 119075 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anomalies of the Austrian Forest Fire Regime in Comparison with Other Alpine Countries: A Research Note AU - Müller, Mortimer M. AU - Vacik, Harald AU - Valese, Eva T2 - Forests AB - In recent years, Austria has experienced highly variable forest fire activity with new record values regarding the number of fires and sizes of burned areas. Single seasons in 2011, 2012 and 2013 showed 20-year-peaks and significant differences regarding fire activity. A statistical overview of datasets from Austria, Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia is given, allowing a preliminary comparison between the Alpine countries. Higher temperatures in combination with local dry weather conditions are hypothesized as reasons for the observed anomalies. Further analysis will be done with new climatic data in high spatial resolution from the “AgroDroughtAustria” project to confirm these preliminary findings. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.3390/f6040903 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 903 EP - 913 SN - 1999-4907 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest disturbances under climate change AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Kautz, Markus AU - Martin-Benito, Dario AU - Peltoniemi, Mikko AU - Vacchiano, Giorgio AU - Wild, Jan AU - Ascoli, Davide AU - Petr, Michal AU - Honkaniemi, Juha AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Trotsiuk, Volodymyr AU - Mairota, Paola AU - Svoboda, Miroslav AU - Fabrika, Marek AU - Nagel, Thomas A. AU - Reyer, Christopher P. O. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2017/06// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/nclimate3303 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 395 EP - 402 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests: Disturbance impacts on biodiversity and services AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Biological Reviews DA - 2016/08// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/brv.12193 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 91 IS - 3 SP - 760 EP - 781 J2 - Biol Rev LA - en SN - 14647931 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mountain pine beetle infestation impacts: modeling water and energy budgets at the hill-slope scale AU - Mikkelson, K. M. AU - Maxwell, R. M. AU - Ferguson, I. AU - Stednick, J. D. AU - McCray, J. E. AU - Sharp, J. O. T2 - Ecohydrology AB - The mountain pine beetle (MPB) epidemic in western North America is generating growing concern associated with aesthetics, ecology, and forest and water resources. Given the substantial acreage of prematurely dying forests within Colorado and Wyoming ( two million acres in 2008), MPB infestations have the potential to significantly alter forest canopy, impacting several aspects of the local water and land-energy cycle. Hydrologic processes that may be influenced include canopy interception of precipitation and radiation, snow accumulation, melt and sublimation, soil infiltration and evapotranspiration. To investigate the changing hydrologic and energy regimes associated with MPB infestations, we used an integrated hydrologic model coupled with a land surface model to incorporate physical processes related to energy at the land surface. This platform was used to model hillslope-scale hydrology and land-energy changes throughout the phases of MPB infestation through modification of the physical parameterisation that accounts for alteration of stomatal resistance and leaf area indices. Our results demonstrate that MPB infested watersheds will experience a decrease in evapotranspiration, an increase in snow accumulation accompanied by earlier and faster snowmelt and associated increases in runoff volume and timing. Impacts are similar to those projected under climate change, yet with a systematically higher snowpack. These results have implications for water resource management because of higher tendencies for flooding in the spring and drought in the summer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1002/eco.278 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 64 EP - 72 LA - en SN - 1936-0592 N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eco.278
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada's forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain AU - Kurz, Werner A. AU - Stinson, Graham AU - Rampley, Gregory J. AU - Dymond, Caren C. AU - Neilson, Eric T. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - A large carbon sink in northern land surfaces inferred from global carbon cycle inversion models led to concerns during Kyoto Protocol negotiations that countries might be able to avoid efforts to reduce fossil fuel emissions by claiming large sinks in their managed forests. The greenhouse gas balance of Canada's managed forest is strongly affected by naturally occurring fire with high interannual variability in the area burned and by cyclical insect outbreaks. Taking these stochastic future disturbances into account, we used the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) to project that the managed forests of Canada could be a source of between 30 and 245 Mt CO2e yr−1 during the first Kyoto Protocol commitment period (2008–2012). The recent transition from sink to source is the result of large insect outbreaks. The wide range in the predicted greenhouse gas balance (215 Mt CO2e yr−1) is equivalent to nearly 30% of Canada's emissions in 2005. The increasing impact of natural disturbances, the two major insect outbreaks, and the Kyoto Protocol accounting rules all contributed to Canada's decision not to elect forest management. In Canada, future efforts to influence the carbon balance through forest management could be overwhelmed by natural disturbances. Similar circumstances may arise elsewhere if global change increases natural disturbance rates. Future climate mitigation agreements that do not account for and protect against the impacts of natural disturbances, for example, by accounting for forest management benefits relative to baselines, will fail to encourage changes in forest management aimed at mitigating climate change. DA - 2008/02/05/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0708133105 VL - 105 IS - 5 SP - 1551 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mechanisms of forest resilience AU - Falk, Donald A AU - van Mantgem, Philip J AU - Keeley, Jon E AU - Gregg, Rachel M AU - Guiterman, Christopher H AU - Tepley, Alan J AU - JN Young, Derek AU - Marshall, Laura A T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Ecosystems are dynamic systems with complex responses to environmental variation. In response to pervasive stressors of changing climate and disturbance regimes, many ecosystems are realigning rapidly across spatial scales, in many cases moving outside of their observed historical range of variation into alternative ecological states. In some cases, these new states are transitory and represent successional stages that may ultimately revert to the pre-disturbance condition; in other cases, alternative states are persistent and potentially self-reinforcing, especially under conditions of altered climate, disturbance regimes, and influences of non-native species. These reorganized states may appear novel, but reorganization is a characteristic ecosystem response to environmental variation that has been expressed and documented throughout the paleoecological record. Resilience, the ability of an ecosystem to recover or adapt following disturbance, is an emergent property that results from the expression of multiple mechanisms operating across levels of organism, population, and community. We outline a unifying framework of ecological resilience based on ecological mechanisms that lead to outcomes of persistence, recovery, and reorganization. Persistence is the ability of individuals to tolerate exposure to environmental stress, disturbance, or competitive interactions. As a direct expression of life history evolution and adaptation to environmental variation and stress, persistence is manifested most directly in survivorship and continued growth and reproduction of established individuals. When persistence has been overcome (e.g., following mortality from stress, disturbance, or both), populations must recover by reproduction. Recovery requires the establishment of new individuals from seed or other propagules following dispersal from the parent plant. When recovery fails to re-establish the pre-disturbance community, the ecosystem will assemble into a new state. Reorganization occurs along a gradient of magnitude, from changes in the relative dominance of species present in a community, to individual species replacements within an essentially intact community, to complete species turnover and shift to dominance by plants of different functional types, e.g. transition from forest to shrub or grass dominance. When this latter outcome is persistent and involves reinforcing mechanisms, the resulting state represents a vegetation type conversion (VTC), which in this framework represents an end member of reorganization processes. We explore reorganization in greater detail as this phase is increasingly observed but the least understood of the resilience responses. This resilience framework provides a direct and actionable basis for ecosystem management in a rapidly changing world, by targeting specific components of ecological response and managing for sustainable change. DA - 2022/05/15/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120129 VL - 512 SP - 120129 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree Diversity and Forest Resistance to Insect Pests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Prospects AU - Jactel, Hervé AU - Moreira, Xoaquín AU - Castagneyrol, Bastien T2 - Annual Review of Entomology AB - Ecological research conducted over the past five decades has shown that increasing tree species richness at forest stands can improve tree resistance to insect pest damage. However, the commonality of this finding is still under debate. In this review, we provide a quantitative assessment (i.e., a meta-analysis) of tree diversity effects on insect herbivory and discuss plausible mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. We provide recommendations and working hypotheses that can serve to lay the groundwork for research to come. Based on more than 600 study cases, our quantitative review indicates that insect herbivory was, on average, lower in mixed forest stands than in pure stands, but these diversity effects were contingent on herbivore diet breadth and tree species composition. In particular, tree species diversity mainly reduced damage of specialist insect herbivores in mixed stands with phylogenetically distant tree species. Overall, our findings provide essential guidance for forest pest management. DA - 2021/01/07/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1146/annurev-ento-041720-075234 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 277 EP - 296 J2 - Annu. Rev. Entomol. SN - 0066-4170 N1 -publisher: Annual Reviews
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Road to Resistance in Forest Trees AU - Naidoo, Sanushka AU - Slippers, Bernard AU - Plett, Jonathan M. AU - Coles, Donovin AU - Oates, Caryn N. T2 - Frontiers in Plant Science AB - In recent years, forests have been exposed to an unprecedented rise in pests and pathogens. This, coupled with the added challenge of climate change, renders forest plantation stock vulnerable to attack and severely limits productivity. Genotypes resistant to such biotic challenges are desired in plantation forestry to reduce losses. Conventional breeding has been a main avenue to obtain resistant genotypes. More recently, genetic engineering has become a viable approach to develop resistance against pests and pathogens in forest trees. Tree genomic resources have contributed to advancements in both these approaches. Genome-wide association studies and genomic selection in tree populations have accelerated breeding tools while integration of various levels of omics information facilitates the selection of candidate genes for genetic engineering. Furthermore, tree associations with non-pathogenic endophytic and subterranean microbes play a critical role in plant health and may be engineered in forest trees to improve resistance in the future. We look at recent studies in forest trees describing defense mechanisms using such approaches and propose the way forward to developing superior genotypes with enhanced resistance against biotic stress. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3389/fpls.2019.00273 VL - 10 SN - 1664-462X UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.00273 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restoring the Adaptive Capacity of Forest Ecosystems AU - Puettmann, Klaus J. T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2014/05/30/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1080/10549811.2014.884000 VL - 33 IS - sup1 SP - S15 EP - S27 J2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry SN - 1054-9811 N1 -publisher: Taylor & Francis
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Finding common ground: Toward comparable indicators of adaptive capacity of tree species to a changing climate AU - Royer-Tardif, Samuel AU - Boisvert-Marsh, Laura AU - Godbout, Julie AU - Isabel, Nathalie AU - Aubin, Isabelle T2 - Ecology and Evolution AB - Abstract Adaptive capacity, one of the three determinants of vulnerability to climate change, is defined as the capacity of species to persist in their current location by coping with novel environmental conditions through acclimation and/or evolution. Although studies have identified indicators of adaptive capacity, few have assessed this capacity in a quantitative way that is comparable across tree species. Yet, such multispecies assessments are needed by forest management and conservation programs to refine vulnerability assessments and to guide the choice of adaptation measures. In this paper, we propose a framework to quantitatively evaluate five key components of tree adaptive capacity to climate change: individual adaptation through phenotypic plasticity, population phenotypic diversity as influenced by genetic diversity, genetic exchange within populations, genetic exchange between populations, and genetic exchange between species. For each component, we define the main mechanisms that underlie adaptive capacity and present associated metrics that can be used as indices. To illustrate the use of this framework, we evaluate the relative adaptive capacity of 26 northeastern North American tree species using values reported in the literature. Our results show adaptive capacity to be highly variable among species and between components of adaptive capacity, such that no one species ranks consistently across all components. On average, the conifer Picea glauca and the broadleaves Acer rubrum and A. saccharinum show the greatest adaptive capacity among the 26 species we documented, whereas the conifers Picea rubens and Thuja occidentalis, and the broadleaf Ostrya virginiana possess the lowest. We discuss limitations that arise when comparing adaptive capacity among species, including poor data availability and comparability issues in metrics derived from different methods or studies. The breadth of data required for such an assessment exemplifies the multidisciplinary nature of adaptive capacity and the necessity of continued cross-collaboration to better anticipate the impacts of a changing climate. DA - 2021/10/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1002/ece3.8024 VL - 11 IS - 19 SP - 13081 EP - 13100 J2 - Ecology and Evolution SN - 2045-7758 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Österreichische Waldinventur AU - BFW DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://bfw.ac.at/rz/wi.home ER - TY - BOOK TI - National Forest Inventories - Pathways for common reporting A3 - Tomppo, Erkki A3 - Gschwantner, Thomas A3 - Lawrence, Mark A3 - McRoberts, Ronald E. CY - Heidelberg DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Springer SN - 978-90-481-3232-4 N1 -OCLC: 780913172
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversität in Österreichs Wald AU - Hauk, Elmar T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 24 SP - 17 EP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sekundäre Nadelwälder in Österreich AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Prskawetz, Michael T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 VL - 6 SP - 11 EP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holzvorrat auf neuem Höchststand AU - Gschwantner, Thomas T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 8 EP - 12 J2 - BFW Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimawandelanpassungsmaßnahmen im Wald und deren Einfluss auf die CO2-Bilanz. AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Schadauer, Klemens T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 51 J2 - BFW-Praxisinformation ER - TY - JOUR TI - What drives the future supply of regulating ecosystem services in a mountain forest landscape? AU - Seidl, R. AU - Albrich, K. AU - Erb, K. AU - Formayer, H. AU - Leidinger, D. AU - Leitinger, G. AU - Tappeiner, U. AU - Tasser, E. AU - Rammer, W. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Forest ecosystems provide a wide variety of ecosystem services to society. In harsh mountain environments, the regulating services of forests are of particular importance. Managing mountain forests for regulating services is a cost- and labor intensive endeavor. Yet, also unmanaged forests regulate the environment. In the context of evidence-based decision making it is thus important to scrutinize if current management recommendations improve the supply of regulating ecosystem services over unmanaged development trajectories. A further issue complicating decision making in the context of regulating ecosystem services is their high sensitivity to climate change. Climate-mediated increases in natural disturbances, for instance, could strongly reduce the supply of regulating services from forests in the future. Given the profound environmental changes expected for the coming decades it remains unclear whether forest management will still be able to significantly control the future trajectories of mountain forest development, or whether the management effect will be superseded by a much stronger climate and disturbance effect. Here, our objectives were (i)to quantify the future regulating service supply from a 6456 ha landscape in the Stubai valley in Tyrol, Austria, and (ii)to assess the relative importance of management, climate, and natural disturbances on the future supply of regulating ecosystem services. We focused our analysis on climate regulation, water regulation, and erosion regulation, and used the landscape simulation model iLand to quantify their development under different climate scenarios and management strategies. Our results show that unmanaged forests are efficient in providing regulating ecosystem services. Both climate regulation and erosion regulation were higher in unmanaged systems compared to managed systems, while water regulation was slightly enhanced by management. Overall, direct effects of climate change had a stronger influence on the future supply of regulating services than management and natural disturbances. The ability of management to control ecosystem service supply decreased sharply with the severity of future climate change. This finding highlights that forest management could be severely stymied in the future if climate change continues to proceed at its current rate. An improved quantitative understanding of the drivers of future ecosystem service supply is needed to more effectively combine targeted management efforts and natural ecosystem dynamics towards sustaining the benefits society derives from forests in a rapidly changing world. © 2019 Elsevier B.V. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.03.047 VL - 445 SP - 37 EP - 47 J2 - For. Ecol. Manage. LA - English SN - 03781127 (ISSN) DB - Scopus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Österreichs Schutzwälder sind total überaltert AU - Niese, Gerhard T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 24 SP - 29 EP - 31 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Verjüngung im österreichischen Wald: Defizite im Schutzwald AU - Schodterer, Heimo T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 24 SP - 10 EP - 14 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Die Verjüngung des Österreichischen Waldes, Österreichische Waldinventur 2000/02 AU - Schodterer, Heimo T2 - BFW Praxisinformation DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 3 SP - 17 EP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Verjüngung ist die Zukunft des Waldes AU - Schodterer, Heimo AU - Schadauer, Klemens T2 - Beilage zur Österreichischen Forstzeitung DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 VL - 108 IS - 12 SP - 19 EP - 21 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gebirgswaldbau-Schutzwaldpflege. Gustav Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart: 436. AU - Mayer, H. DA - 1976/// PY - 1976 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Ein Modell zur Abschätzung der Zufallsnutzungen in Österreich AU - Ledermann, Thomas T2 - Beiträge zur Jahrestagung 2017 in Untermarchtal/Baden-Württemberg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 9 EP - 19 PB - Deutscher Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten - Sektion Ertragskunde UR - http://sektionertragskunde.fvabw.de/2017/02_Ledermann.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forests and rural development in the light of global change – a perspective of mountain forests AU - Jandl, R AU - Stöhr, Dieter T2 - Folia Forestalia, Series A - Forestry DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.5281/zenodo.30740 VL - 51 SP - 33 EP - 38 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Schutzwaldbau und Schutzwaldbewirtschaftung AU - Lexer, M. J. AU - Scheidl, C. AU - Schüler, S. AU - Vacik, H. AU - Putzgruber, N. AU - Perzl, F. T2 - Schutzwald in Österreich - Wissenstand und Forschungsbedarf. Landfassung A2 - Freudenschuß, Alexandra A2 - Markart, Gerhard A2 - Scheidl, Christian A2 - Schadauer, Klemens CY - Wien DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SP - 68 EP - 75 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes of forest cover and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests of the Alps AU - Bebi, P. AU - Seidl, R. AU - Motta, R. AU - Fuhr, M. AU - Firm, D. AU - Krumm, F. AU - Conedera, M. AU - Ginzler, C. AU - Wohlgemuth, T. AU - Kulakowski, D. T2 - Ecology of Mountain Forest Ecosystems in Europe AB - Natural disturbances, such as avalanches, snow breakage, insect outbreaks, windthrow or fires shape mountain forests globally. However, in many regions over the past centuries human activities have strongly influenced forest dynamics, especially following natural disturbances, thus limiting our understanding of natural ecological processes, particularly in densely-settled regions. In this contribution we briefly review the current understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests across the European Alps over the past millennia. We also quantify changes in forest cover across the entire Alps based on inventory data over the past century. Finally, using the Swiss Alps as an example, we analyze in-depth changes in forest cover and forest structure and their effect on patterns of fire and wind disturbances, based on digital historic maps from 1880, modern forest cover maps, inventory data on current forest structure, topographical data, and spatially explicit data on disturbances. This multifaceted approach presents a long-term and detailed picture of the dynamics of mountain forest ecosystems in the Alps. During pre-industrial times, natural disturbances were reduced by fire suppression and land-use, which included extraction of large amounts of biomass that decreased total forest cover. More recently, forest cover has increased again across the entire Alps (on average +4% per decade over the past 25–115years). Live tree volume (+10% per decade) and dead tree volume (mean +59% per decade) have increased over the last 15–40yearsin all regions for which data were available. In the Swiss Alps secondary forests that established after 1880 constitute approximately 43% of the forest cover. Compared to forests established previously, post-1880 forests are situated primarily on steep slopes (>30°), have lower biomass, a more aggregated forest structure (primarily stem-exclusion stage), and have been more strongly affected by fires, but less affected by wind disturbance in the 20th century. More broadly, an increase in growing stock and expanding forest areas since the mid-19th century have - along with climatic changes - contributed to an increasing frequency and size of disturbances in the Alps. Although many areas remain intensively managed, the extent, structure, and dynamics of the forests of the Alps reflect natural drivers more strongly today than at any time in the past millennium. DA - 2017/03/15/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.028 VL - 388 SP - 43 EP - 56 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Schutzwald und Naturgefahren AU - Bebi, Peter AU - Bugmann, H. AU - Lüscher, A. AU - Lange, B. AU - Brang, Peter T2 - Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien CY - Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 269 EP - 286 PB - BAFU/WSL SN - 978-3-258-07995-0 UR - https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A10483/datastream/PDF/Pluess-2016-Wald_im_Klimawandel._Grundlagen_f%C3%BCr_Adaptationsstrategien-%28published_version%29.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of land-use legacies and recent management on natural disturbance susceptibility in mountain forests AU - Stritih, Ana AU - Senf, Cornelius AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Grêt-Regamey, Adrienne AU - Bebi, Peter T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Mountain forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and protection from natural hazards. Forest cover in the European Alps has increased over the last century, but in recent years, these forests have experienced an increasing rate of natural disturbances by agents such as windthrow, bark beetle outbreaks, and forest fires. These disturbances pose a challenge for forest management, making it important to understand how site and stand characteristics, land use legacies and recent management influence disturbance probability. We combined a dataset of forest disturbances detected from space with in-situ forest management records, allowing us to differentiate between different types of disturbances for the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland, in the years 2005–2018. The resulting dataset of over 28′000 attributed disturbance patches (corresponding to a disturbed forest area of ca. 23′600 ha) was combined with information on topography, forest structure, and historical forest cover. A machine-learning approach was used to investigate the non-linear and interacting relationships between potential drivers and disturbance occurrence. Natural disturbances (especially windthrow and bark beetle outbreaks) were most common at lower elevations, on shallow and south-facing slopes, and in even-aged, spruce-dominated stands with a closed canopy. Forests established in the 20th century were significantly more susceptible to natural disturbances than forests that were already present before 1880, which may be due to the uniform age and vertical structure of secondary forests, as well as legacy effects of former agricultural use. On the other hand, forest management more often took place in forests present before 1880. Management interventions (such as thinning) in turn increased the susceptibility to natural disturbances in the short term. This finding emphasizes the need to balance short-term increases in disturbance susceptibility with long-term benefits in forest resilience when planning management interventions in mountain forests. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiple interactive drivers, including management and land-use history, for understanding forest disturbance regimes. DA - 2021/03/15/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118950 VL - 484 SP - 118950 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldsituation 2016 in Österreich: Borkenkäferkalamität im Ansteigen AU - Steyrer, G. AU - Cech, T. AU - Fürst, A. AU - Hoch, Gernot AU - Hoyer-Tomiczeck, U. AU - Krehan, H. AU - Perny, Bernhard T2 - Forstschutz Aktuell DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 64 SP - 3 EP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldschutzsituation 2017 in Österreich: Rekordschäden durch Borkenkäfer AU - Steyrer, G. AU - Cech, T. AU - Fürst, A AU - Hoch, Gernot AU - Hoyer-Tomiczeck, U. AU - Krehan, H. AU - Perny, Bernhard T2 - Forstschutz Aktuell DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 64 SP - 13 EP - 22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldschutzsituation 2019 in Österreich: Borkenkäferkalamität legt im Nordosten weiter zu AU - Steyrer, G. AU - Cech, T. AU - Fürst, A. AU - Hoch, Gernot AU - Perny, Bernhard T2 - Forstschutz Aktuell DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 64 SP - 23 EP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldschutzsituation 2018 in Österreich: Schäden durch Borkenkäfer weiter extrem hoch AU - Steyrer, G. AU - Cech, T. AU - Fürst, A AU - Hoch, Gernot AU - Perny, Bernhard T2 - Forstschutz Aktuell DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 VL - 64 SP - 33 EP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An inventory-based approach for modeling single-tree storm damage — experiences with the winter storm of 1999 in southwestern Germany AU - Schmidt, Matthias AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Kändler, Gerald AU - Kublin, Edgar AU - Kohnle, Ulrich T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research DA - 2010/08/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1139/X10-099 VL - 40 SP - 1636 EP - 1652 J2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research ER - TY - JOUR TI - How does silviculture affect storm damage in forests of south-western Germany? Results from empirical modeling based on long-term observations AU - Albrecht, Axel AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Kohnle, Ulrich T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2012/01// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s10342-010-0432-x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 229 EP - 247 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10342-010-0432-x ER - TY - JOUR TI - Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide AU - Bennett, Amy C. AU - McDowell, Nathan G. AU - Allen, Craig D. AU - Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J. T2 - Nature Plants AB - The frequency of severe droughts is increasing in many regions around the world as a result of climate change1–3. Droughts alter the structure and function of forests4,5. Site- and region-specific studies suggest that large trees, which play keystone roles in forests6 and can be disproportionately important to ecosystem carbon storage7 and hydrology8, exhibit greater sensitivity to drought than small trees4,5,9,10. Here, we synthesize data on tree growth and mortality collected during 40 drought events in forests worldwide to see whether this size-dependent sensitivity to drought holds more widely. We find that droughts consistently had a more detrimental impact on the growth and mortality rates of larger trees. Moreover, drought-related mortality increased with tree size in 65% of the droughts examined, especially when community-wide mortality was high or when bark beetles were present. The more pronounced drought sensitivity of larger trees could be underpinned by greater inherent vulnerability to hydraulic stress11–14, the higher radiation and evaporative demand experienced by exposed crowns4,15, and the tendency for bark beetles to preferentially attack larger trees16. We suggest that future droughts will have a more detrimental impact on the growth and mortality of larger trees, potentially exacerbating feedbacks to climate change. DA - 2015/09/28/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1038/nplants.2015.139 VL - 1 IS - 10 SP - 15139 J2 - Nature Plants SN - 2055-0278 N1 -number: 10
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change causes critical transitions and irreversible alterations of mountain forests AU - Albrich, Katharina AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Mountain forests are at particular risk of climate change impacts due to their temperature limitation and high exposure to warming. At the same time, their complex topography may help to buffer the effects of climate change and create climate refugia. Whether climate change can lead to critical transitions of mountain forest ecosystems and whether such transitions are reversible remains incompletely understood. We investigated the resilience of forest composition and size structure to climate change, focusing on a mountain forest landscape in the Eastern Alps. Using the individual-based forest landscape model iLand we simulated ecosystem responses to a wide range of climatic changes (up to a 6°C increase in mean annual temperature and a 30 % reduction in mean annual precipitation), testing for tipping points in vegetation size structure and composition under different topography scenarios. We found that at warming levels above +2°C a threshold was crossed, with the system tipping into an alternative state. The system shifted from a conifer-dominated landscape characterized by large trees to a landscape dominated by smaller, predominantly broadleaved trees. Topographic complexity moderated climate change impacts, smoothing and delaying the transitions between alternative vegetation states. We subsequently reversed the simulated climate forcing to assess the ability of the landscape to recover from climate change impacts. The forest landscape showed hysteresis, particularly in scenarios with lower precipitation. At the same mean annual temperature, equilibrium vegetation size structure and species composition differed between warming and cooling trajectories. Here we show that even moderate warming corresponding to current policy targets could result in critical transitions of forest ecosystems and highlight the importance of topographic complexity as a buffering agent. Furthermore, our results show that overshooting ambitious climate mitigation targets could be dangerous, as ecological impacts can be irreversible at millennial time scales once a tipping point has been crossed. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.15118 VL - n/a IS - n/a J2 - Global Change Biology UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.15118 N1 -number: n/a
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world AU - McDowell, Nate G. AU - Allen, Craig D. AU - Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina AU - Aukema, Brian H. AU - Bond-Lamberty, Ben AU - Chini, Louise AU - Clark, James S. AU - Dietze, Michael AU - Grossiord, Charlotte AU - Hanbury-Brown, Adam AU - Hurtt, George C. AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Johnson, Daniel J. AU - Kueppers, Lara AU - Lichstein, Jeremy W. AU - Ogle, Kiona AU - Poulter, Benjamin AU - Pugh, Thomas A. M. AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Turner, Monica G. AU - Uriarte, Maria AU - Walker, Anthony P. AU - Xu, Chonggang T2 - Science AB - Shifting forest dynamics Forest dynamics are the processes of recruitment, growth, death, and turnover of the constituent tree species of the forest community. These processes are driven by disturbances both natural and anthropogenic. McDowell et al. review recent progress in understanding the drivers of forest dynamics and how these are interacting and changing in the context of global climate change. The authors show that shifts in forest dynamics are already occurring, and the emerging pattern is that global forests are tending toward younger stands with faster turnover as old-growth forest with stable dynamics are dwindling. Science, this issue p. eaaz9463 Structured Abstract BACKGROUNDForest dynamics arise from the interplay of chronic drivers and transient disturbances with the demographic processes of recruitment, growth, and mortality. The resulting trajectories of vegetation development drive the biomass and species composition of terrestrial ecosystems. Forest dynamics are changing because of anthropogenic-driven exacerbation of chronic drivers, such as rising temperature and CO2, and increasing transient disturbances, including wildfire, drought, windthrow, biotic attack, and land-use change. There are widespread observations of increasing tree mortality due to changing climate and land use, as well as observations of growth stimulation of younger forests due to CO2 fertilization. These antagonistic processes are co-occurring globally, leaving the fate of future forests uncertain. We examine the implications of changing forest demography and its drivers for both future forest management and forecasting impacts of global climate forcing. ADVANCESWe reviewed the literature of forest demographic responses to chronic drivers and transient disturbances to generate hypotheses on future trajectories of these factors and their subsequent impacts on vegetation dynamics, with a focus on forested ecosystems. We complemented this review with analyses of global land-use change and disturbance datasets to independently evaluate the implications of changing drivers and disturbances on global-scale tree demographics. Ongoing changes in environmental drivers and disturbance regimes are consistently increasing mortality and forcing forests toward shorter-statured and younger stands, reducing potential carbon storage. Acclimation, adaptation, and migration may partially mitigate these effects. These increased forest impacts are due to natural disturbances (e.g., wildfire, drought, windthrow, insect or pathogen outbreaks) and land-use change, both of which are predicted to increase in magnitude in the future. Atmospherically derived estimates of the terrestrial carbon sink and remote sensing data indicate that tree growth and potentially recruitment may have increased globally in the 20th century, but the growth of this carbon sink has slowed. Variability in growth stimulation due to CO2 fertilization is evident globally, with observations and experiments suggesting that forests benefit from CO2 primarily in early stages of secondary succession. Furthermore, increased tree growth typically requires sufficient water and nutrients to take advantage of rising CO2. Collectively, the evidence reveals that it is highly likely that tree mortality rates will continue to increase, whereas recruitment and growth will respond to changing drivers in a spatially and temporally variable manner. The net impact will be a reduction in forest canopy cover and biomass. OUTLOOKPervasive shifts in forest vegetation dynamics are already occurring and are likely to accelerate under future global changes, with consequences for biodiversity and climate forcing. This conclusion is robust with respect to the abundant literature evidence and our global assessment of historical demographic changes, but it also forms the basis for hypotheses regarding the patterns and processes underlying the shifts in forest dynamics. These hypotheses will be directly testable using emerging terrestrial and satellite-based observation networks. The existing evidence and newly made observations provide a critical test of Earth system models that continue to improve in their ability to simulate forest dynamics and resulting climate forcing. Ultimately, forest managers and natural resource policies must confront the consequences of changing climate and disturbance regimes to ensure sustainable forests and accrue their associated benefits.
Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint A conceptual diagram of the components of forest dynamics and the disturbances that drive them.In the far-left panel, a mature ecosystem is responsive primarily to localized mortality, and the primary drivers of demography are chronically changing variables such as CO2, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In the next panel, the system is disturbed by fire, insect outbreak, or another large-scale perturbation that removes most of the overstory trees, and species adapted to rapid postdisturbance recruitment become established. In the third panel, recruitment and growth dominate demographic processes, with mortality increasing over time as competition leads to self-thinning. In the last panel, a mature ecosystem is dominated by species that have replaced the original community in response to chronic environmental changes, leading to a novel ecosystem.
Forest dynamics arise from the interplay of environmental drivers and disturbances with the demographic processes of recruitment, growth, and mortality, subsequently driving biomass and species composition. However, forest disturbances and subsequent recovery are shifting with global changes in climate and land use, altering these dynamics. Changes in environmental drivers, land use, and disturbance regimes are forcing forests toward younger, shorter stands. Rising carbon dioxide, acclimation, adaptation, and migration can influence these impacts. Recent developments in Earth system models support increasingly realistic simulations of vegetation dynamics. In parallel, emerging remote sensing datasets promise qualitatively new and more abundant data on the underlying processes and consequences for vegetation structure. When combined, these advances hold promise for improving the scientific understanding of changes in vegetation demographics and disturbances.
DA - 2020/05/29/
PY - 2020
DO - 10.1126/science.aaz9463
DP - science.sciencemag.org
VL - 368
IS - 6494
LA - en
SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203
UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6494/eaaz9463
Y2 - 2021/02/05/
N1 - number: 6494
PMID: 32467364
issue: 48-2019
Series Editors: _:n49825
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion AU - Grimm, V. AU - Wissel, Christian T2 - Oecologia AB - We present an inventory and analysis of discussions of ecological stability, considering 163 definitions of 70 different stability concepts. Our aim is to derive a strategy that can help to dispel the existing ”confusion of tongues” on the subject of ”stability” and prevent its future recurrence. The strategy consists of three questions that should be kept in mind when communicating about stability properties. These three questions should overcome the three main sources of confusion in terminology. Firstly, which stability properties are being addressed in the stability statement? Our analysis shows that the general term ”stability” is so ambiguous as to be useless.It can be replaced by the stability properties ”staying essentially unchanged” (constancy), ”returning to the reference state (or dynamic) after a temporary disturbance” (resilience), and ”persistence through time of an ecological system” (persistence). Second, to what ecological situation does the statement refer? An ecological situation is defined by a set of features that, taken as a whole, determine the domain of validity of a stability statement. The six most important features form the ”ecological checklist”, which serves to classify ecological situations and thereby provides a system of coordinates for communication. The six points are: variable of interest, level of description, reference state, disturbance, spatial scale and temporal scale. Thirdly, is the statement anchored in the situation in question, or is there unacceptable generalisation by inferring ”stability” of the whole system from a certain stability property in a certain ecological ecological situation? This question separates the scientifically valuable content of a statement from the desire for general statements which is often projected through stability statements. DA - 1997/02/01/ PY - 1997 DO - 10.1007/s004420050090 VL - 109 IS - 3 SP - 323 EP - 334 J2 - Oecologia SN - 1432-1939 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems AU - Holling, C S T2 - Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics DA - 1973/11// PY - 1973 DO - 10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 J2 - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. LA - en SN - 0066-4162 ER - TY - JOUR TI - FORUM: Effective management of ecological resilience – are we there yet? AU - Spears, Bryan M. AU - Ives, Stephen C. AU - Angeler, David G. AU - Allen, Craig R. AU - Birk, Sebastian AU - Carvalho, Laurence AU - Cavers, Stephen AU - Daunt, Francis AU - Morton, R. Daniel AU - Pocock, Michael J. O. AU - Rhodes, Glenn AU - Thackeray, Stephen J. T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology AB - Summary Ecological resilience is developing into a credible paradigm for policy development and environmental management for preserving natural capital in a rapidly changing world. However, resilience emerges from complex interactions, limiting the translation of theory into practice. Main limitations include the following: (i) difficulty in quantification and detection of changes in ecological resilience, (ii) a lack of empirical evidence to support preventative or proactive management and (iii) difficulties in managing processes operating across socio-ecological systems that vary in space and time. We highlight recent research with the potential to address these limitations including new and/or improved indicators of resilience and tools to assess scale as a driver of resilience. Synthesis and applications. Effective resilience-based management must be adaptive in nature. To support this, we propose an operational model using resilience-based iterative management actions operating across scales. DA - 2015/10/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12497 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - 1311 EP - 1315 J2 - Journal of Applied Ecology SN - 0021-8901 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of landscape simulation modeling to quantify resilience for ecological applications AU - Keane, Robert E. AU - Loehman, Rachel A. AU - Holsinger, Lisa M. AU - Falk, Donald A. AU - Higuera, Philip AU - Hood, Sharon M. AU - Hessburg, Paul F. T2 - Ecosphere AB - Abstract Goals of fostering ecological resilience are increasingly used to guide U.S. public land management in the context of anthropogenic climate change and increasing landscape disturbances. There are, however, few operational means of assessing the resilience of a landscape or ecosystem. We present a method to evaluate resilience using simulation modeling. In this method, we use historical conditions (e.g., in North America, prior to European settlement), quantified using simulation modeling, to provide a comparative reference for contemporary conditions, where substantial departures indicate loss of resilience. Contemporary ecological conditions are compared statistically to the historical time series to create a resilience index, which can be used to prioritize landscapes for treatment and inform possible treatments. However, managing for resilience based on historical conditions is tenuous in the Anthropocene, which is characterized by rapid climate change, extensive human land use, altered disturbance regimes, and exotic species introductions. To account for the future variability of ecosystems resulting from climate and disturbance regime shifts, we augment historical simulations with simulations of ecosystem dynamics under projected climate and land use changes to assess the degree of departure from benchmark historical conditions. We use a mechanistic landscape model (FireBGCv2) applied to a large landscape in western Montana, USA, to illustrate the methods presented in this paper. Spatially explicit ecosystem modeling provides the vehicle to generate the historical and future time series needed to quantify potential resilience conditions associated with past and potential future conditions. Our methods show that given selection of a useful set of metrics, managers could use simulations like ours to evaluate potential future management directions. DA - 2018/09/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1002/ecs2.2414 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - e02414 J2 - Ecosphere SN - 2150-8925 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reviewing the Use of Resilience Concepts in Forest Sciences AU - Nikinmaa, L. AU - Lindner, M. AU - Cantarello, E. AU - Jump, A. S. AU - Seidl, R. AU - Winkel, G. AU - Muys, B. T2 - Current Forestry Reports AB - Resilience is a key concept to deal with an uncertain future in forestry. In recent years, it has received increasing attention from both research and practice. However, a common understanding of what resilience means in a forestry context and how to operationalise it is lacking. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the recent forest science literature on resilience in the forestry context, synthesizing how resilience is defined and assessed. DA - 2020/06/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s40725-020-00110-x VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 61 EP - 80 J2 - Current Forestry Reports SN - 2198-6436 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change threatens European conservation areas AU - Araújo, Miguel B. AU - Alagador, Diogo AU - Cabeza, Mar AU - Nogués-Bravo, David AU - Thuiller, Wilfried T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 484?492 Abstract Europe has the world?s most extensive network of conservation areas. Conservation areas are selected without taking into account the effects of climate change. How effectively would such areas conserve biodiversity under climate change? We assess the effectiveness of protected areas and the Natura 2000 network in conserving a large proportion of European plant and terrestrial vertebrate species under climate change. We found that by 2080, 58?±?2.6% of the species would lose suitable climate in protected areas, whereas losses affected 63?±?2.1% of the species of European concern occurring in Natura 2000 areas. Protected areas are expected to retain climatic suitability for species better than unprotected areas (P? DA - 2011/05/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01610.x VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 484 EP - 492 J2 - Ecology Letters SN - 1461-023X N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - How climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies can threaten or enhance the biodiversity of production forests: Insights from Sweden AU - Felton, A. AU - Gustafsson, L. AU - Roberge, J.-M. AU - Ranius, T. AU - Hjältén, J. AU - Rudolphi, J. AU - Lindbladh, M. AU - Weslien, J. AU - Rist, L. AU - Brunet, J. AU - Felton, A.M. T2 - Biological Conservation AB - Anthropogenic climate change is altering the management of production forests. These changes are motivated by the need to adapt to the uncertainties and risks of climate change, and by the need to enlist their carbon storage and sequestration capacity as part of global mitigation efforts. These changes do however raise concerns regarding the potential implications for forest biodiversity. Here we evaluate these concerns by assessing the biodiversity implications of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies (CCAMS) being implemented in the production forests of Sweden. We do so by identifying biodiversity goals aimed specifically at closing the existing gap between the habitat requirements of forest-dependent species, and the conditions provided by production forests, in terms of tree species composition, forest structures, and spatio-temporal forest patterns. We then use the existing literature to determine whether and by which pathway each CCAMS is likely to bridge or extend this gap. Our results indicate that CCAMS will often come into direct or partial conflict with Swedish biodiversity goals in production forests. Furthermore, some CCAMS which are inconsistent with biodiversity goals, such as logging residue removal, are being implemented more extensively than those which were most consistent with biodiversity goals. We nevertheless challenge the necessity of setting the preservation of forest biodiversity against climate change mitigation and adaptation. We clarify how CCAMS with negative biodiversity implications may still be implemented without adverse outcomes, if coupled with conservation interventions, or combined with other CCAMS deemed complementary in habitat provision. DA - 2016/02/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.11.030 VL - 194 SP - 11 EP - 20 J2 - Biological Conservation SN - 0006-3207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems AU - Ellison, Aaron M. AU - Bank, Michael S. AU - Clinton, Barton D. AU - Colburn, Elizabeth A. AU - Elliott, Katherine AU - Ford, Chelcy R. AU - Foster, David R. AU - Kloeppel, Brian D. AU - Knoepp, Jennifer D. AU - Lovett, Gary M. AU - Mohan, Jacqueline AU - Orwig, David A. AU - Rodenhouse, Nicholas L. AU - Sobczak, William V. AU - Stinson, Kristina A. AU - Stone, Jeffrey K. AU - Swan, Christopher M. AU - Thompson, Jill AU - Von Holle, Betsy AU - Webster, Jackson R. T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment AB - In many forested ecosystems, the architecture and functional ecology of certain tree species define forest structure and their species-specific traits control ecosystem dynamics. Such foundation tree species are declining throughout the world due to introductions and outbreaks of pests and pathogens, selective removal of individual taxa, and over-harvesting. Through a series of case studies, we show that the loss of foundation tree species changes the local environment on which a variety of other species depend; how this disrupts fundamental ecosystem processes, including rates of decomposition, nutrient fluxes, carbon sequestration, and energy flow; and dramatically alters the dynamics of associated aquatic ecosystems. Forests in which dynamics are controlled by one or a few foundation species appear to be dominated by a small number of strong interactions and may be highly susceptible to alternating between stable states following even small perturbations. The ongoing decline of many foundation species provides a set of important, albeit unfortunate, opportunities to develop the research tools, models, and metrics needed to identify foundation species, anticipate the cascade of immediate, short- and long-term changes in ecosystem structure and function that will follow from their loss, and provide options for remedial conservation and management. DA - 2005/11/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0479:LOFSCF]2.0.CO;2 VL - 3 IS - 9 SP - 479 EP - 486 J2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment SN - 1540-9295 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Response of arthropod biodiversity to foundation species declines: The case of the eastern hemlock AU - Rohr, Jason R. AU - Mahan, Carolyn G. AU - Kim, Ke Chung T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Widespread declines of foundation species, such as many corals, kelps, and overstory trees, are of grave concern because, by definition, these species create and maintain habitat that supports other species. Nevertheless, past responses to their declines, many of which were caused by invasive species, have been late and ineffective, underscoring the need to predict changes in biodiversity and ecosystem function associated with species invasions and foundation species losses. One predictive, but under-used, approach is to compare the species and functions associated with the afflicted foundation species to its projected replacement communities. The taxa associated with the foundation species and subsequent successional stages would be expected to decline and increase, respectively. We used this approach to generate hypotheses for how arthropod diversity might change in response to extensive losses of eastern hemlock trees caused by the invasive, hemlock woolly adelgid (insect: Hemiptera, Adelgidae). Our all-strata survey of the arthropods in an eastern hemlock forest and its expected replacement climax community in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, mixed hardwood forest, suggests that eastern hemlock losses might initiate increases in arthropod abundance, alpha diversity, and 23 arthropod taxa, might produce no change in evenness or composition of arthropod functional groups, but might trigger decreases in beta diversity and seven hemlock indicator taxa. These predictions are consistent with observed trends in arthropod responses to hemlock losses in other studies, and thus might be useful for targeting early monitoring, management, and conservation efforts. This research is exploratory, however, and tests of these predictions across larger spatial scales will be necessary to determine the generality of the findings. DA - 2009/09/15/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.002 VL - 258 IS - 7 SP - 1503 EP - 1510 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Anpassungsbedarf an den Klimawandel für Wälder in Österreich – Trends, Baumarten und Waldmanagement AU - Neumann, M. AU - Pucher, C. AU - Lexer, M. T2 - Waldbewirtschaftung in der Klimakrise. Studien zum Marketing natürlicher Ressourcen A2 - Hesser A2 - Braun CY - Wiesbaden DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39054-9_2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How much does climate change threaten European forest tree species distributions? AU - Dyderski, Marcin K. AU - Paź, Sonia AU - Frelich, Lee E. AU - Jagodziński, Andrzej M. T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2018/03// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13925 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 1150 EP - 1163 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A bioclimatic model for the potential distributions of north European tree species under present and future climates AU - Sykes, M.T. AU - Prentice, I.C. AU - Cramer, W. T2 - Journal of Biogeography DA - 1996/// PY - 1996 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 203 EP - 233 DB - Scopus N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - BIOMOD – optimizing predictions of species distributions and projecting potential future shifts under global change AU - Thuiller, Wilfried T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract A new computation framework (BIOMOD: BIOdiversity MODelling) is presented, which aims to maximize the predictive accuracy of current species distributions and the reliability of future potential distributions using different types of statistical modelling methods. BIOMOD capitalizes on the different techniques used in static modelling to provide spatial predictions. It computes, for each species and in the same package, the four most widely used modelling techniques in species predictions, namely Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Generalized Additive Models (GAM), Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CART) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). BIOMOD was applied to 61 species of trees in Europe using climatic quantities as explanatory variables of current distributions. On average, all the different modelling methods yielded very good agreement between observed and predicted distributions. However, the relative performance of different techniques was idiosyncratic across species, suggesting that the most accurate model varies between species. The results of this evaluation also highlight that slight differences between current predictions from different modelling techniques are exacerbated in future projections. Therefore, it is difficult to assess the reliability of alternative projections without validation techniques or expert opinion. It is concluded that rather than using a single modelling technique to predict the distribution of several species, it would be more reliable to use a framework assessing different models for each species and selecting the most accurate one using both evaluation methods and expert knowledge. DA - 2003/10/01/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00666.x VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 1353 EP - 1362 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Early Performance of Tree Species in a Mountain Reforestation Experiment AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Foldal, Cecilie AU - Schüler, Silvio AU - Bouissou, Christina T2 - Forests AB - Climate change requires forest managers to explore new concepts in reforestation. High-elevation sites are posing challenges because the range of tree species that can cope with present and future conditions is small and limited experience with candidate species is available. Methods: We selected a mountain site with nutrient-poor silicatic soils. The previous Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand performed poorly. We established a reforestation experiment with 27 tree species that were planted in different combinations in order to evaluate silvicultural options. Site preparation activities and planting techniques reflected the locally applied regular procedures. After planting, we monitored height growth and phenological characteristics of needle/leaf development in spring. The presently dominant Norway spruce was genetically characterized. Results: Tree seedlings planted at high elevation are highly vulnerable. The temporal course of needle/leaf sprouting varies widely. Early developers are vulnerable to frost, impairing tree development. Biotic stressors such as high population densities of weevils or mice can cause high mortality. Conclusion: we suggest a conservative approach to tree species selection because present site conditions in mountain areas may impair the development of many tree species that could be viable options in a considerably warmer climate. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.3390/f12020256 VL - 12 IS - 2 SN - 1999-4907 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extension of the growing season increases vegetation exposure to frost AU - Liu, Qiang AU - Piao, Shilong AU - Janssens, Ivan A. AU - Fu, Yongshuo AU - Peng, Shushi AU - Lian, Xu AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Myneni, Ranga B. AU - Peñuelas, Josep AU - Wang, Tao T2 - Nature Communications AB - While climate warming reduces the occurrence of frost events, the warming-induced lengthening of the growing season of plants in the Northern Hemisphere may actually induce more frequent frost days during the growing season (GSFDs, days with minimum temperature < 0 °C). Direct evidence of this hypothesis, however, is limited. Here we investigate the change in the number of GSFDs at latitudes greater than 30° N using remotely-sensed and in situ phenological records and three minimum temperature (Tmin) data sets from 1982 to 2012. While decreased GSFDs are found in northern Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau, and northwestern North America (mainly in autumn), ~43% of the hemisphere, especially in Europe, experienced a significant increase in GSFDs between 1982 and 2012 (mainly during spring). Overall, regions with larger increases in growing season length exhibit larger increases in GSFDs. Climate warming thus reduces the total number of frost days per year, but GSFDs nonetheless increase in many areas. DA - 2018/01/30/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41467-017-02690-y VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 426 J2 - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Late-spring frost risk between 1959 and 2017 decreased in North America but increased in Europe and Asia AU - Zohner, Constantin M. AU - Mo, Lidong AU - Renner, Susanne S. AU - Svenning, Jens-Christian AU - Vitasse, Yann AU - Benito, Blas M. AU - Ordonez, Alejandro AU - Baumgarten, Frederik AU - Bastin, Jean-François AU - Sebald, Veronica AU - Reich, Peter B. AU - Liang, Jingjing AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - de- Miguel, Sergio AU - Alberti, Giorgio AU - Antón-Fernández, Clara AU - Balazy, Radomir AU - Brändli, Urs-Beat AU - Chen, Han Y. H. AU - Chisholm, Chelsea AU - Cienciala, Emil AU - Dayanandan, Selvadurai AU - Fayle, Tom M. AU - Frizzera, Lorenzo AU - Gianelle, Damiano AU - Jagodzinski, Andrzej M. AU - Jaroszewicz, Bogdan AU - Jucker, Tommaso AU - Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian AU - Khan, Mohammed Latif AU - Kim, Hyun Seok AU - Korjus, Henn AU - Johannsen, Vivian Kvist AU - Laarmann, Diana AU - Lang, Mait AU - Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz AU - Niklaus, Pascal A. AU - Paquette, Alain AU - Pretzsch, Hans AU - Saikia, Purabi AU - Schall, Peter AU - Šebeň, Vladimír AU - Svoboda, Miroslav AU - Tikhonova, Elena AU - Viana, Helder AU - Zhang, Chunyu AU - Zhao, Xiuhai AU - Crowther, Thomas W. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Frost in late spring causes severe ecosystem damage in temperate and boreal regions. We here analyze late-spring frost occurrences between 1959 and 2017 and woody species’ resistance strategies to forecast forest vulnerability under climate change. Leaf-out phenology and leaf-freezing resistance data come from up to 1,500 species cultivated in common gardens. The greatest increase in leaf-damaging spring frost has occurred in Europe and East Asia, where species are more vulnerable to spring frost than in North America. The data imply that 35 and 26% of Europe’s and Asia’s forests are increasingly threatened by frost damage, while this is only true for 10% of North America. Phenological strategies that helped trees tolerate past frost frequencies will thus be increasingly mismatched to future conditionsLate-spring frosts (LSFs) affect the performance of plants and animals across the world’s temperate and boreal zones, but despite their ecological and economic impact on agriculture and forestry, the geographic distribution and evolutionary impact of these frost events are poorly understood. Here, we analyze LSFs between 1959 and 2017 and the resistance strategies of Northern Hemisphere woody species to infer trees’ adaptations for minimizing frost damage to their leaves and to forecast forest vulnerability under the ongoing changes in frost frequencies. Trait values on leaf-out and leaf-freezing resistance come from up to 1,500 temperate and boreal woody species cultivated in common gardens. We find that areas in which LSFs are common, such as eastern North America, harbor tree species with cautious (late-leafing) leaf-out strategies. Areas in which LSFs used to be unlikely, such as broad-leaved forests and shrublands in Europe and Asia, instead harbor opportunistic tree species (quickly reacting to warming air temperatures). LSFs in the latter regions are currently increasing, and given species’ innate resistance strategies, we estimate that ∼35% of the European and ∼26% of the Asian temperate forest area, but only ∼10% of the North American, will experience increasing late-frost damage in the future. Our findings reveal region-specific changes in the spring-frost risk that can inform decision-making in land management, forestry, agriculture, and insurance policy. DA - 2020/06/02/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1920816117 VL - 117 IS - 22 SP - 12192 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climatic extremes improve predictions of spatial patterns of tree species AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. AU - Yoccoz, Nigel G. AU - Edwards, Thomas C. AU - Meier, Eliane S. AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - Guisan, Antoine AU - Schmatz, Dirk R. AU - Pearman, Peter B. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Understanding niche evolution, dynamics, and the response of species to climate change requires knowledge of the determinants of the environmental niche and species range limits. Mean values of climatic variables are often used in such analyses. In contrast, the increasing frequency of climate extremes suggests the importance of understanding their additional influence on range limits. Here, we assess how measures representing climate extremes (i.e., interannual variability in climate parameters) explain and predict spatial patterns of 11 tree species in Switzerland. We find clear, although comparably small, improvement (+20% in adjusted D2, +8% and +3% in cross-validated True Skill Statistic and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve values) in models that use measures of extremes in addition to means. The primary effect of including information on climate extremes is a correction of local overprediction and underprediction. Our results demonstrate that measures of climate extremes are important for understanding the climatic limits of tree species and assessing species niche characteristics. The inclusion of climate variability likely will improve models of species range limits under future conditions, where changes in mean climate and increased variability are expected. DA - 2009/11/17/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0901643106 VL - 106 IS - supplement_2 SP - 19723 EP - 19728 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences N1 -publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree species distribution in temperate forests is more influenced by soil than by climate AU - Walthert, Lorenz AU - Meier, Eliane Seraina T2 - Ecology and Evolution DA - 2017/11// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/ece3.3436 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 22 SP - 9473 EP - 9484 J2 - Ecol Evol LA - en SN - 20457758 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Was kann eine dynamische Waldtypisierung leisten? AU - Englisch, M. AU - Formayer, H AU - Katzensteiner, K. AU - Klebinder, K. AU - Klosterhuber, R. AU - Lexer, M. J. AU - Wilhelmy, M AU - Winkler, G. AU - Vacik, H. T2 - BFW PraxisInfo DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 49 SP - 22 EP - 24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability of dynamic genetic conservation units of forest trees in Europe to climate change AU - Schueler, Silvio AU - Falk, Wolfgang AU - Koskela, Jarkko AU - Lefèvre, François AU - Bozzano, Michele AU - Hubert, Jason AU - Kraigher, Hojka AU - Longauer, Roman AU - Olrik, Ditte C. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract A transnational network of genetic conservation units for forest trees was recently documented in Europe aiming at the conservation of evolutionary processes and the adaptive potential of natural or man-made tree populations. In this study, we quantified the vulnerability of individual conservation units and the whole network to climate change using climate favourability models and the estimated velocity of climate change. Compared to the overall climate niche of the analysed target species populations at the warm and dry end of the species niche are underrepresented in the network. However, by 2100, target species in 33?65 % of conservation units, mostly located in southern Europe, will be at the limit or outside the species' current climatic niche as demonstrated by favourabilities below required model sensitivities of 95%. The highest average decrease in favourabilities throughout the network can be expected for coniferous trees although they are mainly occurring within units in mountainous landscapes for which we estimated lower velocities of change. Generally, the species-specific estimates of favourabilities showed only low correlations to the velocity of climate change in individual units, indicating that both vulnerability measures should be considered for climate risk analysis. The variation in favourabilities among target species within the same conservation units is expected to increase with climate change and will likely require a prioritization among co-occurring species. The present results suggest that there is a strong need to intensify monitoring efforts and to develop additional conservation measures for populations in the most vulnerable units. Also, our results call for continued transnational actions for genetic conservation of European forest trees, including the establishment of dynamic conservation populations outside the current species distribution ranges within European assisted migration schemes. DA - 2014/05/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/gcb.12476 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 1498 EP - 1511 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Bioclimatic Model for the Potential Distributions of North European Tree Species Under Present and Future Climates AU - Sykes, Martin T. AU - Prentice, I. Colin AU - Cramer, Wolfgang T2 - Journal of Biogeography AB - [A bioclimatic model based on physiological constraints to plant growth and regeneration is used here in an empirical way to describe the present natural distributions of northern Europe's major trees. Bioclimatic variables were computed from monthly means of temperature, precipitation and sunshine (%) interpolated to a 10′ grid taking into account elevation. Minimum values of mean coldest-month temperature (Tc) and 'effective' growing degree days (GDD*) were fitted to species' range limits. GDD* is total annual growing degree days (GDD) minus GDD to budburst (GDD⚬). Each species was assigned to one of the chilling-response categories identified by Murray, Cannell & Smith (1989) to calculate GDD⚬. Maximum Tc values were fitted to continental species' mild-winter limits and other deciduous species' warm-winter limits. Minimum values of relative growing-season moisture availability (α*) were estimated from silvics. Growth indices were calculated based on potential net assimilation (a quadratic in daily temperature) and α*. Growth can be rapid near a range limit, e.g. Picea abies (L.) Karsten in southern Sweden. Climate changes expected for CO2 doubling were projected on to the grid. Simulated distribution changes reflected interspecific differences in response to changing seasonality. Chilling responses proved important, e.g. the predicted range limit of Fagus sylvatica L. contracts in the west while expanding northwards as winters warm more than summers. Transient responses to climate change can be modelled using the same information provided that fundamental and realized niche limitations are distinguished-a caveat that underlines the dearth of experimental information on the climatic requirements for growth, and especially regeneration, of many important trees.] DA - 1996/// PY - 1996 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 203 EP - 233 SN - 03050270, 13652699 DB - JSTOR N1 -publisher: Wiley
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alternative tree species under climate warming in managed European forests AU - Thurm, Eric Andreas AU - Hernandez, Laura AU - Baltensweiler, Andri AU - Ayan, Szegin AU - Rasztovits, Ervin AU - Bielak, Kamil AU - Zlatanov, Tzvetan Mladenov AU - Hladnik, David AU - Balic, Besim AU - Freudenschuss, Alexandra AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard AU - Falk, Wolfgang T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - This study estimates the present and future distribution potential of 12 thermophilic and rare tree species for Europe based on climate-soil sensitive species distribution models (SDMs), and compares them to the two major temperate and boreal tree species (Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies). We used European national forest inventory data with 1.3 million plots to predict the distribution of the 12 + 2 tree species in Europe today and under future warming scenarios of +2.9 and +4.5 °C. The SDMs that were used to calculate the distributions were in a first step only given climate variables for explanation. In a second step, deviations which could not be explained by the climate models were tested in an additional soil variable-based model. Site-index models were applied to the found species distribution to estimate the growth performance (site index) under the given climate. We find a northward shift of 461 km and 697 km for the thermophilic species over the regarded time period from 2060 to 2080 under a warming scenario of 2.9 °C and 4.5 °C, respectively. Potential winners of climatic warming have their distribution centroid below 48°N. Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies will lose great parts of their potential distribution range (approx. 55 and 60%, respectively). An index of area gain and growth performance revealed Ulmus laevis, Quercus rubra, Quercus cerris and Robinia pseudoacacia as interesting alternatives in managed temperate forests currently dominated by F. sylvatica and P. abies. The 12 investigated species are already in focus in forestry and it has been shown that the changing climate creates conditions for a targeted promotion in European forests. Nevertheless, area winners exhibited lower growth performances. So, forest conversion with these warm-adapted species goes hand in hand with loss of overall growth performance compared to current species composition. So, the results are a premise for a further discussion on the ecological consequences and the consistency with forest socio-economic goals and conservation policies. DA - 2018/12/15/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.028 VL - 430 SP - 485 EP - 497 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forstschutzsituation 2007 in Österreich AU - Tomiczek, C. AU - Cech, T. AU - Fürst, A. AU - Hoyer-Tomiczeck, U. AU - Krehan, H. AU - Perny, Bernhard AU - Steyrer, Gottfried T2 - Forstschutz Aktuell DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 VL - 41 SP - 3 EP - 7 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forestry AU - Lexer, M. J. AU - Jandl, R. AU - Nabernegg, S. AU - Bednar-Friedl, B. T2 - Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts - Development of a Cross-Sectoral Framework and Results for Austria A2 - Steininger, K. W. A2 - König, M. A2 - Bednar-Friedl, Birgit A2 - Kranzl, L. A2 - Loibl, W. A2 - Prettenthaler, F. T3 - Springer Climate DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 145 EP - 165 PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-319-12457-5 UR - https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319124568#aboutBook ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability of uneven-aged forests to storm damage AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Kuhn, Thomas AU - Bugmann, Harald AU - Lanz, Adrian AU - Brang, Peter T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - Uneven-aged forests are assumed to have a high stability against storm damage but have rarely been analysed for vulnerability to storm damage due to a lack of a sufficient empirical database. Here we model storm damage in uneven-aged forest to analyse major factors that may determine the sensitivity of this type of forests to storms based on a broad database. Data are derived of public forests in the canton Neuchâtel in West Switzerland that are dominated by silver fir and Norway spruce and managed since the beginning of the 20th century following a single-tree selection system. A unique dataset of periodical (every 5–10 years) full inventories measuring the diameter of every single tree including salvage cuttings was available for the investigation. The time series reached back until 1920 and covered an area of 16 000 ha divided into 3000 divisions. The effect of a major winter storm (‘Lothar’) in December 1999 on these forests was investigated using a subset of 648 divisions. The influence of the vertical stand structure on the vulnerability of storm damage was studied using logistic regression models. To facilitate the analyses, an index of closeness to a J-shaped distribution (LikeJ) based on the number of trees in different diameter classes was developed. Besides structural indices, variables representing stand characteristics, soil-related and topography-related variables were included. The results of our study show that the overall damage level of the investigated forests was rather low. The variables that entered the model for the uneven-aged stands were different to those that are normally significant for even-aged stands. While variables like stand structure, the timing of the harvesting and topographic variables entered a multivariate statistical model as significant predictors, standard predictors for storm damage in even-aged stands such as stand density, thinning intensity or species composition were not significant. We hypothesize that the uneven-aged structure of the investigated forests may be one reason for the low damage level we observed but emphasize the need for more detailed research to support this conclusion. DA - 2014/10/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpu008 VL - 87 IS - 4 SP - 525 EP - 534 J2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research SN - 0015-752X ER - TY - BOOK TI - Intra-specific variation in growth and wood density traits under water-limited conditions: Long-term-, short-term-, and sudden responses of four conifer tree species AU - George, Jan-Peter AU - Grabner, Michael AU - Campelo, Filipe AU - Karanitsch-Ackerl, Sandra AU - Mayer, Konrad AU - T. Klumpp, Raphael AU - Schueler, Silvio AB - Consequences of climate change will severely affect forest ecosystems in the near future, yet our understanding of how and why trees are responding to their abiotic environment is still limited. Intra-specific variation (ITV) in the growth response of trees to warming and drought has been widely neglected so far, but could play a key role for adapting forests to future climate conditions. We analyzed tree rings from four conifers (Picea abies, Abies alba, Larix decidua, Pseudotsuga menziesii) regarding their intra-specific adaptation potential when trees are growing at the warm and dry margins of species distributions. Our study comprises data from four common garden experiments (45 provenances and a total of 743 trees) and assessed growth response at different temporal scales from decades (long-term) to only a few event years (short-term) and finally for density fluctuations within one year (sudden response). We observed significant variation among provenances at all time-scales, but with varying degree among species. However, variation in short-term response (drought years) was remarkably unstable across all species, when the seasonal variation of drought occurrence was considered. Silver-fir and Douglas-fir showed significant associations between seed-source climate and growth response as well as trade-offs between early- and latewood growth reaction which strongly suggests that growth responses are adaptive. Intra-specific variation in conifers in response to drought will probably be sufficient to mitigate climate change consequences on forest growth, but growth-environment interactions as well as dependencies between temporal scales could create major pitfalls for adaptive forest management in the future. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 660 N1 -DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.478
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growth response of five co-occurring conifers to drought across a wide climatic gradient in Central Europe AU - Lévesque, Mathieu AU - Rigling, Andreas AU - Bugmann, Harald AU - Weber, Pascale AU - Brang, Peter T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Climate change projections indicate drier conditions and an increase in the frequency and duration of extreme drought events in the coming decades in Central Europe. However, it is not clear which tree species will be able to cope with drier climatic conditions and higher year-to-year climatic variability. We analyzed tree-growth responses of five co-occurring conifer species to past climatic variations and severe droughts across a wide climatic gradient in Central Europe, covering four distinct biogeographic regions: the northern Swiss Alps, the Swiss Plateau, the foothills of the Jura Mountains and the dry Central Alps. We studied three native tree species (Larix decidua Mill, Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus sylvestris L.) and two non-native species (Pinus nigra Arn. and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Tree-ring width was measured for 770 trees from 14 sites and species-specific site chronologies were established. Response-function analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), linear regressions and Superposed Epoch Analysis were used to assess the species-specific growth sensitivity to climate and severe drought along the gradient. Irrespective of the species and site conditions, high temperatures and low precipitation amounts in summer and autumn of the year prior growth significantly reduced tree growth. When evaporative demand, precipitation and soil water holding capacity were considered together, low water availability in current summer strongly reduced growth. Overall, the growth-climate relationships of the species were not or only slightly related to the site water balance per se. However, when all species-specific growth response coefficients were introduced into a PCA, a clear separation of the populations of the Central Alps (driest sites) became apparent. At these sites, soil water deficits in previous autumn and current spring strongly reduced radial growth, whereas at moist and wet sites on the Swiss Plateau, in the Jura Mountains and northern Alps summer drought impeded growth. Along the gradient, the native P. abies, L. decidua and P. sylvestris were the most sensitive species to drought, implying that their long-term performance and survival on nowadays dry sites can be compromised under a drier climate in Central Europe. DA - 2014/10/15/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.06.001 VL - 197 SP - 1 EP - 12 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology SN - 0168-1923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forest stand productivity derived from site conditions: an assessment of old Douglas-fir stands (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) in Central Europe AU - Eckhart, Tamara AU - Pötzelsberger, Elisabeth AU - Koeck, Roland AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Lair, Georg J. AU - van Loo, Marcela AU - Hasenauer, Hubert T2 - Annals of Forest Science AB - Douglas-fir growth correlates with the climate, the soil moisture regime, and the soil nutrient status, reflecting a broad physiological amplitude. Even though planting this non-native tree species is suggested as a viable strategy to improve adaptiveness of European forests to a more extreme climate and to assure future productivity, the expected temperature increase may induce a decline in forest stand productivity for Douglas-fir in already warm and dry regions. DA - 2019/02/20/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s13595-019-0805-3 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - 19 J2 - Annals of Forest Science SN - 1297-966X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adapting Douglas-fir forestry in Central Europe: evaluation, application, and uncertainty analysis of a genetically based model AU - Chakraborty, Debojyoti AU - Wang, Tongli AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Konnert, Monika AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Matulla, Christoph AU - Weißenbacher, Lambert AU - Schueler, Silvio T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - Recommendations on suitable seed sources for reforestation are usually model based and include uncertainties arising from model assumptions, parameter estimation, and future climate scenarios. Due to the long-lived nature of forests, such uncertainties need to be considered when developing guidance for managers and policy makers. We evaluate the uncertainties and apply our recently developed genetically based models, Universal Response Functions (URFs) in Austria and Germany. The URFs predict growth performance (dominant height and basal area at age 24) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco) populations, as a function of both environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated the URFs by comparing the predicted height growth performances with observations from independent provenance trial data across Europe. Also, the sensitivity of the URF variables and the overall model uncertainty were estimated and compared to the uncertainty due to climate change projections. Model evaluation suggests that the URFs perform better in Central and Southeastern Europe compared to maritime Western Europe. Summer drought and mean annual temperature of planting sites were the most sensitive variables of the models, whereas the mean annual temperature of seed origin was the least sensitive. Model uncertainty increased with mean annual temperature of the planting site. Uncertainty due to projected future climate was found to be higher than the model uncertainty. The URFs predicted that provenance regions of southwest Germany and southeast Austria below 1500 m altitude will be suitable, whereas Pannonian east of Austria will become less suitable for growing Douglas-fir in future. Current seed stands in North America providing planting materials for Europe under the legal framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shall continue to provide the most suitable seed material also in the future. DA - 2016/10/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10342-016-0984-5 VL - 135 IS - 5 SP - 919 EP - 936 J2 - European Journal of Forest Research SN - 1612-4677 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wachstumspotenziale für Douglasie in Österreich und Deutschland AU - Pötzelsberger, Elisabeth AU - Eckhart, Tamara AU - Hasenauer, Hubert T2 - Austrian Journal of Forest Science DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 2 SP - 69 EP - 86 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limitierende Faktoren für den Douglasienanbau in Mitteleuropa im Klimawandel AU - Schüler, Silvio AU - Chakraborty, Debojyoti T2 - Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen AB - Die Douglasie ist eine der erfolgreichsten nicht heimischen Baumarten in Europa und wird im Klimawandel als wichtige alternative Wirtschaftsbaumart angesehen. Der Erfolg ihres zukünftigen Anbaus in Mitteleuropa hängt vom Verständnis ihrer klimatischen Nische und von der Berücksichtigung standörtlicher Gefährdungen ab. Der derzeitige Anbauschwerpunkt liegt grossteils in tieferen Lagen und reicht von klimatisch atlantisch bis zu kontinental geprägten Standorten. Baumartenverbreitungsmodelle zur Abschätzung der generellen klimatischen Eignung zeigen, dass bei steigenden Temperaturen viele der heutigen Standorte potenziell gefährdet sind und sich stattdessen zusätzliche Anbaugebiete in mittleren und höheren Lagen ergeben werden. Die bereits heute bekannten standörtlichen Risiken des Douglasienanbaus, zu denen das Auftreten von Früh- und Spätfrösten, die Frosttrocknis, ungeeignete Böden und die Douglasienschütte gehören, werden auch in Zukunft einen Einfluss auf die Bestandesentwicklung haben und dürften teilweise sogar zunehmen. Daher müssen bei einem verstärkten Anbau die standörtlichen Gegebenheiten beachtet und Douglasien aus geeigneten Herkünften verwendet werden. Stark frostgefährdete Lagen in Mulden und Tälern sollten vermieden werden, und kleinflächige Pflanzungen sind gegenüber grossflächigen Pflanzungen auf offener Fläche zu bevorzugen. Unterhänge sowie Standorte mit hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit und häaufigen Nebeln sind aufgrund ihrer Neigung zu Schütteinfektionen für den Douglasienanbau ungeeignet. In der Bewirtschaftung senken rechtzeitige und kräftige Durchforstungen das Infektionsrisiko und tragen zu gesunden und wüchsigen Douglasienbeständen bei. Obwohl einfache Klimavergleiche eine bessere Eignung der Inlanddouglasie nahelegen, kann diese aufgrund ihres frühen Austriebs, der hohen Schütteanfälligkeit und des geringen Wachstums in Mitteleuropa heute und in Zukunft nicht empfohlen werden. Langfristig sollten stattdessen Herkünfte aus dem südlichen Oregon und aus Kalifornien geprüft werden, um die bewährten Herkünfte aus den Samenzonen in Oregon und Washington zu ergänzen.Le douglas est l’une des espèces d’arbres non indigènes les plus performantes en Europe et est considéré comme une importante alternative économique dans le contexte du changement climatique. Le succès des plantations futures en Europe centrale dépend de la compréhension de sa niche climatique et de la considération des menaces dues aux conditions des stations locales. Les plantations actuelles de douglas se concentrent actuellement sur les basses altitudes et s’étendent du climat atlantique au climat continental. Les modèles de distribution de l’espèce pour l’estimation de l’adéquation climatique générale indiquent qu’avec l’augmentation des températures, ces sites seraient potentiellement compromis et des surfaces de cultures additionnelles pourraient être attendues en moyenne et haute altitude. Les risques spécifiques des stations actuelles du douglas incluant des gelées précoces et tardives, la dessiccation par le gel, des sols non adaptés et la rouille suisse du douglas continueront d’avoir une influence sur le développement du peuplement à l’avenir et pourraient même augmenter dans certains cas. Par conséquent, une culture accrue du douglas doit considérer les conditions locales de la station et sélectionner une provenance adéquate pour la plantation. Les stations comprenant des creux et des vallées présentent un risque élevé de gel et doivent donc être évitées. De plus, les petites plantations doivent être préférées aux grandes plantations dans les zones ouvertes. Les pieds de talus et les sites à haute humidité et à brouillard fréquent ne conviennent pas à cause du risque élevé d’infection de la rouille suisse. Une éclaircie opportune et intensive réduit le risque d’infection et soutient des peuplements sains. Même side simples comparaisons climatiques indiquent une meilleure performance des provenances de l’intérieur des terres, dans le cas du changement climatique, il n’est pas recommandé d’en augmenter la culture en Europe à cause de son bourgeonnement précoce, son haut risque d’infection par la rouille suisse et sa croissance lente. Au contraire, les douglas provenant du sud de l’Oregon et de Californie devraientêtre évalués afin de compléter les graines testées de l’Oregon et de Washington.Douglas-fir is one of the most successful non-native tree species in Europe and considered an important timber species for adapting forests to climate change. The success of future plantations in Central Europe depends on the understanding of its climatic niche and the consideration of threats due to local site conditions. Present Douglas-fir plantations are located mostly at lower altitudes under climate conditions ranging from Atlantic to continental. Species distribution models to estimate the general climatic suitability indicate that with rising temperatures, current sites are potentially endangered and additional cultivation areas can be expected at medium and higher altitudes. Current site specific risks of Douglas-fir cultivation, which include the occurrence of early and late frosts, frost desiccation, unsuitable soils and needle casts, will continue or even increase its effect on stand development in the future. Therefore, an extended Douglas-fir cultivation needs to consider the local site conditions and select appropriate provenance origins for reforestation. Sites containing sinks or vales are at high risk of frost and should therefore be avoided. Also small-scale reforestations should be preferred to reforestations of large open areas. Lower slopes and sites with high humidity and frequent fog are unsuitable due to a higher risk of needle cast infections. Timely and vigorous thinning reduces the risk of infection and supports healthy Douglas-fir stands. Though simple climatic comparisons indicate a better performance of Rocky Mountain provenances in climate change, their increased cultivation in Europe cannot be recommended due to its early bud burst, high susceptibility to needle cast and slow growth. Instead, provenances of southern Oregon and California should be evaluated to complement the tested seed sources from Oregon and Washington. DA - 2021/03/04/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.3188/szf.2021.0084 VL - 172 IS - 2 SP - 84 EP - 93 J2 - Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen SN - 0036-7818 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gastbaumarten AU - Schuster, K. AU - Ruhm, W. T2 - Die Landwirtschaft A2 - LK NÖ A2 - LK NÖ DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees to prevent tree invasions and mitigate their negative impacts AU - Brundu, Giuseppe AU - Pauchard, Aníbal AU - Pyšek, Petr AU - Pergl, Jan AU - Bindewald, Anja M. AU - Brunori, Antonio AU - Canavan, Susan AU - Campagnaro, Thomas AU - Celesti-Grapow, Laura AU - Dechoum, Michele de Sá AU - Dufour-Dror, Jean-Marc AU - Essl, Franz AU - Flory, S. Luke AU - Genovesi, Piero AU - Guarino, Francesco AU - Guangzhe, Liu AU - Hulme, Philip E. AU - Jäger, Heinke AU - Kettle, Christopher J. AU - Krumm, Frank AU - Langdon, Barbara AU - Lapin, Katharina AU - Lozano, Vanessa AU - Le Roux, Johannes J. AU - Novoa, Ana AU - Nuñez, Martín A. AU - Porté, Annabel J. AU - Silva, Joaquim S. AU - Schaffner, Urs AU - Sitzia, Tommaso AU - Tanner, Rob AU - Tshidada, Ntakadzeni AU - Vítková, Michaela AU - Westergren, Marjana AU - Wilson, John R. U. AU - Richardson, David M. T2 - NeoBiota AB - Sustainably managed non-native trees deliver economic and societal benefits with limited risk of spread to adjoining areas. However, some plantations have launched invasions that cause substantial damage to biodiversity and ecosystem services, while others pose substantial threats of causing such impacts. The challenge is to maximise the benefits of non-native trees, while minimising negative impacts and preserving future benefits and options. A workshop was held in 2019 to develop global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees, using the Council of Europe – Bern Convention Code of Conduct on Invasive Alien Trees as a starting point. The global guidelines consist of eight recommendations: 1) Use native trees, or non-invasive non-native trees, in preference to invasive non-native trees; 2) Be aware of and comply with international, national, and regional regulations concerning non-native trees; 3) Be aware of the risk of invasion and consider global change trends; 4) Design and adopt tailored practices for plantation site selection and silvicultural management; 5) Promote and implement early detection and rapid response programmes; 6) Design and adopt tailored practices for invasive non-native tree control, habitat restoration, and for dealing with highly modified ecosystems; 7) Engage with stakeholders on the risks posed by invasive non-native trees, the impacts caused, and the options for management; and 8) Develop and support global networks, collaborative research, and information sharing on native and non-native trees. The global guidelines are a first step towards building global consensus on the precautions that should be taken when introducing and planting non-native trees. They are voluntary and are intended to complement statutory requirements under international and national legislation. The application of the global guidelines and the achievement of their goals will help to conserve forest biodiversity, ensure sustainable forestry, and contribute to the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations linked with forest biodiversity. DA - 2020/10/08/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.3897/neobiota.61.58380 VL - 61 SP - 65 EP - 116 J2 - NB SN - 1619-0033 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planted forests and invasive alien trees in Europe: A Code for managing existing and future plantings to mitigate the risk of negative impacts from invasions AU - Brundu, Giuseppe AU - Richardson, David M. T2 - NeoBiota AB - Planted forests of alien tree species make significant contributions to the economy and provide multiple products and ecosystem services On the other hand, non-native trees now feature prominently on the lists of invasive alien plants in many parts of the world, and in some areas non-native woody species are now among the most conspicuous, damaging and, in some cases, best-studied invasive species. Afforestation and reforestation policies, both on public and private land, need to include clearly stated objectives and principles to reduce impacts of invasive trees outside areas set aside for forestry. With the intention of encouraging national authorities to implement general principles of prevention and mitigation of the risks posed by invasive alien tree species used in plantation forestry into national environmental policies, the Council of Europe facilitated the preparation of a Code of Conduct on Planted Forest and Invasive Alien Trees. This new voluntary Code, comprising 14 principles, complements existing codes of conduct dealing with horticulture and botanic gardens. The Code is addressed to all relevant stakeholders and decision makers in the 47 Member States of the Council of Europe. It aims to enlist the co-operation of the forest sector (trade and industry, national forest authorities, certification bodies and environmental organizations) and associated professionals in preventing new introductions and reducing, controlling and mitigating negative impacts due to tree invasions that arise, directly or indirectly, as a consequence of plantation forestry. DA - 2016/06/23/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.3897/neobiota.30.7015 VL - 30 SP - 5 EP - 47 J2 - NB SN - 1619-0033 N1 -publisher: Pensoft Publishers
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Invasive alien plant species in unmanaged forest reserves, Austria AU - Lapin, Katharina AU - Oettel, Janine AU - Steiner, Herfried AU - Langmaier, Magdalena AU - Sustic, Dunja AU - Starlinger, Franz AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Frank, Georg T2 - NeoBiota AB - Invasive alien plant species (IAS) are one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity and the sustainable functioning of ecosystems and mitigating the threat posed by them is therefore of great importance. This study presents the results of a 15-year investigation into how IAS occur within natural forest reserves (NFR): unmanaged forest ecosystems within Austria, concluding that unmanaged forests are not resistant to plant invasions. The study comprised ground vegetation, regeneration, and stand structure surveys. The presence or absence of IAS in different forest types was assessed and the influencing variables for their presence or absence were determined. In addition, the study analysed whether the abundance of IAS has increased at the site level within the past decade. Significant differences in the probability of IAS presences between forest types (photosociological alliances) were found. The results of the study show that natural riparian and floodplain forests are among the forest types most vulnerable to biological invasions, which is reflected in elevation and soil type being determined as the main factors influencing the spread of IAS in unmanaged forests. The results of this study may be useful for persons responsible for sustainable forest management programmes or for managing forested areas within national parks. They provide a case study on non-intervention forest management policy in order to mitigate the impacts of IAS in protected areas. Forest areas, where IAS begin to spread can be identified, which in turn leads to measures in the early stages of invasion, and to optimise monitoring and control measures for relevant species in Central European forest types. DA - 2019/07/15/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.3897/neobiota.48.34741 VL - 48 SP - 71 EP - 96 J2 - NB SN - 1619-0033 N1 -publisher: Pensoft Publishers
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growing Non-native Trees in European Forests Brings Benefits and Opportunities but Also Has Its Risks and Limits AU - Pötzelsberger, Elisabeth AU - Spiecker, Heinrich AU - Neophytou, Charalambos AU - Mohren, Frits AU - Gazda, Anna AU - Hasenauer, Hubert T2 - Current Forestry Reports AB - Non-native tree species (NNT) raise a range of different associations and emotions—to many citizens they are just an exotic curiosity in parks, to many conservationists they are an evil to native ecosystems that should be eradicated, to a rising group of foresters they are part of the solution to climate change and an increasing timber demand, and to others they are already daily forestry business. In this review, where we also summarise the findings of the recent COST Action FP1403 (NNEXT) ‘Non-native tree species for European forests: experiences, risks and opportunities’, we highlight opportunities and challenges in the light of climate change, ecological risks and legislative limits of growing non-native tree species in Europe. DA - 2020/12/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s40725-020-00129-0 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 339 EP - 353 J2 - Current Forestry Reports SN - 2198-6436 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Chancen und Risiken der Douglasie im Waldbau AU - Wohlgemuth, Thomas AU - Gossner, Martin AU - Rigling, Andreas T2 - Scheizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen AB - Die gebietsfremde Douglasie geniesst einen hervorragenden Ruf in der mitteleuropäischen Forstwirtschaft und wird deshalb in unseren Nachbarländern Deutschland und Frankreich forstlich stark genutzt. In der Schweiz gilt sie wegen ihrer Resistenz gegen Sommertrockenheit als Zukunftsbaum mit einem breiten Standortsspektrum unter heutigen klimatischen Verhältnissen. Das Wachstumsoptimum wird sich aber im Rahmen des Klimawandels in Höhenlagen oberhalb von 1000 m ü.M. verschieben. Den Chancen der forstlichen Nutzung stehen die Risiken gegenüber, bei hohen Anteilen der Douglasie insbesondere die Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität. Die Effekte in Reinbeständen der Douglasie in Mitteleuropa zeigen in einer Literaturstudie mehrheitlich eine deutliche Reduktion der Artenvielfalt bei Pilzen, Arthropoden und Vögeln. Geringer sind die Effekte, wenn die Douglasie beigemischt ist. Es besteht beträchtlicher Forschungsbedarf, ab welchem Mischungsgrad der Douglasie negative Auswirkungen entstehen. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 VL - 172 IS - 2 SP - 62 EP - 65 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disentangling the role of climate and soil on tree growth and its interaction with seed origin AU - Chakraborty, Debojyoti AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Kapeller, Stefan AU - Schueler, Silvio T2 - Science of The Total Environment DA - 2019/03// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.093 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 654 SP - 393 EP - 401 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 00489697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cold hardiness of Pinus nigra Arnold as influenced by geographic origin, warming, and extreme summer drought AU - Kreyling, Juergen AU - Wiesenberg, Guido L.B. AU - Thiel, Daniel AU - Wohlfart, Christian AU - Huber, Gerhard AU - Walter, Julia AU - Jentsch, Anke AU - Konnert, Monika AU - Beierkuhnlein, Carl T2 - Environmental and Experimental Botany AB - Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is being investigated more and more through the introduction of species from warmer and drier climates, such as the (sub-) mediterranean Pinus nigra to dry sites in temperate Central Europe. Winter survival, however, may pose a serious threat to this strategy as cold extremes, which naturally determine the poleward range limits of forest trees, are not expected to follow the general warming trend in the near future. Here, juveniles of P. nigra from eight provenances throughout Europe were exposed to different climate change scenarios (factorial combinations of 42 days of drought and warming by 1.6°C) in a common garden experiment in Bayreuth, Germany. Cold hardiness (LT50) was determined by the Relative Electrolyte Leakage method (REL) in two consecutive winters. Cold hardiness of foliage differed by 10°C between the provenances studied and a local adaptation to minimum temperature was found. Cold hardiness was further affected by extreme summer drought, increasing cold hardiness by 3.9°C on average in the subsequent winter, and by summer warming, increasing cold hardiness by 3.4°C. Year-round warming had no significant effect on cold hardiness. Cold hardiness was related to the content of soluble carbohydrates and to the composition of fatty acids and alkanes in the needles. Juveniles of P. nigra exhibited a comparable cold hardiness as juveniles of species native to Central Europe (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea) under the same climatic conditions. Cold hardiness of the fine roots of P. nigra averaged −16.5°C compared to −23.8°C on average for needles. Our results imply that the cold hardiness of the foliage is adaptive to both long-term growing conditions at the seed origin (genetic heritage) and short-term alterations of these conditions (individual plasticity), while first hints suggest that cold hardiness of the roots is high and might not be adaptive. For P. nigra, below- and above-ground cold hardiness of selected provenances in mid-winter appear suitable for cultivation in temperate regions. DA - 2012/05/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.026 VL - 78 SP - 99 EP - 108 J2 - Environmental and Experimental Botany SN - 0098-8472 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Phenotypic plasticity facilitates resistance to climate change in a highly variable environment AU - Richter, Sarah AU - Kipfer, Tabea AU - Wohlgemuth, Thomas AU - Calderón Guerrero, Carlos AU - Ghazoul, Jaboury AU - Moser, Barbara T2 - Oecologia AB - Increased summer drought will exacerbate the regeneration of many tree species at their lower latitudinal and altitudinal distribution limits. In vulnerable habitats, introduction of more drought-tolerant provenances or species is currently considered to accelerate tree species migration and facilitate forest persistence. Trade-offs between drought adaptation and growth plasticity might, however, limit the effectiveness of assisted migration, especially if introductions focus on provenances or species from different climatic regions. We tested in a common garden experiment the performance of Pinus sylvestris seedlings from the continental Central Alps under increased temperatures and extended spring and/or summer drought, and compared seedling emergence, survival and biomass allocation to that of P. sylvestris and closely related Pinus nigra from a Mediterranean seed source. Soil heating had only minor effects on seedling performance but high spring precipitation doubled the number of continental P. sylvestris seedlings present after the summer drought. At the same time, twice as many seedlings of the Mediterranean than the continental P. sylvestris provenance were present, which was due to both higher emergence and lower mortality under dry conditions. Both P. sylvestris provenances allocated similar amounts of biomass to roots when grown under low summer precipitation. Mediterranean seedlings, however, revealed lower phenotypic plasticity than continental seedlings under high precipitation, which might limit their competitive ability in continental Alpine forests in non-drought years. By contrast, high variability in the response of individual seedlings to summer drought indicates the potential of continental P. sylvestris provenances to adapt to changing environmental conditions. DA - 2012/05/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s00442-011-2191-x VL - 169 IS - 1 SP - 269 EP - 279 J2 - Oecologia SN - 1432-1939 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Conservation and sustainable utilization of forest tree diversity in climate change. SUSTREE Policy Brief No. 1, Output of the INTERREG CENTRAL EUROPE Programme 2014-2020 AU - Gaviria, J. AU - Chakraborty, D. AU - Bednarova, D. AU - Bolte, A. AU - Buchacher, R. AU - Bouissou, C. AU - Hazarika, R. AU - Henning, L. AU - Kowalczyk, J. AU - Longauer, R. AU - Listiburek, M. AU - Nagy, L. AU - Schnabel, G. AU - Stejskal, J. AU - Tomaskova, I. AU - Schüler, S. CY - Göttingen, Open Agrar Repositorium DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 N1 -DOI:10.3220/DATA20191016112803
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Intraspecific variation in climate response of Norway spruce in the eastern Alpine range: Selecting appropriate provenances for future climate AU - Kapeller, Stefan AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Geburek, Thomas AU - Hiebl, Johann AU - Schueler, Silvio T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Enhancing adaptation of forest ecosystems to prospective climate change is a major challenge in current forest management. Beyond potential negative effects of climate change such as decreasing productivity due to an increasing number of drought periods and damages from intensified disturbance regimes, there is also a potential for increasing productivity due to prolonged vegetation periods and higher photosynthetic rates. Quantitative genetic variation is crucial for adaptability of species towards environmental changes. The use of suitable reproductive material for forest regeneration will be a key factor essential for both, mitigating negative effects and making the most of potential positive effects. Therefore, insights into intraspecific variation within and among tree populations in climate response are of paramount importance. In our study we investigated intraspecific variation in climate response among Norway spruce (Picea abies) populations in the eastern Alpine range. Results from a comprehensive Austrian provenance test, comprising tree heights at age 15 from 379 populations planted at 29 test sites across Austria, were used to calibrate climate response functions for groups of Norway spruce populations. Potential future changes in productivity for climate change conditions as represented by a regionalized A1B scenario were estimated using height at age 15 as a productivity proxy. Climate response functions were calculated for single populations and aggregated clusters of populations from climatically similar origins. Our results hardly revealed any declines in employed proxies for productivity of Norway spruce throughout its current distribution range in Austria. For most parts of Austria an increase of tree heights up to 45 percent can be expected until 2080. However, the impact of a warming climate is different for individual population groups. Generally, variation in climate response increases with higher temperatures and less precipitation. Thus, an optimized choice of seed material according to prospective future climate conditions has the potential for an additional increase of productivity up to 11 percent. In general, populations from currently warm and drought prone areas seem to be well adapted to respective climate conditions and may be appropriate candidates for extended utilization in future. Furthermore, populations showing the best productivity indices originate from regions, which are phylogenetically distinct from the core distribution area of Norway spruce, suggesting that population history might explain part of the variation in climate response among populations. DA - 2012/05/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.039 VL - 271 SP - 46 EP - 57 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of Douglas-fir provenances in Austria: site-specific late and early frost events are more important than provenance origin AU - Chakraborty, Debojyoti AU - Matulla, Christoph AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Weissenbacher, Lambert AU - Schueler, Silvio T2 - Annals of Forest Science AB - Autumn and spring frost events caused wide variation in the survival of juvenile Douglas-fir in Austrian forest sites located in the transition zone from Atlantic to continental climate. Survival rate can be optimized by planting provenances originating from an altitudinal belt of 500–1400 m in North America. Neither the variety nor the climate of origin of planted Douglas-fir provenances influence its response to frost events. DA - 2019/10/29/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s13595-019-0883-2 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - 100 J2 - Annals of Forest Science SN - 1297-966X N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Risk of genetic maladaptation due to climate change in three major European tree species AU - Frank, Aline AU - Howe, Glenn T. AU - Sperisen, Christoph AU - Brang, Peter AU - Clair, J. Bradley St. AU - Schmatz, Dirk R. AU - Heiri, Caroline T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Tree populations usually show adaptations to their local environments as a result of natural selection. As climates change, populations can become locally maladapted and decline in fitness. Evaluating the expected degree of genetic maladaptation due to climate change will allow forest managers to assess forest vulnerability, and develop strategies to preserve forest health and productivity. We studied potential genetic maladaptation to future climates in three major European tree species, Norway spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). A common garden experiment was conducted to evaluate the quantitative genetic variation in growth and phenology of seedlings from 77 to 92 native populations of each species from across Switzerland. We used multivariate genecological models to associate population variation with past seed source climates, and to estimate relative risk of maladaptation to current and future climates based on key phenotypic traits and three regional climate projections within the A1B scenario. Current risks from climate change were similar to average risks from current seed transfer practices. For all three climate models, future risks increased in spruce and beech until the end of the century, but remained low in fir. Largest average risks associated with climate projections for the period 2061?2090 were found for spruce seedling height (0.64), and for beech bud break and leaf senescence (0.52 and 0.46). Future risks for spruce were high across Switzerland. However, areas of high risk were also found in drought-prone regions for beech and in the southern Alps for fir. Genetic maladaptation to future climates is likely to become a problem for spruce and beech by the end of this century, but probably not for fir. Consequently, forest management strategies should be adjusted in the study area for spruce and beech to maintain productive and healthy forests in the future. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13802 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 5358 EP - 5371 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distinct genecological patterns in seedlings of Norway spruce and silver fir from a mountainous landscape AU - Frank, Aline AU - Sperisen, Christoph AU - Howe, Glenn Thomas AU - Brang, Peter AU - Walthert, Lorenz AU - St.Clair, John Bradley AU - Heiri, Caroline T2 - Ecology AB - Abstract Understanding the genecology of forest trees is critical for gene conservation, for predicting the effects of climate change and climate change adaptation, and for successful reforestation. Although common genecological patterns have emerged, species-specific details are also important. Which species are most vulnerable to climate change? Which are the most important adaptive traits and environmental drivers of natural selection? Even though species have been classified as adaptive specialists vs. adaptive generalists, large-scale studies comparing different species in the same experiment are rare. We studied the genecology of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba), two co-occurring but ecologically distinct European conifers in Central Europe. For each species, we collected seed from more than 90 populations across Switzerland, established a seedling common-garden test, and developed genecological models that associate population variation in seedling growth and phenology to climate, soil properties, and site water balance. Population differentiation and associations between seedling traits and environmental variables were much stronger for Norway spruce than for silver fir, and stronger for seedling height growth than for bud phenology. In Norway spruce, height growth and second flushing were strongly associated with temperature and elevation, with seedlings from the lowlands being taller and more prone to second flush than seedlings from the Alps. In silver fir, height growth was more weakly associated with temperature and elevation, but also associated with water availability. Soil characteristics explained little population variation in both species. We conclude that Norway spruce has become an adaptive specialist because trade-offs between rapid juvenile growth and frost avoidance have subjected it to strong diversifying natural selection based on temperature. In contrast, because silver fir has a more conservative growth habit, it has evolved to become an adaptive generalist. This study demonstrates that co-occurring tree species can develop very different adaptive strategies under identical environmental conditions, and suggests that Norway spruce might be more vulnerable to future maladaptation due to rapid climate change than silver fir. DA - 2017/01/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/ecy.1632 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 211 EP - 227 J2 - Ecology SN - 0012-9658 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the potential for assisted gene flow using past introduction of Norway spruce in southern Sweden: Local adaptation and genetic basis of quantitative traits in trees AU - Milesi, Pascal AU - Berlin, Mats AU - Chen, Jun AU - Orsucci, Marion AU - Li, Lili AU - Jansson, Gunnar AU - Karlsson, Bo AU - Lascoux, Martin T2 - Evolutionary Applications AB - Abstract Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a dominant conifer species of major economic importance in northern Europe. Extensive breeding programs were established to improve phenotypic traits of economic interest. In southern Sweden, seeds used to create progeny tests were collected on about 3,000 trees of outstanding phenotype (?plus? trees) across the region. In a companion paper, we showed that some were of local origin but many were recent introductions from the rest of the natural range. The mixed origin of the trees together with partial sequencing of the exome of >1,500 of these trees and phenotypic data retrieved from the Swedish breeding program offered a unique opportunity to dissect the genetic basis of local adaptation of three quantitative traits (height, diameter and bud-burst) and assess the potential of assisted gene flow. Through a combination of multivariate analyses and genome-wide association studies, we showed that there was a very strong effect of geographical origin on growth (height and diameter) and phenology (bud-burst) with trees from southern origins outperforming local provenances. Association studies revealed that growth traits were highly polygenic and bud-burst somewhat less. Hence, our results suggest that assisted gene flow and genomic selection approaches could help to alleviate the effect of climate change on P. abies breeding programs in Sweden. DA - 2019/12/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/eva.12855 VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 1946 EP - 1959 J2 - Evolutionary Applications SN - 1752-4571 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microgeographic adaptation and the effect of pollen flow on the adaptive potential of a temperate tree species AU - Gauzere, Julie AU - Klein, Etienne K. AU - Brendel, Oliver AU - Davi, Hendrik AU - Oddou-Muratorio, Sylvie T2 - New Phytologist AB - Summary In species with long-distance dispersal capacities and inhabiting a large ecological niche, local selection and gene flow are expected to be major evolutionary forces affecting the genetic adaptation of natural populations. Yet, in species such as trees, evidence of microgeographic adaptation and the quantitative assessment of the impact of gene flow on adaptive genetic variation are still limited. Here, we used extensive genetic and phenotypic data from European beech seedlings collected along an elevation gradient, and grown in a common garden, to study the signature of selection on the divergence of eleven potentially adaptive traits, and to assess the role of gene flow in resupplying adaptive genetic variation. We found a significant signal of adaptive differentiation among plots separated by < 1 km, with selection acting on growth and phenological traits. Consistent with theoretical expectations, our results suggest that pollen dispersal contributes to increase genetic diversity for these locally differentiated traits. Our results thus highlight that local selection is an important evolutionary force in natural tree populations and suggest that management interventions to facilitate movement of gametes along short ecological gradients would boost genetic diversity of individual tree populations, and enhance their adaptive potential to rapidly changing environments. DA - 2020/07/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/nph.16537 VL - 227 IS - 2 SP - 641 EP - 653 J2 - New Phytologist SN - 0028-646X N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genomic vulnerability to rapid climate warming in a tree species with a long generation time AU - Dauphin, Benjamin AU - Rellstab, Christian AU - Schmid, Max AU - Zoller, Stefan AU - Karger, Dirk N. AU - Brodbeck, Sabine AU - Guillaume, Frédéric AU - Gugerli, Felix T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract The ongoing increase in global temperature affects biodiversity, especially in mountain regions where climate change is exacerbated. As sessile, long-lived organisms, trees are especially challenged in terms of adapting to rapid climate change. Here, we show that low rates of allele frequency shifts in Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) occurring near the treeline result in high genomic vulnerability to future climate warming, presumably due to the species? long generation time. Using exome sequencing data from adult and juvenile cohorts in the Swiss Alps, we found an average rate of allele frequency shift of 1.23 ? 10?2/generation (i.e. 40 years) at presumably neutral loci, with similar rates for putatively adaptive loci associated with temperature (0.96 ? 10?2/generation) and precipitation (0.91 ? 10?2/generation). These recent shifts were corroborated by forward-in-time simulations at neutral and adaptive loci. Additionally, in juvenile trees at the colonisation front we detected alleles putatively beneficial under a future warmer and drier climate. Notably, the observed past rate of allele frequency shift in temperature-associated loci was decidedly lower than the estimated average rate of 6.29 ? 10?2/generation needed to match a moderate future climate scenario (RCP4.5). Our findings suggest that species with long generation times may have difficulty keeping up with the rapid climate change occurring in high mountain areas and thus are prone to local extinction in their current main elevation range. DA - 2021/03/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/gcb.15469 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 1181 EP - 1195 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Provenance-specific growth responses to drought and air warming in three European oak species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens) AU - Arend, Matthias AU - Kuster, Thomas AU - Günthardt-Goerg, Madeleine S. AU - Dobbertin, Matthias T2 - Tree Physiology AB - Provenance-specific growth responses to experimentally applied drought and air warming were studied in saplings of three European oak species: Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus pubescens. Four provenances of each species were grown in large open-top chambers and subjected to four climates: control, periodic drought, air warming or their combination in 3 subsequent years. Overall growth responses were found among species and provenances, with drought reducing shoot height growth and stem diameter growth and air warming stimulating shoot height growth but reducing stem diameter growth and root length growth. Differential growth responses in shoots, stems and roots resulted in altered allometric growth relations. Root length growth to shoot height growth increased in response to drought but decreased in response to air warming. Stem diameter growth to shoot height growth decreased in response to air warming. The growth responses in shoots and stems were highly variable among provenances indicating provenance-specific sensitivity to drought and air warming, but this response variability did not reflect local adaptation to climate conditions of provenance origin. Shoot height growth was found to be more sensitive to drought in provenances from northern latitudes than in provenances from southern latitudes, suggesting that genetic factors related to the postglacial immigration history of European oaks might have interfered with selective pressure at provenance origins. DA - 2011/03/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1093/treephys/tpr004 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 287 EP - 297 J2 - Tree Physiology SN - 0829-318X N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive and plastic responses of Quercus petraea populations to climate across Europe AU - Sáenz-Romero, Cuauhtémoc AU - Lamy, Jean-Baptiste AU - Ducousso, Alexis AU - Musch, Brigitte AU - Ehrenmann, François AU - Delzon, Sylvain AU - Cavers, Stephen AU - Chałupka, Władysław AU - Dağdaş, Said AU - Hansen, Jon Kehlet AU - Lee, Steve J. AU - Liesebach, Mirko AU - Rau, Hans-Martin AU - Psomas, Achilleas AU - Schneck, Volker AU - Steiner, Wilfried AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. AU - Kremer, Antoine T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract How temperate forests will respond to climate change is uncertain; projections range from severe decline to increased growth. We conducted field tests of sessile oak (Quercus petraea), a widespread keystone European forest tree species, including more than 150 000 trees sourced from 116 geographically diverse populations. The tests were planted on 23 field sites in six European countries, in order to expose them to a wide range of climates, including sites reflecting future warmer and drier climates. By assessing tree height and survival, our objectives were twofold: (i) to identify the source of differential population responses to climate (genetic differentiation due to past divergent climatic selection vs. plastic responses to ongoing climate change) and (ii) to explore which climatic variables (temperature or precipitation) trigger the population responses. Tree growth and survival were modeled for contemporary climate and then projected using data from four regional climate models for years 2071?2100, using two greenhouse gas concentration trajectory scenarios each. Overall, results indicated a moderate response of tree height and survival to climate variation, with changes in dryness (either annual or during the growing season) explaining the major part of the response. While, on average, populations exhibited local adaptation, there was significant clinal population differentiation for height growth with winter temperature at the site of origin. The most moderate climate model (HIRHAM5-EC; rcp4.5) predicted minor decreases in height and survival, while the most extreme model (CCLM4-GEM2-ES; rcp8.5) predicted large decreases in survival and growth for southern and southeastern edge populations (Hungary and Turkey). Other nonmarginal populations with continental climates were predicted to be severely and negatively affected (Bercé, France), while populations at the contemporary northern limit (colder and humid maritime regions; Denmark and Norway) will probably not show large changes in growth and survival in response to climate change. DA - 2017/07/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13576 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - 2831 EP - 2847 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing adaptive and plastic responses in growth and functional traits in a 10-year-old common garden experiment with pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) suggests that directional selection can drive climatic adaptation AU - George, Jan-Peter AU - Theroux-Rancourt, Guillaume AU - Rungwattana, Kanin AU - Scheffknecht, Susanne AU - Momirovic, Nevena AU - Neuhauser, Lea AU - Weißenbacher, Lambert AU - Watzinger, Andrea AU - Hietz, Peter T2 - Evolutionary Applications AB - Abstract Understanding how tree species will respond to a future climate requires reliable and quantitative estimates of intra-specific variation under current climate conditions. We studied three 10-year-old common garden experiments established across a rainfall and drought gradient planted with nearly 10,000 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) trees from ten provenances with known family structure. We aimed at disentangling adaptive and plastic responses for growth (height and diameter at breast height) as well as for leaf and wood functional traits related to adaptation to dry environments. We used restricted maximum likelihood approaches to assess additive genetic variation expressed as narrow-sense heritability (h2), quantitative trait differentiation among provenances (QST), and genotype-by-environment interactions (GxE). We found strong and significant patterns of local adaptation in growth in all three common gardens, suggesting that transfer of seed material should not exceed a climatic distance of approximately 1°C under current climatic conditions, while transfer along precipitation gradients seems to be less stringent. Moreover, heritability reached 0.64 for tree height and 0.67 for dbh at the dry margin of the testing spectrum, suggesting significant additive genetic variation of potential use for future selection and tree breeding. GxE interactions in growth were significant and explained less phenotypic variation than origin of seed source (4% versus 10%). Functional trait variation among provenances was partly related to drought regimes at provenances origins but had moderate explanatory power for growth. We conclude that directional selection, either naturally or through breeding, is the most likely and feasible outcome for pedunculate oak to adapt to warmer and drier climate conditions in the future. DA - 2020/10/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/eva.13034 VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 2422 EP - 2438 J2 - Evolutionary Applications SN - 1752-4571 N1 -number: 9
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
publisher: Oxford University Press
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inter- and intra-specific variation in drought sensitivity in Abies spec. and its relation to wood density and growth traits AU - George, Jan-Peter AU - Schueler, Silvio AU - Karanitsch-Ackerl, Sandra AU - Mayer, Konrad AU - Klumpp, Raphael T. AU - Grabner, Michael T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Understanding drought sensitivity of tree species and its intra-specific variation is required to estimate the effects of climate change on forest productivity, carbon sequestration and tree mortality as well as to develop adaptive forest management measures. Here, we studied the variation of drought reaction of six European Abies species and ten provenances of Abies alba planted in the drought prone eastern Austria. Tree-ring and X-ray densitometry data were used to generate early- and latewood measures for ring width and wood density. Moreover, the drought reaction of species and provenances within six distinct drought events between 1970 and 2011, as identified by the standardized precipitation index, was determined by four drought response measures. The mean reaction of species and provenances to drought events was strongly affected by the seasonal occurrence of the drought: a short, strong drought at the beginning of the growing season resulted in growth reductions up to 50%, while droughts at the end of the growing season did not affect annual increment. Wood properties and drought response measures showed significant variation among Abies species as well as among A. alba provenances. Whereas A. alba provenances explained significant parts in the variation of ring width measures, the Abies species explained significant parts in the variation of wood density parameters. A consistent pattern in drought response across the six drought events was observed only at the inter-specific level, where A. nordmanniana showed the highest resistance and A. cephalonica showed the best recovery after drought. In contrast, differences in drought reaction among provenances were only found for the milder drought events in 1986, 1990, 1993 and 2000 and the ranking of provenances varied at each drought event. This indicates that genetic variation in drought response within A. alba is more limited than among Abies species. Low correlations between wood density parameters and drought response measures suggest that wood density is a poor predictor of drought sensitivity in Abies spec. DA - 2015/12/15/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.08.268 VL - 214-215 SP - 430 EP - 443 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology SN - 0168-1923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evolvability of drought response in native and non-native conifers opens chances for breeding and assisted gene flow in Europe AU - Schueler, Silvio AU - George, Jan-Peter AU - Karanitsch-Ackerl, Sandra AU - Mayer, K. AU - Klumpp, R.T. AU - Grabner, Michael T2 - submittet DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Selecting Populations for Non-Analogous Climate Conditions Using Universal Response Functions: The Case of Douglas-Fir in Central Europe AU - Chakraborty, Debojyoti AU - Wang, Tongli AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Konnert, Monika AU - Lexer, Manfred J. AU - Matulla, Christoph AU - Schueler, Silvio T2 - PLOS ONE AB - Identifying populations within tree species potentially adapted to future climatic conditions is an important requirement for reforestation and assisted migration programmes. Such populations can be identified either by empirical response functions based on correlations of quantitative traits with climate variables or by climate envelope models that compare the climate of seed sources and potential growing areas. In the present study, we analyzed the intraspecific variation in climate growth response of Douglas-fir planted within the non-analogous climate conditions of Central and continental Europe. With data from 50 common garden trials, we developed Universal Response Functions (URF) for tree height and mean basal area and compared the growth performance of the selected best performing populations with that of populations identified through a climate envelope approach. Climate variables of the trial location were found to be stronger predictors of growth performance than climate variables of the population origin. Although the precipitation regime of the population sources varied strongly none of the precipitation related climate variables of population origin was found to be significant within the models. Overall, the URFs explained more than 88% of variation in growth performance. Populations identified by the URF models originate from western Cascades and coastal areas of Washington and Oregon and show significantly higher growth performance than populations identified by the climate envelope approach under both current and climate change scenarios. The URFs predict decreasing growth performance at low and middle elevations of the case study area, but increasing growth performance on high elevation sites. Our analysis suggests that population recommendations based on empirical approaches should be preferred and population selections by climate envelope models without considering climatic constrains of growth performance should be carefully appraised before transferring populations to planting locations with novel or dissimilar climate. DA - 2015/08/19/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0136357 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - e0136357 J2 - PLOS ONE ER - TY - JOUR TI - In Situ Genetic Evaluation of European Larch Across Climatic Regions Using Marker-Based Pedigree Reconstruction AU - Lstibůrek, Milan AU - Schueler, Silvio AU - El-Kassaby, Yousry A. AU - Hodge, Gary R. AU - Stejskal, Jan AU - Korecký, Jičí AU - Škorpík, Petr AU - Konrad, Heino AU - Geburek, Thomas T2 - Frontiers in Genetics AB - Sustainable and efficient forestry in a rapidly changing climate is a daunting task. The sessile nature of trees makes adaptation to climate change challenging; thereby, ecological services and economic potential are under risk. Current long-term and costly gene resources management practices have been primarily directed at a few economically important species and are confined to defined ecological boundaries. Here, we present a novel in situ gene-resource management approach that conserves forest biodiversity and improves productivity and adaptation through utilizing basic forest regeneration installations located across a wide range of environments without reliance on structured tree breeding/conservation methods. We utilized 4,267 25- to 35-year-old European larch trees growing in 21 reforestation installations across four distinct climatic regions in Austria. With the aid of marker-based pedigree reconstruction, we applied multi-trait, multi-site quantitative genetic analyses that enabled the identification of broadly adapted and productive individuals. Height and wood density, proxies to fitness and productivity, yielded in situ heritability estimates of 0.23 ± 0.07 and 0.30 ± 0.07, values similar to those from traditional “structured” pedigrees methods. In addition, individual trees selected with this approach are expected to yield genetic response of 1.1 and 0.7 standard deviations for fitness and productivity attributes, respectively, and be broadly adapted to a range of climatic conditions. Genetic evaluation across broad climatic gradients permitted the delineation of suitable reforestation areas under current and future climates. This simple and resource-efficient management of gene resources is applicable to most tree species. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.3389/fgene.2020.00028 VL - 11 SP - 28 SN - 1664-8021 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Time to get moving: assisted gene flow of forest trees AU - Aitken, Sally N. AU - Bemmels, Jordan B. T2 - Evolutionary Applications DA - 2016/01// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/eva.12293 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 271 EP - 290 J2 - Evol Appl LA - en SN - 17524571 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Framework for Debate of Assisted Migration in an Era of Climate Change AU - McLachlan, JASON S. AU - Hellmann, JESSICA J. AU - Swartz, MARK W. T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 2007/04/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00676.x VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 297 EP - 302 J2 - Conservation Biology SN - 0888-8892 N1 -number: 2
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00670.x
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved productivity and modified tree morphology of mixed versus pure stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) with increasing precipitation and age AU - Thurm, Eric A. AU - Pretzsch, Hans T2 - Annals of Forest Science AB - The mixture of Douglas-fir and European beech produced more biomass compared to what would have been expected from a weighted average of pure stands. Overyielding of the mixed stands improved with increasing stand age and under better site conditions. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s13595-016-0588-8 VL - 73 IS - 4 SP - 1047 EP - 1061 J2 - Annals of Forest Science SN - 1297-966X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Survival of Norway spruce remains higher in mixed stands under a dryer and warmer climate AU - Neuner, Susanne AU - Albrecht, Axel AU - Cullmann, Dominik AU - Engels, Friedrich AU - Griess, Verena C. AU - Hahn, W. Andreas AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Härtl, Fabian AU - Kölling, Christian AU - Staupendahl, Kai AU - Knoke, Thomas T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Shifts in tree species distributions caused by climatic change are expected to cause severe losses in the economic value of European forestland. However, this projection disregards potential adaptation options such as tree species conversion, shorter production periods, or establishment of mixed species forests. The effect of tree species mixture has, as yet, not been quantitatively investigated for its potential to mitigate future increases in production risks. For the first time, we use survival time analysis to assess the effects of climate, species mixture and soil condition on survival probabilities for Norway spruce and European beech. Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) models based on an extensive dataset of almost 65 000 trees from the European Forest Damage Survey (FDS) ? part of the European-wide Level I monitoring network ? predicted a 24% decrease in survival probability for Norway spruce in pure stands at age 120 when unfavorable changes in climate conditions were assumed. Increasing species admixture greatly reduced the negative effects of unfavorable climate conditions, resulting in a decline in survival probabilities of only 7%. We conclude that future studies of forest management under climate change as well as forest policy measures need to take this, as yet unconsidered, strongly advantageous effect of tree species mixture into account. DA - 2015/02/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/gcb.12751 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 935 EP - 946 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Fernandes, Paulo M. AU - Fonseca, Teresa F. AU - Gillet, François AU - Jönsson, Anna Maria AU - Merganičová, Katarína AU - Netherer, Sigrid AU - Arpaci, Alexander AU - Bontemps, Jean-Daniel AU - Bugmann, Harald AU - González-Olabarria, Jose Ramon AU - Lasch, Petra AU - Meredieu, Céline AU - Moreira, Francisco AU - Schelhaas, Mart-Jan AU - Mohren, Frits T2 - Ecological Modelling AB - Natural disturbances play a key role in ecosystem dynamics and are important factors for sustainable forest ecosystem management. Quantitative models are frequently employed to tackle the complexities associated with disturbance processes. Here we review the wide variety of approaches to modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems, addressing the full spectrum of disturbance modelling from single events to integrated disturbance regimes. We applied a general, process-based framework founded in disturbance ecology to analyze modelling approaches for drought, wind, forest fires, insect pests and ungulate browsing. Modelling approaches were reviewed by disturbance agent and mechanism, and a set of general disturbance modelling concepts was deduced. We found that although the number of disturbance modelling approaches emerging over the last 15 years has increased strongly, statistical concepts for descriptive modelling are still largely prevalent over mechanistic concepts for explanatory and predictive applications. Yet, considering the increasing importance of disturbances for forest dynamics and ecosystem stewardship under anthropogenic climate change, the latter concepts are crucial tool for understanding and coping with change in forest ecosystems. Current challenges for disturbance modelling in forest ecosystems are thus (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, (ii) to further a mechanistic foundation in disturbance modelling, (iii) to integrate multiple disturbance processes in dynamic ecosystem models for decision support in forest management, and (iv) to bring together scaling capabilities across several levels of organization with a representation of system complexity that captures the emergent behaviour of disturbance regimes. DA - 2011/02/24/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.040 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - 903 EP - 924 J2 - Ecological Modelling SN - 0304-3800 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An inventory-based approach for modeling single-tree storm damage — experiences with the winter storm of 1999 in southwestern Germany AU - Schmidt, Matthias AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Kändler, Gerald AU - Kublin, Edgar AU - Kohnle, Ulrich T2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research DA - 2010/08/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1139/X10-099 VL - 40 SP - 1636 EP - 1652 J2 - Canadian Journal of Forest Research ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of thinning effects on Scots pine stands: From growth and yield to new challenges under global change AU - del Rio, M AU - Bravo-Oviedo, A AU - Pretzsch, H. AU - Löf, Magnus T2 - Forest Systems DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.5424/fs/2017262-11325 VL - 26 IS - 2 SN - 2171-9845 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Waldertragskunde. Organische Produktion, Struktur, Zuwachs und Ertrag von Waldbeständen AU - Assmann, F. CY - München DA - 1961/// PY - 1961 SP - 490 PB - BLV Verlagsgesellschaft ER - TY - BOOK TI - A critique of silviculture - managing for complexity AU - Puettmann, Klaus J. AU - Coates, David K.. AU - Messier, Christian CY - United States DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - Island Press SN - 978-1-59726-145-6 ER - TY - CONF TI - Ein Ansatz zur Abschätzung der sturminduzierten Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit von Fichten- und Buchenbeständen des österreichischen Alpenvorlandes. AU - Ledermann, T AU - Jandl, R AU - Veselinovic, B AU - Hager, H AU - Diwold, G AU - Hochbichler, E AU - Sommerauer, M T2 - Beiträge zur Forstwissenschaftlichen Tagung 2010 in Göttingen C1 - Göttingen C3 - Beiträge zur Forstwissenschaftlichen Tagung 2010 in Göttingen DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 61 PB - Cuvillier ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Cullmann, Dominik A. AU - Schelhaas, Mart-Jan AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1687 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 203 EP - 207 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Empirical modelling of windthrow risk in partially harvested stands using tree, neighbourhood, and stand attributes AU - Scott, Robyn E. AU - Mitchell, Stephen J. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Adoption of the retention silviculture system in much of coastal British Columbia, Canada, has brought concern over the windfirmness of retained trees. Knowledge concerning windthrow risk factors is inadequate for risk prediction in partially harvested stands and in structurally complex forests. In this study, we present a methodology to predict the occurrence of windthrow after partial-cut harvesting in areas with complex stand and terrain conditions. Anticipating that post-harvest wind exposure (fetch) would be a key attribute, we developed and tested several GIS-based methods of characterizing fetch after partial harvest. The methods were applied in a case study in Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Measurements of 1215 trees were obtained from 234 sample plots in retention system cutblocks, which were harvested from 1 to 6 years previously. Sixteen percent of the sampled trees were windthrown. Logistic regression models were fit using tree, neighbourhood, and stand-level variables to predict the probability of individual trees being windthrown. The best-fit models correctly predicted the status of 72 and 74% of the sampled trees. The proportion of damaged trees increased with increasing tree height–diameter ratio and crown density, and with increasing fetch. The proportion of damaged trees decreased with increasing tree percent live crown and post-harvest stand density. We recommend that forest managers plan to retain at least 20% of original stand density in locations where windthrow is a concern, and preferentially retain trees with low height–diameter ratios, sparse crowns, and deep live crowns. DA - 2005/10/24/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.07.012 VL - 218 IS - 1 SP - 193 EP - 209 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silvicultural measures to increase the mechanical stability of pure secondary Norway spruce stands before conversion AU - Slodicak, Marian AU - Novak, Jiri T2 - Transformation to Continuous Cover Forestry in a Changing Environment AB - This study evaluates the effect of two different thinning treatments (2 and 3), and a control without thinning (1), on stand stability of secondary even-aged Norway spruce stands, in relation to the main risk factors of snow and wind, which should be considered in the period of stand conversion. Treatment 2 is a heavy thinning at top heights of 10, 12.5 and 15m; treatment 3 starts with the first heavy thinning at the top height of 10m, but the second and third treatments are delayed till a top height of 20 and 22.5m are reached. The experimental stands are in secondary Norway spruce forest growing on a site considered unsuitable for that species and especially at risk from snow and storm damage. The investigated thinning variants significantly influenced the stability of the experimental stands. Both thinning treatments encouraged diameter increment and therefore their h/d ratio reached lower levels than the control. In treatment 2, the h/d ratio stabilized in the period of intensive treatment at around 80; i.e., it is the most suitable treatment from the viewpoint of stem-break resistance. Treatment 3 did not stop h/d ratio increase, but slowed it compared to the control variant without thinning. Subsequently the later interventions at the top heights of 20m and, especially, 22.5m stopped the increase of the h/d ratio and kept it under the critical value of 90. DA - 2006/04/01/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.037 VL - 224 IS - 3 SP - 252 EP - 257 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of planting density and thinning on timber productivity and resistance to wind damage in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) forests AU - Torita, Hiroyuki AU - Masaka, Kazuhiko T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - In recent years, forest damage caused by typhoons has occurred frequently in Hokkaido, northern Japan. According to predictive reports, a typhoon's intensity increases and it then maintains its intensity as it moves north. The relationship between this prediction and forest damage is not clear, but the importance of dealing with forest damage is increasing. Therefore, to consider the countermeasures in forest management, we evaluated the influence of planting density and thinning on timber yield and resistance to wind damage in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi), which is one of the main tree species used for afforestation in northern Japan. In this study, the following three management types were investigated: sparse (ST: relative yield index < 0.8), middle (MT: relative yield index < 0.9), and dense (DT: unthinned). To assess resistance to wind damage, the critical wind speed required to overturn and break the trunks of trees was calculated using a mechanistic model. Furthermore, timber volumes were estimated from a stand age of 10–50 years using the Yield Prediction System. The management type and planting density (1500–2500 trees ha−1) affected resistance to wind damage. Scenarios with ST and low planting density (1500 trees ha−1) showed a high resistance. In contrast, total timber volumes for scenarios varied from approximately 440 to 630 m3 depending on the site index (SI = 22, 25, and 28) at a stand age of 50 years. The merchantable log volume of the final cutting varied from approximately 210 to 470 m3 depending on the management type, planting density, and SI. There was a negative linear correlation between the log volume and resistance to wind damage. Therefore, it is important to balance both the decreased wind damage risk and higher timber yield or to prioritize them. DA - 2020/08/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110298 VL - 268 SP - 110298 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management SN - 0301-4797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of forest thinning to mitigate drought stress: A meta-analysis AU - Sohn, Julia A. AU - Saha, Somidh AU - Bauhus, Jürgen T2 - Special section: Drought and US Forests: Impacts and Potential Management Responses AB - Increasing frequency of extremely dry and hot summers in some regions emphasise the need for silvicultural approaches to increase the drought tolerance of existing forests in the short term, before long-term adaptation through species changes may be possible. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the potential of thinning for improving tree performance during and after drought. We used results from 23 experiments that employed different thinning intensities including an unthinned control and focused on the response variables: radial growth, carbon- and oxygen-isotopes in tree-rings and pre-dawn leaf-water potential. We found that thinning effects on the growth response to drought differed between broadleaves and conifers, although these findings are based on few studies only in broadleaved forests. Thinning helped to mitigate growth reductions during drought in broadleaves, most likely via increases of soil water availability. In contrast, in conifers, comparable drought-related growth reductions and increases of water-use efficiency were observed in all treatments but thinning improved the post-drought recovery and resilience of radial growth. Results of meta-regression analysis indicate that benefits of both moderate and heavy thinning for growth performance following drought (recovery and resilience) decrease with time since the last intervention. Further, growth resistance during drought became smaller with stand age while the rate of growth recovery following drought increased over time irrespective of treatment. Heavy but not moderate thinning helped to avoid an age-related decline in medium-term growth resilience to drought. For both closed and very open stands, growth performance during drought improved with increasing site aridity but for the same stands growth recovery and resilience following drought was reduced with increasing site aridity. This synthesis of experiments from a wide geographical range has demonstrated that thinning, in particular heavy thinning, is a suitable approach to improve the growth response of remaining trees to drought in both conifers and broadleaves but the underlying processes differ and need to be considered. DA - 2016/11/15/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.046 VL - 380 SP - 261 EP - 273 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees AU - DeSoto, Lucía AU - Cailleret, Maxime AU - Sterck, Frank AU - Jansen, Steven AU - Kramer, Koen AU - Robert, Elisabeth M. R. AU - Aakala, Tuomas AU - Amoroso, Mariano M. AU - Bigler, Christof AU - Camarero, J. Julio AU - Čufar, Katarina AU - Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo AU - Gillner, Sten AU - Haavik, Laurel J. AU - Hereş, Ana-Maria AU - Kane, Jeffrey M. AU - Kharuk, Vyacheslav I. AU - Kitzberger, Thomas AU - Klein, Tamir AU - Levanič, Tom AU - Linares, Juan C. AU - Mäkinen, Harri AU - Oberhuber, Walter AU - Papadopoulos, Andreas AU - Rohner, Brigitte AU - Sangüesa-Barreda, Gabriel AU - Stojanovic, Dejan B. AU - Suárez, Maria Laura AU - Villalba, Ricardo AU - Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi T2 - Nature Communications AB - Severe droughts have the potential to reduce forest productivity and trigger tree mortality. Most trees face several drought events during their life and therefore resilience to dry conditions may be crucial to long-term survival. We assessed how growth resilience to severe droughts, including its components resistance and recovery, is related to the ability to survive future droughts by using a tree-ring database of surviving and now-dead trees from 118 sites (22 species, >3,500 trees). We found that, across the variety of regions and species sampled, trees that died during water shortages were less resilient to previous non-lethal droughts, relative to coexisting surviving trees of the same species. In angiosperms, drought-related mortality risk is associated with lower resistance (low capacity to reduce impact of the initial drought), while it is related to reduced recovery (low capacity to attain pre-drought growth rates) in gymnosperms. The different resilience strategies in these two taxonomic groups open new avenues to improve our understanding and prediction of drought-induced mortality. DA - 2020/01/28/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-14300-5 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 545 J2 - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thinning method and intensity influence long-term mortality trends in a red pine forest AU - Powers, Matt AU - Palik, Brian AU - Bradford, John AU - Fraver, Shawn AU - Webster, Christopher T2 - Forest Ecology and Management DA - 2010/08/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.002 VL - 260 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Similar patterns of background mortality across Europe are mostly driven by drought in European beech and a combination of drought and competition in Scots pine AU - Archambeau, Juliette AU - Ruiz-Benito, Paloma AU - Ratcliffe, Sophia AU - Fréjaville, Thibaut AU - Changenet, Alexandre AU - Muñoz Castañeda, Jose M. AU - Lehtonen, Aleksi AU - Dahlgren, Jonas AU - Zavala, Miguel A. AU - Benito Garzón, Marta T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Background tree mortality is a complex demographic process that affects structure and long-term forest dynamics. Here we investigated how climatic drought intensity interacts with interspecific and intraspecific competition (or facilitation) in shaping mortality patterns across tree species ranges. To this aim, we used data from five European national forest inventories to perform logistic regression models based on individual tree mortality in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). We computed the relative importance of climatic drought intensity, basal area of conspecific and heterospecific trees (proxy of indirect intra- and interspecific competition or facilitation) and the effects of their interactions on mortality along the entire European latitudinal gradient of both species range. Increase in climatic drought intensity over the study period was associated with higher mortality rates in both species. Climatic drought intensity was the most important driver of beech mortality at almost all latitudes while Scots pine mortality was mainly driven by basal area. High conspecific basal area was associated with high mortality rates in both species while high heterospecific basal area was correlated with mortality rates that were high in Scots pine but low in beech. Overall, beech mortality was directly affected by climatic drought intensity while Scots pine mortality was indirectly affected by climatic drought intensity through interactions with basal area. Despite their different sensitivity to drought and basal area, the highest predicted mortality rates for both species were at the ecotone between the cool temperate and Mediterranean biomes, which can be explained by the combined effect of climatic drought intensity and competition. In the context of global warming, which is expected to be particularly strong in the Mediterranean biome, our results suggest that populations at the southern limit of species ranges may experience increased mortality rates in the near future. DA - 2020/01/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107772 VL - 280 SP - 107772 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology SN - 0168-1923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The more, the better? Water relations of Norway spruce stands after progressive thinning AU - Gebhardt, Timo AU - Häberle, Karl-Heinz AU - Matyssek, Rainer AU - Schulz, Christoph AU - Ammer, Christian T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Predicted intense and prolonged drought events challenge forest management. Thinning is debated as a silvicultural measure for reducing drought risk in densely established forest stands. We report on a thinning experiment in a 26-year-old Norway spruce stand (Picea abies), comprising of two thinning intensities and one unthinnned control. The removal of 43% (moderate thinning, MT) and 67% (heavy thinning, HT) of the initial basal area led to increased water availability during the entire three year observation period. Stand-level transpiration (Es) was decreased by about 25% upon moderate, and by about 50% upon heavy thinning during the first year after the interventions had been carried out. However, differences in Es across the treatments decreased within three years after thinning mainly due to increased single-tree transpiration and additional understory evapotranspiration at HT. Nevertheless, due to lower interception and transpiration on the thinned plots three years after treatment MT and HT still showed a substantial surplus in extractable soil water. The results showed that the main determinants concerning the extent of the mitigation effect with increasing thinning intensity were the available soil water storage capacity and the emerging understory vegetation. We conclude that repeated moderate thinning, through enhancing the water availability to the remaining trees, can mitigate drought risk in young spruce stands and thus, represent a viable silvicultural measure in anticipating possible water limitations due to climate change. DA - 2014/10/15/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.05.013 VL - 197 SP - 235 EP - 243 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology SN - 0168-1923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigation of drought by thinning: Short-term and long-term effects on growth and physiological performance of Norway spruce (Picea abies) AU - Sohn, Julia A. AU - Gebhardt, Timo AU - Ammer, Christian AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Häberle, Karl-Heinz AU - Matyssek, Rainer AU - Grams, Thorsten E.E. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - We hypothesize that reductions in stand density through thinning improve the recovery of radial stem growth in Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) from severe drought. However, thinning may not lead to higher relative radial growth during drought. Annual stem growth and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in early- and latewood were assessed in trees from heavily thinned (HT), moderately thinned (MT) and un-thinned control stands at two sites in southern Germany. Physiological performance of trees as inferred from stable isotope analysis was used to interpret annual stem growth in response to the drought events in 1976 and 2003. Only in recently thinned stands, trees maintained growth probably through higher soil water availability during the drought year when compared to controls. In contrast, thinning improved the growth recovery in the years following the drought irrespective of the time span between thinning and drought. We conclude that thinning improves drought recovery response in the short and long term and should be considered as an effective management strategy to increase drought tolerance of Norway spruce stands. DA - 2013/11/15/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.048 VL - 308 SP - 188 EP - 197 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Storm and snow damage in a Norway spruce thinning experiment in southern Sweden AU - Wallentin, Cristofer AU - Nilsson, Urban T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - To assess uncertainties regarding the effects of thinning on risks of storm and snow damage, three thinning treatments (control, normal and heavy: 0, 30 and 61 per cent basal area removal, respectively) with four replications were applied in a 33-year-old Norway spruce plantation on a fertile site in south-west Sweden. A major storm event occurred three growing seasons after thinning followed by snow damage 2 months later and another storm 2 years later. There was a near-linear relationship between thinning intensity and damage caused by the first storm (adj R2 = 0.94): 7, 42 and 74 per cent of the standing basal area was damaged in the control, normally and heavily thinned plots, respectively. Corresponding percentages after both the storm and snow damage were also approximately linearly correlated with thinning intensity: 8, 53 and 89 per cent, respectively (adj R2 = 0.91). Damage caused by the second storm was related to both previous damage levels and standing basal area in the control and normally thinned plots. Stem taper between breast height and 6 m stem height was negatively correlated with risk for storm and snow damage in the normally thinned plots. Of the trees categorized as damaged (up-rooted, broken or heavily leaning), the frequency of stem breakage after the first storm was almost negligible in the normally thinned plots, (<5 per cent), while 24–50 per cent of the damaged stems were broken (mean, 36 per cent) in the heavily thinned plots. The relative diameter growth of the remaining trees in the control plots, for the first and second growing seasons following the storm and snow damage, were significantly decreased compared with the three preceding years. The results confirm previous findings that increasing thinning intensity increases risks of windfall and highlight the need for new Norway spruce management programmes if climate change results in more frequent storm events. DA - 2014/04/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpt046 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 229 EP - 238 J2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research SN - 0015-752X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silvicultural strategies for increased timber harvesting in a Central European mountain landscape AU - Temperli, Christian AU - Stadelmann, Golo AU - Thürig, Esther AU - Brang, Peter T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - The demand for wood as construction material, renewable source for energy and feedstock for chemicals is expected to increase. However, timber increments are currently only partly harvested in many European mountain regions, which may lead to supply shortages for local timber industries, decreases in forest resistance to disturbances and functioning as protection from gravitational hazards. Using an inventory-based forest simulator, we evaluated scenarios to increase wood mobilization in the 7105-km2 Swiss canton of Grisons for the period 2007-2106. Scenarios varied with respect to landscape-scale harvesting amounts and silvicultural strategies (low vs. high stand-scale treatment intensity) and accounted for regulations and incentives for protection forest management. With 50 and 100% increases of harvests, the current average growing stock of 319 m3 ha−1 was simulated to be reduced by 12 and 33%, respectively, until 2106 in protection forests of Northern Grisons, where management is prioritized due to subsidies. Outside protection forests and in Southern Grisons, growing stock was simulated to continually increase, which led to divergent developments in forest structure in- and outside protection forests and in the Northern and Southern Grisons. The effect of silvicultural strategies on simulated forest structure was small compared to the effect of future harvesting levels. We discuss opportunities and threats of decreasing management activities outside protection forests and advocate for incentives to promote natural regeneration also outside protection forests to safeguard long-term forest stability. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10342-017-1048-1 VL - 136 IS - 3 SP - 493 EP - 509-493–509 J2 - European Journal of Forest Research ER - TY - BOOK TI - Waldbau : auf soziologisch-ökologischer Grundlage AU - Mayer, 1922-2001 [VerfasserIn], Hannes AB - Literaturverz. S. 453 - 503 DA - 1984/// PY - 1984 ET - 3., neu bearb. Aufl.. SN - 3-437-30431-3 UR - https://permalink.obvsg.at/bok/AC00452559 N1 -issue: ISBN: 3437304313
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest stand dynamics AU - Oliver, Chadwick Dearing AU - Larson, Bruce C. CY - New York DA - 1990/// PY - 1990 PB - McGraw-Hill Inc. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Importance of early selective thinning in the development of long‐term stand stability and improved log quality: a review AU - Cameron, A.D. T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - There is increasing evidence that a decline in the practice of selective thinning in Britain may in part explain an observed reduction in log quality in recent years. The decline in use of selective thinning has been primarily influenced by the low value of early thinnings together with increasing pressure to make a financial surplus on harvesting operations. Since systematic or delayed thinning, used to improve the short‐term economics, may result in stand instability, the no‐thinning option has been widely adopted in stands at risk of damage by wind and snow or where a financial surplus on early selective thinnings is not possible. This review sets out to demonstrate that non‐commercial, early selective thinnings can be seen as a long‐term investment in future log quality and value without compromising stand stability. Low thinnings do not greatly destabilize stands even on exposed sites if carried out on time and will improve stability in the long term. While early low thinnings are unlikely to make a financial surplus on the operation, they significantly enhance the production of quality ‘green’ logs in comparison with a no‐thinning regime. Evidence presented in this paper indicates that the wood‐using industry is willing to pay a premium for this quality. The combination of these factors suggest that non‐commercial, early low thinnings can be seen as a long‐term investment using discounted cash flow methods. The implications of other silvicultural strategies, such as wide initial spacing, respacing, chemical thinning and self‐thinning mixtures, on stand stability and wood quality are also discussed. DA - 2002/01/01/ PY - 2002 DO - 10.1093/forestry/75.1.25 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 35 J2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research SN - 0015-752X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing Thinning System Effects on Ecosystem Services Provision in Artificial Black Pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) Forests AU - Marchi, Maurizio AU - Paletto, Alessandro AU - Cantiani, Paolo AU - Bianchetto, Elisa AU - De Meo, Isabella T2 - Forests AB - Provision of forest ecosystem services is influenced by site and stand characteristics as well as forest management practices. In order to evaluate the influence of forest management on ecosystem services provision, two artificial black pine forests located in Central Italy were studied where two different thinning approaches (traditional and selective) were applied under the SelPiBio LIFE project. Four main ecosystem services were selected and assessed: timber and bioenergy production, carbon sequestration, forest stand stability-protection, and biodiversity conservation. Even if not supported by statistical evidence, results highlighted an interesting trend just 2 years after treatment. The selective thinning was able to enhance the majority of ecosystem services compared to the traditional one. A higher growth rate of selected crop trees was measured (i.e., carbon sequestration). The slenderness ratio was sensibly reduced (i.e., mechanical stability) with a positive implication on soil retention and the prevention of landslides. Moreover, valuable and interesting commercial assortments have been proven to be retrieved from the stands with the selective approach. Larger and also better formed trees were harvested, given the impact of selective thinning on the co-dominant class. The Shannon index increased only with the selective thinning intervention. In conclusion, the provided results and methods are encouraging and might represent the basis for novel and longer monitoring efforts. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/f9040188 VL - 9 IS - 4 SN - 1999-4907 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Silviculture as a tool to support stability and diversity of forests under climate change: study from Krkonoše Mountains AU - Vacek, Zdeněk AU - Prokůpková, Anna AU - Vacek, Stanislav AU - Cukor, Jan AU - Bílek, Lukáš AU - Gallo, Josef AU - Bulušek, Daniel T2 - Central European Forestry Journal DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.2478/forj-2020-0009 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 116 EP - 129 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Waldbauliche Strategien im Klimawandel AU - Brang, Peter AU - Küchli, C AU - Schwitter, Raphael AU - Bugmann, H. AU - Ammann, P T2 - Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien A2 - Pluess, A. R. A2 - Augustin, S. A2 - Brang, P. A2 - Pluess, A. R. A2 - Augustin, S. A2 - Brang, P. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 341 EP - 365 PB - Bundeamt für Umwelt BAFU,Bern, & Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald,Schnee und Landschaft WSL,Birmensdorf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Norway spruce at the trailing edge: the effect of landscape configuration and composition on climate resilience AU - Honkaniemi, Juha AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s10980-019-00964-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 35 SP - 591 EP - 606 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en SN - 0921-2973, 1572-9761 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Cross-scale Drivers of Natural Disturbances Prone to Anthropogenic Amplification: The Dynamics of Bark Beetle Eruptions AU - Raffa, Kenneth F. AU - Aukema, Brian H. AU - Bentz, Barbara J. AU - Carroll, Allan L. AU - Hicke, Jeffrey A. AU - Turner, Monica G. AU - Romme, William H. T2 - BioScience DA - 2008/06/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1641/B580607 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - 501 EP - 517 LA - en SN - 1525-3244, 0006-3568 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management diversification increases habitat availability for multiple biodiversity indicator species in production forests AU - Duflot, R. AU - Eyvindson, K. AU - Mönkkönen, M. T2 - Landscape Ecology AB - Forest biodiversity is closely linked to habitat heterogeneity, while forestry actions often cause habitat homogenization. Alternative approaches to even-aged management were developed to restore habitat heterogeneity at the stand level, but how their application could promote habitat diversity at landscape scale remains uncertain. DA - 2022/02/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1007/s10980-021-01375-8 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 443 EP - 459 J2 - Landscape Ecology SN - 1572-9761 ER - TY - THES TI - Verjüngung von Gebirgswäldern mit schlitzartigen Eingriffen - Evaluierung der Holznutzung mit Mastseilgeräten AU - Haberl, Armin CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - Deutsch M3 - Dissertation PB - Universität der Bodenkultur Wien ER - TY - NEWS TI - Bestandesverjüngung im Seilgelände AU - Lexer, M. AU - Stampfer, K. T2 - Österreichische Forstzeitung CY - 05-2022 DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 SP - 13 EP - 16 SE - 5 SN - 1012-4667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking AU - Pommerening, A. AU - Murphy, S. T. T2 - Forestry DA - 2004/01/01/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1093/forestry/77.1.27 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 44 J2 - Forestry LA - en SN - 0015-752X, 1464-3626 ER - TY - JOUR TI - What is close-to-nature silviculture in a changing world? AU - O'Hara, Kevin L. T2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research AB - Silviculture is a means to meet objectives ranging from timber production to wildlife habitat to naturalness. A common global trend in forestry is development of new silvicultural approaches as alternatives to plantation forestry that bear names that include the words ‘nature’, ‘ecological’ or some other positive expression regarding their intent or effects. Some approaches are attempting to emulate natural processes and others to minimize disturbance effects in an attempt to be more natural. In any case, the effects of climate changes, non-native plants, insects, pathogens and animals, and other anthropogenic effects are creating novel forest ecosystems where the silviculture of the past may not be appropriate. It should be recognized that forestry has always attempted to manage stands to meet objectives in ways that would not be similarly met without management. Rather than acquiescing to pressures to follow a nature-based model based on the past, we need to recognize that our forest ecosystems are changing and the rate of change may accelerate in the future. Natural processes and stand structures are important information about natural systems, but not necessarily for the management of these changing systems. Management of these novel ecosystems to meet societal needs will have to be novel. Rather than striving to be close to a nature that is under constant change, silviculture should strive to be better than nature. ‘Close-to-nature’ is flawed in both its intent to emulate nature and as a means to meet shifting ecological conditions and societal needs. DA - 2016/01/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1093/forestry/cpv043 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 J2 - Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research SN - 0015-752X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies for Climate-Smart Forest Management in Austria AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Freudenschuss, Alexandra AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Weiss, Peter T2 - Forests AB - We simulated Austrian forests under different sustainable management scenarios. A reference scenario was compared to scenarios focusing on the provision of bioenergy, enhancing the delivery of wood products, and reduced harvesting rates. The standing stock of the stem biomass, carbon in stems, and the soil carbon pool were calculated for the period 2010–2100. We used the forest growth model Câldis and the soil carbon model Yasso07. The wood demand of all scenarios could be satisfied within the simulation period. The reference scenario led to a small decrease of the stem biomass. Scenarios aiming at a supply of more timber decreased the standing stock to a greater extent. Emphasizing the production of bioenergy was successful for several decades but ultimately exhausted the available resources for fuel wood. Lower harvesting rates reduced the standing stock of coniferous and increased the standing stock of deciduous forests. The soil carbon pool was marginally changed by different management strategies. We conclude that the production of long-living wood products is the preferred implementation of climate-smart forestry. The accumulation of carbon in the standing biomass is risky in the case of disturbances. The production of bioenergy is suitable as a byproduct of high value forest products. DA - 2018/09/22/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/f9100592 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - 592 J2 - Forests LA - en SN - 1999-4907 N1 -number: 10
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Die Anwendung von Lysimetern zur Ermittlung des Was-serhaushaltes in Wäldern des nordostdeutschen Tieflands AU - Müller, J. T2 - Waldökol Landschaftsforsch Natursch. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 2 SP - 37 EP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contrasting the hydrologic response due to land cover and climate change in a mountain headwaters system AU - Pribulick, Christine E. AU - Foster, Lauren M. AU - Bearup, Lindsay A. AU - Navarre‐Sitchler, Alexis K. AU - Williams, Kenneth H. AU - Carroll, Rosemary W. H. AU - Maxwell, Reed M. T2 - Ecohydrology AB - Land cover change due to drought and insect-induced tree mortality or altered vegetation succession is one of the many consequences of anthropogenic climate change. While the hydrologic response to land cover change and increases in temperature have been explored independently, few studies have compared these two impacts in a systematic manner. These changes are particularly important in snow-dominated, headwaters systems that provide streamflow for continental river systems. Here we study the hydrologic impacts of both vegetation change and climate warming along three transects in a mountain headwaters watershed using an integrated hydrologic model. Results show that while impacts due to warming generally outweigh those resulting from vegetation change, the inherent variability within the transects provides varying degrees of response. The combination of both vegetation change and warming results in greater changes to streamflow amount and timing than either impact individually, indicating a nonlinear response from these systems to multiple perturbations. The complexity of response underscores the need to integrate observational data and the challenge of deciphering hydrologic impacts from proxy studies. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1002/eco.1779 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1431 EP - 1438 LA - en SN - 1936-0592 N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eco.1779
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Wälder und Gebüsche Österreichs: Ein Bestimmungswerk mit Tabellen - Textband und Tabellenband AU - Willner, W. AU - Drescher, A. AU - Grabherr, G. AU - Eichberger, C. AU - Exner, A. AU - Franz, W.R. AU - Grabner, S. AU - Heiselmayer, P. AU - Karner, P. AU - Steiner, G.M. AU - others DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Spektrum Akademischer Verlag SN - 978-3-8274-1892-0 UR - https://books.google.at/books?id=K8bjwgEACAAJ ER - TY - JOUR TI - How many animal species are there in Austria? Update after 20 Years. AU - Geiser, E. T2 - Acta ZooBot Austria DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 155/2 SP - 1 EP - 18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Maßnahmen Katalog: Managementindikatoren zur Erhaltung und Förderung der Biodiversität in österreichischen Wäldern AU - Lapin, Katharina AU - Schüler, S. AU - Oettel, Janine AU - Georges, F.-I. AU - Hasslinger, R. AU - Benger, C. CY - Wien DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SP - 55 PB - BFW UR - http://193.170.148.82/AIS55/Details/fullCatalogue/40002387 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Zwischenauswertung der Waldinventur 2016/18 AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Russ, Wolfgang AU - Freudenschuss, Alexandra AU - Zaunbauer, Franz AU - Schadauer, Klemens AU - Koukal, Tatjana AU - Ols, Clémentine AU - Bontemps, Jean-Daniel AU - Bauernhansl, Christoph AU - Schöttl, Stefan AU - Aufreiter, Christian AU - Löw, Markus T2 - BFW-Praxisinformationen DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 3 EP - 39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid assessment of feeding traces enables detection of drivers of saproxylic insects across spatial scales AU - Oettel, Janine AU - Braun, Martin AU - Hoch, Gernot AU - Connell, James AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Lapin, Katharina AU - Schöttl, Stefan AU - Windisch-Ettenauer, Katrin AU - Essl, Franz AU - Gossner, Martin M T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - Knowledge of habitat requirements of saproxylic insects and their response to habitat changes is critical for assessing the ecological impacts of forest management. Several studies have demonstrated a positive relationship of tree-species richness, deadwood volume, or structural diversity with saproxylic species diversity, while the relationship with the abundance of potential pest species have often been negative. A better understanding of which factors drive saproxylic insects’ occurrence is therefore essential for deriving urgently needed thresholds for key habitat conditions. We tested a rapid assessment method applicable at large scale based on recorded feeding galleries and boreholes assessed during the Austrian National Forest Inventory to investigate the drivers and habitat thresholds of different saproxylic insect families; i.e. Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Siricidae, at multiple spatial scales; i.e. at the object, forest stand and landscape level. We modelled the relative abundance of all insects and these families considering nineteen explanatory variables using ordinal logistic regression models. Key habitat characteristics were identified using recursive partitioning. Our results revealed complex interactions among influencing factors at different spatial scales. We showed that deadwood volume was of surprisingly little importance. Instead, individual tree characteristics were of major importance, demonstrating the value of resource quality and variability. The abundance of all saproxylic insect families increased with advancing decomposition, on trees taller than 18 m, and above a living stand volume of 41 m3ha−1. Aiming to guide forest management, not only forest type-specific, but tree species-specific deadwood management is needed, taking into account site-specific conditions, including temperature and precipitation. For assessing temporal trends in insect colonization and habitat dynamics as well as the effects of forest management, we propose a continuous monitoring of insect traces, including living but weakened trees. This will allow for further thresholds that are urgently needed for maintaining biological diversity in forest ecosystems in the face of climate change. DA - 2022/12/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109742 VL - 145 SP - 109742 J2 - Ecological Indicators SN - 1470-160X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can nature conservation and wood production be reconciled in managed forests? A review of driving factors for integrated forest management in Europe AU - Aggestam, F. AU - Konczal, A. AU - Sotirov, M. AU - Wallin, I. AU - Paillet, Y. AU - Spinelli, R. AU - Lindner, M. AU - Derks, J. AU - Hanewinkel, M. AU - Winkel, G. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Integrated forest management (IFM) can help reconcile critical trade-offs between goals in forest management, such as nature conservation and biomass production. The challenge of IFM is dealing with these trade-offs at the level of practical forest management, such as striving for compromises between biomass extraction and habitat retention. This paper reviews some of the driving factors that influence the integration of nature conservation into forest management. The review was conducted in three steps – a literature review, an expert workshop and an expert-based cooperative analysis. Of 38 driving factors identified, three were prioritised by more of the participants than any of the others: two are socio-cultural factors, identity (how people identify with forest) as well as outreach and education, and one is economic – competitiveness in forest value chains. These driving factors correspond to what are considered in the literature as enablers for IFM. The results reveal that targeted, group-oriented, adaptive and innovative policy designs are needed to integrate nature conservation into forest management. Further, the results reveal that a “one-size-fits-all” governance approach would be ineffective, implying that policy instruments need to consider contextually specific driving factors. Understanding the main driving factors and their overall directions can help to better manage trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and biomass production in European forests. DA - 2020/08/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110670 VL - 268 SP - 110670 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management SN - 0301-4797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retention as an integrated biodiversity conservation approach for continuous-cover forestry in Europe AU - Gustafsson, Lena AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Asbeck, Thomas AU - Augustynczik, Andrey Lessa Derci AU - Basile, Marco AU - Frey, Julian AU - Gutzat, Fabian AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Helbach, Jan AU - Jonker, Marlotte AU - Knuff, Anna AU - Messier, Christian AU - Penner, Johannes AU - Pyttel, Patrick AU - Reif, Albert AU - Storch, Felix AU - Winiger, Nathalie AU - Winkel, Georg AU - Yousefpour, Rasoul AU - Storch, Ilse T2 - Ambio AB - Retention forestry implies that biological legacies like dead and living trees are deliberately selected and retained beyond harvesting cycles to benefit biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This model has been applied for several decades in even-aged, clearcutting (CC) systems but less so in uneven-aged, continuous-cover forestry (CCF). We provide an overview of retention in CCF in temperate regions of Europe, currently largely focused on habitat trees and dead wood. The relevance of current meta-analyses and many other studies on retention in CC is limited since they emphasize larger patches in open surroundings. Therefore, we reflect here on the ecological foundations and socio-economic frameworks of retention approaches in CCF, and highlight several areas with development potential for the future. Conclusions from this perspective paper, based on both research and current practice on several continents, although highlighting Europe, are also relevant to other temperate regions of the world using continuous-cover forest management approaches. DA - 2020/01/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s13280-019-01190-1 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 85 EP - 97 J2 - Ambio SN - 1654-7209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Retention Forestry to Maintain Multifunctional Forests: A World Perspective AU - Gustafsson, Lena AU - Baker, Susan C. AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Beese, William J. AU - Brodie, Angus AU - Kouki, Jari AU - Lindenmayer, David B. AU - Lõhmus, Asko AU - Pastur, Guillermo Martínez AU - Messier, Christian AU - Neyland, Mark AU - Palik, Brian AU - Sverdrup-Thygeson, Anne AU - Volney, W. Jan A. AU - Wayne, Adrian AU - Franklin, Jerry F. T2 - BioScience AB - The majority of the world's forests are used for multiple purposes, which often include the potentially conflicting goals of timber production and biodiversity conservation. A scientifically validated management approach that can reduce such conflicts is retention forestry, an approach modeled on natural processes, which emerged in the last 25 years as an alternative to clearcutting. A portion of the original stand is left unlogged to maintain the continuity of structural and compositional diversity. We detail retention forestry's ecological role, review its current practices, and summarize the large research base on the subject. Retention forestry is applicable to all forest biomes, complements conservation in reserves, and represents bottom-up conservation through forest manager involvement. A research challenge is to identify thresholds for retention amounts to achieve desired outcomes. We define key issues for future development and link retention forestry with land-zoning allocation at various scales, expanding its uses to forest restoration and the management of uneven-age forests. DA - 2012/07/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.6 VL - 62 IS - 7 SP - 633 EP - 645 J2 - BioScience SN - 0006-3568 ER - TY - BOOK TI - How to balance forestry and biodiversity conservation – A view across Europe. A3 - Krumm, F. A3 - Schluck, A. A3 - Sigling, A. CY - Birmensdorf DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - European Forest Institute SN - 978-3-905621-62-4 UR - doi: 10.16904/envidat.196 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ex situ conservation programmes in European zoological gardens: Can we afford to lose them? AU - Gippoliti, Spartaco T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation AB - The role of ex situ activities for the conservation of biodiversity, and of zoos and aquaria in particular, is open to continuing debate. The present note highlights the conservation breeding potential of zoological gardens and aquaria in the European union, but it also recognises the lack of a convincing scientific and legal framework that encourages ex situ activities for ‘exotic’ species. If ex situ programmes are considered essential for global biodiversity conservation, the EU should not limit itself to regulating zoos through the zoo directive, but should actively promote and support their ex situ conservation activities. DA - 2012/06/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s10531-012-0256-8 VL - 21 IS - 6 SP - 1359 EP - 1364 J2 - Biodiversity and Conservation SN - 1572-9710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources: a review of global crop and regional conservation strategies AU - Khoury, Colin AU - Laliberté, Brigitte AU - Guarino, Luigi T2 - Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution AB - In 2005, the newly established Global Crop Diversity Trust initiated a consultation process leading to the development of over 30 global crop and regional strategies for the ex situ conservation and utilisation of crop diversity. These strategies represent a major undertaking the field of plant genetic resources, mobilizing experts to collaboratively plan for the more efficient and effective conservation and use of crop diversity. The strategies are reviewed for eight themes: regeneration, crop wild relatives, collecting, crop descriptors, information systems, user priorities, new technologies and research, and challenges to building a strategy for rational conservation. The themes shed light upon the status, constraints, and promising directions regarding ex situ conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources globally, and provide insight into the current challenges to planning for an efficient and effective global system. The primary constraints affecting conservation, use, and planning are the quality and availability of accession-level information, and availability of resources for regeneration, collecting, and research. A series of connected organizations working at the global level are addressing some of the major constraints in regeneration, collecting, information systems, descriptors, user involvement, and new technology development, although certain crops and regions will need additional support beyond the activities currently funded, particularly in collecting and in the development of specific conservation technologies. Achieving an efficient and effective global system will depend on active support by stakeholders, and will be aided by continuing to develop the strategies and by supporting the strategies’ recommendations for efficient and effective practices in plant genetic resources. DA - 2010/04/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10722-010-9534-z VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 625 EP - 639 J2 - Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution SN - 1573-5109 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neglect of Genetic Diversity in Implementation of the Convention of Biological Diversity AU - Laikre, Linda AU - Allendorf, Fred W. AU - Aroner, Laurel C. AU - Baker, C. Scott AU - Gregovich, David P. AU - Hansen, Michael M. AU - Jackson, Jennifer A. AU - Kendall, Katherine C. AU - McKelvey, Kevin AU - Neel, Maile C. AU - Olivieri, Isabelle AU - Ryman, Nils AU - Schwartz, Michael K. AU - Bull, Ruth Short AU - Stetz, Jeffrey B. AU - Tallmon, David A. AU - Taylor, Barbara L. AU - Vojta, Christina D. AU - Waller, Donald M. AU - Waples, Robin S. T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 86 EP - 88 SN - 08888892, 15231739 DB - JSTOR N1 -publisher: [Wiley, Society for Conservation Biology]
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neutral genetic diversity as a useful tool for conservation biology AU - García-Dorado, Aurora AU - Caballero, Armando T2 - Conservation Genetics DA - 2021/08/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s10592-021-01384-9 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 541 EP - 545 J2 - Conservation Genetics SN - 1572-9737 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic Diversity and Conservation Units: Dealing With the Species-Population Continuum in the Age of Genomics AU - Coates, D.J. AU - Bryne, M. AU - Moritz, C. T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3389/fevo.2018.00165 IS - 6 SP - 165 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The long-standing significance of genetic diversity in conservation AU - DeWoody, J. Andrew AU - Harder, Avril M. AU - Mathur, Samarth AU - Willoughby, Janna R. T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Abstract Since allozymes were first used to assess genetic diversity in the 1960s and 1970s, biologists have attempted to characterize gene pools and conserve the diversity observed in domestic crops, livestock, zoos and (more recently) natural populations. Recently, some authors have claimed that the importance of genetic diversity in conservation biology has been greatly overstated. Here, we argue that a voluminous literature indicates otherwise. We address four main points made by detractors of genetic diversity's role in conservation by using published literature to firmly establish that genetic diversity is intimately tied to evolutionary fitness, and that the associated demographic consequences are of paramount importance to many conservation efforts. We think that responsible management in the Anthropocene should, whenever possible, include the conservation of ecosystems, communities, populations and individuals, and their underlying genetic diversity. DA - 2021/09/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/mec.16051 VL - 30 IS - 17 SP - 4147 EP - 4154 J2 - Molecular Ecology SN - 0962-1083 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatially explicit management of genetic diversity using ancestry probability surfaces AU - Massatti, Rob AU - Winkler, Daniel E. T2 - Methods in Ecology and Evolution AB - Abstract Ecological restoration and conservation efforts are increasing worldwide and the management of intraspecific genetic variation in plants and animals, an important component of biodiversity, is increasingly valued. As a result, tailorable, spatially explicit approaches to map genetic variation are needed to support decision-making and management frameworks related to the recovery of threatened and endangered species and the maintenance of genetic resources in species utilized by humans, such as for restoration or agricultural purposes. Here, we describe and demonstrate a workflow to spatially interpolate patterns of genetic differentiation using novel functions in the r package popmaps (Population Management using Ancestry Probability Surfaces). Our approach uses empirical genetic data to estimate ancestry coefficients across a user-defined landscape correlated with patterns of differentiation in the focal species. The resulting surface, which we term the ancestry probability surface, includes two components: hard population boundaries and estimations of uncertainty that represent confidence in population assignments (i.e. ancestry probabilities). An ancestry probability surface developed for Hilaria jamesii, an important graminoid utilized in restoration across the western United States, demonstrates the functionality of popmaps. Genetic distances among empirical sites correlated better with least-cost distances across suitable habitat than with geographical distances, informing the surface over which the interpolation was conducted (i.e. a model indicating habitat suitability). A jackknifing procedure identified parameter values resulting in robust population assignments across the species' range, which were utilized in downstream analyses to estimate ancestry coefficients from empirical data. Ancestry coefficients were translated into ancestry probabilities, which tended to be low for cells that were intermediate in distance between empirical sampling locations representing different populations or when influenced by empirical sampling locations with mixed genetic ancestry. popmaps allows users to tailor parameter values and analytical approaches and thereby incorporate species-specific biological characteristics and desired levels of uncertainty into maps illustrating patterns of genetic differentiation. Ancestry probability surfaces may be used to guide management or investigate further ecological or evolutionary hypotheses. We discuss how maps produced by popmaps can inform multiple management challenges including species recovery planning and the utilization of commonly used species in restoration. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.1111/2041-210X.13902 UR - https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.13902 N1 -_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2041-210X.13902
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bridging the conservation genetics gap by identifying barriers to implementation for conservation practitioners AU - Taylor, Helen R. AU - Dussex, Nicolas AU - van Heezik, Yolanda T2 - Global Ecology and Conservation AB - Despite its recognised importance for species’ persistence, integrating genetics into conservation management has proved problematic, creating a “conservation genetics gap”, which could widen with the advent of advanced genomic techniques. Bridging this gap requires a clear understanding of the barriers to use of genetics by conservation practitioners, but few (if any) papers on this topic involve direct consultation with practitioners themselves. We surveyed 148 conservation practitioners in New Zealand’s Department of Conservation regarding their attitude to, knowledge of, and experiences with genetics for conservation. Although practitioners were largely receptive to using genetics for conservation management, access to expertise and funding remains a barrier to use. Practitioners would like to collaborate with geneticists at universities or other institutes, but do not necessarily know who to talk to or fully understand how genetics might benefit them. We contend these barriers or similar likely exist at an international level, suggest ways they might be overcome, and emphasise the need for clearer communication between geneticists and practitioners. DA - 2017/04/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.001 VL - 10 SP - 231 EP - 242 J2 - Global Ecology and Conservation SN - 2351-9894 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population Differentiation in Acer platanoides L. at the Regional Scale—Laying the Basis for Effective Conservation of Its Genetic Resources in Austria AU - Lazic, Desanka AU - George, Jan-Peter AU - Rusanen, Mari AU - Ballian, Dalibor AU - Pfattner, Stefanie AU - Konrad, Heino T2 - Forests AB - Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) is a widespread forest tree species in Central and Northern Europe but with a scattered distribution. In the debate on climate change driven changes in species selection in the forest, Norway maple has recently received raised interest because of its comparatively high drought resistance (higher than in sycamore maple). Therefore, it is an interesting species for sites high in carbonates and where other native tree species have become devastated by pathogens (e.g., elm, ash). In Austria, the demand on saplings is currently rising, while there is only very little domestic reproductive material available (on average more than 95% of saplings are imported from neighboring countries). This study was undertaken to identify genetic diversity and population structure of Norway maple in Austria to lay the foundation for the establishment of respective in situ and ex situ conservation measures. In addition, samples from planted stands and imported reproductive material from other countries were included to study the anthropogenic influence on the species in managed forests. We used 11 novel microsatellites to genotype 756 samples from 27 putatively natural Austrian populations, and 186 samples derived from two planted stands and five lots of forest reproductive material; in addition, 106 samples from other European populations were also genotyped. Cross species amplification of the new markers was tested in 19 Acer species from around the world. Population clustering by STRUCTURE analysis revealed a distinct pattern of population structure in Austria and Europe, but overall moderate differentiation. Sibship analysis identifies several populations with severe founding effects, highlighting the need for proper selection of seed sources of sufficient genetic diversity in the species. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.3390/f13040552 VL - 13 IS - 4 SN - 1999-4907 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/4/552 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Raumplanung im Klimawandel AU - CIPRA T2 - COMPACT AB - Das vorliegende CIPRA compact bietet einen Überblick über raumplanerische Massnahmen in den Alpen für die Verminderung und die Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Im zweiten Kapitel bringt die CIPRA Ihre zentralen Anliegen auf den Punkt: Wenn die Raumplanung eine tragende Rolle im Klimaschutz spielen soll, muss sich einiges ändern, denn bei Zielkonflikten mit einzelwirtschaftlichen und individuellen Interessen und Nutzenkalkülen zieht die Raumplanung zumeist den Kürzeren. Die Raumordnung kann mit ihren Instrumenten dazu beitragen, Klimasenken wie Moore, Wälder und Flussgebiete zu sichern und Flächen für die Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien bereitzuhalten. Entscheidend ist jedoch, dass raumordnerische Entscheidungen betreffend die Raum- und Siedlungsstrukturen von der lokalen Ebene auf eine regionale Ebene verlagert werden. Für die Aushandlung von räumlichen Interessen braucht es neben den klassischen Instrumenten der Raumplanung neue Formen und Modelle der Zusammenarbeit. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 2010 IS - 02 UR - https://www.cipra.org/de/dossiers/19/837_de/inline-download ER - TY - RPRT TI - Methodology for the rapid assessment of biodiversity in Priority Conservation Areas and Corridors in the Alps. AU - Trivellini, Guido AU - Ludovici, Andrea Agapito AU - Belardi, Mauro DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 27 PB - WWF ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicted climate shifts within terrestrial protected areas worldwide AU - Hoffmann, Samuel AU - Irl, Severin D. H. AU - Beierkuhnlein, Carl T2 - Nature Communications DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41467-019-12603-w VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A comparative analysis of dynamic management in marine and terrestrial systems AU - Oestreich, William K AU - Chapman, Melissa S AU - Crowder, Larry B T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/fee.2243 VL - 18 IS - 9 SP - 496 EP - 504 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Erfassung der Biodiversität in österreichischen Ackerbaugebieten anhand der Indikatoren Landschaftsstruktur, Gefäßpflanzen, Heuschrecken, Tagfalter und Wildbienen – 2. Erhebungsdurchgang. AU - Pascher, K AU - Hainz-Renetzeder, C AU - Sachslehner, L AU - Frank, T AU - Pachinger, B T2 - Endbericht des Forschungsprojekts GZ BMLFUW-LE.1.3.2/0067-PR/8/2016, Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 M3 - Studie im Auftrag der Bundesministerien für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus (BMLRT) sowie für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit und Konsumentenschutz (BMASGK) ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Population Accounting Approach to Assess Tourism Contributions to Conservation of IUCN-Redlisted Mammal Species AU - Buckley, Ralf C. AU - Castley, J. Guy AU - Pegas, Fernanda de Vasconcellos AU - Mossaz, Alexa C. AU - Steven, Rochelle T2 - PLoS ONE A2 - Roberts, David L. A2 - Roberts, David L. DA - 2012/09/12/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0044134 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 9 SP - e44134 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic Benefits Generated by Protected Areas: the Case of the HogeVeluwe Forest, the Netherlands AU - Hein, Lars T2 - Ecology and Society DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 13 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung der ökonomischen Effekte von Nationalparks AU - Kletzan, D. AU - Kratena, K. T2 - WIFO-Monatsberichte CY - Wien DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 SP - 753 EP - 756 PB - WIFO ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tourism Revenue as a Conservation Tool for Threatened Birds in Protected Areas AU - Steven, Rochelle AU - Castley, J. Guy AU - Buckley, Ralf T2 - PLoS ONE A2 - Fenton, Brock A2 - Fenton, Brock DA - 2013/05/08/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0062598 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - e62598 J2 - PLoS ONE LA - en SN - 1932-6203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forschung für die Zukunft, LTER-AUSTRIA White Paper, AU - Mirtl, Michael AU - Bahn, M AU - Battin, B AU - Borsdorf, A. AU - Dirnböck, T. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Erschbamer, B. AU - Fuchsberger, J. AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Grabherr, G. AU - Gratzer, Georg AU - Haberl, H. AU - Klug, D. AU - Kreiner, D. AU - Mayer, R. AU - Schindler, S AU - Stocker-Kiss, A. AU - Tappeiner, U. AU - Weisse, T AU - Winiwarter, Verena AU - Wolfahrt, G. AU - Zink, R. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.lter-austria.at/wp_lter/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/LTER_Austria_WhitePaper_2015_de.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Richtlinien für die Anwendung der IUCN-Managementkategorien für Schutzgebiete AU - IUCN DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 88 PB - Internationale Union zum Schutz der Natur ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe AU - Thuiller, W. AU - Lavorel, S. AU - Araujo, M. B. AU - Sykes, M. T. AU - Prentice, I. C. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2005/06/07/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0409902102 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 102 IS - 23 SP - 8245 EP - 8250 J2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Nationalparks, Naturschutzgebiete & Co. AU - Umweltbundesamt T2 - Schutzgebiete DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/naturschutz/schutzgebiete ER - TY - CHAP TI - Das Biosphere Reserve-Konzept in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz – Paradigmatische Entwicklung und zukünftige Herausforderungen im Spannungsfeld von Regionalentwicklung und globaler Nachhaltigkeit AU - Weixlbaumer, Norbert AU - Hammer, Thomas AU - Mose, Ingo AU - Siegrist, Dominik T2 - Biosphäre 4.0: UNESCO Biosphere Reserves als Modellregionen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung A2 - Borsdorf, Axel A2 - Jungmeier, Michael A2 - Braun, Valerie A2 - Heinrich, Kati AB - In diesem Beitrag wird das Biosphere Reserve-Konzept von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz im Spiegel der paradigmatischen Entwicklung und zukünftiger Herausforderungen im Spannungsfeld von Regionalentwicklung und globaler Nachhaltigkeit beleuchtet. Die Entwicklung in der Naturschutzpolitik Europas und ihr Niederschlag in der Biosphere Reserve-Politik dieser drei Länder lassen sich über die seit den 1960er-Jahren chronologisch in Erscheinung getretenen Paradigmen Segregativer Naturschutz, Integrativer Naturschutz und Gesamtheitlicher Naturschutz gliedern. Zum einen werden in diesem Beitrag diese Paradigmen beleuchtet und zum anderen diskutiert, inwiefern diese paradigmatische Entwicklung bis heute in der Realität ihren Niederschlag gefunden hat. Dabei zeigte sich unter anderem, dass alle drei Länder hinsichtlich der Umsetzung des eingeforderten gesamtheitlichen Naturschutzverständnisses vor großen zukünftigen Herausforderungen stehen, zumal in den beleuchteten Biosphere Reserves allenfalls erste Ansätze der Umsetzung erkennbar sind. CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 99 EP - 119 SN - 978-3-662-60707-7 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60707-7_5 N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-60707-7_5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Artenvielfalt und Bewirtschaftungsintensität: Problemanalyse am Beispiel der Schmetterlinge auf Wiesen und Weiden Südtirols AU - Huemer, P. AU - Tarmann, G. T2 - Gredleriana DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 VL - 1 SP - 331 EP - 418 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extinction debt of high-mountain plants under twenty-first-century climate change AU - Dullinger, Stefan AU - Gattringer, Andreas AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. AU - Guisan, Antoine AU - Willner, Wolfgang AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Leitner, Michael AU - Mang, Thomas AU - Caccianiga, Marco AU - Dirnböck, Thomas AU - Ertl, Siegrun AU - Fischer, Anton AU - Lenoir, Jonathan AU - Svenning, Jens-Christian AU - Psomas, Achilleas AU - Schmatz, Dirk R. AU - Silc, Urban AU - Vittoz, Pascal AU - Hülber, Karl T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2012/08// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1514 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 8 SP - 619 EP - 622 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Bedeutung der Schutzgebietsnetze im Klimawandel AU - Ellwanger, G AU - Ssymank, A AU - Essl, Franz AU - Rabitsch, Wolfgang T2 - Biodiversität und Klimawandel - Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptionen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 457 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards an Integrative, Eco-Evolutionary Understanding of Ecological Novelty: Studying and Communicating Interlinked Effects of Global Change AU - Heger, Tina AU - Bernard-Verdier, Maud AU - Gessler, Arthur AU - Greenwood, Alex D AU - Grossart, Hans-Peter AU - Hilker, Monika AU - Keinath, Silvia AU - Kowarik, Ingo AU - Kueffer, Christoph AU - Marquard, Elisabeth AU - Müller, Johannes AU - Niemeier, Stephanie AU - Onandia, Gabriela AU - Petermann, Jana S AU - Rillig, Matthias C AU - Rödel, Mark-Oliver AU - Saul, Wolf-Christian AU - Schittko, Conrad AU - Tockner, Klement AU - Joshi, Jasmin AU - Jeschke, Jonathan M T2 - BioScience AB - Global change has complex eco-evolutionary consequences for organisms and ecosystems, but related concepts (e.g., novel ecosystems) do not cover their full range. Here we propose an umbrella concept of “ecological novelty” comprising (1) a site-specific and (2) an organism-centered, eco-evolutionary perspective. Under this umbrella, complementary options for studying and communicating effects of global change on organisms, ecosystems, and landscapes can be included in a toolbox. This allows researchers to address ecological novelty from different perspectives, e.g., by defining it based on (a) categorical or continuous measures, (b) reference conditions related to sites or organisms, and (c) types of human activities. We suggest striving for a descriptive, non-normative usage of the term “ecological novelty” in science. Normative evaluations and decisions about conservation policies or management are important, but require additional societal processes and engagement with multiple stakeholders. DA - 2019/11/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1093/biosci/biz095 VL - 69 IS - 11 SP - 888 EP - 899 J2 - BioScience SN - 0006-3568 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Biodiversität und Klimawandel: Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptionen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa AU - Rahmstorf A2 - Essl, F. A2 - Rabitsch, W CY - Berlin Heidelberg DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Springer Spektrum SN - 978-3-642-29692-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The peatland map of Europe AU - Tanneberger, F. AU - Tegetmeyer, C. AU - Busse, S. AU - Barthelmes, A. AU - Shumka, S AU - Moles Mariné, A AU - Jenderedjian, K AU - Steiner, G M AU - Essl, F AU - Etzold, J AU - Mendes, C AU - Kozulin, A AU - Frankard, P AU - Milanović, Đ AU - Ganeva, A AU - Apostolova, I AU - Alegro, A AU - Delipetrou, P AU - Navrátilová, J AU - Risager, M AU - Leivits, A AU - Fosaa, A M AU - Tuominen, S AU - Muller, F AU - Bakuradze, T AU - Sommer, M AU - Christanis, K AU - Szurdoki, E AU - Oskarsson, H AU - Brink, S H AU - Connolly, J AU - Bragazza, L AU - Martinelli, G AU - Aleksans, O AU - Priede, A AU - Sungaila, D AU - Melovski, L AU - Belous, T AU - Saveljić, D AU - de Vries, F AU - Moen, A AU - Dembek, W AU - Mateus, J AU - Hanganu, J AU - Sirin, A AU - Markina, A AU - Napreenko, M AU - Lazarević, P AU - Šefferová Stanová, V AU - Skoberne, P AU - Heras Pérez, P AU - Pontevedra-Pombal, X AU - Lonnstad, J AU - Küchler, M AU - Wüst-Galley, C AU - Kirca, S AU - Mykytiuk, O AU - Lindsay, R AU - Joosten, H T2 - Mires and Peat DA - 2017/11/10/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.264 DP - DOI.org (CSL JSON) IS - 19 SP - 1 EP - 17 SN - 1819-754X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change will increase the naturalization risk from garden plants in Europe: Naturalization risk from garden plants AU - Dullinger, Iwona AU - Wessely, Johannes AU - Bossdorf, Oliver AU - Dawson, Wayne AU - Essl, Franz AU - Gattringer, Andreas AU - Klonner, Günther AU - Kreft, Holger AU - Kuttner, Michael AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Pergl, Jan AU - Pyšek, Petr AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - van Kleunen, Mark AU - Weigelt, Patrick AU - Winter, Marten AU - Dullinger, Stefan T2 - Global Ecology and Biogeography DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/geb.12512 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 53 J2 - Global Ecol. Biogeogr. LA - en SN - 1466822X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protected areas offer refuge from invasive species spreading under climate change AU - Gallardo, Belinda AU - Aldridge, David C. AU - González-Moreno, Pablo AU - Pergl, Jan AU - Pizarro, Manuel AU - Pyšek, Petr AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - Yesson, Christopher AU - Vilà, Montserrat T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13798 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 5331 EP - 5343 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 13541013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Observed and predicted effects of climate change on species abundance in protected areas AU - Johnston, Alison AU - Ausden, Malcolm AU - Dodd, Andrew M. AU - Bradbury, Richard B. AU - Chamberlain, Dan E. AU - Jiguet, Frédéric AU - Thomas, Chris D. AU - Cook, Aonghais S. C. P. AU - Newson, Stuart E. AU - Ockendon, Nancy AU - Rehfisch, Mark M. AU - Roos, Staffan AU - Thaxter, Chris B. AU - Brown, Andy AU - Crick, Humphrey Q. P. AU - Douse, Andrew AU - McCall, Rob A. AU - Pontier, Helen AU - Stroud, David A. AU - Cadiou, Bernard AU - Crowe, Olivia AU - Deceuninck, Bernard AU - Hornman, Menno AU - Pearce-Higgins, James W. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2013/12// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2035 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 12 SP - 1055 EP - 1061 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changing conservation strategies in Europe: a framework integrating ecosystem services and dynamics AU - Haslett, John R. AU - Berry, Pam M. AU - Bela, Györgyi AU - Jongman, Rob H. G. AU - Pataki, György AU - Samways, Michael J. AU - Zobel, Martin T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation DA - 2010/09// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10531-009-9743-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 2963 EP - 2977 J2 - Biodivers Conserv LA - en SN - 0960-3115, 1572-9710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future battlegrounds for conservation under global change AU - Lee, Tien Ming AU - Jetz, Walter T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DA - 2008/06/07/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1098/rspb.2007.1732 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 275 IS - 1640 SP - 1261 EP - 1270 J2 - Proc. R. Soc. B LA - en SN - 0962-8452, 1471-2954 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Extinction debts and colonization credits of non-forest plants in the European Alps AU - Rumpf, Sabine B. AU - Hülber, Karl AU - Wessely, Johannes AU - Willner, Wolfgang AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Gattringer, Andreas AU - Klonner, Günther AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. AU - Dullinger, Stefan T2 - Nature Communications DA - 2019/12// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41467-019-12343-x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 10 SP - 4293 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Können Schutzgebiete ihre Schutzgüter verlieren? AU - Vohland, Katrin AU - Essl, Franz AU - Ellwanger, G AU - Hanspach, J AU - Kühn, I AU - Ssymank, A AU - Schröder, E T2 - Biodiversität und Klimawandel - Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptionen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 457 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Protected area needs in a changing climate AU - Hannah, Lee AU - Midgley, Guy AU - Andelman, Sandy AU - Araújo, Miguel AU - Hughes, Greg AU - Martinez-Meyer, Enrique AU - Pearson, Richard AU - Williams, Paul T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment DA - 2007/04// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[131:PANIAC]2.0.CO;2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 131 EP - 138 J2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment LA - en SN - 1540-9295 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ex-situ conservation of Black poplar in Europe: genetic diversity in nine gene bank collections and their value for nature development AU - Storme, V. AU - Vanden Broeck, A. AU - Ivens, B. AU - Halfmaerten, D. AU - Van Slycken, J. AU - Castiglione, S. AU - Grassi, F. AU - Fossati, T. AU - Cottrell, J. E. AU - Tabbener, H. E. AU - Lefèvre, F. AU - Saintagne, C. AU - Fluch, S. AU - Krystufek, V. AU - Burg, K. AU - Bordács, S. AU - Borovics, A. AU - Gebhardt, K. AU - Vornam, B. AU - Pohl, A. AU - Alba, N. AU - Agúndez, D. AU - Maestro, C. AU - Notivol, E. AU - Bovenschen, J. AU - van Dam, B. C. AU - van der Schoot, J. AU - Vosman, B. AU - Boerjan, W. AU - Smulders, M. J. M. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Genetics DA - 2004/04// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1007/s00122-003-1523-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 108 IS - 6 SP - 969 EP - 981 J2 - Theor Appl Genet LA - en SN - 0040-5752, 1432-2242 N1 -number: 6
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization AU - Olden, Julian D. AU - LeRoy Poff, N. AU - Douglas, Marlis R. AU - Douglas, Michael E. AU - Fausch, Kurt D. T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution DA - 2004/01// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.010 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 18 EP - 24 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution LA - en SN - 01695347 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The European functional tree of bird life in the face of global change AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - Pironon, Samuel AU - Psomas, Achilleas AU - Barbet-Massin, Morgane AU - Jiguet, Frédéric AU - Lavergne, Sébastien AU - Pearman, Peter B. AU - Renaud, Julien AU - Zupan, Laure AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. T2 - Nature Communications AB - Despite the recognized joint impact of climate and land cover change on facets of biodiversity and their associated functions, risk assessments have primarily evaluated impacts on species ranges and richness. Here we quantify the sensitivity of the functional structure of European avian assemblages to changes in both regional climate and land cover. We combine species range forecasts with functional-trait information. We show that species sensitivity to environmental change is randomly distributed across the functional tree of the European avifauna and that functionally unique species are not disproportionately threatened by 2080. However, projected species range changes will modify the mean species richness and functional diversity of bird diets and feeding behaviours. This will unequally affect the spatial structure of functional diversity, leading to homogenization across Europe. Therefore, global changes may alter the functional structure of species assemblages in the future in ways that need to be accounted for in conservation planning. DA - 2014/01/23/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1038/ncomms4118 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 3118 J2 - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Biologische Invasionen und Klimawandel AU - Rabitsch, Wolfgang AU - Essl, Franz AU - Kruess, I AU - Nehring, S AU - Nowack, C AU - Walther, G R T2 - Biodiversität und Klimawandel - Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptionen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang A2 - Essl, Franz A2 - Rabitsch, Wolfgang CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 457 PB - Springer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Meta-Analysis of Susceptibility of Woody Plants to Loss of Genetic Diversity through Habitat Fragmentation AU - Vranckx, GUY AU - Jaquemyn, HANS AU - Muys, BART AU - Honnay, OLIVIER T2 - Conservation Biology AB - Abstract:? Shrubs and trees are assumed less likely to lose genetic variation in response to habitat fragmentation because they have certain life-history characteristics such as long lifespans and extensive pollen flow. To test this assumption, we conducted a meta-analysis with data on 97 woody plant species derived from 98 studies of habitat fragmentation. We measured the weighted response of four different measures of population-level genetic diversity to habitat fragmentation with Hedge's d and Spearman rank correlation. We tested whether the genetic response to habitat fragmentation was mediated by life-history traits (longevity, pollination mode, and seed dispersal vector) and study characteristics (genetic marker and plant material used). For both tests of effect size habitat fragmentation was associated with a substantial decrease in expected heterozygosity, number of alleles, and percentage of polymorphic loci, whereas the population inbreeding coefficient was not associated with these measures. The largest proportion of variation among effect sizes was explained by pollination mechanism and by the age of the tissue (progeny or adult) that was genotyped. Our primary finding was that wind-pollinated trees and shrubs appeared to be as likely to lose genetic variation as insect-pollinated species, indicating that severe habitat fragmentation may lead to pollen limitation and limited gene flow. In comparison with results of previous meta-analyses on mainly herbaceous species, we found trees and shrubs were as likely to have negative genetic responses to habitat fragmentation as herbaceous species. We also found that the genetic variation in offspring was generally less than that of adult trees, which is evidence of a genetic extinction debt and probably reflects the genetic diversity of the historical, less-fragmented landscape. DA - 2012/04/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01778.x VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 228 EP - 237 J2 - Conservation Biology SN - 0888-8892 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem restoration, protected areas and biodiversity conservation AU - Janishevski, L AU - Santamaria, C AU - Gidda, S B AU - Cooper, H D AU - Brancalion, P H S T2 - Unasylva DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 245 IS - 66 SP - 19 EP - 27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological Connectivity for a Changing Climate: Ecological Connectivity AU - Krosby, Meade AU - Tewksbury, Joshua AU - Haddad, Nick M. AU - Hoekstra, Jonathan T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01585.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 1686 EP - 1689 LA - en SN - 08888892 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Habitat fragmentation causes bottlenecks and inbreeding in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea) AU - Andersen, Liselotte W. AU - Fog, Kåre AU - Damgaard, Christian T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences DA - 2004/06/22/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1098/rspb.2004.2720 VL - 271 IS - 1545 SP - 1293 EP - 1302 J2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences N1 -publisher: Royal Society
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Genetic rescue of small inbred populations: meta-analysis reveals large and consistent benefits of gene flow AU - Frankham, Richard T2 - Molecular Ecology AB - Abstract Many species have fragmented distribution with small isolated populations suffering inbreeding depression and/or reduced ability to evolve. Without gene flow from another population within the species (genetic rescue), these populations are likely to be extirpated. However, there have been only 20 published cases of such outcrossing for conservation purposes, probably a very low proportion of populations that would potentially benefit. As one impediment to genetic rescues is the lack of an overview of the magnitude and consistency of genetic rescue effects in wild species, I carried out a meta-analysis. Outcrossing of inbred populations resulted in beneficial effects in 92.9% of 156 cases screened as having a low risk of outbreeding depression. The median increase in composite fitness (combined fecundity and survival) following outcrossing was 148% in stressful environments and 45% in benign ones. Fitness benefits also increased significantly with maternal ΔF (reduction in inbreeding coefficient due to gene flow) and for naturally outbreeding versus inbreeding species. However, benefits did not differ significantly among invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Evolutionary potential for fitness characters in inbred populations also benefited from gene flow. There are no scientific impediments to the widespread use of outcrossing to genetically rescue inbred populations of naturally outbreeding species, provided potential crosses have a low risk of outbreeding depression. I provide revised guidelines for the management of genetic rescue attempts. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/mec.13139 VL - 24 IS - 11 SP - 2610 EP - 2618 N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.13139
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mutation and Conservation AU - Lande, Russell T2 - Conservation Biology DA - 1995/08// PY - 1995 DO - 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040782.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 782 EP - 791 J2 - Conservation Biology LA - en SN - 0888-8892, 1523-1739 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biological Corridors: Form, Function, and Efficacy AU - Rosenberg, Daniel K. AU - Noon, Barry R. AU - Meslow, E. Charles T2 - BioScience DA - 1997/11// PY - 1997 DO - 10.2307/1313208 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 47 IS - 10 SP - 677 EP - 687 J2 - BioScience SN - 00063568, 15253244 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations A3 - Schonewald-Cox, Christine M. A3 - Chambers, Stephen M A3 - MacBryde, Bruce A3 - Thomas, Larry CN - QH75 .G45 1983 CY - Menlo Park DA - 1983/// PY - 1983 DP - Library of Congress ISBN PB - Benjamin/Cummings SN - 978-0-8053-7764-4 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas AU - Hockings, M AU - Stolton, S AU - Leverington, Fiona AU - Dudley, N AU - Courrau, J. A2 - Valentine, P. A3 - Valentine, P. CY - Gland Switzerland , Cambridge UK DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 ET - 2nd edition SN - 978-2-8317-0939-0 UR - https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PAG-014.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sweden does not meet agreed national and international forest biodiversity targets: A call for adaptive landscape planning AU - Angelstam, Per AU - Manton, Michael AU - Green, Martin AU - Jonsson, Bengt-Gunnar AU - Mikusiński, Grzegorz AU - Svensson, Johan AU - Maria Sabatini, Francesco T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Loss of forest naturalness challenges the maintenance of green infrastructure (GI) for biodiversity conservation and delivery of diverse ecosystem services. Using the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi target #11 with its quantitative and qualitative criteria as a normative model, we aim at supporting landscape planning through a pioneering assessment of the extent to which existing amounts and spatial distributions of High Conservation Value Forests (HCVFs) meet these criteria. Highly forested and committed to both intensive wood production and evidence-based conservation targets of 17–20% protected areas, Sweden was chosen as a case study. Specifically, we estimated the amount, regional representation, and functional connectivity of HCVF patches using virtual bird species, validated the results using field surveys of focal bird species, and assessed conservation target fulfilment. Finally, we linked these results to the regional distribution of forest land ownership categories, and stress that these provide different opportunities for landscape planning. Even if 31% of forest land in Sweden is officially protected, voluntarily set-aside, or not used for wood production now and in the future, we show that applying the representation and connectivity criteria of Aichi target #11 reduces this figure to an effective GI of 12%. When disaggregating the five ecoregions the effective GI was 54% for the sub-alpine forest ecoregion, which hosts EU’s last intact forest landscapes, but only 3–8% in the other four ecoregions where wood production is predominant. This results in an increasing need for forest habitat and landscape restoration from north to south. The large regional variation in the opportunity for landscape planning stresses the need for a portfolio of different approaches. We stress the need to secure funding mechanisms for compensating land owners’ investments in GI, and to adapt both the approaches and spatial extents of landscape planning units to land ownership structure. DA - 2020/10/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103838 VL - 202 SP - 103838 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning SN - 0169-2046 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How much habitat is enough? AU - Fahrig, L. T2 - Biological Conservation DA - 2001/07// PY - 2001 DO - 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00208-1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 100 IS - 1 SP - 65 EP - 74 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en SN - 00063207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adapting landscapes to climate change: examples of climate-proof ecosystem networks and priority adaptation zones AU - Vos, Claire C. AU - Berry, Pam AU - Opdam, Paul AU - Baveco, Hans AU - Nijhof, Bianca AU - O’Hanley, Jesse AU - Bell, Claire AU - Kuipers, H. T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01569.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - 1722 EP - 1731 LA - en SN - 00218901, 13652664 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Restoration Is Preparation for the Future AU - Hanberry, Brice B. AU - Noss, Reed F. AU - Safford, Hugh D. AU - Allison, Stuart K. AU - Dey, Daniel C. T2 - Journal of Forestry DA - 2015/07/02/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.5849/jof.15-014 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 113 IS - 4 SP - 425 EP - 429 J2 - Journal of Forestry LA - en SN - 00221201 ER - TY - JOUR TI - General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation AU - Lindenmayer, D.B. AU - Franklin, J.F. AU - Fischer, J. T2 - Biological Conservation DA - 2006/08// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.019 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 131 IS - 3 SP - 433 EP - 445 J2 - Biological Conservation LA - en SN - 00063207 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Labeling Ecological Niche Models AU - Rangel, Thiago Fernando AU - Loyola, Rafael Dias T2 - Natureza & Conservação DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.4322/natcon.2012.030 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 119 EP - 126 J2 - NatCon SN - 16790073 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A landscape triage approach: combining spatial and temporal dynamics to prioritize restoration and conservation AU - Rappaport, Danielle I. AU - Tambosi, Leandro R. AU - Metzger, Jean P. T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology DA - 2015/06// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.12405 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 590 EP - 601 J2 - J Appl Ecol LA - en SN - 00218901 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Managing the whole landscape: historical, hybrid, and novel ecosystems AU - Hobbs, Richard J AU - Higgs, Eric AU - Hall, Carol M AU - Bridgewater, Peter AU - Chapin, F Stuart AU - Ellis, Erle C AU - Ewel, John J AU - Hallett, Lauren M AU - Harris, James AU - Hulvey, Kristen B AU - Jackson, Stephen T AU - Kennedy, Patricia L AU - Kueffer, Christoph AU - Lach, Lori AU - Lantz, Trevor C AU - Lugo, Ariel E AU - Mascaro, Joseph AU - Murphy, Stephen D AU - Nelson, Cara R AU - Perring, Michael P AU - Richardson, David M AU - Seastedt, Timothy R AU - Standish, Rachel J AU - Starzomski, Brian M AU - Suding, Katherine N AU - Tognetti, Pedro M AU - Yakob, Laith AU - Yung, Laurie T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment DA - 2014/12// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1890/130300 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 10 SP - 557 EP - 564 J2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment LA - en SN - 1540-9295 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Population trends of widespread woodland birds in Europe AU - Gregory, R. D. AU - Vorisek, Petr AU - Van Strien, A. AU - Gmelig Meyling, A.W. AU - Jiguet, F. AU - Fornasari, L. AU - Reif, J. AU - Cylarecki, P. AU - Burfield, I.J. T2 - Ibis AB - We explore population trends of widespread and common woodland birds using data from an extensive European network of ornithologists for the period 1980?2003. We show considerable differences exist in the European trends of species according to the broad habitat they occupy and the degree to which they specialize in habitat use. On average, common forest birds are in shallow decline at a European scale; common forest birds declined by 13%, and common forest specialists by 18%, from 1980 to 2003. In comparison, populations of common specialists of farmland have declined moderately, falling on average by 28% from 1980 to 2003. These patterns contrast with that shown by generalist species whose populations have been roughly stable over the same period, their overall index increasing by 3%. There was some evidence of regional variation in the population trends of these common forest species. The most obvious pattern was the greater stability of population trends in Eastern Europe compared with other regions considered. Among common forest birds, long-distance migrants and residents have on average declined most strongly, whereas short-distance migrants have been largely stable, or have increased. There was some evidence to suggest that ground- or low-nesting species have declined more strongly on average, as have forest birds with invertebrate diets. Formal analysis of the species trends confirmed the influence of habitat use, habitat specialization and nest-site; the effects of region and migration strategy were less clear-cut. There was also evidence to show that year-to-year variation in individual species trends at a European scale was influenced by cold winter weather in a small number of species. We recommend that the species trend information provided by the new pan-European scheme should be used alongside existing mechanisms to review the conservation status of European birds. The analysis also allows us to reappraise the role of common forest bird populations as a potential barometer of wider forest health. The new indicator appears to be a useful indicator of the state of widespread European forest birds and might prove to be a useful surrogate for trends in forest biodiversity and forest health, but more work is likely to be needed to understand the interaction between bird populations and their drivers in forest. DA - 2007/11/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00698.x VL - 149 IS - s2 SP - 78 EP - 97 J2 - Ibis SN - 0019-1019 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of clear-cutting on the understory vegetation, soil and diversity of litter beetles in scots pine-dominated forest AU - Česonienė, Laima AU - Daubaras, Remigijus AU - Tamutis, Vytautas AU - Kaškonienė, Vilma AU - Kaškonas, Paulius AU - Stakėnas, Vidas AU - Zych, Marcin T2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry DA - 2019/11/17/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/10549811.2019.1607755 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 791 EP - 808 J2 - Journal of Sustainable Forestry SN - 1054-9811 N1 -publisher: Taylor & Francis
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrating impacts on climate change and biodiversity from forest harvest in Norway AU - Iordan, Cristina Maria AU - Verones, Francesca AU - Cherubini, Francesco T2 - Ecological Indicators AB - Forest ecosystems provide a variety of services, from climate regulation to biodiversity conservation. Temporary land cover variations such as those related to forest management can contribute to climate change through both biogeochemical (carbon, warming) and biophysical (albedo, cooling) mechanisms. As global rising demand for biomass for energy and materials can contribute to biodiversity losses, there is an evident need for integrated assessments of climate and biodiversity impacts to investigate possible trade-offs and synergies. We explore the integration of impacts on climate change and biodiversity from forest harvest for three case studies based on forest plantations in Norway. We focus on impacts from land disturbance after clear-cutting using three plots of one ha each of homogeneous forest in two ecoregions in Norway involving three different tree species: spruce, pine and birch. We use existing ecoregion specific characterization factors (CFs) to quantify occupation, short-term and long-term transformation impacts of land use on biodiversity loss for five taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and plants at regional and global level. For climate change impacts, we quantify the contributions of CO2 fluxes and changes in albedo. We estimate CFs for two complementary climate metrics, namely global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature change potential (GTP) for time horizons of 20 and 100 years and quantify impacts in CO2 equivalents. We pursue the integration of impacts on climate and biodiversity from a time perspective: very short (GWP20 and land occupation), medium (GWP100 and land transformation within 100 years) and long (GTP100 and land transformation after 100 years). We find CFs from −0.21 to 1.6 kg CO2-eq./kg CO2 for carbon emissions, and from −0.03 to −1.4 kg CO2-eq./kg CO2 for albedo changes, while net characterized impacts range from −44.8 t CO2-eq./ha (GTP100, spruce) to 93.25 t CO2-eq./ha (GWP20, spruce). Damages to biodiversity range from 4.76 * 10−13 to 6.24 * 10−8 global species eq. lost per ton of carbon harvested. Our results reinforce the notion that spatially and temporally explicit analyses are vital when assessing life-cycle impacts from land derived products. We show that the existing set of multiple and complementary indicators for climate change and biodiversity impacts can be integrated into a common framework to better inform about the complex heterogeneities of the forest ecosystem response to disturbances. We argue for a more frequent consideration of integrated impacts on biodiversity and climate change from forestry operations to better highlight possible co-benefits or adverse side-effects of forest management strategies. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.02.034 VL - 89 SP - 411 EP - 421 J2 - Ecological Indicators SN - 1470-160X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatially combining wood production and recreation with biodiversity conservation AU - Vangansbeke, P. AU - Blondeel, H. AU - Landuyt, D. AU - De Frenne, P. AU - Gorissen, L. AU - Verheyen, K. T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation AB - Pine plantations established on former heathland are common throughout Western Europe and North America. Such areas can continue to support high biodiversity values of the former heathlands in the more open areas, while simultaneously delivering ecosystem services such as wood production and recreation in the forested areas. Spatially optimizing wood harvest and recreation without threatening the biodiversity values, however, is challenging. Demand for woody biomass is increasing but other pressures on biodiversity including climate change, habitat fragmentation and air pollution are intensifying too. Strategies to spatially optimize different ecosystem services with biodiversity conservation are still underexplored in the research literature. Here we explore optimization scenarios for advancing ecosystem stewardship in a pine plantation in Belgium. Point observations of seven key indicator species were used to estimate habitat suitability using generalized linear models. Based on the habitat suitability and species’ characteristics, the spatially-explicit conservation value of different forested and open patches was determined with the help of a spatially-explicit conservation planning tool. Recreational pressure was quantified by interviewing forest managers and with automated trail counters. The impact of wood production and recreation on the conservation of the indicator species was evaluated. We found trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and both wood production and recreation, but were able to present a final scenario that combines biodiversity conservation with a restricted impact on both services. This case study illustrates that innovative forest management planning can achieve better integration of the delivery of different forest ecosystem services such as wood production and recreation with biodiversity conservation. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10531-016-1135-5 VL - 26 IS - 13 SP - 3213 EP - 3239 J2 - Biodiversity and Conservation SN - 1572-9710 ER - TY - JOUR TI - ΔTraitSDMs: species distribution models that account for local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity AU - Benito Garzón, Marta AU - Robson, T. Matthew AU - Hampe, Arndt T2 - New Phytologist AB - Summary Improving our understanding of species ranges under rapid climate change requires application of our knowledge of the tolerance and adaptive capacity of populations to changing environmental conditions. Here, we describe an emerging modelling approach, ?TraitSDM, which attempts to achieve this by explaining species distribution ranges based on phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of fitness-related traits measured across large geographical gradients. The collection of intraspecific trait data measured in common gardens spanning broad environmental clines has promoted the development of these new models ? first in trees but now rapidly expanding to other organisms. We review, explain and harmonize the main findings from this new generation of models that, by including trait variation over geographical scales, are able to provide new insights into future species ranges. Overall, ?TraitSDM predictions generally deliver a less alarming message than previous models of species distribution under new climates, indicating that phenotypic plasticity should help, to a considerable degree, some plant populations to persist under climate change. The development of ?TraitSDMs offers a new perspective to analyse intraspecific variation in single and multiple traits, with the rationale that trait (co)variation and consequently fitness can significantly change across geographical gradients and new climates. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/nph.15716 VL - 222 IS - 4 SP - 1757 EP - 1765 J2 - New Phytologist SN - 0028-646X N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Alpine Ecosystem AU - Körner, C. T2 - Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition CY - Oxford DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 148 EP - 157 PB - Elsevier Inc. SN - 978-0-12-384720-1 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123847201/encyclopedia-of-biodiversity#book-info ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why Is the Alpine Flora Comparatively Robust against Climatic Warming? AU - Körner, Christian AU - Hiltbrunner, Erika T2 - Diversity AB - The alpine belt hosts the treeless vegetation above the high elevation climatic treeline. The way alpine plants manage to thrive in a climate that prevents tree growth is through small stature, apt seasonal development, and ‘managing’ the microclimate near the ground surface. Nested in a mosaic of micro-environmental conditions, these plants are in a unique position by a close-by neighborhood of strongly diverging microhabitats. The range of adjacent thermal niches that the alpine environment provides is exceeding the worst climate warming scenarios. The provided mountains are high and large enough, these are conditions that cause alpine plant species diversity to be robust against climatic change. However, the areal extent of certain habitat types will shrink as isotherms move upslope, with the potential areal loss by the advance of the treeline by far outranging the gain in new land by glacier retreat globally. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.3390/d13080383 VL - 13 IS - 8 SN - 1424-2818 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Local temperatures inferred from plant communities suggest strong spatial buffering of climate warming across Northern Europe AU - Lenoir, Jonathan AU - Graae, Bente Jessen AU - Aarrestad, Per Arild AU - Alsos, Inger Greve AU - Armbruster, W. Scott AU - Austrheim, Gunnar AU - Bergendorff, Claes AU - Birks, H. John B. AU - Bråthen, Kari Anne AU - Brunet, Jörg AU - Bruun, Hans Henrik AU - Dahlberg, Carl Johan AU - Decocq, Guillaume AU - Diekmann, Martin AU - Dynesius, Mats AU - Ejrnæs, Rasmus AU - Grytnes, John-Arvid AU - Hylander, Kristoffer AU - Klanderud, Kari AU - Luoto, Miska AU - Milbau, Ann AU - Moora, Mari AU - Nygaard, Bettina AU - Odland, Arvid AU - Ravolainen, Virve Tuulia AU - Reinhardt, Stefanie AU - Sandvik, Sylvi Marlen AU - Schei, Fride Høistad AU - Speed, James David Mervyn AU - Tveraabak, Liv Unn AU - Vandvik, Vigdis AU - Velle, Liv Guri AU - Virtanen, Risto AU - Zobel, Martin AU - Svenning, Jens-Christian T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Recent studies from mountainous areas of small spatial extent (<2500 km2) suggest that fine-grained thermal variability over tens or hundreds of metres exceeds much of the climate warming expected for the coming decades. Such variability in temperature provides buffering to mitigate climate-change impacts. Is this local spatial buffering restricted to topographically complex terrains? To answer this, we here study fine-grained thermal variability across a 2500-km wide latitudinal gradient in Northern Europe encompassing a large array of topographic complexities. We first combined plant community data, Ellenberg temperature indicator values, locally measured temperatures (LmT) and globally interpolated temperatures (GiT) in a modelling framework to infer biologically relevant temperature conditions from plant assemblages within <1000-m2 units (community-inferred temperatures: CiT). We then assessed: (1) CiT range (thermal variability) within 1-km2 units; (2) the relationship between CiT range and topographically and geographically derived predictors at 1-km resolution; and (3) whether spatial turnover in CiT is greater than spatial turnover in GiT within 100-km2 units. Ellenberg temperature indicator values in combination with plant assemblages explained 46?72% of variation in LmT and 92?96% of variation in GiT during the growing season (June, July, August). Growing-season CiT range within 1-km2 units peaked at 60?65°N and increased with terrain roughness, averaging 1.97 °C (SD = 0.84 °C) and 2.68 °C (SD = 1.26 °C) within the flattest and roughest units respectively. Complex interactions between topography-related variables and latitude explained 35% of variation in growing-season CiT range when accounting for sampling effort and residual spatial autocorrelation. Spatial turnover in growing-season CiT within 100-km2 units was, on average, 1.8 times greater (0.32 °C km?1) than spatial turnover in growing-season GiT (0.18 °C km?1). We conclude that thermal variability within 1-km2 units strongly increases local spatial buffering of future climate warming across Northern Europe, even in the flattest terrains. DA - 2013/05/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/gcb.12129 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 1470 EP - 1481 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution patterns of the cold adapted bumblebee Bombus alpinus in the Alps and hints of an uphill shift (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae) AU - Biella, Paolo AU - Bogliani, Giuseppe AU - Cornalba, Maurizio AU - Manino, Aulo AU - Neumayer, Johann AU - Porporato, Marco AU - Rasmont, Pierre AU - Milanesi, Pietro T2 - Journal of Insect Conservation AB - Climate change is threatening species and habitats. Altitudinal shifts uphill and negative population trends are commonly observed in altitude-related taxa. The bumblebee Bombus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) has a disjoint distribution restricted to Fennoscandia and the Alps, and is considered threatened. We studied the ecology and distribution of B. alpinus in the Alps, where the endemic subspecies Bombus alpinus helleri Dalla Torre 1882 is found, as a case-model because of its rarity, habitat, and mutual dependence with the ecosystem for pollination and resources. We developed species distribution models including both climatic and habitat variables to obtain the surface suitable for this subspecies and quantified its protected portion. Our analyses indicate that this bumblebee is restricted to the upper altitudes and has a narrow niche mainly related to the presence of glaciers, the cool temperature, a low temperature variation, and a specific range of precipitation. A strong altitudinal shift is also taking place probably due to climate change. After years of no changes in altitudinal distribution, its lowest altitudinal limit has moved up 479 m since the year 1984, while its upper altitudinal limit has remained unchanged. Over half of the suitable area in the Alps is included within protected areas, but conservation has not been planned yet. However, rare species with narrow niche, such as B. alpinus, are highly threatened by climate change. Potential short-term mitigation actions are discussed, including exchange of males between locations and integral protection of prairies in the vicinity of glaciers. DA - 2017/04/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10841-017-9983-1 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 357 EP - 366 J2 - Journal of Insect Conservation SN - 1572-9753 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecological networks are more sensitive to plant than to animal extinction under climate change AU - Schleuning, Matthias AU - Fründ, Jochen AU - Schweiger, Oliver AU - Welk, Erik AU - Albrecht, Jörg AU - Albrecht, Matthias AU - Beil, Marion AU - Benadi, Gita AU - Blüthgen, Nico AU - Bruelheide, Helge AU - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin AU - Dehling, D. Matthias AU - Dormann, Carsten F. AU - Exeler, Nina AU - Farwig, Nina AU - Harpke, Alexander AU - Hickler, Thomas AU - Kratochwil, Anselm AU - Kuhlmann, Michael AU - Kühn, Ingolf AU - Michez, Denis AU - Mudri-Stojnić, Sonja AU - Plein, Michaela AU - Rasmont, Pierre AU - Schwabe, Angelika AU - Settele, Josef AU - Vujić, Ante AU - Weiner, Christiane N. AU - Wiemers, Martin AU - Hof, Christian T2 - Nature Communications DA - 2016/12// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/ncomms13965 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 13965 J2 - Nat Commun LA - en SN - 2041-1723 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Range margin populations show high climate adaptation lags in European trees AU - Fréjaville, Thibaut AU - Vizcaíno‐Palomar, Natalia AU - Fady, Bruno AU - Kremer, Antoine AU - Benito Garzón, Marta T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2020/02// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14881 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 484 EP - 495 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assisted Colonization and Rapid Climate Change AU - Hoegh-Guldberg, O. AU - Hughes, L. AU - McIntyre, S. AU - Lindenmayer, D. B. AU - Parmesan, C. AU - Possingham, H. P. AU - Thomas, C. D. T2 - Science DA - 2008/07/18/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1126/science.1157897 VL - 321 IS - 5887 SP - 345 J2 - Science ER - TY - JOUR TI - Schutzgebiete Deutschlands im Klimawandel–Risiken und Handlungsoptionen AU - Badeck, Franz-W. AU - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin AU - Cramer, Wolfgang AU - Ibisch, Pierre L. AU - Klotz, Stefan AU - Kreft, Stefan AU - Kühn, Ingolf AU - Vohland, Katrin AU - Zander, Ute T2 - Naturschutz und biologische Vielfalt DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 VL - 46 SP - 151 EP - 167 ER - TY - RPRT TI - SCHUTZGEBIETSBETREUUNG IN ÖSTERREICH. Grundsatzpapier der Österreichischen Naturschutzplattform AU - Oberleitner, Irene AU - Ellmauer, Thomas AU - Tiefenbach, Maria CY - Wien DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - REP-0078 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal remote sensing of urban climates AU - Voogt, J. A AU - Oke, T. R T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment T3 - Urban Remote Sensing AB - Thermal remote sensing has been used over urban areas to assess the urban heat island, to perform land cover classifications and as input for models of urban surface atmosphere exchange. Here, we review the use of thermal remote sensing in the study of urban climates, focusing primarily on the urban heat island effect and progress made towards answering the methodological questions posed by Roth et al. [International Journal of Remote Sensing 10 (1989) 1699]. The review demonstrates that while some progress has been made, the thermal remote sensing of urban areas has been slow to advance beyond qualitative description of thermal patterns and simple correlations. Part of the difficulty lies in the tendency to use qualitatively based land use data to describe the urban surface rather than the use of more fundamental surface descriptors. Advances in the application of thermal remote sensing to natural and agricultural surfaces suggest insight into possible methods to advance techniques and capabilities over urban areas. Improvements in the spatial and spectral resolution of current and next-generation satellite-based sensors, in more detailed surface representations of urban surfaces and in the availability of low cost, high resolution portable thermal scanners are expected to allow progress in the application of urban thermal remote sensing to the study of the climate of urban areas. DA - 2003/08/15/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 86 IS - 3 SP - 370 EP - 384 J2 - Remote Sensing of Environment LA - en SN - 0034-4257 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island—A review of the actual developments AU - Santamouris, M. T2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews AB - Heat island phenomenon rises the temperature of cities, increases the energy demand for cooling and deteriorates comfort conditions in the urban environment. To counterbalance the impact of the phenomenon, important mitigation techniques have been proposed and developed. Pavements present a very high fraction of the urban areas and contribute highly to the development of heat island in cities. The use of cool pavements presenting substantially lower surface temperature and reduced sensible heat flux to the atmosphere, appears to be one of the most important proposed mitigation solutions. The present paper investigates and describes the actual state of the art on the field of cool pavements. The main thermal and optical parameters defining the thermal performance of pavements are analyzed. Almost all of the developed technologies, where data and results are available, are considered while emphasis is given on the presentation of reflective and permeable/water retentive pavements. The main technological achievements on both fields are reviewed while existing applications are described and performance data are given when available. The existing results clearly show that the mitigation and cooling potential of cool pavements is very significant and can highly contribute to decrease temperature on the urban environment. DA - 2013/10/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.047 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 26 SP - 224 EP - 240 J2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews LA - en SN - 1364-0321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessment of the effect of living wall systems on the improvement of the urban heat island phenomenon AU - Shafiee, Elham AU - Faizi, Mohsen AU - Yazdanfar, Seyed-Abbas AU - Khanmohammadi, Mohammad-Ali T2 - Building and Environment AB - The main objective of this research is to study the effect of a panel living wall on the ambient air temperature and its effect on reducing day and night temperature fluctuations. A living wall has been introduced as an appropriate way to reduce the urban heat island phenomenon. To achieve the purpose, a living wall was applied to the body of a controllable chamber, and two data loggers for temperature and humidity were used. In the first experiment, three types of walls, including a wall without plants, a wall with panels and a living wall, are compared for three consecutive days. In the second experiment, a device is placed adjacent to the living wall and another is placed in the same condition in front of a part of the wall that does not have plants. These data were recorded for 24 h a day over 10 days and compared. This research was conducted in Shiraz, Iran, which has a hot, semi-arid climate. To validate the results, a computer simulation with the ENVI-met program was used. The results show that the panel living wall system can reduce the ambient air temperature by up to 8.7 °C. Additionally, the living wall reduces the temperature fluctuations by decreasing the maximum and increasing the minimum temperatures of the ambient air. During the hours of solar radiation, the temperature dropped by an average of 2.59 °C. It is concluded that living walls can effectively improve the urban heat island phenomenon by reducing its surroundings’ temperatures. DA - 2020/04/28/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106923 DP - ScienceDirect SP - 106923 J2 - Building and Environment LA - en SN - 0360-1323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal conditions during heat waves of a mid-European metropolis under consideration of climate change, urban development scenarios and resilience measures for the mid‑21st century AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Weihs, Philipp AU - Faroux, Stéphanie AU - Formayer, Herbert AU - Hamer, Paul AU - Hasel, Kristofer AU - Laimighofer, Johannes AU - Leidinger, David AU - Masson, Valéry AU - Nadeem, Imran AU - Oswald, Sandro M. AU - Revesz, Michael AU - Schoetter, Robert T2 - Meteorologische Zeitschrift AB - In this study we produce two urban development scenarios estimating potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning building construction, and we simulate their influence on air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort. We select two heat waves representative for present and future conditions of the mid 21st century and simulations are run with the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB) coupled online and offline to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K. The daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2–4 K. Changes caused by urban growth or densification mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort locally where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur significantly in the central districts. A combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature achieved by changes in urban parameters of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaptation measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, measures to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures. This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required. DA - 2021/03/17/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1127/metz/2019/0966 DP - Crossref VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 9 EP - 32 LA - en SN - 0941-2948 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the impacts of greening scenarios on thermal comfort and energy and water consumptions for adapting Paris city to climate change AU - de Munck, C. AU - Lemonsu, A. AU - Masson, V. AU - Le Bras, J. AU - Bonhomme, M. T2 - Urban Climate T3 - ICUC9: The 9th International Conference on Urban Climate AB - Recent climate projections predict an amplification of global warming and more frequent extreme events such as heat waves. Therefore, the adaptation of cities to counterbalance these adverse changes is urgent. Among available adaptation strategies, urban greening is a measure that is frequently encouraged to improve thermal comfort or energy demand, but whose impacts are not well known at the scale of cities. In this study we evaluate the effects of various urban greening scenarios based on urban climate simulations across the Paris area. The modelling relies on the Town Energy Balance model. The scenarios tested consist of an increase in ground-based vegetation or an implementation of green roofs on compatible buildings, or the two combined. Results show that increasing the ground cover has a stronger cooling impact than implementing green roofs on street temperatures, and even more so when the greening rate and the proportion of trees are important. Green roofs are however the most effective way to reduce energy consumption, not only in summer but also on an annual basis. The effects the various greening measures may have over different seasons is finally addressed in order to draw up a comprehensive inventory of the climatic impacts of such strategies. DA - 2018/03/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.uclim.2017.01.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 23 SP - 260 EP - 286 J2 - Urban Climate LA - en SN - 2212-0955 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using urban climate modelling and improved land use classifications to support climate change adaptation in urban environments: A case study for the city of Klagenfurt, Austria AU - Oswald, Sandro M. AU - Hollosi, Brigitta AU - Žuvela-Aloise, Maja AU - See, Linda AU - Guggenberger, Stefan AU - Hafner, Wolfgang AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Storch, Alexander AU - Schieder, Wolfgang T2 - Urban Climate AB - This study outlines the results of current and future climate scenarios, and potentially realizable climate adaptation measures, for the city of Klagenfurt, Austria. For this purpose, we used the microscale urban climate model (MUKLIMO_3), in conjunction with the cuboid method, to calculate climate indices such as the average number of summer and hot days per year. For the baseline simulation, we used meteorological measurements from 1981 to 2010 from the weather station located at Klagenfurt Airport. Individual building structures and canopy cover from several land monitoring services were used to derive accurate properties for land use classes in the study domain. To characterize the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies, we compared changes in the climate indices for several (future) climate adaptation scenarios to the reference simulation. Specifically, we considered two major adaptation pathways: (i) an increase in the albedo values of sealed areas (i.e., roofs, walls and streets) and (ii) an increase in green surfaces (i.e., lawns on streets and at roof level) and high vegetated areas (i.e., trees). The results indicate that some climate adaptation measures show higher potential in mitigating hot days than others, varying between reductions of 2.3 to 11.0%. An overall combination of adaptation measures leads to a maximum reduction of up to 44.0%, indicating a clear potential for reduction/mitigation of urban heat loads. Furthermore, the results for the future scenarios reveal the possibility to remain at the current level of urban heat load during the daytime over the next three decades for the overall combination of measures. DA - 2020/03/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100582 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 31 SP - 100582 J2 - Urban Climate LA - en SN - 2212-0955 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green Resilient City - A framework to integrate the Green and Open Space Factor and climate simulations into everyday planning to support a green and climate-sensitive landscape and urban development AU - Reinwald, F AU - Ring, Z AU - Kraus, F AU - Kainz, A AU - Tötzer, T AU - Damyanovic, D T2 - IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science DA - 2019/09/06/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012082 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 323 SP - 012082 J2 - IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. SN - 1755-1315 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling the potential of green and blue infrastructure to reduce urban heat load in the city of Vienna AU - Žuvela-Aloise, M. AU - Koch, R. AU - Buchholz, S. AU - Früh, B. T2 - Climatic Change AB - The climate warming trend and city growth contribute to the generation of excessive heat in urban areas. This could be reduced by introducing vegetation and open water surfaces in urban design. This study evaluates the cooling efficiency of green and blue infrastructure to reduce urban heat load using a set of idealized case simulations and a real city model application for Vienna. The idealized case simulations show that the cooling effect of green and blue infrastructure is dependent on the building type, time of the day and in case of blue infrastructure, the water temperature. The temperature reduction and the size of the cooled surface are largest in densely built-up environments. The real case simulations for Vienna, which include the terrain, inhomogeneous land use distribution and observed climate data, show that urban planning measures should be applied extensively in order to gain substantial cooling on the city scale. The best efficiency can be reached by targeted implementation of minor but combined measures such as a decrease in building density of 10 %, a decrease in pavement by 20 % and an enlargement in green or water spaces by 20 %. Additionally, the modelling results show that equal heat load mitigation measures may have different efficiency dependent on location in the city due to the prevailing meteorological conditions and land use characteristics in the neighbouring environment. DA - 2016/04// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10584-016-1596-2 DP - Crossref VL - 135 IS - 3-4 SP - 425 EP - 438 LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Urban Heat Islands - Strategieplan Wien AU - MA 22 DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://www.wien.gv.at/umweltschutz/raum/uhi-strategieplan.html ER - TY - CONF TI - Smart Environment for Cities: Assessing Urban Fabric Types and Microclimate Responses for Improved Urban Living Conditions AU - Hagen, Katrin AU - Gasienica-Wawrythko, Beatrix AU - Loibl, Wolfgang AU - Pauleit, Stephan AU - Stiles, Richard AU - Tötzer, Tanja AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Köstl, Mario AU - Feilmayr, Wolfgang T2 - REAL CORP 2014 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Schrenk, Manfred and Popovich, Vasily V. and Zeile, Peter and Elisei, Peter SN - 978-3-9503110-7-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards the next generation of green building for urban heat island mitigation: Zero UHI impact building AU - He, Bao-Jie T2 - Sustainable Cities and Society AB - At present, cities are under the threats of global warming and urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, where buildings are an important cause and also the sufferer of urban overheating. Therefore, building, especially the green building (GB), is predominantly provisioned to address the increasing energy consumption and carbon emissions in response to climate change, while to our best knowledge, it has been scarcely requested for UHI mitigation (UHIM). Therefore, this paper proposes the concept of GB-based UHIM system, or ‘zero UHI impact building’, or ‘zero-heat building’ or ‘microclimate neutral building’, aiming to achieve the zero-heat impact on surrounding environments through reasonably designing and operating buildings, or depending on innovative techniques to eliminate the excessive heats, on the basis of GB’s goals. In specific, this paper defines the boundary of the GB-based UHIM system, analyzes the interactions between building and urban heat fluxes, and the factors that may affect the use of UHIM techniques on building components. The potentials to establish the GB-based UHIM system are further analyzed in aspects of the UHI impacts on the GB benefits and the principle for heat mitigation. Moreover, the pathway to GB-based UHIM system implementation is further elaborated and suggestions for future direction and work are given. Overall, this paper presents the theoretical and practical foundation for the establishment of GB-based UHIM system and it is a significant move of building sector in response to the temperature increase. DA - 2019/10/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101647 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 50 SP - 101647 J2 - Sustainable Cities and Society LA - en SN - 2210-6707 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban heat islands in relation to green land use in European cities AU - Nastran, Mojca AU - Kobal, Milan AU - Eler, Klemen T2 - Urban Forestry & Urban Greening T3 - Green Infrastructures: Nature Based Solutions for sustainable and resilient cities AB - The phenomenon of increased temperature in cities compared to their rural environs, also referred to as urban heat island, is one of the most evident anthropogenic climatic modifications. Introducing green spaces and vegetation is the fastest, simplest, and a highly effective way of mitigating and adapting urban temperature conditions. The primary goal of the presented research is to identify the interrelationship between urban heat island magnitude (UHIM) and urban green infrastructure extent, shape, and distribution on European scale comparing different green space planning traditions – planning families (PFs). The UHIM for the European cities was calculated based on a reconstructed MODIS LST dataset of a period of ten years. The reasons for the arrangement of UHIMs according to PFs and green land use are not easily explained and are certainly influenced by a number of various conditions in different PFs. UHIM increases with the longitude of cities. In some of the PFs, the relation between the UHIM and land use proportion is characteristic for certain land uses, but a considerable difference between PFs regarding land use proportion with significant impact on UHIM can only be noted in case of a forest. The configuration and composition of the forest correlate with UHIM with statistical significance, but the share of the forest does not affect UHI in all PFs in the same way. While a higher proportion of forest, higher largest patch index, higher mean patch area, higher edge density and higher proportional landscape core is associated with a lower UHIM in the New member and Mediterranean PFs, the relationship in other PFs is reversed. Information on general patterns of UHIM occurrence in relation to urban green infrastructure characteristics could help urban planners and politicians introduce changes on the local level, which would help providing nature-based solutions for the mitigation of the UHI phenomenon. DA - 2019/01/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.008 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 37 SP - 33 EP - 41 J2 - Urban Forestry & Urban Greening LA - en SN - 1618-8667 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential of Urban Densification to Mitigate the Effects of Heat Island in Vienna, Austria AU - Vuckovic AU - Loibl AU - Tötzer AU - Stollnberger T2 - Environments AB - Global increase of urban population has brought about a growing demand for more dwelling space, resulting in various negative impacts, such as accelerated urbanization, urban sprawl and higher carbon footprints. To cope with these growth dynamics, city authorities are urged to consider alternative planning strategies aiming at mitigating the negative implications of urbanization. In this context, the present contribution investigates the potential of urban densification to mitigate the heat island effects and to improve outdoor thermal conditions. Focusing on a quite densely urbanized district in Vienna, Austria, we carried out a set of simulations of urban microclimate for pre- and post-densification scenarios using the parametric modelling environment Rhinoceros 3D and a set of built-in algorithms in the Rhino’s plug-in Grasshopper. The study was conducted for a hot summer period. The results revealed a notable solar shielding effect of newly introduced vertical extensions of existing buildings, promoting temperature decrease and improved thermal conditions within more shaded urban canyons and courtyards. However, a slight warming effect was noted during the night-time due to the higher thermal storage and lower sky view factor. DA - 2019/07/10/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.3390/environments6070082 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 6 IS - 7 SP - 82 J2 - Environments LA - en SN - 2076-3298 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban transformation and heat island: Potential of urban design alternatives to mitigate the effects of urban overheating in Austrian cities AU - Vuckovic, M. AU - Tötzer, T. AU - Stollnberger, R. AU - Loibl, W. T2 - Journal of Urban Environment AB - Ongoing urbanization worldwide present a big challenge for the quality of urban life. This development poses great challengesfor cities due to the growing demand for more living space and supporting infrastructure, resulting in environmental pollution, higher anthropogenic waste heat and poor outdoor thermal comfort. To accommodate this rapid expansion of urban areas, the city authorities need to adopt a more climate-sensitive approach to urban transformation. In this regard, the present contribution investigates the potential of specific planning and adaptation strategies to attenuate the urban overheating for distinct urban locations in Vienna and Linz, Austria, over a hotsummer period. For this purpose, we applied the parametric modelling environment Rhinoceros 3D and a number of built-in algorithms in the Rhino’s plug-in Grasshopper for dynamic simulation of urban microclimate. The results were compared based on the meanradiant temperature (MRT) averaged over a 24-hour cycle and differentiated into day-and night-time shares. The results reveal a notable potential of selected greening measures to positively influence outdoor thermal conditions. The effectiveness of thesemeasures, however, seem to be time-dependent, whereby a more pronounced cooling effect was noted during the daytime, attributed to the solar shielding effect. DA - 2020/03/30/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.34154/2020-JUE-0101-03-14/euraass DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 03 EP - 14 J2 - J. Urb. Env. LA - en SN - 2726-0844 ER - TY - CONF TI - Land use and urban morphology parameters for Vienna required for initialisation of the urban canopy model TEB derived via the concept of “local climate zones” AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Weihs, Philipp AU - Oswald, Sandro M. AU - Masson, Valéry AU - Schoetter, Robert AU - Hammerberg, Kris AU - Bechtel, Benjamin T2 - EGU General Assembly 2017 C1 - Wien C3 - Geophysical Research Abstracts DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 19 SP - 7226 EP - 7226 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying spatial morphology and connectivity of urban heat islands in a megacity: A radius approach AU - Peng, Jian AU - Hu, Yaxin AU - Dong, Jianquan AU - Liu, Qianyuan AU - Liu, Yanxu T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Urban heat island (UHI) effect is an important ecological consequence of rapid urbanization. Although the spatio-temporal evolution of urban heat islands (UHIs) and their driving forces have been discussed in previous studies, the accurate identification of the spatial morphology and connectivity of UHIs is currently lacking. Taking Beijing City as an example, the radius approach (RA) was applied to identify the thresholds of UHIs, and multiple indexes were calculated to analyze the changing connectivity of UHIs from 2000 to 2015. The results showed that the UHIs in Beijing City formed archipelagos, which composed of single main heat island that occupied >79.85% of the total area, and small heat islands scattered in the centers of surrounding districts. In 15 years, the total area occupied by UHIs increased by 30.04%, indicating that the UHI effect became worse. As for landscape patterns of UHIs, aggregation index (AI) increased by 1.6%, landscape shape index (LSI) decreased by 4.1%, and probability of connectivity (PC) increased by 69.1%, all indicating that the distribution of UHIs became more compact, and the connectivity between islands increased. Different expansion types had different influences on the landscape patterns of UHIs: the edge-expansion reduced the fragmentation of UHIs and increased connectivity between islands, the infilling expansion made the boundaries of UHIs regular, and the leapfrog expansion made the AI slight decrease. Based on the radius approach, identifying the range of multi-center UHIs and their spatial expansion type can provide an effective planning guideline for mitigating the negative UHI effect. DA - 2020/04/20/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136792 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 714 SP - 136792 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 0048-9697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Densification on Urban Microclimate—A Case Study for the City of Vienna AU - Loibl, Wolfgang AU - Vuckovic, Milena AU - Etminan, Ghazal AU - Ratheiser, Matthias AU - Tschannett, Simon AU - Österreicher, Doris T2 - Atmosphere AB - Climate adaptation, mitigation, and protecting strategies are becoming even more important as climate change is intensifying. The impacts of climate change are especially tangible in dense urban areas due to the inherent characteristics of urban structure and materiality. To assess impacts of densification on urban climate and potential adaptation strategies a densely populated Viennese district was modeled as a typical sample area for the city of Vienna. The case study analyzed the large-scale densification potential and its potential effects on microclimate, air flow, comfort, and energy demand by developing 3D models of the area showing the base case and densification scenarios. Three methods were deployed to assess the impact of urban densification: Micro-climate analysis (1) explored urban heat island phenomena, wind pattern analysis (2) investigated ventilation and wind comfort at street level, and energy and indoor climate comfort analysis (3) compared construction types and greening scenarios and analyzed their impact on the energy demand and indoor temperatures. Densification has negative impacts on urban microclimates because of reducing wind speeds and thus weakening ventilation of street canyons, as well as accelerating heat island effects and associated impact on the buildings. However, densification also has daytime cooling effects because of larger shaded areas. On buildings, densification may have negative effects especially in the new upper, sun-exposed floors. Construction material has less impact than glazing area and rooftop greening. Regarding adaptation to climate change, the impacts of street greening, green facades, and green roofs were simulated: The 24-h average mean radiant temperature (MRT) at street level can be reduced by up to 15 K during daytime. At night there is only a slight reduction by a few tenths of 1 K MRT. Green facades have a similar effect on MRT reduction, while green roofs show only a slight reduction by a few tenths of 1 K MRT on street level. The results show that if appropriate measures were applied, negative effects of densification could be reduced, and positive effects could be achieved. DA - 2021/04/17/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.3390/atmos12040511 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 511 J2 - Atmosphere LA - en SN - 2073-4433 ER - TY - CONF TI - Smart Environment for Smart Cities: Assessing Urban Fabric Types and Microclimate Responses for Improved Urban Living Conditions AU - Hagen, Katrin AU - Gasienica-Wawrytko, Beatrix AU - Loibl, Wolfgang AU - Pauleit, Stephan AU - Stiles, Richard AU - Tötzer, Tanja AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Köstl, Mario AU - Feilmayr, Wolfgang T2 - REAL CORP 2014 DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English SN - 978-3-9503110-6-8 UR - http://programm.corp.at/cdrom2014/files/CORP2014_proceedings.pdf Y2 - 2020/07/04/ N1 -OCLC: 905137504
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projections of design implications on energy performance of future cities: A case study from Vienna AU - Orehounig, Kristina AU - Mahdavi, Aredeshir AU - Doppelbauer, Eva-Maria AU - Loibl, Wolfgang AU - Tötzer, Tanja T2 - Sustainable Cities and Society DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Zotero SP - 10 LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using urban climate modelling and improved land use classifications to support climate change adaptation in urban environments: A case study for the city of Klagenfurt, Austria AU - Oswald, Sandro M. AU - Hollosi, Brigitta AU - Žuvela-Aloise, Maja AU - See, Linda AU - Guggenberger, Stefan AU - Hafner, Wolfgang AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Storch, Alexander AU - Schieder, Wolfgang T2 - Urban Climate AB - This study outlines the results of current and future climate scenarios, and potentially realizable climate adaptation measures, for the city of Klagenfurt, Austria. For this purpose, we used the microscale urban climate model (MUKLIMO_3), in conjunction with the cuboid method, to calculate climate indices such as the average number of summer and hot days per year. For the baseline simulation, we used meteorological measurements from 1981 to 2010 from the weather station located at Klagenfurt Airport. Individual building structures and canopy cover from several land monitoring services were used to derive accurate properties for land use classes in the study domain. To characterize the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies, we compared changes in the climate indices for several (future) climate adaptation scenarios to the reference simulation. Specifically, we considered two major adaptation pathways: (i) an increase in the albedo values of sealed areas (i.e., roofs, walls and streets) and (ii) an increase in green surfaces (i.e., lawns on streets and at roof level) and high vegetated areas (i.e., trees). The results indicate that some climate adaptation measures show higher potential in mitigating hot days than others, varying between reductions of 2.3 to 11.0%. An overall combination of adaptation measures leads to a maximum reduction of up to 44.0%, indicating a clear potential for reduction/mitigation of urban heat loads. Furthermore, the results for the future scenarios reveal the possibility to remain at the current level of urban heat load during the daytime over the next three decades for the overall combination of measures. DA - 2020/03/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100582 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 31 SP - 100582 J2 - Urban Climate LA - en SN - 2212-0955 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evolution of the Viennese Urban Heat Island and Mitigation Strategies in the Context of Urban Growth, Compacting and Climate Change by optimizing the Urban Surface Energy Balance AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Formayer, Herbert AU - Mursch-Radlgruber, Erich AU - Nadeem, Imran AU - Oswald, Sandro AU - Weihs, Philipp AU - Faroux, Stéphanie AU - Lemonsu, Aude AU - Masson, Valéry AU - Schoetter, Robert T2 - ICUC-10 C1 - New York DA - 2018/08// PY - 2018 PB - AMS ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling reduction of urban heat load in Vienna by modifying surface properties of roofs AU - Žuvela-Aloise, Maja AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Schwaiger, Hannes AU - Bird, David Neil AU - Gallaun, Heinz T2 - Theoretical and Applied Climatology AB - The study examines the potential of urban roofs to reduce the urban heat island (UHI) effect by changing their reflectivity and implementing vegetation (green roofs) using the example of the City of Vienna. The urban modelling simulations are performed based on high-resolution orography and land use data, climatological observations, surface albedo values from satellite imagery and registry of the green roof potential in Vienna. The modelling results show that a moderate increase in reflectivity of roofs (up to 0.45) reduces the mean summer temperatures in the densely built-up environment by approximately 0.25 °C. Applying high reflectivity materials (roof albedo up to 0.7) leads to average cooling in densely built-up area of approximately 0.5 °C. The green roofs yield a heat load reduction in similar order of magnitude as the high reflectivity materials. However, only 45 % of roof area in Vienna is suitable for greening and the green roof potential mostly applies to industrial areas in city outskirts and is therefore not sufficient for substantial reduction of the UHI effect, particularly in the city centre which has the highest heat load. The strongest cooling effect can be achieved by combining the green roofs with high reflectivity materials. In this case, using 50 or 100 % of the green roof potential and applying high reflectivity materials on the remaining surfaces have a similar cooling effect. DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s00704-016-2024-2 DP - Crossref VL - 131 IS - 3-4 SP - 1005 EP - 1018 LA - en SN - 0177-798X, 1434-4483 ER - TY - JOUR TI - High albedo materials to counteract heat waves in cities: An assessment of meteorology, buildings energy needs and pedestrian thermal comfort AU - Falasca, Serena AU - Ciancio, Virgilio AU - Salata, Ferdinando AU - Golasi, Iacopo AU - Rosso, Federica AU - Curci, Gabriele T2 - Building and Environment AB - Climatological data show that the frequency of Heat Waves (HWs) has increased since the 1950s and that it will continue to increase. These phenomena exasperate the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the impact of a HW on the UHI in Milan (Italy); we also analyzed the effects of the application of high albedo materials on the vertical and horizontal urban built surfaces. We performed numerical experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting model, whose output were used as input for the EnergyPlus software and the computation of the Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index (MOCI). Our results showed that the HW induces a maximum increase of about 4 °C in the temperature at 2 m height and that the use of high albedo materials covering all urban surfaces only partially counteracts this increase. The wind speed decreases due to the HW and the introduction of high albedo materials leads to its further decrease. The cooling energy consumption for a building located in the city doubles in the presence of HW and high albedo materials have a negligible positive effect when applied to the surrounding urban environment. The HW brings an increase up to about 0.7 of the MOCI and the use of high albedo materials further worsens thermal sensation. Therefore, this mitigation strategy leads to considerable benefits in terms of temperature and energy, while it determines a penalization of the well-being of the pedestrian. Its application requires a careful evaluation of benefits and side effects. DA - 2019/10/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106242 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 163 SP - 106242 J2 - Building and Environment LA - en SN - 0360-1323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Coupling of urban energy balance model with 3-D radiation model to derive human thermal (dis)comfort AU - Oswald, Sandro M. AU - Revesz, Michael AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Weihs, Philipp AU - Zamini, Shokufeh AU - Schneider, Astrid AU - Peyerl, Martin AU - Krispel, Stefan AU - Rieder, Harald E. AU - Mursch-Radlgruber, Erich AU - Lindberg, Fredrik T2 - International Journal of Biometeorology AB - While capabilities in urban climate modeling have substantially increased in recent decades, the interdependency of changes in environmental surface properties and human (dis)comfort have only recently received attention. The open-source solar long-wave environmental irradiance geometry (SOLWEIG) model is one of the state-of-the-art models frequently used for urban (micro-)climatic studies. Here, we present updated calculation schemes for SOLWEIG allowing the improved prediction of surface temperatures (wall and ground). We illustrate that parameterizations based on measurements of global radiation on a south-facing vertical plane obtain better results compared to those based on solar elevation. Due to the limited number of ground surface temperature parameterizations in SOLWEIG, we implement the two-layer force-restore method for calculating ground temperature for various soil conditions. To characterize changes in urban canyon air temperature (Tcan), we couple the calculation method as used in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) model. Comparison of model results and observations (obtained during field campaigns) indicates a good agreement between modeled and measured Tcan, with an explained variance of R2 = 0.99. Finally, we implement an energy balance model for vertically mounted PV modules to contrast different urban surface properties. Specifically, we consider (i) an environment comprising dark asphalt and a glass facade and (ii) an environment comprising bright concrete and a PV facade. The model results show a substantially decreased Tcan (by up to − 1.65 ◦C) for the latter case, indicating the potential of partially reducing/mitigating urban heat island effects. DA - 2019/06// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s00484-018-1642-z DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 63 IS - 6 SP - 711 EP - 722 J2 - Int J Biometeorol LA - en SN - 0020-7128, 1432-1254 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential increase of Solar Irradiation and its influence of PV-Facades inside an Urban Canyon by increasing the Ground Albedo AU - Revesz, Michael AU - Oswald, Sandro M. AU - Trimmel, Heidelinde AU - Weihs, Philipp AU - Zamini, Shokufeh T2 - Solar Energy DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.solener.2018.08.037 VL - 174 SP - 7 EP - 15 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Optimierung reflektierender Materialien und Photovoltaik im Stadtraum bezüglich Strahlungsbilanz und Bioklimatik (PVOPTI-Ray) AU - Weihs, P AU - Zamini, S AU - Krispel, S AU - Oswald, S AU - Peyerl, M AU - Revesz, M AU - Schneider, A AU - Trimmel, H T2 - nachhaltig wirtschaften CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Zotero SP - 98 LA - de M3 - Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung PB - Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie SN - 18/2018 UR - https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/sdz_pdf/schriftenreihe 2018-18_pvoptiray.pdf ER - TY - CASE TI - RICHTLINIE (EU) 2018/844 DES EUROPÄISCHEN PARLAMENTS UND DES RATESvom 30. Mai 2018zur Änderung der Richtlinie 2010/31/EU über die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden und der Richtlinie 2012/27/EU über Energieeffizienz AU - EU 844 DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Numerical assessment of the impact of roof reflectivity and building envelope thermal transmittance on the UHI effect AU - Di Giuseppe, Elisa AU - Pergolini, Marianna AU - Stazi, Francesca T2 - Energy Procedia AB - Abstract Cool materials benefits for the mitigation of the urban microclimate overheating caused by Urban Heat Island (UHI) eCfofeocltmaarteerwiaellsl-beesntaebfiltishfeodr tahteimntietringationaolfltehveelu.rSbainncme itchreocnleimedatfeoor vbeurihledaintigngencearugsyedebffyicUiernbcayn iHs ematoIrselaanndd(UmHorIe) pefufsehcitnagretowaerlld-seshtaigbhlilsyhiendsualtatiendteernavteiolonpael, ltehveerle. iSsinacgerothweinngeendeefdorfobrusitluddiniegsetnheartgaydderfefiscsiethnecycoisrremlaotrieonanbdetwmeoerne tphueshoipntgictaolwpraordpserhtiegshloyf ibnusiuldlaintegdceonavtienlgospea,ntdhethre itshearmgraolwtrianngsmneiettdanfcoer sotfutdhiesenthvaetloapdedrweshsertehethceoyrraerleataiopnplbieedtw, aelesno athseseospsitnicgalthperiorpmerutiteusaol fimbupialdctinognctohaetinUgHsIa.nTdhteheprtheseermntapl atrpaenrsmreiptotarntscea osftuthdey,ecnavrerlioepdeowuthethrerotuhgehy areflaupidp-ldieydn,aamlsioc masiscersoscinligmtahteisrimultautailonimsopfatcwt aorne itnheanUIHtaIl.iaTnhuerbparensecnotntpeaxpt,erairmepinogrtastaunstduedryst,acnadrirniegdthoeuitmthpraocutgohf taheflucoidm-dbyinatmioinc omficserovcelriaml aroteofsicmouvleartiinogn ospotfitcwaalrperionpearntiIetsalaiannd ubrubialdnincgonetnevxet,loapime iUng-vaatluuendleevrsetlasnodnintghethUeHimI,pgaicvteonftthheerceocmenbtination tohfrseesvheorladlvraoloufecsofvoerrbinogtho.pTtihcealopurtcoopmeretisesofanthdebsuimilduilnagtioensv,eploeprfeoUrm-veadluine ulervbealns coonnttheextUs HwIi,thgiavetynptihcealrmecoernpthnoaltoiogny othfreItsahloialdn vtoawlunescfeonrtrbeostha.ndThuendoeurtcdoimffesreonft tchleimsiamtiuclactoinodnist,iopnesrf,ohrimgheldigihntuhrboawn tchoenitnexcrtseawseithofa tthyepiecnavl imroonrmpheonltoagiyr toefmIptaelriatnurteoswins cinefnlturenscaenddbuyndtheer cdoifmfebriennatticolnims aotficthceonfodliltoiownisn,ghifgahcltiogrhs:t lhoowwerthuerbianncrecasneyoonfst,hreooefnvsiurrofnamceesnwt aitihr ltoemwpseoralatur rreesfliescitnivfliutyenacnedd hbiyghthlye icnosmulbaitneadtioenvseolof ptehse. fIonllofawcitn, gthfeachtoigrsh: ilnoswuelartiuornbalnevcealnsy, oins,rersopoofnsuerftaocecsurwreintht rloegwulsaotolarry rsetfalnedctairvdistyfoarndthehirgehdluyctiinosnuloatfedwienntevreleonpeersg.yIncofnascut,mtphteiohni,gihnhiinbsiut ltahtieoningleovinelgs,thinermreaslpoflnusxeesto(tchuerrmenatl dreegcuoluaptolirnygsptahnednaormdsenfonr )thleadreindgucttoioannoifncwreinatseer oefnethrgeyexctoenrsnuaml sputirofanc,eintehmibpitertahteuriensgoainndg ctohnesrmeqaulefnltulyxehse(atthinegrmuapl tdheecosuuprlrionugndpihnegnoamreean.onIn) ltehaidsinreggtaorda,nthinecraedaoseptoiofnthoef erxetfelrencatilvseurmfaacteertieamlspecraantubres baenndefciocniasleqinuenattleynhueaatitningg tuhpe othveershuerartoinugn.diSnigmualraetai.onInretshuilstsredgeamrdo,nstthreateadtohpatiothnesoef mreaftleerciatilvsearmeaatebrliealtso cmanitigbaetebethneefoicuitadlooinr aitrtetneumaptienrgatuthre uonvteirlh2e°aCti,ndge. pSeinmduinlagtioonnsrpeescuilftisc dbeumildoinnsgtreantevetlhoaptetchoensefigmuaratetiroianls aanrde gaebolegrtaophmiciatilglaotceathioenso.utdoor air temperature u©n2ti0l127°TCh,edAepuethnodrisn. gPuobnlishpeedcibfyicEblsueivldieirnLgtedn. Pveelor-prevcieownfuignduerar trieosnpsonasnibdilgiteyoogfra[KphEiScaInl tleorcnatioonnasl..]. DA - 2017/10// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.590 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 134 SP - 404 EP - 413 J2 - Energy Procedia LA - en SN - 18766102 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Solar panels reduce both global warming and urban heat island AU - Masson, Valéry AU - Bonhomme, Marion AU - Salagnac, Jean-Luc AU - Briottet, Xavier AU - Lemonsu, Aude T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Science AB - The production of solar energy in cities is clearly a way to diminish our dependency to fossil fuels, and is a good way to mitigate global warming by lowering the emission of greenhouse gases. However, what are the impacts of solar panels locally? To evaluate their influence on urban weather, it is necessary to parameterize their effects within the surface schemes that are coupled to atmospheric models. The present paper presents a way to implement solar panels in the Town Energy Balance scheme, taking account of the energy production (for thermal and photovoltaic panels), the impact on the building below and feedback toward the urban micro-climate through radiative and convective fluxes. A scenario of large but realistic deployment of solar panels on the Paris metropolitan area is then simulated. It is shown that solar panels, by shading the roofs, slightly increases the need for domestic heating (3%). In summer, however, the solar panels reduce the energy needed for air-conditioning (by 12%) and also the Urban Heat Island (UHI): 0.2 K by day and up to 0.3 K at night. These impacts are larger than those found in previous works, because of the use of thermal panels (that are more efficient than photovoltaic panels) and the geographical position of Paris, which is relatively far from the sea. This means that it is not influenced by sea breezes, and hence that its UHI is stronger than for a coastal city of the same size. But this also means that local adaptation strategies aiming to decrease the UHI will have more potent effects. In summary, the deployment of solar panels is good both globally, to produce renewable energy (and hence to limit the warming of the climate) and locally, to decrease the UHI, especially in summer, when it can constitute a health threat. DA - 2014/06/04/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.3389/fenvs.2014.00014 DP - Crossref VL - 2 LA - en SN - 2296-665X UR - http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00014/abstract Y2 - 2018/06/27/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modeling impacts of roof reflectivity, integrated photovoltaic panels and green roof systems on sensible heat flux into the urban environment AU - Scherba, Adam T2 - Building and Environment AB - This study presents results of a modeling effort to explore the role that sustainable roofing technologies play in impacting the rooftop energy balance, and the resultant net sensible heat flux into the urban atmosphere with a focus on the summertime urban heat island. The model has been validated using data from a field experiment conducted in Portland Oregon. Roofing technologies explored include control dark membrane roof, a highly reflective (cool) roof, a vegetated green roof, and photovoltaic (PV) panels elevated above various base roofs. Energy balance models were developed, validated with experimental measurements, and then used to estimate sensible fluxes in cities located in six climate zones across the US. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.06.012 DP - Zotero VL - 46 IS - 12 SP - 2542 EP - 2551 LA - en ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of building integrated photovoltaics on microclimate of urban canopy layer AU - Tian, Wei AU - Wang, Yiping AU - Xie, Yiyang AU - Wu, Danzhu AU - Zhu, Li AU - Ren, Jianbo T2 - Building and Environment DA - 2007/05// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.02.022 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 1891 EP - 1901 J2 - Building and Environment LA - en SN - 03601323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantitative study on the cooling effect of green roofs in a high-density urban Area—A case study of Xiamen, China AU - Dong, Jing AU - Lin, Meixia AU - Zuo, Jin AU - Lin, Tao AU - Liu, Jiakun AU - Sun, Caige AU - Luo, Jiancheng T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Green roofs are thought to be an effective measure to solve the contradiction between land shortages and ecological construction, especially address urban heat island (UHI) effects in high-density urban areas. However, few empirical studies have focused on the cooling effect of green roof projects at urban scales. This study quantified the cooling effect of green roofs in Xiamen Island, China, where 540,000 m2 of green roofs were implemented between 2015 and 2017, in order to address the two research questions: (1) do green roofs in high-density urban areas have a significant cooling effect at the city scale and (2) what is the extent of the cooling? The relative difference between the average land surface temperature (LST) of Xiamen Island and the green roofs stemmed from Landsat 8 remote sensing image in the summers of 2014 and 2017 were calculated in geographic information systems (GIS) to represent the cooling effect of green roof project. Results showed that: (1) the average LST difference between green roofs and Xiamen Island decreased by 0.91 °C, indicating that green roofs could effectively alleviate UHI effects in high-density urban areas; (2) The cooling effect was significant up to 100 m from the green roof installation in Xiamen Island, we called it as characteristic cooling buffer zone; (3) Regression analysis revealed that for every 1000 m2 increase in green roof area, the average LST of the roof and its characteristic cooling buffer zone decreased by 0.4 °C. These findings provide the empirical proof for the cooling effect of green roofs on the surrounding environment in high-density urban areas and important insights for urban planners and government agencies for the effective mitigation of UHI impacts. DA - 2020/05/10/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120152 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 255 SP - 120152 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment – Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects AU - Santamouris, M. AU - Ding, L. AU - Fiorito, F. AU - Oldfield, P. AU - Osmond, Paul AU - Paolini, R. AU - Prasad, D. AU - Synnefa, A. T2 - Solar Energy T3 - Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling AB - Local and global climate change increases the ambient temperature of cities by several degrees with important consequences on energy consumption, health and the economy. Advanced urban mitigation technologies contribute to decrease the ambient temperature and counterbalance the impact of urban heat islands. The present paper analyses and presents in a comparative way the mitigation potential of the known mitigation technologies using performance data from about 220 real scale urban rehabilitation projects. The average and peak temperature drop of reflective technologies, greenery, evaporative systems, earth to air heat exchangers and their combinations is calculated and presented. The mitigation potential of the main systems like cool roofs, cool pavements, green roofs, urban trees, pools and ponds, sprinklers, fountains, and evaporative towers, is analysed. It is found that the potential of the main mitigation technologies is considerable and can counterbalance UHI effects partly or fully. The average peak temperature drop calculated for all projects is close to 2K, while the corresponding decrease of the average ambient temperature is close to 0.74K. Almost 31% of the analysed projects resulted in a peak temperature drop below 1K, 62% below 2K, 82% below 3K and 90% below 4K. DA - 2017/09/15/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.006 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 154 SP - 14 EP - 33 J2 - Solar Energy LA - en SN - 0038-092X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green and cool roofs to mitigate urban heat island effects in the Chicago metropolitan area: evaluation with a regional climate model AU - Sharma, A AU - Conry, P AU - Fernando, H J S AU - Hamlet, Alan F AU - Hellmann, J J AU - Chen, F T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2016/06/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064004 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 064004 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Green Roof Mitigation Potential for a Proxy Future Climate Scenario in Chicago, Illinois AU - Smith, Kathryn R. AU - Roebber, Paul J. T2 - Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology AB - The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) coupled with an urban canopy model is used to investigate the potential of vegetative (green) roof technology to mitigate against ongoing climate warming and continued urban sprawl for a day representing average summer conditions in late-twenty-first-century Chicago, Illinois. Effects related particularly to human health hazards resulting from excessive heat and high pollution concentrations are emphasized. Continued expansion of the urban environment over the next century is shown to lead to an expansion of the warming signal across the metropolitan region. Widespread adoption of vegetative rooftops, through increased albedo and evapotranspiration, reduces temperatures in the urban environment by as much as 38C, an effect similar to the simpler but less appealing alternative of employing painted or other reflective rooftop structures (e.g., white roofs). A significant limitation to the green roof approach for the case studied is that the increase in moisture resulting from transpiration leads to only marginal cooling when apparent temperatures are considered. An additional complication arises in that the reduced temperatures alter the lake-breeze circulation, potentially reducing circulation of pollutants into the city core, but also reducing natural cooling in the most urbanized areas during the climatologically warmest hours. Future work that evaluates these impacts over a broader range of synoptic settings, documents changes in the planetary boundary layer structure and attendant pollution, and considers the multiple-day dependence of these effects is needed. DA - 2011/03/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1175/2010JAMC2337.1 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 507 EP - 522 LA - en SN - 1558-8432, 1558-8424 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying cooling effects of facade greening: Shading, transpiration and insulation AU - Hoelscher, Marie-Therese AU - Nehls, Thomas AU - Jänicke, Britta AU - Wessolek, Gerd T2 - Energy and Buildings DA - 2016/02// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.047 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 114 SP - 283 EP - 290 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 03787788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban tree design approaches for mitigating daytime urban heat island effects in a high-density urban environment AU - Tan, Zheng AU - Lau, Kevin Ka-Lun AU - Ng, Edward T2 - Energy and Buildings T3 - SI: Countermeasures to Urban Heat Island AB - Hong Kong suffers from an intense urban heat island (UHI) effect of up to 4°C as a result of compact urban form and highly urbanized land cover. Enhancing the cooling efficiency of urban greenery is essential for improving the microclimate in high-density cities. This paper aims to delineate design strategies for urban greenery to maximize thermal benefits and mitigate the daytime UHI effect. Two site-specific design strategies for tree planting in the urban environment are proposed. The sky view factor (SVF)-based design approach and the wind-path design approach are evaluated in the neighbourhood scale in two climate-sensitive areas with different urban morphologies. Observed data and simulation results indicated that the cooling effect of urban trees is highly associated with SVF. Air temperature reduction (a 1.5°C reduction) is the most profound for the high SVF scenario, whereas substantial radiation shading (Tmrt reduced to 34°C) is detected in areas with medium-low SVFs. The modelling study also showed that the cooling of air temperature and sensible heat were twice as high for vegetation arranged in wind corridors than those for leeward areas. The study demonstrated that tree planting in conjunction with proper planning is an effective measure to mitigate daytime UHI. DA - 2016/02/15/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.031 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 114 SP - 265 EP - 274 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 0378-7788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The use of vertical greening systems to reduce the energy demand for air conditioning. Field monitoring in Mediterranean climate AU - Perini, Katia AU - Bazzocchi, Francesca AU - Croci, Lorenzo AU - Magliocco, Adriano AU - Cattaneo, Enrica T2 - Energy and Buildings DA - 2017/05// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.036 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 143 SP - 35 EP - 42 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 03787788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How outdoor microclimate mitigation affects building thermal-energy performance: A new design-stage method for energy saving in residential near-zero energy settlements in Italy AU - Castaldo, Veronica Lucia AU - Pisello, Anna Laura AU - Piselli, Cristina AU - Fabiani, Claudia AU - Cotana, Franco AU - Santamouris, Mattheos T2 - Renewable Energy DA - 2018/11// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.renene.2018.04.090 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 127 SP - 920 EP - 935 J2 - Renewable Energy LA - en SN - 09601481 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How to make a city climate-proof, addressing the urban heat island effect AU - Kleerekoper, Laura AU - van Esch, Marjolein AU - Salcedo, Tadeo Baldiri T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling T3 - Climate Proofing Cities AB - The climate of a city influences the ways in which its outdoor spaces are used. Especially public spaces intended for use by pedestrians and cyclists, such as parks, squares, residential and shopping streets, and foot- and cycle-paths will be used and enjoyed more frequently when they have a comfortable and healthy climate. Due to a predicted global temperature rise, the climate is likely to be more uncomfortable in the Netherlands, especially in summer, when an increase in heat stress is expected. As the phenomenon of urban heat islands (UHI) aggravates heat stresses, the effects will be more severe in urban environments. Since the spatial characteristics of a city influence its climate, urban design can be deployed to mitigate the combined effects of climate change and UHI's. This paper explores these effects and tries to provide tools for urban design and strategies for implementation. Consequently, the applicability of the design tools is tested in a design for two existing Dutch neighbourhoods. DA - 2012/07/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.06.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 64 SP - 30 EP - 38 J2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling LA - en SN - 0921-3449 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Planning for cooler cities: A framework to prioritise green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes AU - Norton, Briony A. AU - Coutts, Andrew M. AU - Livesley, Stephen J. AU - Harris, Richard J. AU - Hunter, Annie M. AU - Williams, Nicholas S. G. T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning AB - Warming associated with urban development will be exacerbated in future years by temperature increases due to climate change. The strategic implementation of urban green infrastructure (UGI) e.g. street trees, parks, green roofs and facades can help achieve temperature reductions in urban areas while delivering diverse additional benefits such as pollution reduction and biodiversity habitat. Although the greatest thermal benefits of UGI are achieved in climates with hot, dry summers, there is comparatively little information available for land managers to determine an appropriate strategy for UGI implementation under these climatic conditions. We present a framework for prioritisation and selection of UGI for cooling. The framework is supported by a review of the scientific literature examining the relationships between urban geometry, UGI and temperature mitigation which we used to develop guidelines for UGI implementation that maximises urban surface temperature cooling. We focus particularly on quantifying the cooling benefits of four types of UGI: green open spaces (primarily public parks), shade trees, green roofs, and vertical greening systems (green walls and facades) and demonstrate how the framework can be applied using a case study from Melbourne, Australia. DA - 2015/02/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.018 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 134 SP - 127 EP - 138 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en SN - 0169-2046 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grüne Infrastruktur (GI) - Aufwertung des europäischen Naturkapitals AU - EC CY - Brüssel DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 13 PB - Europäische Kommission UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:d41348f2-01d5-4abe-b817-4c73e6f1b2df.0012.04/DOC_1&format=PDF ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban climate change adaptation: Exploring the implications of future land cover scenarios AU - Carter, Jeremy G. T2 - Cities AB - Different land cover futures will have contrasting implications for cities working to adapt to the changing climate. This paper explores this issue, reporting on the application of a scenario-based land use modelling case study focused on Greater Manchester in North West England. It highlights that the interplay between varied drivers of change has the potential to generate contrasting land cover futures for the city-region, which will in turn influence climate change adaptation prospects. The case study pays specific attention to green infrastructure cover, as this can enhance the capacity of urban areas to adapt to climate change by providing functions such as evaporative cooling and rainwater infiltration. The two scenarios analysed within this paper connect, broadly, to the contrasting processes of expansion and shrinkage that are shaping cities worldwide. Where cities are expanding, stimulated by economic growth and increase in population, the danger is that associated land use change will pressure existing green infrastructure resources with a detrimental impact on adaptive capacity. Cities that are shrinking, or experiencing relative decline in comparison to other cities, face a different set of issues. Here, the emergence of vacant land provides an opportunity to secure adaptive capacity benefits associated with green infrastructure. With the processes of expansion and shrinkage projected to continue to influence the global landscape of cities, this research highlights that strategies are needed to protect and enhance green infrastructure in both contexts in order to maintain and build adaptive capacity and moderate climate-related risks. DA - 2018/07/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.cities.2018.01.014 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 77 SP - 73 EP - 80 J2 - Cities LA - en SN - 0264-2751 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Delivering Green Streets: an exploration of changing perceptions and behaviours over time around bioswales in Portland, Oregon AU - Everett, G. AU - Lamond, J. E. AU - Morzillo, A. T. AU - Matsler, A. M. AU - Chan, F. K. S. T2 - Journal of Flood Risk Management AB - Green Infrastructure (GI) is an increasingly popular means of dealing with flooding and water quality issues worldwide. This study examines public perceptions of, and behaviour around, bioswales, which are a popular GI facility in the United States. Bioswales are highly visible interventions requiring support from residents and policy-makers to be implemented and maintained appropriately. To understand how the residents' perceptions and attitudes might develop over time, we interviewed residents of Portland, Oregon, living near bioswales installed 1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 years ago, to determine awareness, understanding, and opinions about the devices. We found no consistent patterns across time periods, but did find common issues affecting residents' appreciation and acceptance: environmental attitudes, awareness and understanding of purpose and function, plant choice and maintenance, and mess and littering. It was apparent that increased public engagement, localised maintenance strategies, and possibly even customising facilities to meet residents' needs where feasible, might improve acceptance. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/jfr3.12225 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 11 IS - S2 SP - S973 EP - S985 LA - en SN - 1753-318X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does polycentric and compact development alleviate urban traffic congestion? A case study of 98 Chinese cities AU - Li, Yingcheng AU - Xiong, Weiting AU - Wang, Xingping T2 - Cities AB - Despite a growing interest among policymakers and urban planners in promoting polycentric and compact development to mitigate traffic congestion, empirical studies have often documented mixed and indirect evidence on the impacts of polycentricity and compactness on congestion. Drawing upon a direct and big-data-based measure of congestion and gridded (1 km × 1 km) population data of 98 Chinese cities, this study investigates how polycentricity and compactness may affect congestion in these cities. The degrees of polycentricity and compactness are measured through fine-grained identification of population centers. All else being equal, the empirical results show that congestion is positively associated with the degree of compactness but negatively associated with that of polycentricity. However, increasing the degree of polycentricity by developing more than four population centers may also lead to more congestion. Furthermore, the negative impact of polycentricity on congestion becomes weaker with the increase in a city's population and even turns positive for large cities with more than six million inhabitants within urban districts. The paper concludes with spatial planning implications. DA - 2019/05/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.017 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 88 SP - 100 EP - 111 J2 - Cities LA - en SN - 0264-2751 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls AU - Wong, Nyuk Hien AU - Kwang Tan, Alex Yong AU - Chen, Yu AU - Sekar, Kannagi AU - Tan, Puay Yok AU - Chan, Derek AU - Chiang, Kelly AU - Wong, Ngian Chung T2 - Building and Environment DA - 2010/03// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.08.005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 663 EP - 672 J2 - Building and Environment LA - en SN - 03601323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy simulation of vertical greenery systems AU - Wong, Nyuk Hien AU - Tan, Alex Yong Kwang AU - Tan, Puay Yok AU - Wong, Ngian Chung T2 - Energy and Buildings DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.08.010 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 41 IS - 12 SP - 1401 EP - 1408 J2 - Energy and Buildings LA - en SN - 03787788 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of street trees in mitigating effects of heat and drought at highly sealed urban sites AU - Gillner, Sten AU - Vogt, Juliane AU - Tharang, Andreas AU - Dettmann, Sebastian AU - Roloff, Andreas T2 - Landscape and Urban Planning DA - 2015/11// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.06.005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 143 SP - 33 EP - 42 J2 - Landscape and Urban Planning LA - en SN - 01692046 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Role of watering practices in large-scale urban planning strategies to face the heat-wave risk in future climate AU - Daniel, M. AU - Lemonsu, A. AU - Viguié, V. T2 - Urban Climate T3 - ICUC9: The 9th International Conference on Urban Climate AB - Increasing heat-wave risk due to regional climate evolutions, exacerbated by urban heat island (UHI) effects, is a major threat for the inhabitants of many cities. Adaptive policies such as greening the urban environment are often proposed to limit population vulnerability, as vegetation enables to regulate the microclimate by evapotranspiration. The efficiency of such strategies depends on water availability and raises the issues of water supply for irrigation and of vegetation efficiency. Three vegetation watering alternatives and a scenario of pavement watering are studied and compared using Paris (France) urban area as a case study. With an evolution of the city based on “business as usual” trends, urban climate modeling enables to evaluate both UHI and heat stress under heat-wave conditions in 2100. Vegetation watering is efficient in reducing air temperature and thermal stress, but mostly in residential areas where vegetation density is important enough. Pavement watering is relevant in the densely built city center only where it improves the cooling efficiency and increases the water consumption by 2% only. The combination of both solutions provides the best performances with a reduction (compared to a non irrigated scenario) of the maximum temperature anomaly by 0.8°C (2.6°C) during the day (night). DA - 2018/03/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.uclim.2016.11.001 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 23 SP - 287 EP - 308 J2 - Urban Climate LA - en SN - 2212-0955 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The state of the art of living walls: Lessons learned AU - Riley, Benjamin T2 - Building and Environment AB - Marching toward legitimacy, living walls are slowly being vetted. Establishing living walls as a viable constructive system will require filling gaps in our knowledge by taking advantage of the lessons learned from recently built projects. Growing plants on a vertical surface gives the appearance of natural simplicity. However, achieving a successful living wall is a complex problem with many factors. These include: ensuring an appropriate support structure, maintaining the proper amount of water, oxygen, nutrients and pH levels, choosing plants which can survive seasonal climatic changes, and establishing the appropriate lighting conditions; not to mention affordability, sustainability and longevity. Satisfying these complex needs - mastering all of these factors - will be essential for living wall systems to mature beyond their use as vanity projects and gain acceptance by the construction industry. This article aims to aid those considering living walls and dispel some of the mystery surrounding them by studying precedents and addressing their commonly cited criticisms: living walls are too expensive and unsustainable, too complicated and prone to failure, and too decorative and superficial to the buildings they serve. DA - 2017/03/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.016 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 114 SP - 219 EP - 232 J2 - Building and Environment LA - en SN - 0360-1323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban heat island (UHI) variations within a city boundary: A systematic literature review AU - Kim, Se Woong AU - Brown, Robert D. T2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews DA - 2021/09// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111256 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 148 SP - 111256 J2 - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews LA - en SN - 13640321 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new model framework for sponge city implementation: Emerging challenges and future developments AU - Nguyen, Thu Thuy AU - Ngo, Huu Hao AU - Guo, Wenshan AU - Wang, Xiaochang C. T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Sponge City concept is emerging as a new kind of integrated urban water systems, which aims to address urban water problems. However, its implementation has encountered a variety of challenges. The lack of an integrated comprehensive model to assist Sponge City planning, implementation and life cycle assessment is one of the most challenging factors. This review briefly analyses the opportunity of existing urban water management models and discusses the limitation of recent studies in the application of current integrated models for Sponge City implementation. Furthermore, it proposes a new Sponge City model framework by integrating four main sub-models including MIKE-URBAN, LCA, W045-BEST, and MCA in which environmental, social, and economic aspects of Sponge City infrastructure options are simulated. The new structure of Sponge City model that includes the sub-model layer, input layer, module layer, output layer, and programing language layer is also illustrated. Therefore, the proposed model could be applied to optimize different Sponge City practices by not only assessing the drainage capacity of stormwater infrastructure but also pays attention to multi-criteria analysis of urban water system (including the possibility of assessing Sponge City ecosystem services for urban areas and watershed areas) as well. Balancing between simplification and innovation of integrated models, increasing the efficiency of spatial data sharing systems, defining the acceptability of model complexity level and improving the corporation of multiple stakeholders emphasizing on possible future directions of a proper Sponge City design and construction model. DA - 2020/01/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109689 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 253 SP - 109689 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management LA - en SN - 0301-4797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable Drainage Systems for transitioning to sustainable urban flood management in the European Union: A review AU - Gimenez-Maranges, Marc AU - Breuste, Jürgen AU - Hof, Angela T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - Technical and governing approaches to urban flooding in the European Union (EU) are currently conventional and centralised. This widespread paradigm has become increasingly ineffective and needs radical transformation. A promising alternative strategy involves the development of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), which mimic natural processes to manage floods. In this article, the effects of SuDS, as a transitional pathway from conventional to sustainable flood management, are reviewed. Levels of development and support of SuDS in various contexts and at different scales within the European Union are also examined. Scholarly work to date has been limited and technically focused. The transition remains a local, slow, and mainly northern European phenomenon. The research attention on technical performance indicates a continuing need for evidence of the effectiveness of SuDS. Further research is needed to gain a broad-based perspective on the transformation process. DA - 2020/05/10/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120191 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 255 SP - 120191 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - “Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context AU - Chan, Faith Ka Shun AU - Griffiths, James A. AU - Higgitt, David AU - Xu, Shuyang AU - Zhu, Fangfang AU - Tang, Yu-Ting AU - Xu, Yuyao AU - Thorne, Colin R. T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Surface water flooding is currently viewed as the most serious water-related issue in many of the China’s large cities due to rapid urbanization, land-use change and the process of rapid socio-economic development. In 2014, the People’s Republic of China established the concept of the ‘Sponge City’, which will be used to tackle urban surface-water flooding and related urban water management issues, such as purification of urban runoff, attenuation of peak run-off and water conservation. The concept is being developed to make use of ‘blue’ and ‘green’ spaces in the urban environment for stormwater management and control. It is envisaged that related practices will enhance natural ecosystems and provide more aesthetically pleasing space for the people that live and work in urban environments, in addition enabling nature-based solutions to improve urban habitats for birds and other organisms. Until recently, grey infrastructure and hard engineering-based management approaches have been adopted in the rapidly developing Chinese urban environment as urban flood and drainage issues are predominantly managed by municipal water engineers. The Sponge City concept and related guidelines and practices will provide multiple opportunities to integrate ideas from eco-hydrology, climate change impact assessment and planning, and consideration of long-term social and environmental well-being, within the urban land-use planning process. This paper aims to explicate the Sponge city concept and its development, and consider the implications of the transformation of urban land-use planning and urban-water management practice in China. To achieve the dual goals of sustainable water-use and better flood control (as targeted by the Sponge City concept), more effective development and implementation of land-use guidance and assessment tools (with explicit integration of urban flood-risk assessment, land-drainage guidance, climate projection methods, and assessment of long-term sustainability) are recommended. DA - 2018/07/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 76 SP - 772 EP - 778 J2 - Land Use Policy LA - en SN - 0264-8377 ER - TY - ELEC TI - "Schwammstadt" macht Bäume für den Klimawandel fit AU - Stadt Wien T2 - Stadt Wien DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/cooleswien/schwammstadt.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Urban Stormwater Governance: The Need for a Paradigm Shift AU - Dhakal, Krishna P. AU - Chevalier, Lizette R. T2 - Environmental Management AB - Traditional urban stormwater management involves rapid removal of stormwater through centralized conveyance systems of curb–gutter–pipe networks. This results in many adverse impacts on the environment including hydrological disruption, groundwater depletion, downstream flooding, receiving water quality degradation, channel erosion, and stream ecosystem damage. In order to mitigate these adverse impacts, urban stormwater managers are increasingly using green infrastructure that promote on-site infiltration, restore hydrological functions of the landscape, and reduce surface runoff. Existing stormwater governance, however, is centralized and structured to support the conventional systems. This governance approach is not suited to the emerging distributed management approach, which involves multiple stakeholders including parcel owners, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations. This incongruence between technology and governance calls for a paradigm shift in the governance from centralized and technocratic to distributed and participatory governance. This paper evaluates how five US cities have been adjusting their governance to address the discord. Finally, the paper proposes an alternative governance model, which provides a mechanism to involve stakeholders and implement distributed green infrastructure under an integrative framework. DA - 2016/05/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s00267-016-0667-5 DP - Springer Link VL - 57 IS - 5 SP - 1112 EP - 1124 J2 - Environmental Management LA - en SN - 1432-1009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A review of nature-based solutions for urban water management in European circular cities: a critical assessment based on case studies and literature AU - Oral, Hasan Volkan AU - Carvalho, Pedro AU - Gajewska, Magdalena AU - Ursino, Nadia AU - Masi, Fabio AU - Hullebusch, van Eric D. AU - Kazak, Jan K. AU - Exposito, Alfonso AU - Cipolletta, Giulia AU - Andersen, Theis Raaschou AU - Finger, David Christian AU - Simperler, Lena AU - Regelsberger, Martin AU - Rous, Vit AU - Radinja, Matej AU - Buttiglieri, Gianluigi AU - Krzeminski, Pawel AU - Rizzo, Anacleto AU - Dehghanian, Kaveh AU - Nikolova, Mariyana AU - Zimmermann, Martin T2 - Blue-Green Systems AB - Abstract. Nature-based solutions (NBS) can protect, manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems. They are a multidisciplinary, integrated approach to add DA - 2020/01/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.2166/bgs.2020.932 DP - iwaponline.com VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 136 LA - en N1 -publisher: IWA Publishing
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter 21 - Greening and Cooling the City Using Novel Urban Water Systems: A European Perspective AU - Winker, Martina AU - Gehrmann, Simon AU - Schramm, Engelbert AU - Zimmermann, Martin AU - Rudolph-Cleff, Annette T2 - Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design A2 - Sharma, Ashok K. A2 - Gardner, Ted A2 - Begbie, Don A2 - Sharma, Ashok K. A2 - Gardner, Ted A2 - Begbie, Don AB - In today's cities water appears as drinking water, wastewater, rainwater, and runoff, as well as natural and artificial waterbodies. These water streams play a key role in the urban metabolism. The management of the water streams is challenging, especially in dense urban areas and in the context of climate change. Moreover, additional requirements have evolved including adapting to climate change, improving the quality of urban life, creating urban cooling and green areas in the cities, increasing resource protection, and flood protection and prevention. To tackle these challenges, current water infrastructure needs to strongly adapt or even transform its essential character. It has to become more flexible regarding its response time to adaptation and provide services more targeted toward the specific local needs. Here, recent innovations in water infrastructures, also called novel urban water systems, come into the picture. They provide possibilities able to react both faster and more specifically, and to build strong bridges to other technical infrastructure and urban planning. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) focuses on the management of all water streams within the city. Although the focus of this approach is mostly identified in stormwater management, WSUD also includes the sustainable management of domestic wastewater. When it comes to the projects built under WSUD design principles, stormwater is usually considered, whereas communal/domestic wastewater is often not taken into account. This chapter argues that there are specific cases in novel urban water systems where an active integration of wastewater into the WSUD concept should be considered, as it provides clear advantages and benefits for both. Moreover, it provides further details on the integration of novel urban water systems into a WSUD approach and shows examples where such integration is already practiced. DA - 2019/01/01/ PY - 2019 DP - ScienceDirect SP - 431 EP - 454 LA - en PB - Woodhead Publishing SN - 978-0-12-812843-5 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128128435000216 Y2 - 2020/07/01/ N1 -DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812843-5.00021-6
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stormwater reuse, a viable option: Fact or fiction? AU - Goonetilleke, Ashantha AU - Liu, An AU - Managi, Shunsuke AU - Wilson, Clevo AU - Gardner, Ted AU - Bandala, Erick R. AU - Walker, Louise AU - Holden, Joseph AU - Wibowo, Mochamad Agung AU - Suripin, Suripin AU - Joshi, Himanshu AU - Bonotto, Daniel Marcos AU - Rajapaksa, Darshana T2 - Economic Analysis and Policy AB - The increasing spread of urbanisation is a common phenomenon witnessed in most parts of the world due to the perceived benefits of urban living. A compounding issue is the growing shortage of safe and reliable water sources. Perennial water shortages are becoming a common feature in many parts of the world. It is important to recognise stormwater reuse as a key resource for securing adequate future water supplies based on the concept of ‘water fit for purpose’. These require careful prioritisation of vulnerabilities, identification of the areas requiring adaptation and provide certainty of outcomes. Given the increasing inevitability of climate change it should be viewed as an opportunity to take advantage of new opportunities which stormwater reuse presents. This study identified key barriers to stormwater reuse and the difficulties in removing them. DA - 2017/12/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.eap.2017.08.001 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 56 SP - 14 EP - 17 J2 - Economic Analysis and Policy LA - en SN - 0313-5926 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stormwater management and ecosystem services: a review AU - Prudencio, Liana AU - Null, Sarah E. T2 - Environmental Research Letters AB - Researchers and water managers have turned to green stormwater infrastructure, such as bioswales, retention basins, wetlands, rain gardens, and urban green spaces to reduce flooding, augment surface water supplies, recharge groundwater, and improve water quality. It is increasingly clear that green stormwater infrastructure not only controls stormwater volume and timing, but also promotes ecosystem services, which are the benefits that ecosystems provide to humans. Yet there has been little synthesis focused on understanding how green stormwater management affects ecosystem services. The objectives of this paper are to review and synthesize published literature on ecosystem services and green stormwater infrastructure and identify gaps in research and understanding, establishing a foundation for research at the intersection of ecosystems services and green stormwater management. We reviewed 170 publications on stormwater management and ecosystem services, and summarized the state-of-the-science categorized by the four types of ecosystem services. Major findings show that: (1) most research was conducted at the parcel-scale and should expand to larger scales to more closely understand green stormwater infrastructure impacts, (2) nearly a third of papers developed frameworks for implementing green stormwater infrastructure and highlighted barriers, (3) papers discussed ecosystem services, but less than 40% quantified ecosystem services, (4) no geographic trends emerged, indicating interest in applying green stormwater infrastructure across different contexts, (5) studies increasingly integrate engineering, physical science, and social science approaches for holistic understanding, and (6) standardizing green stormwater infrastructure terminology would provide a more cohesive field of study than the diverse and often redundant terminology currently in use. We recommend that future research provide metrics and quantify ecosystem services, integrate disciplines to measure ecosystem services from green stormwater infrastructure, and better incorporate stormwater management into environmental policy. Our conclusions outline promising future research directions at the intersection of stormwater management and ecosystem services. DA - 2018/02// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aaa81a DP - Institute of Physics VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 033002 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -publisher: IOP Publishing
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