DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29794-1_4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO2 efflux AU - Pumpanen, Jukka AU - Kolari, Pasi AU - Ilvesniemi, Hannu AU - Minkkinen, Kari AU - Vesala, Timo AU - Niinistö, Sini AU - Lohila, Annalea AU - Larmola, Tuula AU - Morero, Micaela AU - Pihlatie, Mari AU - Janssens, Ivan AU - Yuste, Jorge Curiel AU - Grünzweig, José M AU - Reth, Sascha AU - Subke, Jens-Arne AU - Savage, Kathleen AU - Kutsch, Werner AU - Østreng, Geir AU - Ziegler, Waldemar AU - Anthoni, Peter AU - Lindroth, Anders AU - Hari, Pertti T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology DA - 2004/06// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.001 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 123 IS - 3-4 SP - 159 EP - 176 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology LA - en SN - 01681923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching in relation to microbial biomass dynamics in a beech forest soil AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Hahn, Maria AU - Meger, Simone AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry DA - 2002/06// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00012-3 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 823 EP - 832 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en SN - 00380717 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental forest soil warming: response of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration to a short-term 10°C temperature rise AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2008/02// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s11104-007-9511-2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 303 SP - 323 EP - 330 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrogen oxides emission from two beech forests subjected to different nitrogen loads AU - Kitzler, B. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. AU - Holtermann, C. AU - Skiba, U. AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2006/07/12/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.5194/bg-3-293-2006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 293 EP - 310 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Impact of droughts and heavy rain on greenhouse gas emissions and soil microbial communities AU - Díaz-Pinés, Eugenio AU - Leitner, Sonja AU - Keiblinger, Katharina Maria AU - Saronjic, Nermina AU - Zimmermann, Michael AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 44 M3 - ACRP Projekt B368577 Publizierbarer Endbericht ST - DRAIN UR - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/9-EB-DRAIN.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis A3 - Aubinet, Marc A3 - Vesala, Timo A3 - Papale, Dario CY - Dordrecht DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 978-94-007-2350-4 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1 Y2 - 2021/01/20/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Measurement, Tower, and Site Design Considerations AU - Munger, J. William AU - Loescher, Henry W. AU - Luo, Hongyan T2 - Eddy Covariance A2 - Aubinet, Marc A2 - Vesala, Timo A2 - Papale, Dario CY - Dordrecht DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 21 EP - 58 LA - en PB - Springer SN - 978-94-007-2350-4 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_2 Y2 - 2021/01/20/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_2
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Data Acquisition and Flux Calculations AU - Rebmann, Corinna AU - Kolle, Olaf AU - Heinesch, Bernard AU - Queck, Ronald AU - Ibrom, Andreas AU - Aubinet, Marc T2 - Eddy Covariance A2 - Aubinet, Marc A2 - Vesala, Timo A2 - Papale, Dario CY - Dordrecht DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 59 EP - 83 LA - en PB - Springer SN - 978-94-007-2350-4 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_3 Y2 - 2021/01/20/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in net ecosystem exchange over Europe during the 2018 drought based on atmospheric observations AU - Thompson, R. L. AU - Broquet, G. AU - Gerbig, C. AU - Koch, T. AU - Lang, M. AU - Monteil, G. AU - Munassar, S. AU - Nickless, A. AU - Scholze, M. AU - Ramonet, M. AU - Karstens, U. AU - van Schaik, E. AU - Wu, Z. AU - Rödenbeck, C. T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B AB - The 2018 drought was one of the worst European droughts of the twenty-first century in terms of its severity, extent and duration. The effects of the drought could be seen in a reduction in harvest yields in parts of Europe, as well as an unprecedented browning of vegetation in summer. Here, we quantify the effect of the drought on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using five independent regional atmospheric inversion frameworks. Using a network of atmospheric CO 2 mole fraction observations, we estimate NEE with at least monthly and 0.5° × 0.5° resolution for 2009–2018. We find that the annual NEE in 2018 was likely more positive (less CO 2 uptake) in the temperate region of Europe by 0.09 ± 0.06 Pg C yr −1 (mean ± s.d.) compared to the mean of the last 10 years of −0.08 ± 0.17 Pg C yr −1 , making the region close to carbon neutral in 2018. Similarly, we find a positive annual NEE anomaly for the northern region of Europe of 0.02 ± 0.02 Pg C yr −1 compared the 10-year mean of −0.04 ± 0.05 Pg C yr −1 . In both regions, this was largely owing to a reduction in the summer CO 2 uptake. The positive NEE anomalies coincided spatially and temporally with negative anomalies in soil water. These anomalies were exceptional for the 10-year period of our study. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’. DA - 2020/10/26/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1098/rstb.2019.0512 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 375 IS - 1810 SP - 20190512 J2 - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B LA - en SN - 0962-8436, 1471-2970 ER - TY - JOUR TI - N2O emissions and NO3− leaching from two contrasting regions in Austria and influence of soil, crops and climate: a modelling approach AU - Kasper, M. AU - Foldal, C. AU - Kitzler, B. AU - Haas, E. AU - Strauss, P. AU - Eder, A. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. AU - Amon, B. T2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems DA - 2019/01// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10705-018-9965-z DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 113 IS - 1 SP - 95 EP - 111 J2 - Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst LA - en SN - 1385-1314, 1573-0867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions AU - Stehfest, Elke AU - Bouwman, Lex T2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems DA - 2006/03// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1007/s10705-006-9000-7 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 207 EP - 228 J2 - Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst LA - en SN - 1385-1314, 1573-0867 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A global inventory of N2O emissions from tropical rainforest soils using a detailed biogeochemical model AU - Werner, C. AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K. AU - Haas, E. AU - Hickler, T. AU - Kiese, R. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles DA - 2007/09// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1029/2006GB002909 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - GB3010 J2 - Global Biogeochem. Cycles LA - en SN - 08866236 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historical carbon dioxide emissions caused by land-use changes are possibly larger than assumed AU - Arneth, A. AU - Sitch, S. AU - Pongratz, J. AU - Stocker, B. D. AU - Ciais, P. AU - Poulter, B. AU - Bayer, A. D. AU - Bondeau, A. AU - Calle, L. AU - Chini, L. P. AU - Gasser, T. AU - Fader, M. AU - Friedlingstein, P. AU - Kato, E. AU - Li, W. AU - Lindeskog, M. AU - Nabel, J. E. M. S. AU - Pugh, T. a. M. AU - Robertson, E. AU - Viovy, N. AU - Yue, C. AU - Zaehle, S. T2 - Nature Geoscience AB - The terrestrial biosphere absorbs about 20% of fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. The overall magnitude of this sink is constrained by the difference between emissions, the rate of increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and the ocean sink. However, the land sink is actually composed of two largely counteracting fluxes that are poorly quantified: fluxes from land-use change and CO2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. Dynamic global vegetation model simulations suggest that CO2 emissions from land-use change have been substantially underestimated because processes such as tree harvesting and land clearing from shifting cultivation have not been considered. As the overall terrestrial sink is constrained, a larger net flux as a result of land-use change implies that terrestrial uptake of CO2 is also larger, and that terrestrial ecosystems might have greater potential to sequester carbon in the future. Consequently, reforestation projects and efforts to avoid further deforestation could represent important mitigation pathways, with co-benefits for biodiversity. It is unclear whether a larger land carbon sink can be reconciled with our current understanding of terrestrial carbon cycling. Our possible underestimation of the historical residual terrestrial carbon sink adds further uncertainty to our capacity to predict the future of terrestrial carbon uptake and losses. DA - 2017/02// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/ngeo2882 DP - www.nature.com VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 79 EP - 84 J2 - Nature Geosci LA - en SN - 1752-0894 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Historic nitrogen deposition determines future climate change effects on nitrogen retention in temperate forests AU - Dirnböck, T. AU - Foldal, C. AU - Djukic, I. AU - Kobler, J. AU - Haas, E. AU - Kiese, R. AU - Kitzler, B. T2 - Climatic Change DA - 2017/09// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10584-017-2024-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 144 IS - 2 SP - 221 EP - 235 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global scale DAYCENT model analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies for cropped soils AU - Del Grosso, Stephen J. AU - Ojima, Dennis S. AU - Parton, William J. AU - Stehfest, Elke AU - Heistemann, Maik AU - DeAngelo, Benjamin AU - Rose, Steven T2 - Global and Planetary Change DA - 2009/05// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 67 IS - 1-2 SP - 44 EP - 50 J2 - Global and Planetary Change LA - en SN - 09218181 ER - TY - JOUR TI - LandscapeDNDC: a process model for simulation of biosphere–atmosphere–hydrosphere exchange processes at site and regional scale AU - Haas, Edwin AU - Klatt, Steffen AU - Fröhlich, Alexander AU - Kraft, Philipp AU - Werner, Christian AU - Kiese, Ralf AU - Grote, Rüdiger AU - Breuer, Lutz AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2013/04// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s10980-012-9772-x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 615 EP - 636 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en SN - 0921-2973, 1572-9761 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Research Alliance N 2 O chamber methodology guidelines: Summary of modeling approaches AU - Giltrap, Donna AU - Yeluripati, Jagadeesh AU - Smith, Pete AU - Fitton, Nuala AU - Smith, Ward AU - Grant, Brian AU - Dorich, Christopher D. AU - Deng, Jia AU - Topp, Cairistiona FE AU - Abdalla, Mohamed AU - Lìyǐn L. Liáng AU - Snow, Val T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality DA - 2020/09// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1002/jeq2.20119 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - 1168 EP - 1185 J2 - J. environ. qual. LA - en SN - 0047-2425, 1537-2537 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Inventories of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils AU - Kesik, M. AU - Ambus, P. AU - Baritz, R. AU - Brüggemann, N. AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K. AU - Damm, M. AU - Duyzer, J. AU - Horváth, L. AU - Kiese, R. AU - Kitzler, B. AU - Leip, A. AU - Li, C. AU - Pihlatie, M. AU - Pilegaard, K. AU - Seufert, S. AU - Simpson, D. AU - Skiba, U. AU - Smiatek, G. AU - Vesala, T. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2005/12/05/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.5194/bg-2-353-2005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 353 EP - 375 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An alternative modelling approach to predict emissions of N2O and NO from forest soils AU - de Bruijn, Arjan M. G. AU - Grote, Rüdiger AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2011/09// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s10342-010-0468-y DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 130 IS - 5 SP - 755 EP - 773 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 ER - TY - BOOK TI - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programm AU - IPCC CY - Japan DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 SN - 4-88788-032-4 UR - https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/ N1 -Series Editors: _:n11025
ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Eisenwurzen LTSER Platform (Austria) – Implementation and Services AU - Peterseil, Johannes AU - Neuner, Angelika AU - Stocker-Kiss, Andrea AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Mirtl, Michael T2 - Long Term Socio-Ecological Research A2 - Singh, Simron Jit A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Chertow, Marian A2 - Mirtl, Michael A2 - Schmid, Martin A2 - Singh, Simron Jit A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Chertow, Marian A2 - Mirtl, Michael A2 - Schmid, Martin CY - Dordrecht DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 461 EP - 484 LA - en SN - 978-94-007-1176-1 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_19 Y2 - 2020/12/15/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_19
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Long-Term Socio-ecological Research in Mountain Regions: Perspectives from the Tyrolean Alps AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Borsdorf, Axel AU - Bahn, Michael T2 - Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales A2 - Singh, Simron Jit A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Chertow, Marian A2 - Mirtl, Michael A2 - Schmid, Martin AB - Mountain habitats have been classified as particularly sensitive to changes in land use and climate, which are occurring at increasingly high rates. The Tyrolean Alps host a strong tradition of research on a range of ecological processes in mountain environments, and how they are affected by changing environmental conditions. Research topics, partly studied over several decades, include responses of organisms and of biogeochemical processes to extreme life conditions and to global changes in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Research sites in the Tyrolean Alps span a vast range in altitude (1,000–3,450 m) and climate. For two valleys/valley sections, socio-economic changes have been documented and past, current and possible future landscape changes have been assessed, evaluating also effects on ecosystem services. The recent research history at the Tyrolean Alps LTSER Platform has shown that a monitoring of the biogeochemistry of target ecosystems combined with an experimental unravelling of global change effects on processes, and the consideration of socioeconomic developments together constitute a fruitful way forward, increasing the value of LTSER sites also for international projects and networks. CY - Dordrecht DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 505 EP - 525 PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 978-94-007-1177-8 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_21 N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_21
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research in Practice: Lessons from Inter- and Transdisciplinary Research in the Austrian Eisenwurzen AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Schmid, Martin AU - Dirnböck, Thomas AU - Dullinger, Iwona AU - Garstenauer, Rita AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Kainz, Martin AU - Kreiner, Daniel AU - Mayer, Renate AU - Mirtl, Michael AU - Sass, Oliver AU - Schauppenlehner, Thomas AU - Stocker-Kiss, Andrea AU - Wildenberg, Martin T2 - Sustainability DA - 2016/08/03/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.3390/su8080743 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 743 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Tyrolean Alps LTSER platform – providing scientific insights for better management of protected areas AU - Kerle, Sarah AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research) DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1553/eco.mont-9-1s35 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 35 EP - 39 J2 - ecomont LA - en SN - 2073-106X, 2073-1558 ER - TY - CHAP TI - A Forest Transition: Austrian Carbon Budgets 1830–2010 AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Krausmann, Fridolin AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz T2 - Social Ecology A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Fischer-Kowalski, Marina A2 - Krausmann, Fridolin A2 - Winiwarter, Verena A2 - Haberl, Helmut A2 - Fischer-Kowalski, Marina A2 - Krausmann, Fridolin A2 - Winiwarter, Verena CY - Cham DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - 417 EP - 431 LA - en PB - Springer International Publishing SN - 978-3-319-33324-3 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-33326-7_20 Y2 - 2020/05/13/ N1 -DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33326-7_20
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Industrialization, Fossil Fuels, and the Transformation of Land Use: An Integrated Analysis of Carbon Flows in Austria 1830-2000 AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Krausmann, Fridolin AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Journal of Industrial Ecology DA - 2008/10// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00076.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 5-6 SP - 686 EP - 703 LA - en SN - 10881980 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influence of Land-Use Intensification on Vegetation C-Stocks in an Alpine Valley from 1865 to 2003 AU - Niedertscheider, Maria AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Patek, Monika AU - Rüdisser, Johannes AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Erb, Karlheinz T2 - Ecosystems (New York, N.y.) DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 20 SP - 1391 EP - 1406 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land-use Related Changes in Aboveground Carbon Stocks of Austria's Terrestrial Ecosystems AU - Erb, Karl Heinz T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 563 EP - 572 SN - 1432-9840 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000 AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Krausmann, Fridolin AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2007/03/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1007/s10113-007-0024-6 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 47 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - English SN - 1436-3798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Historical and Likely Future Scenarios of Land Use on Above- and Belowground Vegetation Carbon Stocks of an Alpine Valley AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Leitinger, Georg AU - Cernusca, Alexander AU - Tappeiner, Gottfried T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10021-008-9195-3 DP - CrossRef VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 1383 EP - 1400 LA - en SN - 1432-9840, 1435-0629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Different management of larch grasslands in the European Alps shows low impact on above- and belowground carbon stocks AU - Nagler, Magdalena AU - Fontana, Veronika AU - Lair, Georg J. AU - Radtke, Anna AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Zerbe, Stefan AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2015/12// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.005 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 213 SP - 186 EP - 193 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bias in the attribution of forest carbon sinks AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Luyssaert, Sebastiaan AU - Houghton, Richard A. AU - Kuemmerle, Tobias AU - Olofsson, Pontus AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2013/10// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2004 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - 854 EP - 856 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Oral History and Forest Management Plans to Reconstruct Traditional Non-Timber Forest Uses in the Swiss Rhone Valley (Valais) Since the Late Nineteenth Century AU - Gimmi, Urs AU - Bürgi, Matthias T2 - Environment and History AB - Changes in forest use are considered as a potential key driver for recently observed changing forest dynamics in the pine forest belt of the upper Rhone valley (Canton of Valais, Switzerland). In this region, traditional non-timber forest uses, such as forest litter harvesting and wood pasture, were practised until the second half of the twentieth century. The practice of traditional non-timber forest uses led to specific environmental conditions which favoured pine as a pioneer species. With the abandonment of these practices the pine was subjected to increased competition and largely replaced by deciduous trees. In this study, the history of traditional non-timber forest uses was reconstructed by combining the analysis of forest management plans and the results from oral history interviews. The forest management plans represent the view of the forest administration whereas the narratives obtained from oral history interviews allow putting the traditional non-timber forest uses into the context of people's daily life. The different characteristics of the two source types are illustrated with two regional case studies. Different socioeconomic and political drivers were identified (changes in non-farming employment, changes in demand for forest products, access to substitute products, regulations), which led to the abandonment of traditional non-timber forest uses in the Valais. The combination of forest management plans and oral history leads to a comprehensive picture of the history and significance of traditional non-timber forest uses. Our findings confirm that information on traditional non-timber forest uses is crucial for an understanding of present day dynamics in the pine forest ecosystems of the Valais. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 211 EP - 246 SN - 09673407 DB - JSTOR N1 -number: 2
publisher: White Horse Press
number: 7735
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of well-being AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Niamir, Leila AU - Bai, Xuemei AU - Callaghan, Max AU - Cullen, Jonathan AU - Díaz-José, Julio AU - Figueroa, Maria AU - Grubler, Arnulf AU - Lamb, William F. AU - Leip, Adrian AU - Masanet, Eric AU - Mata, Érika AU - Mattauch, Linus AU - Minx, Jan C. AU - Mirasgedis, Sebastian AU - Mulugetta, Yacob AU - Nugroho, Sudarmanto Budi AU - Pathak, Minal AU - Perkins, Patricia AU - Roy, Joyashree AU - de la Rue du Can, Stephane AU - Saheb, Yamina AU - Some, Shreya AU - Steg, Linda AU - Steinberger, Julia AU - Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Mitigation solutions are often evaluated in terms of costs and greenhouse gas reduction potentials, missing out on the consideration of direct effects on human well-being. Here, we systematically assess the mitigation potential of demand-side options categorized into avoid, shift and improve, and their human well-being links. We show that these options, bridging socio-behavioural, infrastructural and technological domains, can reduce counterfactual sectoral emissions by 40–80% in end-use sectors. Based on expert judgement and an extensive literature database, we evaluate 306 combinations of well-being outcomes and demand-side options, finding largely beneficial effects in improvement in well-being (79% positive, 18% neutral and 3% negative), even though we find low confidence on the social dimensions of well-being. Implementing such nuanced solutions is based axiomatically on an understanding of malleable rather than fixed preferences, and procedurally on changing infrastructures and choice architectures. Results demonstrate the high mitigation potential of demand-side mitigation options that are synergistic with well-being. DA - 2022/01/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 36 EP - 46 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Food systems in a zero-deforestation world: Dietary change is more important than intensification for climate targets in 2050 AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Kaltenegger, Katrin AU - Morais, Tiago G. AU - Teixeira, Ricardo F. M. AU - Domingos, Tiago AU - Winiwarter, Wilfried AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Global food systems contribute to climate change, the transgression of planetary boundaries and deforestation. An improved understanding of the environmental impacts of different food system futures is crucial for forging strategies to sustainably nourish a growing world population. We here quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of global food system scenarios within a biophysically feasible “option space” in 2050 comprising all scenarios in which biomass supply – calculated as function of agricultural area and yields – is sufficient to cover biomass demand – derived from human diets and the feed demand of livestock. We assessed the biophysical feasibility of 520 scenarios in a hypothetical no-deforestation world. For all feasible scenarios, we calculate (in) direct GHG emissions related to agriculture. We also include (possibly negative) GHG emissions from land-use change, including changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon sinks from vegetation regrowth on land spared from food production. We identify 313 of 520 scenarios as feasible. Agricultural GHG emissions (excluding land use change) of feasible scenarios range from 1.7 to 12.5 Gt CO2e yr−1. When including changes in SOC and vegetation regrowth on spare land, the range is between −10.7 and 12.5 Gt CO2e yr−1. Our results show that diets are the main determinant of GHG emissions, with highest GHG emissions found for scenarios including high meat demand, especially if focused on ruminant meat and milk, and lowest emissions for scenarios with vegan diets. Contrary to frequent claims, our results indicate that diets and the composition and quantity of livestock feed, not crop yields, are the strongest determinants of GHG emissions from food-systems when existing forests are to be protected. DA - 2020/09/15/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139353 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 735 SP - 139353 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 0048-9697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reconciling global-model estimates and country reporting of anthropogenic forest CO2 sinks AU - Grassi, Giacomo AU - House, Jo AU - Kurz, Werner A. AU - Cescatti, Alessandro AU - Houghton, Richard A. AU - Peters, Glen P. AU - Sanz, Maria J. AU - Viñas, Raul Abad AU - Alkama, Ramdane AU - Arneth, Almut AU - Bondeau, Alberte AU - Dentener, Frank AU - Fader, Marianela AU - Federici, Sandro AU - Friedlingstein, Pierre AU - Jain, Atul K. AU - Kato, Etsushi AU - Koven, Charles D. AU - Lee, Donna AU - Nabel, Julia E. M. S. AU - Nassikas, Alexander A. AU - Perugini, Lucia AU - Rossi, Simone AU - Sitch, Stephen AU - Viovy, Nicolas AU - Wiltshire, Andy AU - Zaehle, Sönke T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Achieving the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement requires forest-based mitigation. Collective progress towards this goal will be assessed by the Paris Agreement’s Global stocktake. At present, there is a discrepancy of about 4 GtCO2 yr−1 in global anthropogenic net land-use emissions between global models (reflected in IPCC assessment reports) and aggregated national GHG inventories (under the UNFCCC). We show that a substantial part of this discrepancy (about 3.2 GtCO2 yr−1) can be explained by conceptual differences in anthropogenic forest sink estimation, related to the representation of environmental change impacts and the areas considered as managed. For a more credible tracking of collective progress under the Global stocktake, these conceptual differences between models and inventories need to be reconciled. We implement a new method of disaggregation of global land model results that allows greater comparability with GHG inventories. This provides a deeper understanding of model–inventory differences, allowing more transparent analysis of forest-based mitigation and facilitating a more accurate Global stocktake. DA - 2018/10/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41558-018-0283-x VL - 8 IS - 10 SP - 914 EP - 920 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Revisiting the Use of Managed Land as a Proxy for Estimating National Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals AU - IPCC CY - San Jose dos Campus, Brazil DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 M3 - Meeting Report UR - https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/mtdocs/pdfiles/0905_MLP_Report.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria’s National Inventory Report 2020 – Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 780 LA - English PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0724 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0724.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grüner Bericht 2021, Die Situation der österreichischen Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gemäß §9 des Landwirtschaftgesetzes AU - BMLRT T2 - Der Grüne Bericht CY - Wien DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SP - 312 SN - 62 UR - https://gruenerbericht.at/cm4/jdownload/send/2-gr-bericht-terreich/2393-gb2021 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2020 AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/studien-reports/publikationsdetail?pub_id=2340&cHash=04535f1c207c6ac8814ee0edb3809750 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's National Inventory Report 2022, Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 SP - 863 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0811 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0811.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2021, Submission under Regulation (EU) No 2018/1999 AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 SP - 56 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0841 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0841.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2022 National Inventory Report (NIR) AU - Czech Hydrometeorological Institute CY - Prague DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 SP - 562 UR - https://unfccc.int/documents/461895 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Waldinventur 2007/09 AU - BFW T2 - BFW-Praxis Information CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 32 PB - Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft (BFW) SN - 24-2011 UR - http://www.bfw.ac.at/webshop/index.php?id_product=155&controller=product ER - TY - RPRT TI - Die Kohlenstoffbilanz des österreichischen Waldes und Betrachtungen zum Kyoto Protokoll AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 SP - 94 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - M-106 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/M106.pdf N1 -ISBN: 3-85457-454-1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mehr als 4 Millionen Hektar Wald in Österreich AU - Russ, Wolfgang T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 3 EP - 7 J2 - BFW-Praxisinfo ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holzvorrat auf neuem Höchststand. AU - Gschwandtner, Thomas T2 - BFW Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 50 SP - 8 EP - 12 SN - 1815-3895 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldinwentur Zwischenergebnisse 2016-2018 AU - BFW DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://bfw.ac.at/rz/bfwcms.web?dok=10544 N1 -K. Schadauer; A. Freudenschuß
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik 2020+. Grundlagen für die SWOT-Analyse der Umweltziele (d), (e) und (f) in Österreich AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 124 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - 0695 ER - TY - CASE TI - REGULATION (EU) No 525/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC (Text with EEA relevance) AU - EU DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 525/2013 SP - 28 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R0525 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrierter nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan für Österreich: Periode 2021-2030 gemäß Verordnung (EU) 2018/1999 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über das Governance-System für die Energieunion und den Klimaschutz AU - BMNT DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 272 PB - Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus UR - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/umwelt/klimaschutz/klimapolitik_national/nationaler-energie-und-klimaplan.html#:~:text=Energie%2D%20und%20Klimaplan-,%C3%96sterreichs%20integrierter%20nationaler%20Energie%2D%20und%20Klimaplan,Klimaziele%202030%20nach%20Br%C3%BCssel%20%C3%BCbermittelt. ER - TY - RPRT TI - GHG Projections and Assessment of Policies and Measures in Austria. Reporting under Regulation (EU) 525/2013, 15 March 2019 AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 146 LA - English SN - REP-0687 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0687.pdf N1 -issue: REP-0687
ISBN: 978-3-99004-506-0
ISBN 978-92-79-52374-8
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austrian Agriculture 2010-2050. Quantitative Effects of Climate Change Mitigation Measures – An Analysis of the Scenarios WEM, WAM and a Sensitivity Analysis of the Scenario WEM AU - Sinabell, Franz AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schmid, Erwin CY - Vienna. Austria DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 41 PB - Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitut (WIFO) und Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU) UR - https://www.wifo.ac.at/jart/prj3/wifo/resources/person_dokument/person_dokument.jart?publikationsid=58400&mime_type=application/pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - GHG Projections and Assessment of Policies and Measures in Austria. Reporting under Regulation (EU) 525/2013, 15 March 2017. AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 151 SN - REP-0610 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0610.pdf N1 -ISBN: 978-3-99004-424-7
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austrian Agriculture 2020-2050. Scenarios and Sensitivity Analyses on Land Use, Production, Livestock and Production Systems AU - Sinabell, Franz AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Schmid, Erwin CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 94 PB - Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitut (WIFO) und Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU) UR - https://www.wifo.ac.at/jart/prj3/wifo/resources/person_dokument/person_dokument.jart?publikationsid=61571&mime_type=application/pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimakrise managen – Ausblick für Wald und Holznutzung. Ergebnisse des CareforParis Projektes AU - BFW T2 - BFW-Praxis Information CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SN - 51-2020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does photosynthesis affect grassland soil-respired CO2 and its carbon isotope composition on a diurnal timescale? AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Schmitt, Michael AU - Siegwolf, Rolf AU - Richter, Andreas AU - Brüggemann, Nicolas T2 - New Phytologist DA - 2009/04// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02755.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 182 IS - 2 SP - 451 EP - 460 LA - en SN - 0028646X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Respiration in European Grasslands in Relation to Climate and Assimilate Supply AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Rodeghiero, Mirco AU - Anderson-Dunn, Margaret AU - Dore, Sabina AU - Gimeno, Cristina AU - Drösler, Matthias AU - Williams, Michael AU - Ammann, Christof AU - Berninger, Frank AU - Flechard, Chris AU - Jones, Stephanie AU - Balzarolo, Manuela AU - Kumar, Suresh AU - Newesely, Christian AU - Priwitzer, Tibor AU - Raschi, Antonio AU - Siegwolf, Rolf AU - Susiluoto, Sanna AU - Tenhunen, John AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Cernusca, Alexander T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10021-008-9198-0 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 1352 EP - 1367 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en SN - 1432-9840, 1435-0629 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Consequences of climate change on ecosystem functions, water balance, productivity and biodiversity of agricultural soils in the Pannonian area. AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Berthold, Helene AU - Bruckner, Alexander AU - Hösch, Johannes AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Michel, Kerstin AU - Murer, Erwin AU - Wissuwa, Janet AU - Zaller, Johann AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie CY - Wien DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 50 M3 - ACRP Projekt B060382 Publizierbarer Endbericht ST - LYSTRAT UR - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/05012015LYSTRATAndreas-BaumgartenEBACRP2B060382-K10AC0K00018.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon dioxide emissions of soils under pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce, affected by decomposing foliage litter mixtures AU - Berger, Torsten W. AU - Inselsbacher, Erich AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry DA - 2010/06// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.02.020 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 986 EP - 997 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en SN - 00380717 N1 -number: 6
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do cover crops enhance soil greenhouse gas losses during high emission moments under temperate Central Europe conditions? AU - Bodner, Gernot AU - Mentler, Axel AU - Klik, Andreas AU - Kaul, Hans-Peter AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie T2 - Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 171 EP - 187 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial community structure and function mainly respond to indirect effects in a multifactorial climate manipulation experiment AU - Deltedesco, Evi AU - Keiblinger, Katharina M. AU - Piepho, Hans-Peter AU - Antonielli, Livio AU - Pötsch, Erich M. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Gorfer, Markus T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107704 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 142 SP - 107704 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry LA - en SN - 00380717 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trace gas fluxes from managed grassland soil subject to multifactorial climate change manipulation AU - Deltedesco, Evi AU - Keiblinger, Katharina M. AU - Naynar, Maria AU - Piepho, Hans-Peter AU - Gorfer, Markus AU - Herndl, Markus AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Pötsch, Erich M. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie T2 - Applied Soil Ecology DA - 2019/05// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.12.023 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 137 SP - 1 EP - 11 J2 - Applied Soil Ecology LA - en SN - 09291393 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Root trenching: a useful tool to estimate autotrophic soil respiration? A case study in an Austrian mountain forest AU - Díaz-Pinés, Eugenio AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Pfeffer, Michael AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Rubio, Agustín T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2010/01// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10342-008-0250-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 109 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Peat decomposition proxies of Alpine bogs along a degradation gradient AU - Drollinger, Simon AU - Knorr, Klaus-Holger AU - Knierzinger, Wolfgang AU - Glatzel, Stephan T2 - Geoderma DA - 2020/06// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114331 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 369 SP - 114331 J2 - Geoderma LA - en SN - 00167061 ER - TY - THES TI - Combined effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature levels on N2O and CH4 fluxes in managed alpine grassland during a simulated. AU - Fahringer, Alexandre CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 M3 - Masterarbeit PB - Universität für Bodenkultur ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gaseous nitrogen losses from a forest site in the North Tyrolean Limestone Alps AU - Härtel, Elisabeth AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Gerzabek, Martin T2 - Environmental Science and Pollution Research DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 VL - 9 IS - S2 SP - 23 EP - 30 J2 - Environ Sci & Pollut Res N1 -number: S2
ER - TY - THES TI - SOIL EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE OF DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED BEECH STANDS, AFFECTED BY DECOMPOSING FOLIAGE LITTER AU - Hipfinger, Christina CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 M3 - Masterarbeit PB - Universität für Bodenkultur ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methane and nitrous oxide exchange over a managed hay meadow AU - Hörtnagl, L. AU - Wohlfahrt, G. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.5194/bg-11-7219-2014 VL - 11 IS - 24 SP - 7219 EP - 7236 N1 -number: 24
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought and recovery effects on belowground respiration dynamics and the partitioning of recent carbon in managed and abandoned grassland AU - Ingrisch, Johannes AU - Karlowsky, Stefan AU - Hasibeder, Roland AU - Gleixner, Gerd AU - Bahn, Michael T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2020/08// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.15131 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 26 IS - 8 SP - 4366 EP - 4378 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1354-1013, 1365-2486 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land Use Alters the Drought Responses of Productivity and CO2 Fluxes in Mountain Grassland AU - Ingrisch, Johannes AU - Karlowsky, Stefan AU - Anadon-Rosell, Alba AU - Hasibeder, Roland AU - König, Alexander AU - Augusti, Angela AU - Gleixner, Gerd AU - Bahn, Michael T2 - Ecosystems DA - 2018/06// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s10021-017-0178-0 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 689 EP - 703 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en SN - 1432-9840, 1435-0629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Controls over N2O, NOx and CO2 fluxes in a calcareous mountain forest soil AU - Kitzler, B. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. AU - Holtermann, C. AU - Skiba, U. AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2006/08/09/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.5194/bg-3-383-2006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 383 EP - 395 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en SN - 1726-4189 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bodenbearbeitungssysteme auf Kohlenstoffdynamik, CO2-Emissionen und das Verhalten von Glyphosat und AMPA im Boden AU - Klik, Andreas AU - Trümper, G AU - Baatar, U AU - Strohmeier, S AU - Liebhard, P AU - Deim, F AU - Moitzi, G AU - Schüller, M AU - Rampazzo, N AU - Mentler, A AU - Rampazzo-Todorovic, G AU - Brauner, E AU - Blum, W AU - Köllensperger, G AU - Hahn, S AU - Breuer, G AU - Stürmer, B AU - Frank, S AU - Blatt, J AU - Rosner, J AU - Zwatz-Walter, E AU - Bruckner, R AU - Gruber, J AU - Spieß, R AU - Sanitzer, H AU - Haile, TM AU - Selim, S AU - Grillitsch, B AU - Altmann, D AU - Guseck, C AU - Bursch, W AU - Fürhacker, M DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 299 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of aspect and altitude on carbon cycling processes in a temperate mountain forest catchment AU - Kobler, Johannes AU - Zehetgruber, Bernhard AU - Dirnböck, Thomas AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Mirtl, Michael AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas T2 - Landscape Ecology DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10980-019-00769-z DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 34 SP - 325 EP - 340 J2 - Landscape Ecol LA - en SN - 0921-2973, 1572-9761 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of stand patchiness due to windthrow and bark beetle abatement measures on soil CO2 efflux and net ecosystem productivity of a managed temperate mountain forest AU - Kobler, Johannes AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Dirnböck, Thomas AU - Mirtl, Michael AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas T2 - European Journal of Forest Research DA - 2015/07// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s10342-015-0882-2 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 134 IS - 4 SP - 683 EP - 692 J2 - Eur J Forest Res LA - en SN - 1612-4669, 1612-4677 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - THES TI - Impact of litter removal and seasonality on soil greenhouse gas fluxes and nutrient cycling in an Austrian beech forest AU - Kranzinger, Lukas CY - Wien DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 108 LA - Englisch M3 - Masterarbeit PB - Universität für Bodenkultur ER - TY - THES TI - Influence of ecosystem disturbances (wind throw, bark beetle infestation) on soil greenhouse gas emissions (N2O, CH4, NOx) AU - Langerwisch, Michael CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 M3 - Masterarbeit PB - Universtät für Bodenkultur ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contribution of litter layer to soil greenhouse gas emissions in a temperate beech forest AU - Leitner, Sonja AU - Sae-Tun, Orracha AU - Kranzinger, Lukas AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Zimmermann, Michael T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2016/06// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s11104-015-2771-3 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 403 SP - 455 EP - 469 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - River-floodplain restoration and hydrological effects on GHG emissions: Biogeochemical dynamics in the parafluvial zone AU - Machado dos Santos Pinto, Renata AU - Weigelhofer, Gabriele AU - Diaz-Pines, Eugenio AU - Guerreiro Brito, António AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Hein, Thomas T2 - Science of The Total Environment DA - 2020/05// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136980 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 715 SP - 136980 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 00489697 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Greenhouse gas fluxes in arable soils under conditions of drought and heavy rain in the Pannonian area AU - Michel, Kerstin AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Berthold, Helene AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Haas, Edwin AU - Baumgarten, Andreas DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 34 M3 - ACRP KR13AC6K11069 Publizierbarer Endbericht ST - PANGAS UR - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/10-EB-PANGAS.pdf ER - TY - THES TI - Microbial nitrogen turnover and greenhouse gas emissions in secondary pure spruce and mixed forests AU - Pörtl, Katja CY - Wien DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Floodplain Forest – An Underestimated Natural Source? AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Michel, Kerstin AU - Tritthart, Michael AU - Kraus, David AU - Kitzler, Barbara DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 M3 - ACRP Projekt KR16AC0K13382 Publizierbarer Endbericht in press. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land use affects the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components in mountain grasslands AU - Schmitt, M AU - Bahn, M AU - Wohlfahrt, G AU - Tappeiner, U AU - Cernusca, A T2 - Biogeosciences (Online) DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 7 IS - 8 SP - 2297 J2 - Biogeosciences (Online) ER - TY - RPRT TI - Biochar for carbon sequestration in soils: Analysis of production, biological effects in the soil and economics AU - Soja, Gerhard AU - Bücker, J AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Klinglmüller, M AU - Kloss, S AU - Lauer, M AU - Gunczy, S AU - Liedtke, Volker AU - Watzinger, Andrea AU - Wimmer, Bernhard AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Zehetner, Franz DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SN - FFG 825438 Publizierbarer Endbericht UR - https://www.energieforschung.at/assets/project/final-report/Endbericht-publizierbar-gesamt-Soja.pdf ER - TY - THES TI - Relevant soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes (N2O, CO2 and CH4) from the longterm compost experiment "Ritzlhof" in Austria AU - Spann, Caroline CY - Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 LA - Englisch M3 - Masterarbeit PB - Universität für Bodenkultur ER - TY - JOUR TI - Post-drought rewetting triggers substantial K release and shifts in leaf stoichiometry in managed and abandoned mountain grasslands AU - Van Sundert, Kevin AU - Brune, Veronika AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Deutschmann, Mario AU - Hasibeder, Roland AU - Nijs, Ivan AU - Vicca, Sara T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1007/s11104-020-04432-4 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 448 IS - 1-2 SP - 353 EP - 368 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the multi-temporal correlation between photosynthesis and soil CO2 efflux: reconciling lags and observations AU - Vargas, Rodrigo AU - Baldocchi, Dennis D. AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Hanson, Paul J. AU - Hosman, Kevin P. AU - Kulmala, Liisa AU - Pumpanen, Jukka AU - Yang, Bai T2 - New Phytologist DA - 2011/09// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03771.x DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 191 IS - 4 SP - 1006 EP - 1017 LA - en SN - 0028646X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Looking deeper into the soil: biophysical controls and seasonal lags of soil CO2 production and efflux AU - Vargas, Rodrigo AU - Baldocchi, DD AU - Allen, MF AU - Bahn, M AU - Black, TA AU - Collins, SL AU - Yuste, JC AU - Hirano, T AU - Jassal, RS AU - Pumpanen, J AU - Tang, J T2 - Ecological Applications DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 20 IS - 6 SP - 1569 EP - 1582 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can current moisture responses predict soil CO2 efflux under altered precipitation regimes? A synthesis of manipulation experiments AU - Vicca, S. AU - Bahn, M. AU - Estiarte, M. AU - van Loon, E. E. AU - Vargas, R. AU - Alberti, G. AU - Ambus, P. AU - Arain, M. A. AU - Beier, C. AU - Bentley, L. P. AU - Borken, W. AU - Buchmann, N. AU - Collins, S. L. AU - de Dato, G. AU - Dukes, J. S. AU - Escolar, C. AU - Fay, P. AU - Guidolotti, G. AU - Hanson, P. J. AU - Kahmen, A. AU - Kröel-Dulay, G. AU - Ladreiter-Knauss, T. AU - Larsen, K. S. AU - Lellei-Kovacs, E. AU - Lebrija-Trejos, E. AU - Maestre, F. T. AU - Marhan, S. AU - Marshall, M. AU - Meir, P. AU - Miao, Y. AU - Muhr, J. AU - Niklaus, P. A. AU - Ogaya, R. AU - Peñuelas, J. AU - Poll, C. AU - Rustad, L. E. AU - Savage, K. AU - Schindlbacher, A. AU - Schmidt, I. K. AU - Smith, A. R. AU - Sotta, E. D. AU - Suseela, V. AU - Tietema, A. AU - van Gestel, N. AU - van Straaten, O. AU - Wan, S. AU - Weber, U. AU - Janssens, I. A. T2 - Biogeosciences AB - Abstract. As a key component of the carbon cycle, soil CO2 efflux (SCE) is being increasingly studied to improve our mechanistic understanding of this important carbon flux. Predicting ecosystem responses to climate change often depends on extrapolation of current relationships between ecosystem processes and their climatic drivers to conditions not yet experienced by the ecosystem. This raises the question of to what extent these relationships remain unaltered beyond the current climatic window for which observations are available to constrain the relationships. Here, we evaluate whether current responses of SCE to fluctuations in soil temperature and soil water content can be used to predict SCE under altered rainfall patterns. Of the 58 experiments for which we gathered SCE data, 20 were discarded because either too few data were available or inconsistencies precluded their incorporation in the analyses. The 38 remaining experiments were used to test the hypothesis that a model parameterized with data from the control plots (using soil temperature and water content as predictor variables) could adequately predict SCE measured in the manipulated treatment. Only for 7 of these 38 experiments was this hypothesis rejected. Importantly, these were the experiments with the most reliable data sets, i.e., those providing high-frequency measurements of SCE. Regression tree analysis demonstrated that our hypothesis could be rejected only for experiments with measurement intervals of less than 11 days, and was not rejected for any of the 24 experiments with larger measurement intervals. This highlights the importance of high-frequency measurements when studying effects of altered precipitation on SCE, probably because infrequent measurement schemes have insufficient capacity to detect shifts in the climate dependencies of SCE. Hence, the most justified answer to the question of whether current moisture responses of SCE can be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered precipitation regimes is "no" – as based on the most reliable data sets available. We strongly recommend that future experiments focus more strongly on establishing response functions across a broader range of precipitation regimes and soil moisture conditions. Such experiments should make accurate measurements of water availability, should conduct high-frequency SCE measurements, and should consider both instantaneous responses and the potential legacy effects of climate extremes. This is important, because with the novel approach presented here, we demonstrated that, at least for some ecosystems, current moisture responses could not be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered rainfall conditions. DA - 2014/06/06/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.5194/bg-11-2991-2014 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 2991 EP - 3013 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Hammerle, Albin AU - Haslwanter, Alois AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Cernusca, Alexander T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres AB - The role and relative importance of weather and cutting for the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of a temperate mountain grassland was investigated. Eddy covariance CO2 flux data and associated measurements of the green plant area index and the major environmental driving forces acquired during 2001?2006 at the study site Neustift (Austria) were analyzed. Driven by three cutting events per year which kept the investigated grassland in a stage of vigorous growth, the seasonal variability of NEE was primarily modulated by gross primary productivity (GPP). The role of environmental parameters in modulating the seasonal variability of NEE was obscured by the strong response of GPP to changes in the amount of green plant area, as well as the cutting-mediated decoupling of phenological development and the seasonal course of environmental drivers. None of the environmental and management metrics examined was able to explain the inter-annual variability of annual NEE. This is thought to result from (1) a high covariance between GPP and ecosystem respiration (Reco) at the annual timescale which results in a comparatively small inter-annual variation of NEE, (2) compensating effects between carbon exchange during and outside the management period, and (3) changes in the biotic response to rather than the environmental variables per se. GPP was more important in modulating inter-annual variations in NEE in spring and before the first and second cut, while Reco explained a larger fraction of the inter-annual variability of NEE during the remaining periods, in particular the post-cut periods. DA - 2008/04/27/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1029/2007JD009286 VL - 113 IS - D8 J2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres SN - 0148-0227 UR - https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009286 Y2 - 2020/08/25/ N1 -number: D8
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
number: 5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Turbulent energy and carbon dioxide exchange along an early‐successional windthrow chronosequence in the European Alps AU - Matthews, Bradley AU - Mayer, Mathias AU - Katzensteiner, Klaus AU - Godbold, Douglas L. AU - Schume, Helmut T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 232 SP - 576 EP - 594 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology LA - en SN - 01681923 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis AU - Borchard, Nils AU - Schirrmann, Michael AU - Cayuela, Maria Luz AU - Kammann, Claudia AU - Wrage-Mönnig, Nicole AU - Estavillo, Jose M. AU - Fuertes-Mendizábal, Teresa AU - Sigua, Gilbert AU - Spokas, Kurt AU - Ippolito, James A. AU - Novak, Jeff T2 - Science of The Total Environment DA - 2019/02// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 651 SP - 2354 EP - 2364 J2 - Science of The Total Environment LA - en SN - 00489697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predominant regional biophysical cooling from recent land cover changes in Europe AU - Huang, Bo AU - Hu, Xiangping AU - Fuglstad, Geir-Arne AU - Zhou, Xu AU - Zhao, Wenwu AU - Cherubini, Francesco T2 - Nature Communications AB - Around 70 Mha of land cover changes (LCCs) occurred in Europe from 1992 to 2015. Despite LCCs being an important driver of regional climate variations, their temperature effects at a continental scale have not yet been assessed. Here, we integrate maps of historical LCCs with a regional climate model to investigate air temperature and humidity effects. We find an average temperature change of −0.12 ± 0.20 °C, with widespread cooling (up to −1.0 °C) in western and central Europe in summer and spring. At continental scale, the mean cooling is mainly correlated with agriculture abandonment (cropland-to-forest transitions), but a new approach based on ridge-regression decomposing the temperature change to the individual land transitions shows opposite responses to cropland losses and gains between western and eastern Europe. Effects of historical LCCs on European climate are non-negligible and region-specific, and ignoring land-climate biophysical interactions may lead to sub-optimal climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. DA - 2020/02/26/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-14890-0 DP - www.nature.com VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1066 LA - en SN - 2041-1723 N1 -number: 1
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
number: 10
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distinct Impacts of Land Use and Land Management on Summer Temperatures AU - Chen, Liang AU - Dirmeyer, Paul A. T2 - Frontiers in Earth Science AB - Land use has been recognized as an important anthropogenic forcing of climate change in recent studies. However, climatic effects of land management practices have been little discussed and compared to land-use impacts. As land-atmosphere interactions via surface fluxes are particularly strong during the warm season, we investigate the impacts of historical land use and present irrigation practices on summer temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere using the most recent version of Community Earth System Model. Our results suggest that historical land use leads to an overall cooling in the middle latitudes and a warming in the tropics, and the sign and magnitude of the changes in temperature depend on the type of land cover change. On the other hand, summer irrigation leads to a significant cooling over many irrigated areas due to enhanced evapotranspiration, and the local cooling is comparable to and even stronger than the land-use effects. Both land use and irrigation can also significantly influence the intensity and frequency of hot extremes. Land use shows stronger impacts during the night through ground heat flux feedback, while irrigation shows stronger impacts during the day through latent heat flux feedback. Our comparison demonstrates the importance of irrigation in local and regional climate, highlighting the necessity of considering such land management practices in future assessments of regional climate change and climate mitigation. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.3389/feart.2020.00245 VL - 8 SN - 2296-6463 UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00245 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing the broad-leaved tree fraction in European forests mitigates hot temperature extremes AU - Schwaab, Jonas AU - Davin, Edouard L. AU - Bebi, Peter AU - Duguay-Tetzlaff, Anke AU - Waser, Lars T. AU - Haeni, Matthias AU - Meier, Ronny T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Forests influence climate through a myriad of chemical, physical and biological processes and are an essential lever in the efforts to counter climate change. The majority of studies investigating potential climate benefits from forests have focused on forest area changes, while changes to forest management, in particular those affecting species composition, have received much less attention. Using a statistical model based on remote sensing observations over Europe, we show that broad-leaved tree species locally reduce land surface temperatures in summer compared to needle-leaved species. The summer mean cooling effect related to an increase in broad-leaved tree fraction of 80% is relatively modest (~ 0.3–0.75 K), but is amplified during exceptionally warm periods. The reduction of daily maximum temperatures during the hottest days reaches up to 1.8 K in the Atlantic region and up to 1.5 K in Continental and Mediterranean regions. Hot temperature extremes adversely affect humans and ecosystems and are expected to become more frequent in a future climate. Thus, forest management strategies aiming to increase the fraction of broad-leaved species could help to reduce some of the adverse local impacts caused by hot temperature extremes. However, the overall benefits and trade-offs related to an increase in the broad-leaved tree fraction in European forests needs to be further investigated and assessed carefully when adapting forest management strategies. DA - 2020/08/25/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-71055-1 DP - www.nature.com VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 14153 LA - en SN - 2045-2322 N1 -number: 1
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
number: 5
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Special Report on Climate Change and Land AU - IPCC DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - www.ipcc.ch UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ Y2 - 2020/07/01/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improved estimates and understanding of global albedo and atmospheric solar absorption AU - Kim, Dohyeong AU - Ramanathan, V. T2 - Geophysical Research Letters AB - This study integrates available surface-based and satellite observations of solar radiation at the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA) with a comprehensive set of satellite observations of atmospheric and surface optical properties and a Monte Carlo Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation (MACR) model to estimate the three fundamental components of the planetary solar radiation budget: Albedo at the TOA; atmospheric solar absorption; and surface solar absorption. The MACR incorporates most if not all of our current understanding of the theory of solar radiation physics including modern spectroscopic water vapor data, minor trace gases, absorbing aerosols including its effects inside cloud drops, 3-D cloud scattering effects. The model is subject to a severe test by comparing the simulated solar radiation budget with data from 34 globally distributed state-of-the art BSRN (Baseline Surface Radiation Network) land stations which began data collection in the mid 1990s. The TOA over these sites were obtained from the CERES (Cloud and Earth's Radiant Energy System) satellites. The simulated radiation budget was within 2 Wm?2for all three components over the BSRN sites. On the other hand, over these same sites, the IPCC-2007 simulation of atmospheric absorption is smaller by 7?8 Wm?2. MACR was then used with a comprehensive set of model input from satellites to simulate global solar radiation budget. The simulated planetary albedo of 29.0% confirms the value (28.6%) observed by CERES. We estimate the atmospheric absorption to be 82 ± 8 Wm?2 to be compared with the 67 Wm?2 by IPCC models as of 2001 and updated to 76 Wm?2by IPCC-2007. The primary reasons for the 6 Wm?2 larger solar absorption in our estimates are: updated water vapor spectroscopic database (?1 Wm?2), inclusion of minor gases (?0.5 Wm?2), black and brown carbon aerosols (?4 Wm?2), the inclusion of black carbon in clouds (?1 Wm?2) and 3-D effect of clouds (?1 Wm?2). The fundamental deduction from our study is the remarkable consistency between satellite measurements of the radiation budget and the parameters (aerosols, clouds and surface reflectivity) which determine the radiation budget. Because of this consistency we can account for and explain the global solar radiation budget of the planet within few Wm?2. DA - 2012/12/28/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1029/2012GL053757 VL - 39 IS - 24 J2 - Geophysical Research Letters SN - 0094-8276 UR - https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053757 Y2 - 2021/03/11/ N1 -number: 24
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
PMID: 11089969
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Modelling climate response to historical land cover change AU - Brovkin, Victor AU - Ganopolski, Andrey AU - Claussen, Martin AU - Kubatzki, Claudia AU - Petoukhov, V. T2 - gecb DA - 1999/01/01/ PY - 1999 DP - ResearchGate VL - 8 SP - 509 J2 - gecb ER - TY - JOUR TI - Boreal lichen woodlands: A possible negative feedback to climate change in eastern North America AU - Bernier, P.Y. AU - Desjardins, R.L. AU - Karimi-Zindashty, Y. AU - Worth, D. AU - Beaudoin, A. AU - Luo, Y. AU - Wang, S. T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Because of successive forest fires, closed-canopy black spruce forests are susceptible to a shift towards open lichen–spruce woodlands in parts of the boreal forest of eastern North America. The shift from dark black spruce canopies to pale lichen ground cover offers a dramatic contrast in reflectance that may compensate for the CO2 emissions from forest fires in terms of radiative forcing. We have therefore looked at the climate change feedback that would result from the generation of lichen woodlands through changes in albedo and in stored carbon. Using albedo estimates based on MODIS imagery and incoming solar radiation for the period between 2000 and 2008 along with forest biomass estimates for eastern Canada, we have estimated that net radiative forcing for the conversion from closed-canopy coniferous forests to open lichen woodlands would be about −0.12nWm−2ha−1, and would therefore generate a cooling effect in the atmosphere. Based on current estimates of area in open lichen woodlands within the closed-canopy black spruce–moss forests of eastern Canada, we estimate that a current net forcing of −0.094mWm−2 has already arisen from such conversions. As projections of future climate have been linked to increased probability of forest fires, the generation of open lichen woodlands provides a possible negative feedback to climate change. Results also suggest that carbon sequestration through the afforestation of boreal lichen woodlands may not provide a climate change mitigation benefit. DA - 2011/04/15/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.013 VL - 151 IS - 4 SP - 521 EP - 528 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology SN - 0168-1923 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of albedo changes following afforestation on the benefits of forests as carbon sinks AU - Kirschbaum, M. U. F. AU - Whitehead, D. AU - Dean, S. M. AU - Beets, P. N. AU - Shepherd, J. D. AU - Ausseil, A.-G. E. T2 - Biogeosciences AB -Abstract. Increased carbon storage with afforestation leads to a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and thus decreases radiative forcing and cools the Earth. However, afforestation also changes the reflective properties of the surface vegetation from more reflective pasture to relatively less reflective forest cover. This increase in radiation absorption by the forest constitutes an increase in radiative forcing, with a warming effect. The net effect of decreased albedo and carbon storage on radiative forcing depends on the relative magnitude of these two opposing processes.
We used data from an intensively studied site in New Zealand's Central North Island that has long-term, ground-based measurements of albedo over the full short-wave spectrum from a developing Pinus radiata forest. Data from this site were supplemented with satellite-derived albedo estimates from New Zealand pastures. The albedo of a well-established forest was measured as 13 % and pasture albedo as 20 %. We used these data to calculate the direct radiative forcing effect of changing albedo as the forest grew.
We calculated the radiative forcing resulting from the removal of carbon from the atmosphere as a decrease in radiative forcing of −104 GJ tC−1 yr−1. We also showed that the observed change in albedo constituted a direct radiative forcing of 2759 GJ ha−1 yr−1. Thus, following afforestation, 26.5 tC ha−1 needs to be stored in a growing forest to balance the increase in radiative forcing resulting from the observed albedo change. Measurements of tree biomass and albedo were used to estimate the net change in radiative forcing as the newly planted forest grew. Albedo and carbon-storage effects were of similar magnitude for the first four to five years after tree planting, but as the stand grew older, the carbon storage effect increasingly dominated. Averaged over the whole length of the rotation, the changes in albedo negated the benefits from increased carbon storage by 17–24 %.
publisher: Copernicus GmbH
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forestation of boreal peatlands: Impacts of changing albedo and greenhouse gas fluxes on radiative forcing AU - Lohila, Annalea AU - Minkkinen, Kari AU - Laine, Jukka AU - Savolainen, Ilkka AU - Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka AU - Korhonen, Lauri AU - Laurila, Tuomas AU - Tietäväinen, Hanna AU - Laaksonen, Ari T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - We estimated the magnitude of the radiative forcing (RF) due to changes in albedo following the forestation of peatlands, and calculated the net RF by taking into account the changes in both the albedo and the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes during one forest rotation. Data on radiation, tree biomass, and soil GHG fluxes were combined with models for canopy cover, tree carbon accumulation, and the RF due to increased atmospheric GHG concentrations for four typical site cases in Finland covering two soil nutrient levels in the south and north of the country. We also studied the observed long-term surface temperatures to detect any indications of drainage-induced effects. The magnitude of the albedo-induced RF was similar to that caused by the carbon sequestration of the growing trees. At three site cases out of four the drainage induced a cooling or negative RF, the tendency for cooling being higher at sites with a higher nutrient level. The differences in albedo-induced RF mainly arose from the spring season due to (1) the different snow cover duration in the south versus the north, and (2) the different albedos of drained and undrained snow covered peatlands. An increase in the maximum daily temperatures was observed in April in southern Finland, where the most intensive drainage practices have taken place, suggesting that forestry drainage has potentially affected the local climate. Our results show that the decreasing albedo resulting from peatland forestation contributes significantly to the RF, balancing out or even exceeding the cooling effect due to the changing GHG fluxes. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1029/2010JG001327 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 115 IS - G4 LA - en SN - 2156-2202 UR - https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2010JG001327 Y2 - 2020/05/22/ N1 -_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2010JG001327
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Radiative forcing of natural forest disturbances AU - O'Halloran, Thomas L. AU - Law, Beverly E. AU - Goulden, Michael L. AU - Wang, Zhuosen AU - Barr, Jordan G. AU - Schaaf, Crystal AU - Brown, Mathew AU - Fuentes, José D. AU - Göckede, Mathias AU - Black, Andrew AU - Engel, Vic T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Forest disturbances are major sources of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and therefore impact global climate. Biogeophysical attributes, such as surface albedo (reflectivity), further control the climate-regulating properties of forests. Using both tower-based and remotely sensed data sets, we show that natural disturbances from wildfire, beetle outbreaks, and hurricane wind throw can significantly alter surface albedo, and the associated radiative forcing either offsets or enhances the CO2 forcing caused by reducing ecosystem carbon sequestration over multiple years. In the examined cases, the radiative forcing from albedo change is on the same order of magnitude as the CO2 forcing. The net radiative forcing resulting from these two factors leads to a local heating effect in a hurricane-damaged mangrove forest in the subtropics, and a cooling effect following wildfire and mountain pine beetle attack in boreal forests with winter snow. Although natural forest disturbances currently represent less than half of gross forest cover loss, that area will probably increase in the future under climate change, making it imperative to represent these processes accurately in global climate models. DA - 2012/02/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02577.x VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 555 EP - 565 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -number: 2
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fluxes all of the time? A primer on the temporal representativeness of FLUXNET AU - Chu, Housen AU - Baldocchi, Dennis D. AU - John, Ranjeet AU - Wolf, Sebastian AU - Reichstein, Markus T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - Abstract FLUXNET, the global network of eddy covariance flux towers, provides the largest synthesized data set of CO2, H2O, and energy fluxes. To achieve the ultimate goal of providing flux information ?everywhere and all of the time,? studies have attempted to address the representativeness issue, i.e., whether measurements taken in a set of given locations and measurement periods can be extrapolated to a space- and time-explicit extent (e.g., terrestrial globe, 1982?2013 climatological baseline). This study focuses on the temporal representativeness of FLUXNET and tests whether site-specific measurement periods are sufficient to capture the natural variability of climatological and biological conditions. FLUXNET is unevenly representative across sites in terms of the measurement lengths and potentials of extrapolation in time. Similarity of driver conditions among years generally enables the extrapolation of flux information beyond measurement periods. Yet such extrapolation potentials are further constrained by site-specific variability of driver conditions. Several driver variables such as air temperature, diurnal temperature range, potential evapotranspiration, and normalized difference vegetation index had detectable trends and/or breakpoints within the baseline period, and flux measurements generally covered similar and biased conditions in those drivers. About 38% and 60% of FLUXNET sites adequately sampled the mean conditions and interannual variability of all driver conditions, respectively. For long-record sites (≥15?years) the percentages increased to 59% and 69%, respectively. However, the justification of temporal representativeness should not rely solely on the lengths of measurements. Whenever possible, site-specific consideration (e.g., trend, breakpoint, and interannual variability in drivers) should be taken into account. DA - 2017/02/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/2016JG003576 VL - 122 IS - 2 SP - 289 EP - 307 J2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences SN - 2169-8953 N1 -number: 2
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
number: 20
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why has catchment evaporation increased in the past 40 years? A data-based study in Austria AU - Duethmann, Doris AU - Blöschl, Günter T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB -Abstract. Regional evaporation has increased in many parts of the world in the last decades, but the drivers of these increases are widely debated. Part of the difficulty lies in the scarcity of high-quality long-term data on evaporation. In this paper, we analyze changes in catchment evaporation estimated from the water balances of 156 catchments in Austria over the period 1977–2014 and attribute them to changes in atmospheric demand and available energy, vegetation, and precipitation as possible drivers. Trend analyses suggest that evaporation has significantly increased in 60 % of the catchments (p≤0.05) with an average increase of 29±14 mm yr−1 decade−1 (± standard deviation) or 4.9±2.3 % decade−1. Pan evaporation based on 24 stations has, on average, increased by 29±5 mm yr−1 decade−1 or 6.0±1.0 % decade−1. Reference evaporation over the 156 catchments estimated by the Penman–Monteith equation has increased by 18±5 mm yr−1 decade−1 or 2.8±0.7 % decade−1. Of these, 2.1 % are due to increased global radiation and 0.5 % due to increased air temperature according to the Penman–Monteith equation. A satellite-based vegetation index (NDVI) has increased by 0.02±0.01 decade−1 or 3.1±1.1 % decade−1. Estimates of reference evaporation accounting for changes in stomata resistance due to changes in the NDVI indicate that the increase in vegetation activity has led to a similar increase in reference evaporation as changes in the climate parameters. A regression between trends in evaporation and precipitation yields a sensitivity of a 0.22±0.05 mm yr−2 increase in evaporation to a 1 mm yr−2 increase in precipitation. A synthesis of the data analyses suggests that 43±15 % of the observed increase in catchment evaporation may be directly attributed to increased atmospheric demand and available energy, 34±14 % to increased vegetation activity, and 24±5 % to increases in precipitation.
DA - 2018/10/04/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/hess-22-5143-2018 DP - www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - 5143 EP - 5158 LA - English SN - 1027-5606 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ASOC-Österreichische Karte des organischen Bodenkohlenstoffs - Endbericht zum Forschungsprojekt Nr. 101255 AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Schwarz, Michael AU - Huber, Sigbert AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Obersteiner, Erik AU - Aust, Günther AU - Englisch, Michael AU - Horvath, Daniel AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Leitgeb, Ernst AU - Rodlauer, Christian AU - Bohner, Andreas CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 70 LA - English UR - https://www.dafne.at/prod/dafne_plus_common/attachment_download/34a3b1b9e4e51670d9e315b325b23956/ASOC_Endbericht.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Moore: Vom Aschelputtel zur Prinzessin! AU - Grünig, A T2 - NATUR und Land DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 VL - 96 SP - 4 EP - 10 N1 -number: 96
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interannual and seasonal variability in carbon dioxide and methane fluxes of a pine peat bog in the Eastern Alps, Austria AU - Drollinger, Simon AU - Maier, Andreas AU - Glatzel, Stephan T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology AB - Intact peat bogs are carbon dioxide (CO2) sinks and methane (CH4) sources. Facing drought and drainage, they may turn into CO2 sources and decreased CH4 sources. Information on the CO2 and CH4 exchange of alpine peat bogs in Central Europe has been missing so far. Here, we present data from two years of CO2 and CH4 exchange between an alpine low-shrub pine bog in the Eastern Alps and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance method. The annual net CO2 ecosystem exchange of the peatland differs substantially between the two measurement years, with -24 ± 13 g C m−2 yr−1 for the drought affected first year and -84 ± 13 g C m−2 yr−1 for the more humid second year. We found ecosystem respiration (Reco) to depend on variations in soil temperature and soil moisture, and gross primary production (GPP) to be strongly linked to net radiation and daylength. The summer drought in 2015 shifted the peatland from a C sink to a C source, as increases in Reco clearly exceeded enhanced GPP. Annual CH4 emission was 4.40 ± 2.40 g C m−2 yr−1 during the drought-affected year and 5.24 ± 2.57 g C m−2 yr−1 during the wetter year. Summer CH4 fluxes contribute 44% to the annual balance, followed by autumn (27%), spring (20%) and winter season fluxes (9%). CH4 fluxes most strongly depend on soil temperatures, soil moisture effects increase at smaller time-scales. Annual CH4 emissions are low compared to other temperate bogs, which most likely is the result of the ongoing degradation, indicated by a shift in vegetation composition. Net flux of both greenhouse gases was positive in the first year (+75 g CO2-eq m−2) and negative in the second year (−110 g CO2-eq m−2). Our results indicate that drought events and seasonal and interannual variations in temperature and precipitation strongly affect the C cycle of alpine peat bogs. DA - 2019/09// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.05.015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 275 SP - 69 EP - 78 J2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology LA - en SN - 01681923 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Österreichischer Moorschutzkatalog AU - Steiner, Gert Michael T2 - Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Jugend und Familie CY - Graz DA - 1992/// PY - 1992 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN ET - 4., vollst. überarb. Aufl LA - ger PB - Styria-Medienservice SN - 978-3-7012-0014-6 N1 -OCLC: 75529919
ER - TY - RPRT TI - MoorClim: Moore in Österreich - Zwischen Klimastress und Beitrag zum aktiven Klimaschutz AU - Essl, Franz AU - Dullinger, Stefan AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Kleinbauer, Ingrid DA - 2012/12/04/ PY - 2012 LA - Deutsch ER - TY - CHAP TI - Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles AU - Ciais, P. AU - Sabine, C. AU - Bala, G. AU - Bopp, Laurent AU - Brovkin, V. AU - Canadell, J. AU - Chhabra, A. AU - DeFries, R. AU - Galloway, M. AU - Heimann, M. AU - Jones, C. AU - LeQuéré, C. AU - Myneni, R.B. AU - Piao, S. AU - Thronton, P. T2 - Cli-mate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 - Stocker, T.F. A2 - Qin, D. A2 - Plattner, G.-K. A2 - Tignor, M. A2 - Allen, S.K. A2 - Boschung, J. A2 - Nauels, A. A2 - Xia, Y. A2 - Bex, V. A2 - Midgley, P.M. A2 - Stocker, T.F. A2 - Qin, D. A2 - Plattner, G.-K. A2 - Tignor, M. A2 - Allen, S.K. A2 - Boschung, J. A2 - Nauels, A. A2 - Xia, Y. A2 - Bex, V. A2 - Midgley, P.M. CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Terrestrial carbon inputs to inland waters: A current synthesis of estimates and uncertainty AU - Drake, Travis W. AU - Raymond, Peter A. AU - Spencer, Robert G. M. T2 - Limnology and Oceanography Letters AB - Abstract Globally, inland waters receive a significant but ill-defined quantity of terrestrial carbon (C). When summed, the contemporary estimates for the three possible fates of C in inland waters (storage, outgassing, and export) highlight that terrestrial landscapes may deliver upward of 5.1 Pg of C annually. This review of flux estimates over the last decade has revealed an average increase of ? 0.3 Pg C yr?1, indicating a historical underestimation of the amount of terrestrial-C exported to inland waters. The continual increase in the estimates also underscores large data gaps and uncertainty. As research continues to refine these aquatic fluxes, especially C outgassed from the humid tropics and other understudied regions, we expect the global estimate of terrestrial-C transferred to inland waters to rise. An important implication of this upward refinement is that terrestrial net ecosystem production may be overestimated with ramifications for modeling of the global C cycle. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1002/lol2.10055 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 132 EP - 142 J2 - Limnology and Oceanography Letters SN - 2378-2242 N1 -number: 3
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) in lowland springs within an agricultural impacted watershed (Po River Plain, northern Italy) AU - Laini, Alex AU - Bartoli, Marco AU - Castaldi, Simona AU - Viaroli, Pierluigi AU - Capri, Ettore AU - Trevisan, Marco T2 - Chemistry and Ecology DA - 2011/04/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1080/02757540.2010.547489 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 177 EP - 187 J2 - null SN - 0275-7540 N1 -number: 2
publisher: Taylor & Francis
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gravel bars are sites of increased CO2 outgassing in stream corridors AU - Boodoo, Kyle S. AU - Trauth, Nico AU - Schmidt, Christian AU - Schelker, Jakob AU - Battin, Tom J. T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Streams are significant sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. Estimates of CO2 evasion fluxes (fCO2) from streams typically relate to the free flowing water but exclude geomorphological structures within the stream corridor. We found that gravel bars (GBs) are important sources of CO2 to the atmosphere, with on average more than twice as high fCO2 as those from the streamwater, affecting fCO2 at the level of entire headwater networks. Vertical temperature gradients resulting from the interplay between advective heat transfer and mixing with groundwater within GBs explained the observed variation in fCO2 from the GBs reasonably well. We propose that increased temperatures and their gradients within GBs exposed to solar radiation stimulate heterotrophic metabolism therein and facilitate the venting of CO2 from external sources (e.g. downwelling streamwater, groundwater) within GBs. Our study shows that GB fCO2 increased fCO2from stream corridors by [median, (95% confidence interval)] 16.69%, (15.85–18.49%); 30.44%, (30.40–34.68%) and 2.92%, (2.90–3.0%), for 3rd, 4th and 5th order streams, respectively. These findings shed new light on regional estimates of fCO2 from streams, and are relevant given that streamwater thermal regimes change owing to global warming and human alteration of stream corridors. DA - 2017/10/31/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/s41598-017-14439-0 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 14401 J2 - Scientific Reports SN - 2045-2322 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations in 40 lakes in the Alpine area AU - Pighini, Sylvie AU - Ventura, Maurizio AU - Miglietta, Franco AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg T2 - Aquatic Sciences AB - While it has been recently recognized that freshwater ecosystems may significantly offset the terrestrial carbon sink through emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), empirical data on the magnitude of these sources are still scarce, in particular in temperate regions. In this study, we measured the near-surface dissolved concentrations of CH4 and CO2 from 40 lakes in the Alpine area to estimate their potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We hypothesized (1) a temperature-driven gradient of dissolved gas concentrations in terms of elevation and latitude of the lakes and (2) that lower concentrations would be measured in man-made reservoirs compared to natural lakes. Average CH4 and CO2 surface dissolved concentrations amounted to 1.10 ± 1.30 and 36.23 ± 31.15 µmol L−1, respectively. All the lakes, except for one, were supersaturated, exceeding ambient atmospheric CH4 and CO2 concentrations by a factor of 400 ± 424 and 2.43 ± 2.29, respectively. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found lower surface dissolved GHG concentrations in man-made reservoirs compared to natural lakes, which was shown to be related to their greater depth. Even though temperature is known to affect multiple physico-chemical and biological processes governing the strength of the uptake, release and conversion of CH4 and CO2, and temperature is inversely related to elevation, no relationship between dissolved GHG concentrations and elevation could be determined. This is believed to be the result of the overriding importance of lake depth for near-surface CH4 concentrations and the lack of explanatory variables related to lake carbon cycling. Overall, this study suggests that lakes in the Alpine region act as sources of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere and that further research should be carried out to quantify the actual GHG emissions from Alpine freshwater bodies and how these are affected by ongoing changes in climate and land use. DA - 2018/05/30/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1007/s00027-018-0583-2 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - 32 J2 - Aquatic Sciences SN - 1420-9055 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CO2 evasion from a steep, high gradient stream network: importance of seasonal and diurnal variation in aquatic pCO2 and gas transfer AU - Schelker, Jakob AU - Singer, Gabriel A. AU - Ulseth, Amber J. AU - Hengsberger, Sabrina AU - Battin, Tom J. T2 - Limnology and Oceanography AB - Abstract Surface waters contribute substantially to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. However, global estimates remain uncertain due to methodological difficulties, such as in precisely estimating gas transfer in steep upland streams. Here, we addressed the question of what drives CO2 evasion from steep mountainous stream network of the European Alps by assessing the spatial and temporal variation of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) for 148 streams and the gas transfer coefficient for CO2 (kCO2) for 88 locations within this 254 km2 watershed. Results show that log kCO2 can be predicted reasonably well (r2?=?0.71, p<0.001, n?=?88) using a statistical model based on slope, average width, flow velocity and stream discharge. Also, most sites were supersaturated in CO2 with significant variation in pCO2 due to season (September vs. December) and time of day (day vs. night), but not stream order. Resulting median CO2 evasion rates were 145, 119, 46, 43, and 50 mg C m?2 h?1 at 1st to 5th order streams, respectively. CO2 evasion was dependent on season and time of day, with the highest evasion (184.0 kg C h?1) during growing season at nighttime, followed by 124.6 kg C h?1 during daytime. Dormant season nighttime evasion was 30.9 kg C h?1 and daytime evasion only 17.1 kg C h?1. Overall we conclude that CO2 evasion of steep mountainous streams depends on seasonal and diurnal variation in pCO2 and reach-specific variability in kCO2. These controls strongly alter landscape-scale CO2 evasion estimates, with implications for regional to global carbon budgets. DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1002/lno.10339 VL - 61 IS - 5 SP - 1826 EP - 1838 J2 - Limnology and Oceanography SN - 0024-3590 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Emissions of greenhouse gases from Lake Neusiedl, a shallow steppe lake in Eastern Austria AU - Soja, Gerhard AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Soja, Anna-Maria T2 - Hydrobiologia DA - 2014/06// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1007/s10750-013-1681-8 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 731 IS - 1 SP - 125 EP - 138 J2 - Hydrobiologia LA - en SN - 0018-8158, 1573-5117 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback AU - Schuur, E. A. G. AU - McGuire, A. D. AU - Schädel, C. AU - Grosse, G. AU - Harden, J. W. AU - Hayes, D. J. AU - Hugelius, G. AU - Koven, C. D. AU - Kuhry, P. AU - Lawrence, D. M. AU - Natali, S. M. AU - Olefeldt, D. AU - Romanovsky, V. E. AU - Schaefer, K. AU - Turetsky, M. R. AU - Treat, C. C. AU - Vonk, J. E. T2 - Nature DA - 2015/04// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1038/nature14338 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 520 IS - 7546 SP - 171 EP - 179 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836, 1476-4687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low below-ground organic carbon storage in a subarctic Alpine permafrost environment AU - Fuchs, M. AU - Kuhry, P. AU - Hugelius, G. T2 - The Cryosphere DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.5194/tc-9-427-2015 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 427 EP - 438 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic carbon storage in a mountain permafrost area of Central Asia (High Altai, Russia) AU - Pascual, Didac AU - Kuhry, Peter AU - Raudina, Tatiana T2 - Ambio AB - The thawing and subsequent decomposition of large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) currently stored in the northern circumpolar permafrost region are projected to result in a ‘positive’ feedback on global warming. The magnitude of this feedback can only be assessed with improved knowledge about the total size and geographic distribution of the permafrost SOC pool. This study investigates SOC storage in an under-sampled mountain permafrost area in the Russian High Altai. SOC stocks from 39 soil pits are upscaled using a GIS-based land cover classification. We found that the top 100 cm of soils in Aktru Valley and the adjacent Kuray Basin only holds on average 2.6 ± 0.6 kg C m−2 (95% confidence interval), of which only c. 1% is stored in permafrost. Global warming will result in an upward shift of alpine life zones, with new plant cover and soil development at higher elevations. As a result, this type of mountain permafrost area might act as a net C sink in the future, representing a ‘negative’ feedback on global warming. DA - 2021/11/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s13280-020-01433-6 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 2022 EP - 2037 J2 - Ambio SN - 1654-7209 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change impacts on the Alpine ecosystem: an overview with focus on the soil AU - Chersich, S. AU - Rejšek, K. AU - Vranová, V. AU - Bordoni, M. AU - Meisina, C. T2 - Journal of Forest Science AB - The Alpine ecosystem is very sensitive to climatic changes, which have an influence on glaciers, snow, vegetation and soils. The aim of this review is to illustrate the effects of global change on the Alpine soil ecosystem, which is an optimal marker to record them. The manuscript enhances our understanding of the global change effect on the Alpine environment: on morphology, on ice, on vegetation and points out how the cycles of soil nutrients equilibrium have been changed with a direct effect on soils that support plant species. The changes in cryosphere, glacier reduction and periglacial environment as glaciers retreat, decrease in the snow cover extent and earlier snowmelt, determine an effect on soils (on the structure, organic matter and humus forms, soil processes and soil types) from the top of the Alpine horizon to the bottom. The processes induced by climate change (such as erosion and tree line shifting) have a direct effect on water balance that can be observed on soil profile characters with an effect on upward migration, change in phenology, extensive losses of species. The equilibrium of the biogeochemical cycles has been changed and this has a direct effect on soils that support plant species. DA - 2016/06/03/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.17221/47/2015-JFS DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 61 IS - No. 11 SP - 496 EP - 514 J2 - J. For. Sci. LA - en SN - 12124834, 1805935X ER - TY - JOUR TI - A statistical approach to modelling permafrost distribution in the European Alps or similar mountain ranges AU - Boeckli, L. AU - Brenning, A. AU - Gruber, S. AU - Noetzli, J. T2 - The Cryosphere AB - Estimates of permafrost distribution in mountain regions are important for the assessment of climate change effects on natural and human systems. In order to make permafrost analyses and the establishment of guidelines for e.g. construction or hazard assessment comparable and compatible between regions, one consistent and traceable model for the entire Alpine domain is required. For the calibration of statistical models, the scarcity of suitable and reliable information about the presence or absence of permafrost makes the use of large areas attractive due to the larger data base available. DA - 2012/01/26/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.5194/tc-6-125-2012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 125 EP - 140 J2 - The Cryosphere LA - en SN - 1994-0424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics AU - Boeckli, L. AU - Brenning, A. AU - Gruber, S. AU - Noetzli, J. T2 - The Cryosphere AB - The objective of this study is the production of an Alpine Permafrost Index Map (APIM) covering the entire European Alps. A unified statistical model that is based on Alpine-wide permafrost observations is used for debris and bedrock surfaces across the entire Alps. The explanatory variables of the model are mean annual air temperatures, potential incoming solar radiation and precipitation. Offset terms were applied to make model predictions for topographic and geomorphic conditions that differ from the terrain features used for model fitting. These offsets are based on literature review and involve some degree of subjective choice during model building. The assessment of the APIM is challenging because limited independent test data are available for comparison and these observations represent point information in a spatially highly variable topography. The APIM provides an index that describes the spatial distribution of permafrost and comes together with an interpretation key that helps to assess map uncertainties and to relate map contents to their actual expression in the terrain. The map can be used as a first resource to estimate permafrost conditions at any given location in the European Alps in a variety of contexts such as research and spatial planning. DA - 2012/07/27/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.5194/tc-6-807-2012 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 807 EP - 820 J2 - The Cryosphere LA - en SN - 1994-0424 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permafrost in Switzerland 2014/2015 to 2017/2018, Glaciological Report No. 16-19 AU - Noetzli, J. AU - Pellet, C. AU - Staub, B. A2 - Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences A2 - Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.13093/PERMOS-REP-2019-16-19 DP - DOI.org (Datacite) LA - English UR - http://www.permos.ch/doi/permos-rep-2019-16-19.html Y2 - 2020/07/06/ N1 -publisher: Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A two-sided approach to estimate heat transfer processes within the active layer of the Murtèl–Corvatsch rock glacier AU - Scherler, M. AU - Schneider, S. AU - Hoelzle, M. AU - Hauck, C. T2 - Earth Surface Dynamics AB - The thermal regime of permafrost on scree slopes and rock glaciers is characterized by the importance of air flow driven convective and advective heat transfer processes. These processes are supposed to be part of the energy balance in the active layer of rock glaciers leading to lower subsurface temperatures than would be expected at the lower limit of discontinuous high mountain permafrost. In this study, new parametrizations were introduced in a numerical soil model (the Coup Model) to simulate permafrost temperatures observed in a borehole at the Murtèl rock glacier in the Swiss Alps in the period from 1997 to 2008. A soil heat sink and source layer was implemented within the active layer, which was parametrized experimentally to account for and quantify the contribution of air flow driven heat transfer on the measured permafrost temperatures. The experimental model calibration process yielded a value of about 28.9 Wm−2 for the heat sink during the period from mid September to mid January and one of 26 Wm−2 for the heat source in the period from June to mid September. Energy balance measurements, integrated over a 3.5 m-thick blocky surface layer, showed seasonal deviations between a zero energy balance and the calculated sum of the energy balance components of around 5.5 Wm−2 in fall/winter, −0.9 Wm−2 in winter/spring and around −9.4 Wm−2 in summer. The calculations integrate heat exchange processes including thermal radiation between adjacent blocks, turbulent heat flux and energy storage change in the blocky surface layer. Finally, it is hypothesized that these deviations approximately equal unmeasured freezing and thawing processes within the blocky surface layer. DA - 2014/03/05/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.5194/esurf-2-141-2014 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 141 EP - 154 J2 - Earth Surf. Dynam. LA - en SN - 2196-632X ER - TY - THES TI - Borehole Temperature and active layer variability at Hoher Sonnblick, Austria AU - Heinrich, G CY - Graz DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 M3 - Diplomarbeit PB - Universität Graz ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards an integrative assessment of land-use type values from the perspective of ecosystem services AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Schirpke, Uta AU - Zoderer, Brenda Maria AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - Ecosystem Services AB - Policy-makers and practitioners are increasingly interested in information about ecosystem services (ES), but the creation of indicators that are comprehensive and yet interpretable for stakeholders remains a challenge. In this study, we make use of the extensive body of research on ES and available data to quantify the value of land-use types from an ES perspective. Specifically, we estimate the supply of 19 important ES for the main land-use types on the basis of 58 ecosystem and landscape measures (capturing either state, quantity or process) derived from the literature. In addition, we used survey-based evidence of socio-cultural values of ES to integrate society’s demand for ES. Our approach allows for an integrative assessment and comparison of land-use types, considering both the supply and demand of multiple ES, and the production of outputs at three levels of aggregation, relating to (1) individual ES, (2) ES categories, and (3) land-use types. This makes it possible to flexibly adapt outputs according to the needs of stakeholders, while balancing concerns of comprehensiveness and ease of use. We conclude with a discussion of further avenues for future research, calling for a stronger coordination of ES research and the establishment of shared databases on ES. DA - 2020/04/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101082 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 42 SP - 101082 J2 - Ecosystem Services LA - en SN - 2212-0416 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of organic carbon pools for Austria's agricultural soils using a information system AU - Gerzabek, M. H. AU - Strebl, F. AU - Tulipan, M. AU - Schwarz, S. T2 - Canadian Journal of Soil Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 VL - 85 SP - 491 EP - 498 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple ecosystem services of a changing Alpine landscape: past, present and future AU - Schirpke, Uta AU - Leitinger, Georg AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Schermer, Markus AU - Steinbacher, Melanie AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management AB - In mountain regions, ecosystem services provision is strongly linked to land use, topography and climate, where impacts can be expected under global change. For our study site in the Austrian Alps, we examined the relationship between agricultural activities and multiple ecosystem services on landscape scale from past to future. Modelling of future land-use patterns was based on stakeholder workshops considering different socio-economic and climate scenarios. In the past, land-use intensity was reduced resulting in less forage provision but better regulating services. Future scenarios predict contrasting developments; under conditions of global change, farmers shift the focus of their activities towards tourism, but in times of global economic crisis farming becomes more important again. Developing the local economy facilitates new markets for agricultural products, but projected drought periods will cause an abandonment of farmland. While forest regeneration is valuable for regulating services, it reduces the aesthetic value. Both regulating and cultural services decrease when forage provision is optimized. To ensure multiple ecosystem service provision, agricultural management should be related to ecosystem services and included into land-use policies and agricultural incentives. DA - 2013/06/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1080/21513732.2012.751936 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 123 EP - 135 SN - 2151-3732 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Mountain Soils in a Changing Climate – Vulnerability of Carbon Stocks and Ecosystem Feedbacks AU - Sjögersten, Sofie AU - Alewell, Christine AU - Cécillon, Lauric AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Leifeld, Jens AU - Martinsen, Vegard AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Sebastià, M. Teresa AU - Van Miegroet, Helga T2 - Soil Carbon in Sensitive European Ecosystems A2 - Jandl, R. A2 - Rodeghiero, M. A2 - Olsson, M. A2 - Jandl, R. A2 - Rodeghiero, M. A2 - Olsson, M. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 118 EP - 148 SN - 978-1-119-97025-5 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119970255.ch6 N1 -DOI: 10.1002/9781119970255.ch6
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Influences of changing land use and CO2 concentration on ecosystem and landscape level carbon and water balances in mountainous terrain of the Stubai Valley, Austria AU - Tenhunen, J. AU - Geyer, R. AU - Adiku, S. AU - Reichstein, M. AU - Tappeiner, U. AU - Bahn, M. AU - Cernusca, A. AU - Dinh, N. Q. AU - Kolcun, O. AU - Lohila, A. AU - Otieno, D. AU - Schmidt, M. AU - Schmitt, M. AU - Wang, Q. AU - Wartinger, M. AU - Wohlfahrt, G. T2 - Global and Planetary Change T3 - Changes in land use and water use and their consequences on climate, including biogeochemical cycles AB - A process-based spatial simulation model was used to estimate gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem CO2 exchange and water use by the vegetation in Stubai Valley, Austria at landscape scale. The simulations were run for individual years from early spring to late fall, providing estimates in grasslands for carbon gain, biomass and leaf area development, allocation of photoproducts to the below ground ecosystem compartment, and water use. In the case of evergreen coniferous forests, gas exchange is estimated, but spatial simulation of growth over the single annual cycles is not included. Spatial parameterization of the model is derived for forest LAI based on remote sensing, for soil characteristics by generalization from spatial surveys and for climate drivers from observations at monitoring stations along the elevation gradient and from modelling of incident radiation in complex terrain. Validation of the model was carried out at point scale, and was based on comparison of model output at selected locations with observations along elevation gradients in Stubai Valley and Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany as well as with known trends in ecosystem response documented in the literature. The utility of the model for describing long-term changes in carbon and water balances at landscape scale is demonstrated in the context of land use change that occurred between 1861 and 2002 in Stubai Valley. During this period, coniferous forest increased in extent by ca. 11% of the vegetated area of 1861, primarily in the subalpine zone. Managed grassland decreased by 46%, while abandoned grassland and natural alpine mats increased by 14 and 11%, respectively. At point scale, the formulated model predicts higher canopy conductance in 1861 due to lower atmospheric CO2 concentration which opens stomata. As a result, water use at point scale decreased by ca. 8% in 2002 in the valley bottoms versus 10% at tree line. At landscape level, the decrease in water use by vegetation in 2002 was predicted to be twice as high (ca. 17%) due to increase in subalpine forest, reduction of managed grassland in the valley and on slopes, as well as abandonment of grassland which results in natural succession. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was predicted to increase (become more negative) at point scale depending on vegetation type by 10 to 20% in 2002 due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, due to the shift from grassland to forest and natural vegetation, landscape level CO2 exchange did not change. As a result of land use change, the export of carbon in harvested biomass in 2002 was estimated at only 30% of that in 1861. While the need for further validation of model assumptions is recognized, especially changes in ecosystem behavior with changing atmospheric CO2 concentration, the model analysis indicates a long-term reduction in water use by vegetation and a shift in ecosystem services. The results provide a case study, where land use change may compensate or override the influences of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, maintaining a relatively constant NEE in present time period simulations as compared to 1861, as well as reducing export of carbon from the alpine landscape of Stubai Valley. Use of the model in evaluation of scenarios of future land use change and in relation to vulnerability of ecosystem services are discussed. DA - 2009/05/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 67 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 43 J2 - Global and Planetary Change LA - en SN - 0921-8181 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria´s National Inventory Report 2015. Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 585 PB - Umweltbundesamt GmbH SN - REP-0552 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0552.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Walde, Janette AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Teutsch, Alexandra AU - Noggler, Werner T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - In modern agriculture, only the cultivation of highly productive and easily accessible slopes remains profitable. As a consequence, inaccessible and steep areas are being increasingly abandoned. In this paper, the mechanisms of natural reforestation of abandoned areas are examined on three levels as a prelude to determine natural reforestation rates. The study sites selected on the municipality level (1:25,000) are situated in four agrarian structure regions in the Alps: ‘Innsbruck Land’, ‘Südtiroler Berggebiet’, ‘Unterland/Überetsch’ and ‘Carnia’. For more detailed data, studies on the level of a case study area (1:5000) and plot level (permanent plots) were carried out in the municipality of St. Leonhard in Passeier (‘Südtiroler Berggebiet’, South Tyrol, Italy). Data were collected through analysis of historic photographic material as well as by detailed field work. Significant explanatory variables of natural reforestation were determined using count data models. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was employed as analysing tool. Key findings are: (1) in the past 150 years, areas were abandoned in all analysed agrarian structure regions. Between 8 and 67% of the formerly used areas are now abandoned, and in the majority of these abandoned areas, forest re-growth is observed. (2) Seed dispersal and agricultural use are the most important variables influencing natural reforestation. The nearer an area is situated to old trees, the higher the reforestation rate. Grazing and mowing reduce reforestation. (3) The less intensively the land was formerly used and the longer the area was abandoned, the higher the tree density is. Whereby, the average sapling density is significantly higher in mixture communities than in grasslands or dwarf shrub communities. However, snow gliding and avalanches cause damage to trees that retard or hinder tree growth. DA - 2007/01/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 118 IS - 1 SP - 115 EP - 129 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding alpine tree line dynamics: An individual-based model AU - Wallentin, Gudrun AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Strobl, Josef AU - Tasser, Erich T2 - Ecological Modelling AB - In addition to the effects of climate change, land use change is expected to trigger dynamic processes that may shift alpine tree lines upwards. To gain a conceptual understanding of the spatio-temporal processes shaping tree line patterns, we developed an individual-based and spatially-explicit model of spontaneous forest regeneration at the alpine tree line. Remote sensing data were integrated with the succession processes for individual trees in an object based image analysis approach. The model presented here predicts patterns of natural forest regeneration on a summer pasture in the Austrian Central Alps between 1954 and 2006. Different model scenarios are compared to the actual forest regeneration during the study period to validate the model's structure and its sensitivity to changing input parameters. The model's main process parameters are tested in four scenarios: A baseline scenario with the most likely input parameters derived from empirical studies in the literature; and three scenarios with differing parameters for seed production, seed dispersal kernel, and seedling competition with the ground vegetation. The tests largely confirm the model's formulation. The baseline scenario correctly predicts a significant upwards shift of the tree line elevation. Moreover it is demonstrated that (1) fecundity is a crucial factor in the expansion of forest into open land, (2) land cover and land use history have a significant impact on the emergence of forest regeneration patterns and (3) the dispersal kernel of Norway spruce has a long-distance component. We thus identified the key processes operating under environmental change from the characteristics of spatial changes in tree line patterns over the last 50 years. DA - 2008/11/10/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 218 IS - 3 SP - 235 EP - 246 J2 - Ecological Modelling LA - en SN - 0304-3800 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic matter dynamics after afforestation of mountain grasslands in both a Mediterranean and a temperate climate AU - Ortiz, Carlos AU - Vázquez, Eduardo AU - Rubio, Agustín AU - Benito, Marta AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus AU - Díaz-Pinés, Eugenio T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 131 IS - 3 SP - 267 EP - 280 J2 - Biogeochemistry SN - 0168-2563 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Afforestation with Norway spruce on a subalpine pasture alters carbon dynamics but only moderately affects soil carbon storage AU - Hiltbrunner, David AU - Zimmermann, Stephan AU - Hagedorn, Frank T2 - Biogeochemistry DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 115 IS - 1-3 SP - 251 EP - 266 J2 - Biogeochemistry SN - 0168-2563 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen following forest expansion on grassland in the Southern Alps AU - Guidi, Claudia AU - Vesterdal, Lars AU - Gianelle, Damiano AU - Rodeghiero, Mirco T2 - Forest ecology and management DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 328 SP - 103 EP - 116 J2 - Forest ecology and management SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon storage versus albedo change: radiative forcing of forest expansion in temperate mountainous regions of Switzerland AU - Schwaab, Jonas AU - Bavay, Mathias AU - Davin, Edouard AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Hüsler, Fabia AU - Lehning, Michael AU - Schneebeli, Martin AU - Thürig, Esther AU - Bebi, Peter T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 467 EP - 487 J2 - Biogeosciences SN - 1726-4170 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas fluxes over managed grasslands in Central Europe AU - Hörtnagl, Lukas AU - Barthel, Matti AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Eugster, Werner AU - Butterbach‐Bahl, Klaus AU - Díaz‐Pinés, Eugenio AU - Zeeman, Matthias AU - Klumpp, Katja AU - Kiese, Ralf AU - Bahn, Michael T2 - Global change biology DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 1843 EP - 1872 J2 - Global change biology SN - 1354-1013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global soil carbon: understanding and managing the largest terrestrial carbon pool AU - Scharlemann, Jörn PW AU - Tanner, Edmund VJ AU - Hiederer, Roland AU - Kapos, Valerie T2 - Carbon Management DA - 2014/02/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.4155/cmt.13.77 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 81 EP - 91 J2 - Carbon Management SN - 1758-3004 N1 -number: 1
publisher: Taylor & Francis
issue: REP-0308
ISBN: 978-3-99004-110-9
number: 7367
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The contentious nature of soil organic matter AU - Lehmann, Johannes AU - Kleber, Markus T2 - Nature AB - Instead of containing stable and chemically unique ‘humic substances’, as has been widely accepted, soil organic matter is a mixture of progressively decomposing organic compounds; this has broad implications for soil science and its applications. DA - 2015/12/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1038/nature16069 VL - 528 IS - 7580 SP - 60 EP - 68 J2 - Nature SN - 1476-4687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: Implications for C-saturation of soils AU - Six, J. AU - Conant, R. T. AU - Paul, E. A. AU - Paustian, K. T2 - Plant and Soil AB - The relationship between soil structure and the ability of soil to stabilize soil organic matter (SOM) is a key element in soil C dynamics that has either been overlooked or treated in a cursory fashion when developing SOM models. The purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge of SOM dynamics within the framework of a newly proposed soil C saturation concept. Initially, we distinguish SOM that is protected against decomposition by various mechanisms from that which is not protected from decomposition. Methods of quantification and characteristics of three SOM pools defined as protected are discussed. Soil organic matter can be: (1) physically stabilized, or protected from decomposition, through microaggregation, or (2) intimate association with silt and clay particles, and (3) can be biochemically stabilized through the formation of recalcitrant SOM compounds. In addition to behavior of each SOM pool, we discuss implications of changes in land management on processes by which SOM compounds undergo protection and release. The characteristics and responses to changes in land use or land management are described for the light fraction (LF) and particulate organic matter (POM). We defined the LF and POM not occluded within microaggregates (53–250 μm sized aggregates as unprotected. Our conclusions are illustrated in a new conceptual SOM model that differs from most SOM models in that the model state variables are measurable SOM pools. We suggest that physicochemical characteristics inherent to soils define the maximum protective capacity of these pools, which limits increases in SOM (i.e. C sequestration) with increased organic residue inputs. DA - 2002/04/01/ PY - 2002 DO - 10.1023/A:1016125726789 VL - 241 IS - 2 SP - 155 EP - 176 J2 - Plant and Soil SN - 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles AU - Hassink, Jan T2 - Plant and Soil AB - Although it has been recognized that the adsorption of organics to clay and silt particles is an important determinant of the stability of organic matter in soils, no attempts have been made to quantify the amounts of C and N that can be preserved in this way in different soils. Our hypothesis is that the amounts of C and N that can be associated with clay and silt particles is limited. This study quantifies the relationships between soil texture and the maximum amounts of C and N that can be preserved in the soil by their association with clay and silt particles. To estimate the maximum amounts of C and N that can be associated with clay and silt particles we compared the amounts of clay- and silt-associated C and N in Dutch grassland soils with corresponding Dutch arable soils. Secondly, we compared the amounts of clay- and silt-associated C and N in the Dutch soils with clay and silt-associated C and N in uncultivated soils of temperate and tropical regions. DA - 1997/04/01/ PY - 1997 DO - 10.1023/A:1004213929699 VL - 191 IS - 1 SP - 77 EP - 87 J2 - Plant and Soil SN - 1573-5036 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Concepts and Misconceptions of Humic Substances as the Stable Part of Soil Organic Matter: A Review AU - Gerke, Jörg T2 - Agronomy AB - In the last three decades, the concept of soil humic substances has been questioned in two main directions. Misinterpretations of CP MAS13C NMR spectroscopy led to the conclusion that soil organic matter is mainly aliphatic, questioning the theory of polymerization of humic substances from phenolic molecules. Conversely, some critics of humic substances assume that a great proportion of aromatic soil organic carbon originates from fire-affected carbon, often termed as black carbon (BC). However, the determination of BC in soil by two widely applied methods, the benzene polycarboxylic acid marker method and the UV method, is not reliable and seems to strongly overestimate the BC content of soils. The concept of humic substances continues to be relevant today. The polymerization of phenolic molecules that originate from the degradation of lignin or synthesis by microorganisms may lead to humic substances which can incorporate a variety of organic and inorganic molecules and elements. The incorporation, e.g., of triazines or surfactants into the humic matrix, leading to bound residues, illustrates that humic substances are important to explain central reactions in soil. Humic substances are also important to understand the availability of plant nutrients in soil, including P, Fe, and Cu, and they may have a direct effect on the growth of higher plants in soil. Therefore, there are good reasons to reformulate or to further develop the concepts and models of humic substances introduced and developed by M. Schnitzer, W. Flaig, W. Ziechmann, and F.J. Stevenson. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.3390/agronomy8050076 VL - 8 IS - 5 SN - 2073-4395 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Total luminescence spectra of IHSS standard and reference fulvic acids, humic acids and natural organic matter: comparison of aquatic and terrestrial source terms AU - Alberts, James J. AU - Takács, Monika T2 - Selected papers from the Eleventh International Humic Substances Society Conference DA - 2004/03/01/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2003.11.007 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - 243 EP - 256 J2 - Organic Geochemistry SN - 0146-6380 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Supramolecular Answers to the Organic Matter Controversy AU - Wells, Martha J. M. T2 - Journal of Environmental Quality AB - The foundation of separation science is the division or deconvolution of a mixture into constituent parts. To do so greatly informs our understanding of complex systems. Equally important is consideration of the behavior of a mixture as a whole?to consider if the whole is the sum of the parts or if individual components interact synergistically or antagonistically when combined. Application of separation science has seldom assumed greater importance than in consideration of the controversy surrounding the traditional and emergent views of the complex chemical system of natural organic matter (NOM). Analyses of simulated and actual environmental water samples using noninvasive separation techniques including flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF), excitation?emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analyses, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are discussed. The data are used to explore whether a distinct chemical category of humic (diagenetic) substances exists in NOM; whether separation of organic matter into fulvic and humic extracts has relevant meaning translatable to actual environmental water samples; whether extraction procedures alter the chemistry of NOM extracts; and, if humic and fulvic acids exist, what physicochemical property or properties make humic substances unique among other forms of NOM. A fluorescence-based nonoperational definition of humic substances is introduced. The underexplored role of supramolecular, self-assembled aggregation is presented as a NOM conceptual model. Responses are provided to questions raised in the great NOM debate within a supramolecular context. Core Ideas A new supramolecular conceptual model invokes strong near-covalent hydrogen bonding. A nonoperational definition of diagenetic (humic) substances is proposed. Alkali extracts are valid, though imperfect, organic matter proxies. A mechanism for intrinsic chemical recalcitrance of natural organic matter exists. Protection is a ?function? of the supramolecular ?form.? DA - 2019/11/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.2134/jeq2019.02.0089 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 1644 EP - 1651 J2 - Journal of Environmental Quality SN - 0047-2425 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic matter stabilization at molecular scale: The role of metal cations and hydrogen bonds AU - Galicia-Andrés, Edgar AU - Escalona, Yerko AU - Oostenbrink, Chris AU - Tunega, Daniel AU - Gerzabek, Martin Hubert T2 - Geoderma DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 VL - 401 SP - 115237 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions AU - Preston, C. M. AU - Schmidt, M. W. I. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.5194/bg-3-397-2006 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 397 EP - 420 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biochar stability in soil: meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects AU - Wang, Jinyang AU - Xiong, Zhengqin AU - Kuzyakov, Yakov T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract The stability and decomposition of biochar are fundamental to understand its persistence in soil, its contribution to carbon (C) sequestration, and thus its role in the global C cycle. Our current knowledge about the degradability of biochar, however, is limited. Using 128 observations of biochar-derived CO2 from 24 studies with stable (13C) and radioactive (14C) carbon isotopes, we meta-analyzed the biochar decomposition in soil and estimated its mean residence time (MRT). The decomposed amount of biochar increased logarithmically with experimental duration, and the decomposition rate decreased with time. The biochar decomposition rate varied significantly with experimental duration, feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, and soil clay content. The MRTs of labile and recalcitrant biochar C pools were estimated to be about 108 days and 556 years with pool sizes of 3% and 97%, respectively. These results show that only a small part of biochar is bioavailable and that the remaining 97% contribute directly to long-term C sequestration in soil. The second database (116 observations from 21 studies) was used to evaluate the priming effects after biochar addition. Biochar slightly retarded the mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM; overall mean: ?3.8%, 95% CI = ?8.1?0.8%) compared to the soil without biochar addition. Significant negative priming was common for studies with a duration shorter than half a year (?8.6%), crop-derived biochar (?20.3%), fast pyrolysis (?18.9%), the lowest pyrolysis temperature (?18.5%), and small application amounts (?11.9%). In contrast, biochar addition to sandy soils strongly stimulated SOM mineralization by 20.8%. This indicates that biochar stimulates microbial activities especially in soils with low fertility. Furthermore, abiotic and biotic processes, as well as the characteristics of biochar and soils, affecting biochar decomposition are discussed. We conclude that biochar can persist in soils on a centennial scale and that it has a positive effect on SOM dynamics and thus on C sequestration. DA - 2016/05/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12266 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 512 EP - 523 J2 - GCB Bioenergy SN - 1757-1693 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Centennial black carbon turnover observed in a Russian steppe soil AU - Hammes, K. AU - Torn, M. S. AU - Lapenas, A. G. AU - Schmidt, M. W. I. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.5194/bg-5-1339-2008 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 1339 EP - 1350 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aggregate-occluded black carbon in soil AU - Brodowski, S. AU - John, B. AU - Flessa, H. AU - Amelung, W. T2 - European Journal of Soil Science AB - Summary The great stability of black carbon (BC) in soils may not be solely attributable to its refractory structure but also to poor accessibility when physically enveloped by soil particles. Our aim was to elucidate the intensity of physical entrapment of BC within soil aggregates. For this purpose, the A horizon of a forest, and of a grassland soil, and of three soils under tillage, were sampled at the experimental station Rotthalmünster, Germany. Black carbon was assessed in water-stable aggregates and aggregate-density fractions using benzene polycarboxylic acids as specific markers. The greatest BC concentrations made up 7.2% of organic carbon and were found in the ?2?mm). This pattern has been sustained even after tillage. The C-normalized BC concentrations were significantly greater (P? DA - 2006/08/01/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00807.x VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 539 EP - 546 J2 - European Journal of Soil Science SN - 1351-0754 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges AU - Schmidt, Michael W. I. AU - Noack, Angela G. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 VL - 14 SP - 777 EP - 793 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unraveling the long-term stabilization mechanisms of organic materials in soils by physical fractionation and NMR spectroscopy AU - Courtier-Murias, Denis AU - Simpson, André J. AU - Marzadori, Claudio AU - Baldoni, Guido AU - Ciavatta, Claudio AU - Fernández, José M. AU - López-de-Sá, Esther G. AU - Plaza, César T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - The fundamental mechanisms whereby organic inputs stabilize in soil are poorly resolved, which limits our current capacity to predict the dynamics of soil organic matter (OM) turnover and its influence on soil quality and functioning. Here we fractionated soil OM from long-term experimental field plots either unamended or amended with two organic materials of different quality (i.e., solid cattle manure and crop residues) for 44 years into five measurable and meaningful pools directly related to conceptual preservation mechanisms: dissolved OM, mineral-free particulate OM located outside aggregates (unprotected from decomposition), OM occluded within both macroaggregates and microaggregates (weakly and strongly protected by physical mechanisms, respectively), and OM intimately associated with soil mineral particles (protected by chemical mechanisms). Compared to the unamended soil, the application of cattle manure and crop residues increased total organic C content by 35 and 10%, respectively. Most of these increases (up to 60 and 72% for cattle manure and crop residues, respectively) were explained by the mineral-associated OM pool, followed by the intra-microaggregate OM fraction. In general, the distribution and dynamics of N content paralleled those of C content. As determined by a range of modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, including 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning (MAS), 1H high resolution (HR)-MAS, and 1H13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence HR-MAS NMR, the mineral-associated OM fraction was found to be predominately of microbial origin, unlike free and intra-aggregate OM pools, which were dominated by plant structures at different stages of decomposition. As a whole, our results indicate that the main mechanism by which organic inputs are stabilized and OM accrues in soils is not the physical and chemical protection of undecayed or partially degraded organic structures, but the adsorption on mineral surfaces of microbial biomass and microbial by-products resulting from microbial growth, transformation, and degradation processes. It is possible that organic amendments increase more than previously thought the microbial populations of the soil, which live, thrive, and die in close association with the mineral surfaces. This mechanism appears to be enhanced with the addition of stable organic materials. DA - 2013/05/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2013.03.010 VL - 171 SP - 9 EP - 18 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment SN - 0167-8809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic soil carbon in Austria – Status quo and foreseeable trends AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Schwarz, Michael AU - Huber, Sigbert AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Obersteiner, Erik AU - Aust, Günther AU - Englisch, Michael AU - Horvath, Daniel AU - Leitgeb, Ernst AU - Foldal, Cecilie AU - Rodlauer, Christian AU - Bohner, Andreas AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Geoderma AB - We compiled information from different sources in order to establish a comprehensive map of the stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper 30 cm under different forms of land use for Austria. The information serves as a baseline for the evaluation of the potential of climate-change mitigation measures. SOC sequestration plays an important role in the discussion of terrestrial carbon (C) sinks and the size of the SOC pool is one of several quality measures for crop production and the national and regional food security. The baseline serves also for the evaluation of the effectiveness of adaptive land management in order to cope with climate change. Austrian croplands, grasslands, forests, and settlements contain 300 Mt SOC. Peatlands have the highest SOC density (220 t C/ha), yet cover only about 2% of the country. Forest soils store 106 t C/ha and comprise the largest pool due to the coverage of more than 4 Mha (48% of the country). Intensively and extensively managed grasslands cover 0.8 Mha (10%) and contain between 91 and 113 t C/ha, and cropland on 1.28 Mha (15%) hold on average 62 t C/ha. Due to the geographic heterogeneity of Austria with respect to climatic conditions, geology and soils, and topography the regional differences in SOC stocks are large. Measures to increase the SOC stock in cropland have been applied for 25 years within agri-environmental and climate-smart strategies. An increase of the total SOC pool is expected due to the afforestation and reforestation of marginal agricultural land and to a smaller extent due to the restoration of peatlands. A decline of the SOC stock is a consequence of land development for settlements and infrastructure. DA - 2021/11/15/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115214 VL - 402 SP - 115214 J2 - Geoderma SN - 0016-7061 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Improving estimates of maximal organic carbon stabilization by fine soil particles AU - Feng, Wenting AU - Plante, Alain F. AU - Six, Johan T2 - Biogeochemistry AB - Organic carbon (C) associated with fine soil particles (<20 μm) is relatively stable and accounts for a large proportion of total soil organic C (SOC). The soil C saturation concept proposes a maximal amount of SOC that can be stabilized in the fine soil fraction, and the soil C saturation deficit (i.e., the difference between current SOC and the maximal amount) is presumed to affect the capacity, magnitude, and rate of SOC storage. In this study, we argue that predictions using current models underestimate maximal organic C stabilization of fine soil particles due to fundamental limitations of using least-squares linear regression. The objective was to improve predictions of maximal organic C stabilization by using two alternative approaches; one mechanistic, based on organic C loadings, and one statistical, based on boundary line analysis. We collected 342 data points on the organic C content of fine soil particles, fine particle mass proportions in bulk soil, dominant soil mineral types, and land use types from 32 studies. Predictions of maximal organic C stabilization using linear regression models are questionable because of the use of data from soils that may not be saturated in SOC and because of the nature of regression itself, resulting in a high proportion of presumed over-saturated samples. Predictions of maximal organic C stabilization using the organic C loading approach fit the data for soils dominated by 2:1 minerals well, but not soils dominated by 1:1 minerals; suggesting that the use of a single value for specific surface area, and therefore a single organic C loading, to represent a large dataset is problematic. In boundary line analysis, only data representing soils having reached the maximal amount (upper tenth percentile) were used. The boundary line analysis estimate of maximal organic C stabilization (78 ± 4 g C kg−1 fraction) was more than double the estimate by the linear regression approach (33 ± 1 g C kg−1 fraction). These results show that linear regression models do not adequately predict maximal organic C stabilization. Soil properties associated with soil mineralogy, such as specific surface area and organic C loading, should be incorporated to generate more mechanistic models for predicting soil C saturation, but in their absence, statistical models should represent the upper envelope rather than the average value. DA - 2013/03/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s10533-011-9679-7 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 81 EP - 93 J2 - Biogeochemistry SN - 1573-515X ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany derived from stable soil organic carbon saturation AU - Wiesmeier, Martin AU - Hübner, Rico AU - Spörlein, Peter AU - Geuß, Uwe AU - Hangen, Edzard AU - Reischl, Arthur AU - Schilling, Bernd AU - von Lützow, Margit AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Sequestration of atmospheric carbon (C) in soils through improved management of forest and agricultural land is considered to have high potential for global CO2 mitigation. However, the potential of soils to sequester soil organic carbon (SOC) in a stable form, which is limited by the stabilization of SOC against microbial mineralization, is largely unknown. In this study, we estimated the C sequestration potential of soils in southeast Germany by calculating the potential SOC saturation of silt and clay particles according to Hassink [Plant and Soil 191 (1997) 77] on the basis of 516 soil profiles. The determination of the current SOC content of silt and clay fractions for major soil units and land uses allowed an estimation of the C saturation deficit corresponding to the long-term C sequestration potential. The results showed that cropland soils have a low level of C saturation of around 50% and could store considerable amounts of additional SOC. A relatively high C sequestration potential was also determined for grassland soils. In contrast, forest soils had a low C sequestration potential as they were almost C saturated. A high proportion of sites with a high degree of apparent oversaturation revealed that in acidic, coarse-textured soils the relation to silt and clay is not suitable to estimate the stable C saturation. A strong correlation of the C saturation deficit with temperature and precipitation allowed a spatial estimation of the C sequestration potential for Bavaria. In total, about 395 Mt CO2-equivalents could theoretically be stored in A horizons of cultivated soils ? four times the annual emission of greenhouse gases in Bavaria. Although achieving the entire estimated C storage capacity is unrealistic, improved management of cultivated land could contribute significantly to CO2 mitigation. Moreover, increasing SOC stocks have additional benefits with respect to enhanced soil fertility and agricultural productivity. DA - 2014/02/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1111/gcb.12384 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 665 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Estimating and mapping the carbon saturation deficit of French agricultural topsoils AU - Angers, D. A. AU - Arrouays, D. AU - Saby, N. P. A. AU - Walter, C. T2 - Soil Use and Management AB - Abstract The concept of soil organic C (SOC) saturation suggests that the quantity of stable SOC is limited and determined by the amount of fine particles (clay?+?fine silt, Clay?+?fSilt). The difference between the theoretical SOC saturation value and the measured SOC one for the fine fraction corresponds to the soil?s saturation deficit and may represent the potential for SOC sequestration in a stable form. We calculate the saturation deficit of French arable soils based on the national soil test database and using the saturation equation. For the whole database (n?=?1?454?633), the median saturation deficit was 8.1?gC/kg and this generally increased with the Clay?+?fSilt content to reach a maximum of 500?g/kg. National mapping of the SOC saturation deficit allowed investigation of spatial variation and controlling factors. Saturated soils were found in localities with specific land use (grassland, meadows) or farming systems (livestock production with high manure production). Smaller deficits occurred at higher altitudes, probably due to the combined effect of cooler temperature and the presence of meadows. Some very sandy soils appeared to be almost saturated, largely due to their very small fine fraction. Soils in the highly cultivated plains in the northern half of the country had a significant saturation deficit. Soils in the southern part of the country had the highest saturation deficit because of the combined effects of climatic factors (low production, high temperature) and land use (vineyards, orchards). Analysis of communal data revealed significant correlations at the national level with Clay?+?fSilt (r?=?0.59), pH (r?=?0.44) but also with the proportion of grassland in the cultivated area (r?=??0.47). Some areas had apparent oversaturation which may be due to uncertainty associated with the theoretical C saturation equation because of overestimation of the stable soil C fraction. Mapping the C saturation deficit at the national scale demonstrates the influence of climate, soil parameters and land use on the SOC stabilization potential and indicates that a significant proportion of agricultural soils have potential for further SOC storage. DA - 2011/12/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00366.x VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 448 EP - 452 J2 - Soil Use and Management SN - 0266-0032 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Projekt Bio Soil - Europäisches Waldboden Monitoring 2006/07. Datenband Österreich. Band 1: Methodik, Standort- und Bodenbeschreibung, Bodendaten aus Burgenland, Kärnten, Niederösterreich und Oberösterreich AU - Mutsch, Franz AU - Leitgeb, Ernst AU - Hacker, Robert AU - Amann, Christian AU - Aust, Günther AU - Herzberger, Edwin AU - Pock, Hannes AU - Reiter, Rainer T2 - BFW Berichte DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - BFW SN - Nr. 145 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decadal Changes of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Acidity of Austrian Forest Soils AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Leitgeb, Ernst AU - Englisch, Michael T2 - Soil Systems AB - Repeated soil surveys provide opportunities to quantify the effect of long-term environmental change. In recent decades, the topics of forest soil acidification as a consequence of acidic deposition, the enrichment of forest ecosystems with nitrogen, and the loss of carbon due to climate change have been discussed. We used two forest soil surveys that were 20 years apart, in order to establish the direction and magnitude of changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and soil acidity. Soils have been initially sampled in the late 1980s. The plots were revisited twenty years later. Archived soil samples from the first survey were reanalyzed with the same protocol as the new samples. We found changes in the stocks of soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, and soil pH. However, the changes were inconsistent. In general, as many sites have gained soil organic carbon, as sites have lost carbon. Most soils have been slightly enriched with nitrogen. The soil pH has not changed significantly. We conclude that changes in the evaluated soil chemical properties are mainly driven by forest management activities and ensuing forest stand dynamics, and atmospheric deposition. We have no convincing evidence that climate change effects have already changed the soil organic carbon stock, irrespective of bedrock type. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.3390/soilsystems6010028 VL - 6 IS - 1 SN - 2571-8789 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Switzerland’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2018: National Inventory Report and reporting tables (CRF). AU - FOEN AB - Submission of April 2020 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 ER - TY - STAT TI - Bundesgesetz: Verbot des Verbrennens biogener Materialien außerhalb von Anlagen AU - BGBl / 405 T2 - BGBl 1993/697 DA - 1993/// PY - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Optimizing Carbon Sequestration in Croplands: A Synthesis AU - Tiefenbacher, Alexandra AU - Sandén, Taru AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Miloczki, Julia AU - Wenzel, Walter AU - Spiegel, Heide T2 - Agronomy AB - Climate change and ensuring food security for an exponentially growing global human population are the greatest challenges for future agriculture. Improved soil management practices are crucial to tackle these problems by enhancing agro-ecosystem productivity, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration. To meet Paris climate treaty pledges, soil management must address validated approaches for carbon sequestration and stabilization. The present synthesis assesses a range of current and potential future agricultural management practices (AMP) that have an effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and sequestration. Through two strategies—increasing carbon inputs (e.g., enhanced primary production, organic fertilizers) and reducing SOC losses (e.g., reducing soil erosion, managing soil respiration)—AMP can either sequester, up to 714 ± 404 (compost) kg C ha−1 y−1, having no distinct impact (mineral fertilization), or even reduce SOC stocks in the topsoil (bare fallow). Overall, the carbon sequestration potential of the subsoil (>40 cm) requires further investigation. Moreover, climate change, permanent soil sealing, consumer behavior in dietary habits and waste production, as well as the socio-economic constraints of farmers (e.g., information exchange, long-term economic profitability) are important factors for implementing new AMPs. This calls for life-cycle assessments of those practices. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 DO - 10.3390/agronomy11050882 VL - 11 IS - 5 SN - 2073-4395 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/5/882 ER - TY - RPRT TI - ÖPUL-Evaluierung – Auswirkungen von ÖPUL-Maßnahmen auf die Nährstoffverfügbarkeit österreichischer Böden. Studie des Instituts für Bodengesundheit und Pflanzenernährung Bereich Landwirtschaft in Kooperation mit den Landwirtschaftskammern Steiermark, Burgenland und Kärnten AU - AGES CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - BMLFUW ER - TY - RPRT TI - Humusgehalt, Säuregrad und pflanzenverfügbare Phosphor- und Kaliumgehalte auf Acker- und Grünland in Oberösterreich: Aktueller Status auf Basis der Landesbodenuntersuchungsaktion 2009 in Abhängigkeit von Region, Betriebstyp (Tierhaltung und/oder Marktfrucht-betrieb), Bewirtschaftungsform (konventionell vs. biologisch) und weiterer ÖPUL-Maßnahmen sowie Ableitung von Entwicklungstrends seit Einführung des ÖPUL auf Basis von Bodendaten aus der Praxis von den Perioden 1991-1995 und 2008-2011 und der Bodenzustandsinventur OÖ 1993 AU - Dersch, G AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Hösch, J. AU - Haslmayr, H.-P. AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Scheriau, S. AU - Hölzl, F. X. AU - Recheis-Kiensberer, J. CY - Wien DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 126 PB - BMLFUW ER - TY - CHAP TI - 3.3 Cropland AU - IPCC T2 - Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG-LULUCF) DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 PB - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SN - 4-88788-003-0 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe AU - Freibauer, Annette AU - Rounsevell, Mark D.A AU - Smith, Pete AU - Verhagen, Jan T2 - Geoderma AB - In this review, technical and economically viable potentials for carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe by 2008–2012 are analysed against a business-as-usual scenario. We provide a quantitative estimation of the carbon absorption potential per hectare and the surface of agricultural land that is available and suitable for the implementation of those measures, their environmental effects as well as the effects on farm income. Realistically, agricultural soils in EU-15 can sequester up to 16–19 Mt C year−1 during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008–2012), which is less than one fifth of the theoretical potential and equivalent to 2% of European anthropogenic emissions. We identified as most promising measures: the promotion of organic inputs on arable land instead of grassland, the introduction of perennials (grasses, trees) on arable set-aside land for conservation or biofuel purposes, to promote organic farming, to raise the water table in farmed peatland, and—with restrictions—zero tillage or conservation tillage. Many options have environmental benefits but some risk of increasing N2O emissions. For most measures it is impossible to determine the overall impact on farm profitability. Efficient carbon sequestration in agricultural soils demands a permanent management change and implementation concepts adjusted to local soil, climate and management features in order to allow selection of areas with high carbon sequestering potential. Some of the present agricultural policy schemes have probably helped to maintain carbon stocks in agricultural soils. DA - 2004/09/01/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.021 VL - 122 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 J2 - Geoderma SN - 0016-7061 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Potential for carbon sequestration in European agriculture. SPECIFIC TARGETED RESEARCH PROJECT n°SSPE-CT-2004-503604 Impact of Environmental Agreements on the CAP AU - Weiske, A. DA - 2007/02/16/ PY - 2007 SP - 10 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil C Sequestration as a Biological Negative Emission Strategy AU - Paustian, Keith AU - Larson, Eric AU - Kent, Jeffrey AU - Marx, Ernie AU - Swan, Amy T2 - Frontiers in Climate AB - Soil carbon (C) sequestration is one of three main approaches to carbon dioxide removal and storage throughmanagement of terrestrial ecosystems. Soil C sequestration relies of the adoption of improved management practices that increase the amount of carbon stored as soil organic matter, primarily in cropland and grazing lands. These C sequestering practices act by increasing the rate of input of plant-derived residues to soils and/or by reducing the rates of turnover of organic C stocks already in the soil. In addition to carbon dioxide removal potential, increases in soil organic matter/soil C content are highly beneficial from the standpoint of soil health and soil fertility. Practices to increase soil C stocks include well-known, proven techniques, or “best management practices” (BMP) for building soil carbon. A second category includes what we refer to as frontier technologies for which significant technological and/or economic barriers exist today, but for which further R&D and/or economic incentives might offer the potential for greater sequestration over the longer term. We reviewed published estimates of global soil carbon sequestration potential, representing the biophysical potential for managed cropland and/or grassland systems to store additional carbon assuming widespread (near complete) adoption of BMPs. The majority of studies suggests that 4–5 GtCO2/y as an upper limit for global biophysical potential with near complete adoption of BMPs. In the longer-term, if frontier technologies are successfully deployed, the global estimate might grow to 8 GtCO2/y. There is a strong scientific basis for managing agricultural soils to act as a significant carbon (C) sink over the next several decades. A two-stage strategy, to first incentivize adoption of well-developed, conventional soil C sequestering practices, while investing in R&D on new frontier technologies that could come on-line in the next 2– 3 decades, could maximize benefits. Implementation of such policies will require robust, scientifically-sound measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems to track that policy goals are being met and that claimed increases in soil C stocks are real. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3389/fclim.2019.00008 VL - 1 IS - October SP - 1 EP - 11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change AU - Woolf, Dominic AU - Amonette, James E. AU - Street-Perrott, F. Alayne AU - Lehmann, Johannes AU - Joseph, Stephen T2 - Nature Communications AB - Production of biochar (the carbon (C)-rich solid formed by pyrolysis of biomass) and its storage in soils have been suggested as a means of abating climate change by sequestering carbon, while simultaneously providing energy and increasing crop yields. Substantial uncertainties exist, however, regarding the impact, capacity and sustainability of biochar at the global level. In this paper we estimate the maximum sustainable technical potential of biochar to mitigate climate change. Annual net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide could be reduced by a maximum of 1.8 Pg CO2-C equivalent (CO2-Ce) per year (12% of current anthropogenic CO2-Ce emissions; 1 Pg=1 Gt), and total net emissions over the course of a century by 130 Pg CO2-Ce, without endangering food security, habitat or soil conservation. Biochar has a larger climate-change mitigation potential than combustion of the same sustainably procured biomass for bioenergy, except when fertile soils are amended while coal is the fuel being offset. DA - 2010/08/10/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1038/ncomms1053 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 56 J2 - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Experimental Consideration, Treatments, and Methods in Determining Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates AU - Olson, Kenneth R. AU - Al-Kaisi, Mahdi M. AU - Lal, Rattan AU - Lowery, Birl T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal AB - In agricultural land areas, no-tillage (NT) farming systems have been practiced to replace intensive tillage practices such as, moldboard plow (MP), chisel plow (CP), and other systems to improve many soil health indicators, and specifically to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and reduce soil erosion. Numerous approaches to estimate the amounts and rates of SOC sequestration as a result of a switch to NT systems have been published, but there is a concern regarding protocol for assessing SOC especially for different tillage systems. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to: (i) define and understand concepts of SOC sequestration, (ii) quantify SOC distribution and the methodology of measurements, (iii) address soil spatial variability at field- or landscape-scale for potential SOC sequestration, and (iv) consider proper field experimental design, including pretreatments baseline for SOC sequestration determination. For SOC sequestration to occur, as a result of a treatment applied to a land unit, all of the SOC sequestered must originate from the atmospheric CO2 pool and be transferred into the soil humus through land unit plants, plant residues, and other organic solids. The SOC stock present in soil humus at end of a study must be greater than the pretreatment SOC stock levels in the same land unit. However, one should recognize that a continuity equation showing drawdown in atmospheric concentration of CO2 may be difficult, if not impossible, to quantify. Therefore, SOC sequestration results of paired comparisons of NT to other conventional tillage systems with no pretreatments SOC baseline, and if the conventional system is not at a steady state, will likely be inaccurate where the potential for SOC loss exists in both systems. To unequivocally demonstrate that the SOC sequestration has occurred at a specific site, a temporal increase must be documented relative to pretreatment SOC content and linked attendant changes in soil properties and ecosystem services and functions with proper consideration given to soil spatial variability. Also, a standardized methodology that includes proper experimental design, pretreatment baseline, root zone soil depth consideration, and consistent method of SOC analysis must be used when determining SOC sequestration. DA - 2014/03/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.2136/sssaj2013.09.0412 VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - 348 EP - 360 J2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal SN - 0361-5995 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erhöhte Humusvorräte in einem siebenjährigen Agroforstsystem in der Zentralschweiz AU - Seitz, Benjamin AU - Carrard, Emilie AU - Tatti, Dylan AU - Herzog, Felix AU - Jäger, Mareike AU - Sereke, Firesnai T2 - Agrarforschung Schweiz DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 VL - 8 IS - 7-8 SP - 318 EP - 323 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Can no-tillage stimulate carbon sequestration in agricultural soils? A meta-analysis of paired experiments AU - Luo, Zhongkui AU - Wang, Enli AU - Sun, Osbert J. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2010/10/15/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.006 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 139 IS - 1-2 SP - 224 EP - 231 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 N1 -number: 1-2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change mitigation AU - Powlson, David S. AU - Stirling, Clare M. AU - Jat, M. L. AU - Gerard, Bruno G. AU - Palm, Cheryl A. AU - Sanchez, Pedro A. AU - Cassman, Kenneth G. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2292 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 4 IS - 8 SP - 678 EP - 683 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential: A review for Australian agriculture AU - Sanderman, Jonathan AU - Farquharson, R. AU - Baldock, Jeffrey CY - Urrbrae SA DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 89 M3 - A report prepared for Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency PB - CAIRO Land and Water ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kriterien für die Zertifizierung von Kohlenstoffsenken in Landwirtschaftsböden. AU - Leifeld, J AU - Müller, A AU - Steffens, M T2 - Schweizer Agrarforschung 10 DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 10 IS - 9 SP - 346 EP - 349 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil erosion and the global carbon budget AU - Lal, R T2 - Environment International AB - Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation. Land area globally affected by erosion is 1094 million ha (Mha) by water erosion, of which 751 Mha is severely affected, and 549 Mha by wind erosion, of which 296 Mha is severely affected. Whereas the effects of erosion on productivity and non-point source pollution are widely recognized, those on the C dynamics and attendant emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are not. Despite its global significance, erosion-induced carbon (C) emission into the atmosphere remains misunderstood and an unquantified component of the global carbon budget. Soil erosion is a four-stage process involving detachment, breakdown, transport/redistribution and deposition of sediments. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is influenced during all four stages. Being a selective process, erosion preferentially removes the light organic fraction of a low density of <1.8 Mg/m3. A combination of mineralization and C export by erosion causes a severe depletion of the SOC pool on eroded compared with uneroded or slightly eroded soils. In addition, the SOC redistributed over the landscape or deposited in depressional sites may be prone to mineralization because of breakdown of aggregates leading to exposure of hitherto encapsulated C to microbial processes among other reasons. Depending on the delivery ratio or the fraction of the sediment delivered to the river system, gross erosion by water may be 75 billion Mg, of which 15–20 billion Mg are transported by the rivers into the aquatic ecosystems and eventually into the ocean. The amount of total C displaced by erosion on the earth, assuming a delivery ratio of 10% and SOC content of 2–3%, may be 4.0–6.0 Pg/year. With 20% emission due to mineralization of the displaced C, erosion-induced emission may be 0.8–1.2 Pg C/year on the earth. Thus, soil erosion has a strong impact on the global C cycle and this component must be considered while assessing the global C budget. Adoption of conservation-effective measures may reduce the risks of C emission and sequester C in soil and biota. DA - 2003/07/01/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00192-7 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - 437 EP - 450 J2 - Environment International SN - 0160-4120 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Carbon Budget 2015 AU - Le Quéré, C. AU - Moriarty, R. AU - Andrew, R. M. AU - Canadell, J. G. AU - Sitch, S. AU - Korsbakken, J. I. AU - Friedlingstein, P. AU - Peters, G. P. AU - Andres, R. J. AU - Boden, T. A. AU - Houghton, R. A. AU - House, J. I. AU - Keeling, R. F. AU - Tans, P. AU - Arneth, A. AU - Bakker, D. C. E. AU - Barbero, L. AU - Bopp, L. AU - Chang, J. AU - Chevallier, F. AU - Chini, L. P. AU - Ciais, P. AU - Fader, M. AU - Feely, R. A. AU - Gkritzalis, T. AU - Harris, I. AU - Hauck, J. AU - Ilyina, T. AU - Jain, A. K. AU - Kato, E. AU - Kitidis, V. AU - Klein Goldewijk, K. AU - Koven, C. AU - Landschützer, P. AU - Lauvset, S. K. AU - Lefèvre, N. AU - Lenton, A. AU - Lima, I. D. AU - Metzl, N. AU - Millero, F. AU - Munro, D. R. AU - Murata, A. AU - Nabel, J. E. M. S. AU - Nakaoka, S. AU - Nojiri, Y. AU - O'Brien, K. AU - Olsen, A. AU - Ono, T. AU - Pérez, F. F. AU - Pfeil, B. AU - Pierrot, D. AU - Poulter, B. AU - Rehder, G. AU - Rödenbeck, C. AU - Saito, S. AU - Schuster, U. AU - Schwinger, J. AU - Séférian, R. AU - Steinhoff, T. AU - Stocker, B. D. AU - Sutton, A. J. AU - Takahashi, T. AU - Tilbrook, B. AU - van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. AU - van der Werf, G. R. AU - van Heuven, S. AU - Vandemark, D. AU - Viovy, N. AU - Wiltshire, A. AU - Zaehle, S. AU - Zeng, N. T2 - Earth System Science Data DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.5194/essd-7-349-2015 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 349 EP - 396 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Linking soil organic matter dynamics and erosion-induced terrestrial carbon sequestration at different landform positions AU - Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw AU - Harden, Jennifer W. AU - Torn, Margaret S. AU - Harte, John T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - Recently, the potential for terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration by soil erosion and deposition has received increased interest. Erosion and deposition constitute a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide relative to a preerosional state or a noneroding scenario, if the posterosion watershed C balance is increased due to (1) partial replacement of eroded C by new photosynthate in the eroded site; and (2) preservation from decomposition of at least some eroded soil organic carbon (SOC) arriving in depositional settings. Little is known, however, about differences in C dynamics at different erosional and depositional landform positions within the same eroding system. We determined the contribution of different landform positions to erosion-induced terrestrial C sequestration by measuring rates of net primary productivity (NPP), replacement of eroded C, and decomposition of organic matter (OM) at four categorically different landform positions within a naturally eroding toposequence in northern California. We found that eroded C is replaced by NPP 15 times over in the summit of the site studied and 5 times over in the slope. Profile-averaged, long-term rate constant for SOM decomposition was 2 to 14 times slower in the depositional settings compared with that in eroding slopes. As a result, the inventory of C in the depositional settings was 2 to 3 times larger than that of the eroding positions. Owing to both C replacement at eroding sites and reduced rates of OM decomposition in depositional sites, soil erosion constitutes a C sink from the atmosphere at our study site. DA - 2008/12/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1029/2008JG000751 VL - 113 IS - G4 J2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences SN - 0148-0227 UR - https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000751 Y2 - 2020/08/21/ N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantifying carbon sequestration as a result of soil erosion and deposition: retrospective assessment using caesium-137 and carbon inventories AU - Quine, T. A. AU - Van Oost, K. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract The role of soil erosion in the global carbon cycle remains a contested subject. A new approach to the retrospective derivation of erosion-induced quantitative fluxes of carbon between soil and atmosphere is presented and applied. The approach is based on the premise that soil redistribution perturbs the carbon cycle by driving disequilibrium between soil carbon content and input. This perturbation is examined by establishing the difference between measured carbon inventories and the inventories that would be found if input and content were in dynamic equilibrium. The carbon inventory of a profile in dynamic equilibrium is simulated by allowing lateral and vertical redistribution of carbon but treating all other profile inputs as equal to outputs. Caesium-137 is used to derive rates of vertical and lateral soil redistribution. Both point and field-scale estimates of carbon exchange with the atmosphere are derived using the approach for a field subject to mechanized agricultural in the United Kingdom. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken and demonstrates that the approach is robust. The results indicate that, despite a 15% decline in the carbon content of the cultivation layer of the eroded part of the field, this area has acted as a net sink of 11 ± 2?g?C?m?2?yr?1 over the last half century and that in the field as a whole, soil redistribution has driven a sink of 7 ± 2?g?C?m?2?yr?1 (6 ± 2?g?C?m?2?yr?1 if all eroded carbon transported beyond the field boundary is lost to the atmosphere) over the same period. This is the first empirical evidence for, and quantification of, dynamic replacement of eroded carbon. The relatively modest field-scale net sink is more consistent with the identification of erosion and deposition as a carbon sink than a carbon source. There is a clear need to assemble larger databases with which to evaluate critically the carbon sequestration potential of erosion and deposition in a variety of conditions of agricultural management, climate, relief, and soil type. In any case, this study demonstrated that the operation of erosion and deposition processes within the boundaries of agricultural fields must be understood as a key driver of the net carbon cycle consequences of cultivating land. DA - 2007/12/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01457.x VL - 13 IS - 12 SP - 2610 EP - 2625 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -number: 12
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
3.UmweltökologischesSymposium2012,
3. Umweltökologisches Symposium 2012, 19 – 24
ISBN:978-3-902559-69-2ISBN: 978-3-902559-
number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of forest management on the carbon budget of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests AU - Mund, Martina AU - Schulze, E.-Detlef T2 - Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 VL - 177 IS - 3/4 SP - 47 EP - 63 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hidden emissions of forest transitions: a socio-ecological reading of forest change AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Niedertscheider, Maria AU - Pichler, Melanie AU - Schaffartzik, Anke AU - Schmid, Martin AU - Magerl, Andreas AU - Le Noë, Julia AU - Bhan, Manan AU - Erb, Karlheinz T2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability AB - Achieving a global forest transition, that is, a shift from net deforestation to reforestation, is essential for climate change mitigation. However, both land-based climate change mitigation policy and research on forest transitions neglect key processes that relieve pressure from forests, but cause emissions elsewhere (‘hidden emissions’). Here, we identify three major causes of hidden emissions of forest transitions, that is, emissions from agricultural intensification, from woodfuel substitution, and from land displacement. Taken together, these emissions may compromise the climate change mitigation effect of national forest transitions. We propose to link analyses of hidden emissions of forest transitions with quantifications of full socio-ecological greenhouse-gas accounts and analyses of their politics. Such an integration allows for drawing lessons for effective and just climate change mitigation policies. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.cosust.2019.04.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 38 SP - 14 EP - 21 J2 - Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability SN - 1877-3435 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adaptation for carbon efficient forests and the entire wood value chain (including a policy decision support tool) - Evaluating pathways supporting the Paris Agreement AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Braun, Martin AU - Fritz, David AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Hesser, Franziska AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Kindermann, Georg AU - Koller, Thomas AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Ludvig, Alice AU - Pölz, Werner AU - Schadauer, Klemens AU - Schmid, B. F. AU - Schmid, Carmen AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Weiss, Gerhard DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Legacies of past land use have a stronger effect on forest carbon exchange than future climate change in a temperate forest landscape AU - Thom, D. AU - Rammer, W. AU - Garstenauer, R. AU - Seidl, R. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/bg-15-5699-2018 VL - 15 IS - 18 SP - 5699 EP - 5713 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An individual-based process model to simulate landscape-scale forest ecosystem dynamics AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Scheller, Robert M. AU - Spies, Thomas A. T2 - Ecological Modelling DA - 2012/04// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 231 SP - 87 EP - 100 J2 - Ecological Modelling LA - en SN - 03043800 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbances catalyze the adaptation of forest ecosystems to changing climate conditions AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Rammer, Werner AU - Seidl, Rupert T2 - Global Change Biology DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13506 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 269 EP - 282 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 13541013 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energieszenario für Österreich - Entwicklung von Energienachfrage und Energieaufbringung bis 2030 AU - Baumann, Martin AU - Eggler, L. AU - Holzmann, Angela AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Pauitsch, G DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SP - 90 M3 - Endbericht PB - Austrian Energy Agency UR - https://www.energyagency.at/fileadmin/dam/pdf/projekte/energiewirtschaft/Energieszenario2030-Endbericht-Final.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental Effects of Steam Explosion Pretreatment on Biogas from Maize—Case Study of a 500-kW Austrian Biogas Facility AU - Kral, Iris AU - Piringer, Gerhard AU - Saylor, Molly K. AU - Gronauer, Andreas AU - Bauer, Alexander T2 - BioEnergy Research AB - Potential environmental impacts of biogas electricity from agricultural residues (maize stover) with steam explosion (SE) pretreatment were compared to a typical Austrian biogas system (maize silage) using the method of life cycle assessment. Besides the biogas plant, the system includes substrate production, a combined heat-and-power (CHP) unit, digestate management, and transportation. The stover scenario (including construction and operation of the SE unit) results in lower total climate change impacts than those of the typical biogas system (239 g CO2-eq/kWh electricity vs. 287 g CO2-eq/kWh electricity; 100-year global warming potential (GWP)), and this holds also for the other impact categories (e.g., cumulative energy demand, acidification, eutrophication). While uncertainties in other areas could change the results, based on the uncertainty information considered, the overall results for the two scenarios were significantly different. Methane slip emissions from the CHP exhaust account for the largest GWP share in both scenarios. Other large GWP contributions are from substrate production and grid electricity for plant operations. The findings were robust against worst-case assumptions about the energy requirements of the SE pretreatment. DA - 2016/03/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s12155-015-9676-0 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 198 EP - 207 J2 - BioEnergy Research SN - 1939-1242 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Versorgungsbilanzen AU - Statistik Austria DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/wirtschaft/land_und_forstwirtschaft/preise_bilanzen/versorgungsbilanzen/index.html Y2 - 2020/07/01/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ecoinvent database version 3 (part II): analyzing LCA results and comparison to version 2 AU - Steubing, Bernhard AU - Wernet, Gregor AU - Reinhard, Jürgen AU - Bauer, Christian AU - Moreno-Ruiz, Emilia T2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment AB - Version 3 of ecoinvent includes more data, new modeling principles, and, for the first time, several system models: the “Allocation, cut-off by classification” (Cut-off) system model, which replicates the modeling principles of version 2, and two newly introduced models called “Allocation at the point of substitution” (APOS) and “Consequential” (Wernet et al. 2016). The aim of this paper is to analyze and explain the differences in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results of the v3.1 Cut-off system model in comparison to v2.2 as well as the APOS and Consequential system models. DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s11367-016-1109-6 VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 1269 EP - 1281 J2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment SN - 1614-7502 N1 -number: 9
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology AU - Wernet, Gregor AU - Bauer, Christian AU - Steubing, Bernhard AU - Reinhard, Jürgen AU - Moreno-Ruiz, Emilia AU - Weidema, Bo T2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment AB - Good background data are an important requirement in LCA. Practitioners generally make use of LCI databases for such data, and the ecoinvent database is the largest transparent unit-process LCI database worldwide. Since its first release in 2003, it has been continuously updated, and version 3 was published in 2013. The release of version 3 introduced several significant methodological and technological improvements, besides a large number of new and updated datasets. The aim was to expand the content of the database, set the foundation for a truly global database, support regionalized LCIA, offer multiple system models, allow for easier integration of data from different regions, and reduce maintenance efforts. This article describes the methodological developments. DA - 2016/09/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8 VL - 21 IS - 9 SP - 1218 EP - 1230 J2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment SN - 1614-7502 N1 -number: 9
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bioenergy from mountain forest: a life cycle assessment of the Norwegian woody biomass supply chain AU - Valente, Clara AU - Hillring, Bengt Gunnar AU - Solberg, Birger T2 - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research DA - 2011/10/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1080/02827581.2011.570783 VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 429 EP - 436 J2 - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research SN - 0282-7581 N1 -publisher: Taylor & Francis
ER - TY - JOUR TI - LCA of environmental and socio-economic impacts related to wood energy production in alpine conditions: Valle di Fiemme (Italy) AU - Valente, Clara AU - Spinelli, Raffaele AU - Hillring, Bengt Gunnar T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production AB - An extended Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed for evaluating the impacts of a woody biomass supply chain for heating plants in the alpine region. Three main aspects of sustainability are assessed: greenhouse gas emissions, represented by global warming potential (GWP) impact category, costs and direct employment potential. We investigate a whole tree system (innovative logging system) where the harvest of logging residues is integrated into the harvest of conventional wood products. The case study is performed in Valle di Fiemme in Trentino region (North Italy) and includes theoretical and practical elements. The system boundary is the alpine forest fuel system, from logging operations at the forest stand to combustion of woody biofuels at the heating plant. The functional unit is 1m3 solid over bark of woody biomass, delivered to the district heating plant in Cavalese (Trento). The relative sustainability of traditional and innovative systems is compared and energy use is estimated. Results show that the overall GWP and costs are about 13kg CO2equivalent and 42 euro per functional unit respectively for the innovative system. Along the product supply chain, chipping contributes the greatest share of GWP and energy use, while extraction by yarder has the highest financial costs. The GWP is reduced by 2.3 ton CO2equivalent when bioenergy substitutes fuel oil and 1.7 ton CO2equivalent when it substitutes natural gas. The sensitivity analysis illustrates that variations in fuel consumption and hourly rates of costs have a great influence on chipping operation and extraction by cable yarder concerning GWP and financial analysis, respectively. This is confirmed by sensitivity analysis. Better technologies, the use of biofuels along the product supply chain and more efficient systems might reduce these impacts. Replacing the traditional system with the innovative one reduces emissions and costs. A low energy input ratio is required for harvesting logging residues. The direct employment potential is a conflicting aspect and needs further investigations. DA - 2011/11/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.06.026 VL - 19 IS - 17 SP - 1931 EP - 1938 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production SN - 0959-6526 ER - TY - JOUR TI - 20 years of life cycle assessment (LCA) in the forestry sector: state of the art and a methodical proposal for the LCA of forest production AU - Klein, Daniel AU - Wolf, Christian AU - Schulz, Christoph AU - Weber-Blaschke, Gabriele T2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment AB - Life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques have been developed since the late 1960s in order to analyze environmental impacts of various products or companies. Although LCA techniques of forest production have been already conducted since the early 1990s, consistent and comprehensive LCA studies are still lacking for the forestry sector. In order to support better comparability between LCA studies, we analyzed the problems and differences by conducting a descriptive and quantitative analysis of existing LCA studies of forest production with special focus on Global Warming Potential (GWP). DA - 2015/04/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s11367-015-0847-1 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - 556 EP - 575 J2 - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment SN - 1614-7502 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Forestry – State and Perspectives AU - Heinimann, H.R. T2 - Croatian Journal of Forest Engeneering DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 33 SP - 357 EP - 372 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CO2 emission in forest operations: the CO2FORMEC Database AU - Cavalli AU - N.N. AU - N.N. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 11 UR - http://www.climatefitforests.eu/documents/Cavalli%20et%20al%202014_CO2FORMEC%20Database.pdf ER - TY - THES TI - Life cycle inventory of forest operation AU - Argnani, A CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 160 M3 - Masterarbeit PB - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ökobilanzierung der Holzbereitstellung bis zum Werk unter Einbeziehung neuer Technologien AU - Kühmaier, M AU - Kanzian, C AU - Kral, Iris AU - Gruber, P. AU - Eckert, D. AU - Huber, C CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 136 M3 - Endbericht ER - TY - JOUR TI - From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories AU - Peters, Glen P. T2 - Ecological Economics AB - Under the United National Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) countries are required to submit National Emission Inventories (NEI) to benchmark reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Depending on the definition and system boundary of the NEI, the mitigation options and priorities may vary. The territorial system boundary used by the UNFCCC has been critiqued for not including international transportation and potentially causing carbon leakage. To address these issues, past literature has argued in favour of using consumption-based NEI in climate policy. This article discusses several issues in moving from the standard production-based NEI to consumption-based NEI. First, two distinct accounting approaches for constructing consumption-based NEI are presented. The approaches differ in the allocation of intermediate consumption of imported products. Second, a consistent method of weighting production-based and consumption-based NEI is discussed. This is an extension of the previous literature on shared responsibility to NEI. Third, due to increased uncertainty and a wide system boundary it may be difficult to implement consumption-based NEI directly into climate policy. Several alternative options for incorporating consumption-based inventories into climate policy are discussed. DA - 2008/03/15/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.014 VL - 65 IS - 1 SP - 13 EP - 23 J2 - Ecological Economics SN - 0921-8009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multiple carbon accounting to support just and effective climate policies AU - Steininger, Karl W. AU - Lininger, Christian AU - Meyer, Lukas H. AU - Muñoz, Pablo AU - Schinko, Thomas T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Greenhouse gas emissions can be allocated to individual countries in various ways depending on where in the supply chain the emissions originated; achieving an effective and just climate policy may require multiple accounting systems. DA - 2016/01/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/nclimate2867 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 35 EP - 41 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change AU - Searchinger, Timothy AU - Heimlich, Ralph AU - Houghton, R. A. AU - Dong, Fengxia AU - Elobeid, Amani AU - Fabiosa, Jacinto AU - Tokgoz, Simla AU - Hayes, Dermot AU - Yu, Tun-Hsiang T2 - Science DA - 2008/02/29/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1126/science.1151861 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 319 IS - 5867 SP - 1238 EP - 1240 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories AU - IPCC CY - Kyoto DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2019-refinement-to-the-2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Website von FAOSTAT. Forestry production and trade AU - FAOSTAT UR - https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home ER - TY - BOOK TI - Der Kohlenstoffgehalt in Holz- und Papierprodukten: Herleitung und Umrechnungsfaktoren AU - Diestel, Sylvia AU - Weimar, Holger CY - Hamburg DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Thünen Working Paper UR - doi:10.3220/WP_38_2014 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tracing Austria's biomass consumption to source countries: A product-level comparison between bioenergy, food and material AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Kaufmann, Lisa AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Krausmann, Fridolin T2 - Ecological Economics AB - Global biomass trade has risen sharply in recent decades. This development was accompanied by increasing concerns about adverse environmental impacts in exporting countries. In Austria, strong preference for food and bioenergy from domestic sources is prevalent, while especially biomass imports for energy are met with scepticism. We here investigate where biomass consumed in Austria originates from, and compare the source-region composition of biomass used for food, energy and material. High product-level detail is achieved by combining a physical consumption-based accounting approach with national statistics and process chain modelling. We find that 55% of the total biomass consumed in Austria originates from domestic forestry or agriculture and 30% from neighbouring countries. In all three use categories, the products with the largest biomass footprints (beef, pork, milk, cereal products, paper, wood fuels) are almost entirely sourced from Central Europe. Biomass originating from non-EU countries accounts for 7.6% of the primary biomass footprint and is most relevant for food (13%), primarily due to livestock feed imports. Although oil crop-based biofuels have relatively large primary biomass footprints overseas, bioenergy in Austria qualifies as more regional than food and material products. DA - 2021/10/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107129 VL - 188 SP - 107129 J2 - Ecological Economics SN - 0921-8009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An assessment of international trade related to bioenergy use in Austria—Methodological aspects, recent developments and the relevance of indirect trade AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Kranzl, Lukas T2 - Energy Policy DA - 2012/07// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.026 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 46 SP - 537 EP - 549 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 03014215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomass streams in Austria: Drawing a complete picture of biogenic material flows within the national economy AU - Kalt, Gerald T2 - Resources, Conservation and Recycling AB - In order to achieve the targets defined in the European Union's "Low Carbon Roadmap", the "Energy Roadmap 2050" and the "Bioeconomy Strategy", an enhanced use of biomass is required; not only for energy but also for material uses. In this context and to facilitate targeted resource and energy policy measures, profound knowledge of the status quo of biomass utilization is of crucial importance. The core objective of this paper is to provide complete flow diagrams of the biomass streams within the Austrian economic system from a meso-scale perspective, taking into account all types of uses. Contrary to material flow accounts (MFA), internal streams (e.g. due to biomass processing and transformation, recycling and reuse of residues and by-products, stock changes of end-consumer products) are explicitly taken into consideration and quantified. This approach reveals gaps and inconsistencies in statistical data and facilitates conclusions about quantities not recorded in statistics. Furthermore, the structure of biomass use is visualized and the extent of biogenic material reuse and recycling is revealed. The results show that biomass imports to Austria surpassed exports by about 15% in 2011 (based on dry mass). The distribution of biomass among the different uses depends on whether direct consumption or final uses are considered. In the latter case, which is considered more appropriate, inland biomass consumption was distributed as follows: 7% human food, 18% raw material, 38% energy and 37% animal feed. Exports are primarily composed of wood products. Contrary to common assumption, energy recovery is still usually the ultimate step of cascadic biomass use rather than primary purpose, or based on by-products. Judging from wood quantities being processed and consumed and foreign trade data, domestic wood supply according to felling reports (and stated as "domestic extraction used" in official MFA data) is clearly underrated. Conversely, domestic feed production according to MFA data is inconsistent with official animal feed statistics and appears to be overestimated by at least 30%. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.12.006 VL - 95 SP - 100 EP - 111 N1 -publisher: Elsevier B.V.
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Holzströme in Österreich 2018 AU - Strimitzer, Lorenz AU - Höher, Martin AU - Nemestothy, Kasimir CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Austrian Energy Agency, Landwirtschaftskammer Österreich ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mapping the carbon footprint of EU regions AU - Ivanova, Diana AU - Vita, Gibran AU - Steen-Olsen, Kjartan AU - Stadler, Konstantin AU - Melo, Patricia C AU - Wood, Richard AU - Hertwich, Edgar G T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2017/05/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/aa6da9 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 054013 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. SN - 1748-9326 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Evaluating the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations AU - Behrens, Paul AU - Kiefte-de Jong, Jessica C. AU - Bosker, Thijs AU - Rodrigues, João F. D. AU - de Koning, Arjan AU - Tukker, Arnold T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Nationally recommended diets are a prominent method for informing the public on dietary choices. Although dietary choices drive both health and environmental outcomes, these diets make almost no reference to environmental impacts. Our study provides a comparison between the environmental impacts of average dietary intakes and a nation-specific recommended diet across 37 middle- and high-income nations. We find that following a nationally recommended diet in high-income nations results in a reduction in greenhouse gases, eutrophication, and land use. In upper-middle–income nations, we find a smaller reduction in impacts, and in lower-middle–income nations we find a substantial increase. The net result from large-scale adoption of nationally recommended diets for countries studied here results in a reduction in environmental impacts.Dietary choices drive both health and environmental outcomes. Information on diets come from many sources, with nationally recommended diets (NRDs) by governmental or similar advisory bodies the most authoritative. Little or no attention is placed on the environmental impacts within NRDs. Here we quantify the impact of nation-specific NRDs, compared with an average diet in 37 nations, representing 64% of global population. We focus on greenhouse gases (GHGs), eutrophication, and land use because these have impacts reaching or exceeding planetary boundaries. We show that compared with average diets, NRDs in high-income nations are associated with reductions in GHG, eutrophication, and land use from 13.0 to 24.8%, 9.8 to 21.3%, and 5.7 to 17.6%, respectively. In upper-middle–income nations, NRDs are associated with slight decrease in impacts of 0.8–12.2%, 7.7–19.4%, and 7.2–18.6%. In poorer middle-income nations, impacts increase by 12.4–17.0%, 24.5–31.9%, and 8.8–14.8%. The reduced environmental impact in high-income countries is driven by reductions in calories (∼54% of effect) and a change in composition (∼46%). The increased environmental impacts of NRDs in low- and middle-income nations are associated with increased intake in animal products. Uniform adoption of NRDs across these nations would result in reductions of 0.19–0.53 Gt CO2 eq⋅a−1, 4.32–10.6 Gt PO43− eq⋅a−1, and 1.5–2.8 million km2, while providing the health cobenefits of adopting an NRD. As a small number of dietary guidelines are beginning to incorporate more general environmental concerns, we anticipate that this work will provide a standardized baseline for future work to optimize recommended diets further. DA - 2017/11/29/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1711889114 SP - 201711889 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Austria’s consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions: Identifying sectoral sources and destinations AU - Steininger, Karl W. AU - Munoz, Pablo AU - Karstensen, Jonas AU - Peters, Glen P. AU - Strohmaier, Rita AU - Velázquez, Erick T2 - Global Environmental Change DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.011 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 48 SP - 226 EP - 242 J2 - Global Environmental Change LA - en SN - 09593780 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Consequences from Land Use and Indirect/Direct Land Use Change for CO2 Emissions Related to Agricultural Commodities AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan AU - Theurl, Michaela AU - Piringer, Gerhard AU - Zollitsch, Werner T2 - Land Use - Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future A2 - Carlos Loures, Luís A2 - Carlos Loures, Luís DA - 2019/03/13/ PY - 2019 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) LA - en SN - 978-1-78985-703-0 UR - https://www.intechopen.com/books/land-use-assessing-the-past-envisioning-the-future/consequences-from-land-use-and-indirect-direct-land-use-change-for-co2-emissions-related-to-agricult Y2 - 2020/07/08/ N1 -DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80346
ER - TY - BOOK TI - The global carbon footprint of Austria's consumption of agricultural (food and non-food) products AU - Frey, Verena AU - Bruckner, Martin T2 - Ecological Economics Papers CY - Vienna DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 VL - 41 PB - WU Vienna University of Economics and Business ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers AU - Poore, J. AU - Nemecek, T. T2 - Science AB - Food’s environmental impacts are created by millions of diverse producers. To identify solutions that are effective under this heterogeneity, we consolidated data covering five environmental indicators; 38,700 farms; and 1600 processors, packaging types, and retailers. Impact can vary 50-fold among producers of the same product, creating substantial mitigation opportunities. However, mitigation is complicated by trade-offs, multiple ways for producers to achieve low impacts, and interactions throughout the supply chain. Producers have limits on how far they can reduce impacts. Most strikingly, impacts of the lowest-impact animal products typically exceed those of vegetable substitutes, providing new evidence for the importance of dietary change. Cumulatively, our findings support an approach where producers monitor their own impacts, flexibly meet environmental targets by choosing from multiple practices, and communicate their impacts to consumers. DA - 2018/06/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1126/science.aaq0216 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 360 IS - 6392 SP - 987 EP - 992 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - International trade and Austria's livestock system: Direct and hidden carbon emission flows associated with production and consumption of products AU - Gavrilova, Olga AU - Jonas, Matthias AU - Erb, Karlheinz AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Special Section: Coevolutionary Ecological Economics: Theory and Applications AB - The Kyoto Protocol created a framework of responsibilities and mechanisms to mitigate climate change by reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The Protocol stipulates accounting and reporting of GHG emissions and removals, such as energy use, industrial processes, agriculture, waste and net emissions resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities. Emissions reported according to the rules set by the Kyoto Protocol do not include GHG emissions outside a country's boundaries resulting from the production of imported goods or services. As a result, GHG accounts constructed according to the Kyoto Protocol reflect the GHG emissions resulting from the production system of a country, but not all the emissions resulting from the consumption of goods and services within the country. However, as previous studies demonstrate, a country's emission balance changes remarkably if emissions related to goods or services imported and exported are taken into account. Here, we go beyond the aforementioned studies which mainly focus on GHG emissions from fossil fuel combustion. We assess, in a first-order approach, upstream emissions that result from LULUC activities outside a country while the produced goods are consumed within the country. In our study we focus on Austria's livestock system to elucidate the difference between production and consumption-related emissions accounting approaches. We study direct and 'hidden' (embodied) GHG emissions associated with Austria's bilateral trade in livestock and livestock-related products, based on the integration of full carbon accounting (FCA) and life cycle analysis (LCA). DA - 2010/02/15/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.015 VL - 69 IS - 4 SP - 920 EP - 929 J2 - Ecological Economics SN - 0921-8009 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from feed supply chains by utilizing regionally produced protein sources: the case of Austrian dairy production AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan Josef AU - Lindenthal, Thomas AU - Zollitsch, Werner T2 - Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the potential greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for regionally alternative produced protein-rich feedstuffs (APRFs) which are utilized for dairy cattle in Austria in comparison to solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBME). In addition to GHGE from agriculture and related upstream supply chains, the effects of land use change were calculated and were included in the results for GHGE. Furthermore, mixtures of APRFs were evaluated which provided energy and utilizable protein equivalent to SBME. RESULTS: Highest GHGE were estimated for SBME, mainly due to land use change-related emissions. Medium GHGE were found for distillers’ dried grains with solubles, for seed cake and solvent-extracted meal from rapeseed and for lucerne cobs. Cake and solvent-extracted meal from sunflower seed as well as faba beans were loaded with lowest GHGE. Substituting SBME by nutritionally equivalent mixtures of APRFs, on average, resulted in a reduction of GHGE of 42% (22–62%). CONCLUSION: Utilization of locally produced APRFs shows clear advantages in terms of GHGE. Balanced mixtures of APRFs may offer specific benefits, as they allow for a combination of desirable nutritional value and reduced GHGE. c 2011 Society of Chemical Industry DA - 2011/04// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1002/jsfa.4293 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 91 IS - 6 SP - 1118 EP - 1127 J2 - J. Sci. Food Agric. LA - en SN - 00225142 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Österreichischer Ernährungsbericht 2017 AU - Rust, Petra AU - Hasenegger, Verena AU - König, Jürgen DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Department für Ernährungswissenschaften, Universität Wien UR - https://broschuerenservice.sozialministerium.at/Home/Download?publicationId=528 N1 -978-3-903099-32-6
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Evaluation of the livestock sector's contribution to the EU greenhouse gas emissions (GGELS) AU - Leip, Adrian AU - Weiss, Franz AU - Wassenaar, Tom AU - Perez, Ignacio AU - Fellmann, T AU - Loudjani, Ph AU - Tubiello, Francesco AU - Grandgirard, David AU - Monni, Suvi AU - Biala, Katarzyna DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - European Commission, Joint Research Centre UR - https://agritrop.cirad.fr/558780/1/document_558780.pdf N1 -publisher: CE
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Effect of Climate Change-Induced Temperature Increase on Performance and Environmental Impact of Intensive Pig Production Systems AU - Hörtenhuber, Stefan J. AU - Schauberger, Günther AU - Mikovits, Christian AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Baumgartner, Johannes AU - Niebuhr, Knut AU - Piringer, Martin AU - Anders, Ivonne AU - Andre, Konrad AU - Hennig-Pauka, Isabel AU - Zollitsch, Werner T2 - Sustainability AB - This study examined climate change impacts (CCI) on productivity of pig production systems, their resource use, environmental impacts and the relevance of potential adaptation options. The impact of increasing temperature and temperature-humidity index (THI) on performance of pigs in confined housing systems was analysed by a meta-analysis. Using climate data for an Austrian site for the period 1981 to 2010, different scenarios (cold year, warm year, hot year, worst case scenario) were modelled and compared. Although significant differences between thermoneutral and heat stress conditions were detected for the analysed traits of growing and finishing pigs, overall performance, resource use (cumulative energy demand) and environmental impacts (global warming, acidification and eutrophication potential) per kg of live mass for finished pigs and reared piglets did not significantly differ between most scenarios. Elements of pig production systems resilient to CCI, which were not considered under performance and environmental impacts (LCA), were addressed in a system analysis that was based on literature and expert knowledge. The most important detected system elements are plants and animals with an appropriate genetic potential, securing the access to inexpensive feed, including land for feed production, securing water supply and the implementation of health plans and measures against diseases associated with CCI. DA - 2020/11/13/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/su12229442 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 12 IS - 22 SP - 9442 J2 - Sustainability LA - en SN - 2071-1050 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas emissions from the EU livestock sector: A life cycle assessment carried out with the CAPRI model AU - Weiss, Franz AU - Leip, Adrian T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2012/03// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.015 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 149 SP - 124 EP - 134 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas emissions from selected Austrian dairy production systems—model calculations considering the effects of land use change AU - Hörtenhuber, S. AU - Lindenthal, T. AU - Amon, B. AU - Markut, T. AU - Kirner, L. AU - Zollitsch, W. T2 - Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems AB - The aim of this study was to analyze various Austrian dairy production systems (PS) concerning their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in a life-cycle chain, including effects of land-use change (LUC). Models of eight PS that differ, on the one hand, in their regional location (alpine, uplands and lowlands) and, on the other hand, in their production method (conventional versus organic, including traditional and recently emerging pasture-based dairy farming) were designed. DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1017/S1742170510000025 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 316 EP - 329 J2 - Renew. Agric. Food Syst. LA - en SN - 1742-1705, 1742-1713 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions for different fresh food categories AU - Clune, Stephen AU - Crossin, Enda AU - Verghese, Karli T2 - Journal of Cleaner Production DA - 2017/01// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.082 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 140 SP - 766 EP - 783 J2 - Journal of Cleaner Production LA - en SN - 09596526 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC A2 - Stocker, T.F. A2 - Qin, D. A2 - Plattner, G.-K. A2 - Tignor, M. A2 - Allen, S.K. A2 - Boschung, J. A2 - Nauels, A. A2 - Xia, Y. A2 - Bex, V. A2 - Midgley, P.M. A3 - Stocker, T.F. A3 - Qin, D. A3 - Plattner, G.-K. A3 - Tignor, M. A3 - Allen, S.K. A3 - Boschung, J. A3 - Nauels, A. A3 - Xia, Y. A3 - Bex, V. A3 - Midgley, P.M. CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methodological choices drive differences in environmentally-friendly dietary solutions AU - Frehner, A. AU - Muller, A. AU - Schader, C. AU - De Boer, I.J.M. AU - Van Zanten, H.H.E. T2 - Global Food Security DA - 2020/03// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100333 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 24 SP - 100333 J2 - Global Food Security LA - en SN - 22119124 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture AU - Muller, Adrian AU - Schader, Christian AU - El-Hage Scialabba, Nadia AU - Brüggemann, Judith AU - Isensee, Anne AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Smith, Pete AU - Klocke, Peter AU - Leiber, Florian AU - Stolze, Matthias AU - Niggli, Urs T2 - Nature Communications AB - Organic agriculture is proposed as a promising approach to achieving sustainable food systems, but its feasibility is also contested. We use a food systems model that addresses agronomic characteristics of organic agriculture to analyze the role that organic agriculture could play in sustainable food systems. Here we show that a 100% conversion to organic agriculture needs more land than conventional agriculture but reduces N-surplus and pesticide use. However, in combination with reductions of food wastage and food-competing feed from arable land, with correspondingly reduced production and consumption of animal products, land use under organic agriculture remains below the reference scenario. Other indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions also improve, but adequate nitrogen supply is challenging. Besides focusing on production, sustainable food systems need to address waste, crop–grass–livestock interdependencies and human consumption. None of the corresponding strategies needs full implementation and their combined partial implementation delivers a more sustainable food future. DA - 2017/11/14/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/s41467-017-01410-w VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 1290 J2 - Nature Communications SN - 2041-1723 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The raw material basis of global value chains: allocating environmental responsibility based on value generation AU - Piñero, Pablo AU - Bruckner, Martin AU - Wieland, Hanspeter AU - Pongrácz, Eva AU - Giljum, Stefan T2 - Economic Systems Research DA - 2019/04/03/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1080/09535314.2018.1536038 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 206 EP - 227 J2 - Economic Systems Research LA - en SN - 0953-5314, 1469-5758 ER -