edition: 2017/09/14
publisher: Cambridge University Press
publisher: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing nature's contributions to people AU - Díaz, Sandra AU - Pascual, Unai AU - Stenseke, Marie AU - Martín-López, Berta AU - Watson, Robert T. AU - Molnár, Zsolt AU - Hill, Rosemary AU - Chan, Kai M. A. AU - Baste, Ivar A. AU - Brauman, Kate A. AU - Polasky, Stephen AU - Church, Andrew AU - Lonsdale, Mark AU - Larigauderie, Anne AU - Leadley, Paul W. AU - Oudenhoven, Alexander P. E. van AU - Plaat, Felice van der AU - Schröter, Matthias AU - Lavorel, Sandra AU - Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Yildiz AU - Bukvareva, Elena AU - Davies, Kirsten AU - Demissew, Sebsebe AU - Erpul, Gunay AU - Failler, Pierre AU - Guerra, Carlos A. AU - Hewitt, Chad L. AU - Keune, Hans AU - Lindley, Sarah AU - Shirayama, Yoshihisa T2 - Science AB - A major challenge today and into the future is to maintain or enhance beneficial contributions of nature to a good quality of life for all people. This is among the key motivations of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a joint global effort by governments, academia, and civil society to assess and promote knowledge of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystems and their contribution to human societies in order to inform policy formulation. One of the more recent key elements of the IPBES conceptual framework (1) is the notion of nature's contributions to people (NCP), which builds on the ecosystem service concept popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) (2). But as we detail below, NCP as defined and put into practice in IPBES differs from earlier work in several important ways. First, the NCP approach recognizes the central and pervasive role that culture plays in defining all links between people and nature. Second, use of NCP elevates, emphasizes, and operationalizes the role of indigenous and local knowledge in understanding nature's contribution to people. Recognizing culture, and diverse sources of knowledge, can improve assessments Recognizing culture, and diverse sources of knowledge, can improve assessments DA - 2018/01/19/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1126/science.aap8826 DP - science.sciencemag.org VL - 359 IS - 6373 SP - 270 EP - 272 LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6373/270 Y2 - 2020/07/15/09:41:50 N1 -PMID: 29348221
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Downloading Europe: A Regional Comparison in the Uptake of the EU Forest Action Plan AU - Aggestam, F. AU - Pülzl, H. T2 - Sustainability DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103999 VL - 12 SP - 3999 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103999 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Die Wirkung des Waldes auf Hochwässer AU - Blöschl, Günter AU - Komma, Jürgen AU - Nester, Thomas AU - Rogger, Magdalena AU - Salinas, José Luis AU - Viglione, Alberto T2 - Wildbach- und Lawinenverbau DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 181 SP - 288 EP - 296 J2 - Zeitschrift für Wildbach-, Lawinen-, Erosions- und Steinschlagschutz ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.- O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. In press. AU - IPCC T2 - Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report in climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security and greenhouse gas fluces in terrestrial ecosystems DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Zusammenfassende Bewertung der Auswirkungen des Programms LE 14-20 auf die Querschnittthemen Umwelt und Klima AU - Anderl, M. AU - Balas, M. AU - Gössl, M. AU - Storch, A. AU - Huber, S. AU - Lindinger, H. AU - Loishandel-Weisz, H. AU - Ortner, R. AU - Schwaiger, E. AU - Schwarzl, B. AU - Sedy, K. AU - Vogel, W. CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 PB - Umweltundesamt GmbH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Spatially explicit LCA analysis of biodiversity losses due to different bioenergy policies in the European Union AU - Di Fulvio, Fulvio AU - Forsell, Nicklas AU - Korosuo, Anu AU - Obersteiner, Michael AU - Hellweg, Stefanie T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - In this study, the potential global loss of species directly associated with land use in the EU and due to trade with other regions is computed over time, in order to reveal differences in impacts between the considered alternatives of plausible bioenergy policies development in the EU. The spatially explicit study combines a life cycle analysis (LCA) for biodiversity impact assessment with a global high resolution economic land use model. Both impacts of domestic land use and impacts through imports were included for estimating the biodiversity footprint of the member states of the (EU28). The analyzed scenarios assumed similar biomass demand until 2020 but differed thereafter, from keeping the growth of demand for bioenergy constant (CONST), to a strong increase of bioenergy in line with the EU target of decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050 (EMIRED) and with the baseline (BASE) scenario falling between the other two. As a general trend, the increasing demand for biomass was found to have substantial impact on biodiversity in all scenarios, while the differences between the scenarios were found to be modest. The share caused by imports was 15% of the overall biodiversity impacts detected in this study in the year 2000, and progressively increased to 24% to 26% in 2050, depending on the scenario. The most prominent future change in domestic land use in all scenarios was the expansion of perennial cultivations for energy. In the EMIRED scenario, there is a larger expansion of perennial cultivations and a smaller expansion of cropland in the EU than in the other two scenarios. As the biodiversity damage is smaller for land used for perennial cultivations than for cropland, this development decreases the internal biodiversity damage per unit of land. At the same time, however, the EMIRED scenario also features the largest outsourcing of damage, due to increased import of cropland products from outside the EU for satisfying the EU food demand. These two opposite effects even out each other, resulting in the total biodiversity damage for the EMIRED scenario being only slightly higher than the other two scenarios. The results of this study indicate that increasing cultivation of perennials for bioenergy and the consequent decrease in the availability of cropland for food production in the EU may lead to outsourcing of agricultural products supply to other regions. This development is associated with a leakage of biodiversity damages to species-rich and vulnerable regions outside the EU. In the case of a future increase in bioenergy demand, the combination of biomass supply from sustainable forest management in the EU, combined with imported wood pellets and cultivation of perennial energy crops, appears to be less detrimental to biodiversity than expansion of energy crops in the EU. DA - 2019/02/15/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.419 VL - 651 SP - 1505 EP - 1516 J2 - Science of The Total Environment SN - 0048-9697 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718333941 KW - Land use KW - Forestry KW - Bioenergy KW - Biodiversity damage KW - EU footprint KW - Perennial energy crops KW - Trade ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. . AU - IPBES A2 - Dı́az, S. A2 - Settele, J. A2 - E. S. Brondı́zio, E. S. A2 - Ngo, H. T. A2 - Guèze, M. A2 - Agard, J. A2 - Arneth, A. A2 - Balvanera, P. A2 - Brauman, K. A. A2 - Butchart, S. H. M. A2 - Chan, K. M. A. A2 - Garibaldi, L. A. A2 - Ichii, K. A2 - Liu, J. A2 - Subramanian, S. M. A2 - Midgley, G. F. A2 - Miloslavich, P. A2 - Molnár, Z. A2 - Obura, D. A2 - Pfaff, A. A2 - Polasky, S. A2 - Purvis, A. A2 - Razzaque, J. A2 - Reyers, B. A2 - Chowdhury, R. Roy A2 - Shin, Y. J. A2 - Visseren-Hamakers, I. J. A2 - Willis, K. J. A2 - (eds.), C. N. Zayas DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany L1 - https://zenodo.org/record/3553579/files/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers.pdf L1 - https://zenodo.org/record/3553579/files/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers.pdf L2 - https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1493508/summary-for-policymakers-of-the-global-assessment-report-on-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services-of-the-intergovernmental-science-policy-platform-on-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services L2 - https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/1493508/summary-for-policymakers-of-the-global-assessment-report-on-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services-of-the-intergovernmental-science-policy-platform-on-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services N1 -Series Editors: _:n53146
Series Editors: _:n18756
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3553579
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.425
N1 -https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.425
N1 -https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.425
N1 -number: 2
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disentangling Drivers of Meteorological Droughts in the European Greater Alpine Region During the Last Two Centuries AU - Haslinger, K. AU - Hofstätter, M. AU - Kroisleitner, C. AU - Schöner, W. AU - Laaha, G. AU - Holawe, F. AU - Blöschl, G. T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres AB - This study investigates the atmospheric drivers of severe precipitation deficits in the Greater Alpine Region during the last 210 years utilizing a daily atmospheric circulation type reconstruction. Precipitation deficit tends to be higher during periods with more frequent anticyclonic (dry) and less frequent cyclonic (wet) circulation types, as would be expected. However, circulation characteristics are not the main drivers of summer precipitation deficit. Dry soils in the warm season tend to limit precipitation, which is particularly the case for circulation types that are sensitive to a soil moisture-precipitation feedback. This mechanism is of specific relevance in explaining the major drought decades of the 1860s and 1940s. Both episodes show large negative precipitation anomalies in spring followed by increasing frequencies of circulation types sensitive to soil moisture precipitation feedbacks. The dry springs of the 1860s were likely caused by circulation characteristics that were quite different from those of recent decades as a consequence of the large spatial extent of Arctic sea ice at the end of the Little Ice Age. On the other hand, the dry springs of the 1940s developed under a persistent positive pressure anomaly across Western and Central Europe, triggered by positive sea surface temperatures in the western subtropical Atlantic. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1029/2018JD029527 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 124 IS - 23 SP - 12404 EP - 12425 LA - en SN - 2169-8996 UR - https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018JD029527 Y2 - 2020/07/02/14:16:46 N1 -number: 23
_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018JD029527
number: 5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution part 2: historical and future simulations of precipitation AU - Pichelli, Emanuela AU - Coppola, Erika AU - Sobolowski, Stefan AU - Ban, Nikolina AU - Giorgi, Filippo AU - Stocchi, Paolo AU - Alias, Antoinette AU - Belušić, Danijel AU - Berthou, Segolene AU - Caillaud, Cecile AU - Cardoso, Rita M. AU - Chan, Steven AU - Christensen, Ole Bøssing AU - Dobler, Andreas AU - de Vries, Hylke AU - Goergen, Klaus AU - Kendon, Elizabeth J. AU - Keuler, Klaus AU - Lenderink, Geert AU - Lorenz, Torge AU - Mishra, Aditya N. AU - Panitz, Hans-Juergen AU - Schär, Christoph AU - Soares, Pedro M. M. AU - Truhetz, Heimo AU - Vergara-Temprado, Jesus T2 - Climate Dynamics AB - This paper presents the first multi-model ensemble of 10-year, “convection-permitting” kilometer-scale regional climate model (RCM) scenario simulations downscaled from selected CMIP5 GCM projections for historical and end of century time slices. The technique is to first downscale the CMIP5 GCM projections to an intermediate 12–15 km resolution grid using RCMs, and then use these fields to downscale further to the kilometer scale. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the representation of the precipitation characteristics and their projected changes over the greater Alpine domain within a Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment Flagship Pilot Study and the European Climate Prediction system project, tasked with investigating convective processes at the kilometer scale. An ensemble of 12 simulations performed by different research groups around Europe is analyzed. The simulations are evaluated through comparison with high resolution observations while the complementary ensemble of 12 km resolution driving models is used as a benchmark to evaluate the added value of the convection-permitting ensemble. The results show that the kilometer-scale ensemble is able to improve the representation of fine scale details of mean daily, wet-day/hour frequency, wet-day/hour intensity and heavy precipitation on a seasonal scale, reducing uncertainty over some regions. It also improves the representation of the summer diurnal cycle, showing more realistic onset and peak of convection. The kilometer-scale ensemble refines and enhances the projected patterns of change from the coarser resolution simulations and even modifies the sign of the precipitation intensity change and heavy precipitation over some regions. The convection permitting simulations also show larger changes for all indices over the diurnal cycle, also suggesting a change in the duration of convection over some regions. A larger positive change of frequency of heavy to severe precipitation is found. The results are encouraging towards the use of convection-permitting model ensembles to produce robust assessments of the local impacts of future climate change. DA - 2021/06/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1007/s00382-021-05657-4 VL - 56 IS - 11 SP - 3581 EP - 3602 J2 - Climate Dynamics SN - 1432-0894 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05657-4 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria´s National Inventory Report 2020 AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DP - ISBN: 978-3-99004-544-2 SP - 780 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - Band 0724 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0724.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review AU - Nawaz, Muhammad Farrakh AU - Bourrié, Guilhem AU - Trolard, Fabienne T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development AB - Compaction of agricultural soils is a concern for many agricultural soil scientists and farmers since soil compaction, due to heavy field traffic, has resulted in yield reduction of most agronomic crops throughout the world. Soil compaction is a physical form of soil degradation that alters soil structure, limits water and air infiltration, and reduces root penetration in the soil. Consequences of soil compaction are still underestimated. A complete understanding of processes involved in soil compaction is necessary to meet the future global challenge of food security. We review here the advances in understanding, quantification, and prediction of the effects of soil compaction. We found the following major points: (1) When a soil is exposed to a vehicular traffic load, soil water contents, soil texture and structure, and soil organic matter are the three main factors which determine the degree of compactness in that soil. (2) Soil compaction has direct effects on soil physical properties such as bulk density, strength, and porosity; therefore, these parameters can be used to quantify the soil compactness. (3) Modified soil physical properties due to soil compaction can alter elements mobility and change nitrogen and carbon cycles in favour of more emissions of greenhouse gases under wet conditions. (4) Severe soil compaction induces root deformation, stunted shoot growth, late germination, low germination rate, and high mortality rate. (5) Soil compaction decreases soil biodiversity by decreasing microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, soil fauna, and ground flora. (6) Boussinesq equations and finite element method models, that predict the effects of the soil compaction, are restricted to elastic domain and do not consider existence of preferential paths of stress propagation and localization of deformation in compacted soils. (7) Recent advances in physics of granular media and soil mechanics relevant to soil compaction should be used to progress in modelling soil compaction. DA - 2013/04/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 291 EP - 309 J2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development SN - 1773-0155 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8 N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Kohlenstoffbilanz des Österreichischen Waldes und Betrachtungen zum Kyoto-Protokoll. Monografien, band 106. AU - Weiss et al., Peter CY - Wien DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 VL - 106 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A holistic assessment of greenhouse gas dynamics from forests to the effects of wood products use in Austria AU - Braun, Martin AU - Fritz, David AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Braschel, Nina AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard AU - Freudenschuß, Alexandra AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Neumann, Markus AU - Pölz, Werner AU - Schadauer, Klemens AU - Schmid, Carmen AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Stern, Tobias T2 - Carbon Management DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 5-6 SP - 271 EP - 283 J2 - Carbon Management LA - en SN - 1758-3004, 1758-3012 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990 Y2 - 2020/06/03/13:17:44 L2 - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990?journalCode=tcmt20 L2 - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990?journalCode=tcmt20 L2 - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990?journalCode=tcmt20 L2 - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17583004.2016.1230990?journalCode=tcmt20 N1 -number: 5-6
KW - carbon storage KW - GHG accounting KW - harvested wood products KW - mitigation measures ER - TY - BOOK TI - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programm AU - IPCC A2 - Eggleston, H S A2 - Buendia, L A2 - Miwa, K A2 - Ngara, T A2 - Tanabe, K CY - Japan DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 PB - IGES SN - 4-88788-032-4 UR - https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/ N1 -Series Editors: _:n11025
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why has catchment evaporation increased in the past 40 years? A data-based study in Austria AU - Duethmann, Doris AU - Blöschl, Günter T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB -Abstract. Regional evaporation has increased in many parts of the world in the last decades, but the drivers of these increases are widely debated. Part of the difficulty lies in the scarcity of high-quality long-term data on evaporation. In this paper, we analyze changes in catchment evaporation estimated from the water balances of 156 catchments in Austria over the period 1977–2014 and attribute them to changes in atmospheric demand and available energy, vegetation, and precipitation as possible drivers. Trend analyses suggest that evaporation has significantly increased in 60 % of the catchments (p≤0.05) with an average increase of 29±14 mm yr−1 decade−1 (± standard deviation) or 4.9±2.3 % decade−1. Pan evaporation based on 24 stations has, on average, increased by 29±5 mm yr−1 decade−1 or 6.0±1.0 % decade−1. Reference evaporation over the 156 catchments estimated by the Penman–Monteith equation has increased by 18±5 mm yr−1 decade−1 or 2.8±0.7 % decade−1. Of these, 2.1 % are due to increased global radiation and 0.5 % due to increased air temperature according to the Penman–Monteith equation. A satellite-based vegetation index (NDVI) has increased by 0.02±0.01 decade−1 or 3.1±1.1 % decade−1. Estimates of reference evaporation accounting for changes in stomata resistance due to changes in the NDVI indicate that the increase in vegetation activity has led to a similar increase in reference evaporation as changes in the climate parameters. A regression between trends in evaporation and precipitation yields a sensitivity of a 0.22±0.05 mm yr−2 increase in evaporation to a 1 mm yr−2 increase in precipitation. A synthesis of the data analyses suggests that 43±15 % of the observed increase in catchment evaporation may be directly attributed to increased atmospheric demand and available energy, 34±14 % to increased vegetation activity, and 24±5 % to increases in precipitation.
DA - 2018/10/04/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/hess-22-5143-2018 DP - www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - 5143 EP - 5158 LA - English SN - 1027-5606 ST - Why has catchment evaporation increased in the past 40 years? UR - https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/22/5143/2018/ Y2 - 2020/04/27/ N1 -number: 10
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of climate change on soil erosion and the efficiency of soil conservation practices in Austria AU - Klik, A. AU - Eitzinger, J. T2 - The Journal of Agricultural Science AB - SUMMARY The goal of the present study was to assess the impact of selected soil protection measures on soil erosion and retention of rainwater in a 1·14 km 2 watershed used for agriculture in the north-east of Austria. Watershed conditions under conventional tillage (CT), no-till (NT) and under grassland use were simulated using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) soil erosion model. The period 1961–90 was used as a reference and results were compared to future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios A1B and A2 (2040–60). The simulations for the NT and grassland options suggested runoff would decrease by 38 and 75%, respectively, under the current climatic conditions. The simulation results suggest that, under future climate scenarios, the effectiveness of the selected soil conservation measures with respect to runoff will be similar, or decreased by 16–53%. The actual average net soil losses in the watershed varied from 2·57 t/ha/yr for conventional soil management systems to 0.01 t/ha/yr for grassland. This corresponds to a maximum average annual loss of about 0·2 mm, which is considered to be the average annual soil formation rate and therefore an acceptable soil loss. The current soil/land use does not exceed this limit, with most of the erosion occurring during spring time. Under future climate scenarios, the simulations suggested that CT would either decrease soil erosion by up to 55% or increase it by up to 56%. Under these conditions, the acceptable limits will partly be exceeded. The simulations of NT suggested this would reduce annual soil loss rates (compared to CT) to 0·2 and 1·4 t/ha, i.e. about the same or slightly higher than for NT under actual conditions. The simulation of conversion to grassland suggested soil erosion was almost completely prevented. The selected soil conservation methods maintain their protective effect on soil resources, independent of the climate scenario. Therefore, with small adaptations, they can also be recommended as sustainable soil/land management systems under future climatic conditions. However, based on the available climate scenarios, climate-induced changes in the frequency and intensity of heavy rainstorms were only considered in a limited way in the present work. As the general future trend indicates a strong increase of rainstorms with high intensity during summer months, the results of the present study may be too optimistic. DA - 2010/10// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1017/S0021859610000158 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 148 IS - 5 SP - 529 EP - 541 J2 - J. Agric. Sci. LA - en SN - 0021-8596, 1469-5146 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021859610000158/type/journal_article Y2 - 2020/07/01/11:44:27 N1 -10.1017/S0021859610000158
N1 -10.1017/S0021859610000158
N1 -10.1017/S0021859610000158
N1 -10.1017/S0021859610000158
N1 -number: 5
KW - Austria KW - climate change KW - soil cultivation KW - soil erosion ER - TY - RPRT TI - ÖKS15-Klimaszenarien für Österreich AU - Chimani, B AU - Heinrich, G AU - Hofstätter, M AU - Kerschbaumer, M AU - Kienberger, S AU - Leuprecht, A AU - Lexer, A AU - Peßenteiner, S AU - Poetsch, MS AU - Salzmann, M CY - Wien DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 M3 - Endbericht PB - CCCA Data Centre ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods AU - Blöschl, Günter AU - Hall, Julia AU - Viglione, Alberto AU - Perdigão, Rui A. P. AU - Parajka, Juraj AU - Merz, Bruno AU - Lun, David AU - Arheimer, Berit AU - Aronica, Giuseppe T. AU - Bilibashi, Ardian AU - Boháč, Miloň AU - Bonacci, Ognjen AU - Borga, Marco AU - Čanjevac, Ivan AU - Castellarin, Attilio AU - Chirico, Giovanni B. AU - Claps, Pierluigi AU - Frolova, Natalia AU - Ganora, Daniele AU - Gorbachova, Liudmyla AU - Gül, Ali AU - Hannaford, Jamie AU - Harrigan, Shaun AU - Kireeva, Maria AU - Kiss, Andrea AU - Kjeldsen, Thomas R. AU - Kohnová, Silvia AU - Koskela, Jarkko J. AU - Ledvinka, Ondrej AU - Macdonald, Neil AU - Mavrova-Guirguinova, Maria AU - Mediero, Luis AU - Merz, Ralf AU - Molnar, Peter AU - Montanari, Alberto AU - Murphy, Conor AU - Osuch, Marzena AU - Ovcharuk, Valeryia AU - Radevski, Ivan AU - Salinas, José L. AU - Sauquet, Eric AU - Šraj, Mojca AU - Szolgay, Jan AU - Volpi, Elena AU - Wilson, Donna AU - Zaimi, Klodian AU - Živković, Nenad T2 - Nature AB - Climate change has led to concerns about increasing river floods resulting from the greater water-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere1. These concerns are reinforced by evidence of increasing economic losses associated with flooding in many parts of the world, including Europe2. Any changes in river floods would have lasting implications for the design of flood protection measures and flood risk zoning. However, existing studies have been unable to identify a consistent continental-scale climatic-change signal in flood discharge observations in Europe3, because of the limited spatial coverage and number of hydrometric stations. Here we demonstrate clear regional patterns of both increases and decreases in observed river flood discharges in the past five decades in Europe, which are manifestations of a changing climate. Our results—arising from the most complete database of European flooding so far—suggest that: increasing autumn and winter rainfall has resulted in increasing floods in northwestern Europe; decreasing precipitation and increasing evaporation have led to decreasing floods in medium and large catchments in southern Europe; and decreasing snow cover and snowmelt, resulting from warmer temperatures, have led to decreasing floods in eastern Europe. Regional flood discharge trends in Europe range from an increase of about 11 per cent per decade to a decrease of 23 per cent. Notwithstanding the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the observational record, the flood changes identified here are broadly consistent with climate model projections for the next century4,5, suggesting that climate-driven changes are already happening and supporting calls for the consideration of climate change in flood risk management. DA - 2019/09/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6 VL - 573 IS - 7772 SP - 108 EP - 111 J2 - Nature SN - 1476-4687 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6 N1 -number: 7772
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error AU - Searchinger, Timothy D. AU - Hamburg, Steven P. AU - Melillo, Jerry AU - Chameides, William AU - Havlik, Petr AU - Kammen, Daniel M. AU - Likens, Gene E. AU - Lubowski, Ruben N. AU - Obersteiner, Michael AU - Oppenheimer, Michael AU - Robertson, G. Philip AU - Schlesinger, William H. AU - Tilman, G. David T2 - Science AB - Rules for applying the Kyoto Protocol and national cap-and-trade laws contain a major, but fixable, carbon accounting flaw in assessing bioenergy. Rules for applying the Kyoto Protocol and national cap-and-trade laws contain a major, but fixable, carbon accounting flaw in assessing bioenergy. DA - 2009/10/23/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1126/science.1178797 DP - science.sciencemag.org VL - 326 IS - 5952 SP - 527 EP - 528 LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/527 Y2 - 2020/07/06/09:40:44 N1 -number: 5952
publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
section: Policy Forum
PMID: 19900885
container-title: ISBN
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Industrien der Holzverarbeitung AU - Strimitzer, L. CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 M3 - Marktinformation PB - MBK, Klimaaktiv ER - TY - JOUR TI - Management of crop water under drought: a review AU - Bodner, Gernot AU - Nakhforoosh, Alireza AU - Kaul, Hans-Peter T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s13593-015-0283-4 VL - 35 SP - 401 EP - 442 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Permafrost und Naturgefahren in Österreich AU - Krainer, K. T2 - Ländlicher Raum:Online-Fachzeitung des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changing climate shifts timing of European floods AU - Blöschl, Günter AU - Hall, Julia AU - Parajka, Juraj AU - Perdigão, Rui A. P. AU - Merz, Bruno AU - Arheimer, Berit AU - Aronica, Giuseppe T. AU - Bilibashi, Ardian AU - Bonacci, Ognjen AU - Borga, Marco AU - Čanjevac, Ivan AU - Castellarin, Attilio AU - Chirico, Giovanni B. AU - Claps, Pierluigi AU - Fiala, Károly AU - Frolova, Natalia AU - Gorbachova, Liudmyla AU - Gül, Ali AU - Hannaford, Jamie AU - Harrigan, Shaun AU - Kireeva, Maria AU - Kiss, Andrea AU - Kjeldsen, Thomas R. AU - Kohnová, Silvia AU - Koskela, Jarkko J. AU - Ledvinka, Ondrej AU - Macdonald, Neil AU - Mavrova-Guirguinova, Maria AU - Mediero, Luis AU - Merz, Ralf AU - Molnar, Peter AU - Montanari, Alberto AU - Murphy, Conor AU - Osuch, Marzena AU - Ovcharuk, Valeryia AU - Radevski, Ivan AU - Rogger, Magdalena AU - Salinas, José L. AU - Sauquet, Eric AU - Šraj, Mojca AU - Szolgay, Jan AU - Viglione, Alberto AU - Volpi, Elena AU - Wilson, Donna AU - Zaimi, Klodian AU - Živković, Nenad T2 - Science AB - Will a warming climate affect river floods? The prevailing sentiment is yes, but a consistent signal in flood magnitudes has not been found. Blöschl et al. analyzed the timing of river floods in Europe over the past 50 years and found clear patterns of changes in flood timing that can be ascribed to climate effects (see the Perspective by Slater and Wilby). These variations include earlier spring snowmelt floods in northeastern Europe, later winter floods around the North Sea and parts of the Mediterranean coast owing to delayed winter storms, and earlier winter floods in western Europe caused by earlier soil moisture maxima.Science, this issue p. 588 see also p. 552A warming climate is expected to have an impact on the magnitude and timing of river floods; however, no consistent large-scale climate change signal in observed flood magnitudes has been identified so far. We analyzed the timing of river floods in Europe over the past five decades, using a pan-European database from 4262 observational hydrometric stations, and found clear patterns of change in flood timing. Warmer temperatures have led to earlier spring snowmelt floods throughout northeastern Europe; delayed winter storms associated with polar warming have led to later winter floods around the North Sea and some sectors of the Mediterranean coast; and earlier soil moisture maxima have led to earlier winter floods in western Europe. Our results highlight the existence of a clear climate signal in flood observations at the continental scale. DA - 2017/08/11/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1126/science.aan2506 VL - 357 IS - 6351 SP - 588 J2 - Science UR - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6351/588.abstract N1 -number: 6351
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Aktueller Wissensstand zu Extremereignissen alpiner Naturgefahren in Österreich. AU - Blöschl, G T2 - ExtremA 2019 A2 - Glade, T. A2 - Mergili, M. A2 - Sattler, K. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 229 EP - 246 PB - Vienna University Press ER - TY - JOUR TI - Current European flood-rich period exceptional compared with past 500 years AU - Blöschl, Günter AU - Kiss, Andrea AU - Viglione, Alberto AU - Barriendos, Mariano AU - Böhm, Oliver AU - Brázdil, Rudolf AU - Coeur, Denis AU - Demarée, Gaston AU - Llasat, Maria Carmen AU - Macdonald, Neil AU - Retsö, Dag AU - Roald, Lars AU - Schmocker-Fackel, Petra AU - Amorim, Inês AU - Bělínová, Monika AU - Benito, Gerardo AU - Bertolin, Chiara AU - Camuffo, Dario AU - Cornel, Daniel AU - Doktor, Radosław AU - Elleder, Líbor AU - Enzi, Silvia AU - Garcia, João Carlos AU - Glaser, Rüdiger AU - Hall, Julia AU - Haslinger, Klaus AU - Hofstätter, Michael AU - Komma, Jürgen AU - Limanówka, Danuta AU - Lun, David AU - Panin, Andrei AU - Parajka, Juraj AU - Petrić, Hrvoje AU - Rodrigo, Fernando S. AU - Rohr, Christian AU - Schönbein, Johannes AU - Schulte, Lothar AU - Silva, Luís Pedro AU - Toonen, Willem H. J. AU - Valent, Peter AU - Waser, Jürgen AU - Wetter, Oliver T2 - Nature AB - There are concerns that recent climate change is altering the frequency and magnitude of river floods in an unprecedented way1. Historical studies have identified flood-rich periods in the past half millennium in various regions of Europe2. However, because of the low temporal resolution of existing datasets and the relatively low number of series, it has remained unclear whether Europe is currently in a flood-rich period from a long-term perspective. Here we analyse how recent decades compare with the flood history of Europe, using a new database composed of more than 100 high-resolution (sub-annual) historical flood series based on documentary evidence covering all major regions of Europe. We show that the past three decades were among the most flood-rich periods in Europe in the past 500 years, and that this period differs from other flood-rich periods in terms of its extent, air temperatures and flood seasonality. We identified nine flood-rich periods and associated regions. Among the periods richest in floods are 1560–1580 (western and central Europe), 1760–1800 (most of Europe), 1840–1870 (western and southern Europe) and 1990–2016 (western and central Europe). In most parts of Europe, previous flood-rich periods occurred during cooler-than-usual phases, but the current flood-rich period has been much warmer. Flood seasonality is also more pronounced in the recent period. For example, during previous flood and interflood periods, 41 per cent and 42 per cent of central European floods occurred in summer, respectively, compared with 55 per cent of floods in the recent period. The exceptional nature of the present-day flood-rich period calls for process-based tools for flood-risk assessment that capture the physical mechanisms involved, and management strategies that can incorporate the recent changes in risk. DA - 2020/07// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2478-3 DP - www.nature.com VL - 583 IS - 7817 SP - 560 EP - 566 LA - en SN - 1476-4687 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2478-3 Y2 - 2021/07/12/06:53:55 N1 -number: 7817
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change impacts—throwing the dice? AU - Blöschl, Günter AU - Montanari, Alberto T2 - Hydrological Processes DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/hyp.7574 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - n/a EP - n/a J2 - Hydrol. Process. LA - en SN - 08856087, 10991085 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.7574 Y2 - 2021/07/12/06:50:12 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Waldbrände in den Alpen – Stand des Wissens, zukünftige Herausforderungen und Optionen für ein integriertes Waldbrandmanagement. Vollständig überarbeitete deutsche Fassung des Originals: Forest fires in the Alps – State of knowledge, future challenges and options for an integrated fire management. AU - Müller, Mortimer AU - Vilà-Vilardell, L. AU - Vacik, H. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - EUSALP Action Group 8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis AU - Rogge, Karoline S. AU - Reichardt, Kristin T2 - Research Policy AB - Reaching a better understanding of the policies and politics of transitions presents a main agenda item in the emerging field of sustainability transitions. One important requirement for these transitions, such as the move towards a decarbonized energy system, is the redirection and acceleration of technological change, for which policies play a key role. In this regard, several studies have argued for the need to combine different policy instruments in so-called policy mixes. However, existing policy mix studies often fall short of reflecting the complexity and dynamics of actual policy mixes, the underlying politics and the evaluation of their impacts. In this paper we take a first step towards an extended, interdisciplinary policy mix concept based on a review of the bodies of literature on innovation studies, environmental economics and policy analysis. The concept introduces a clear terminology and consists of the three building blocks elements, policy processes and characteristics, which can be delineated by several dimensions. Based on this, we discuss its application as analytical framework for empirical studies analyzing the impact of the policy mix on technological change. Throughout the paper we illustrate the proposed concept by using the example of the policy mix for fostering the transition of the German energy system to renewable power generation technologies. Finally, we derive policy implications and suggest avenues for future research. DA - 2016/10/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1620 EP - 1635 J2 - Research Policy LA - en SN - 0048-7333 ST - Policy mixes for sustainability transitions UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733316300506 Y2 - 2020/07/08/07:14:59 L1 - https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271666/1-s2.0-S0048733316X00066/1-s2.0-S0048733316300506/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEE4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCDYOy62T7X9%2FR2QeIxwgjok5axHZWZj7CIfb5NqzdCsQIgGnoNyLFttqOmcXElsR7Y8539q35N1nn2e0o4TJAeCCAqvQMI5%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDA2eOmc8zKWn%2FalvziqRA1koS9p1dzt5ohOh%2BKgtc3JXeDQMb%2BLAeFq4qBVitpZLKks4ChwLunrPhfAWZ4IOLtM78%2BuyX0eotPjzxCW6Q%2FXR9xZ3ZxxYSjTFmk9mgayX3Q2hC5odmFNsu%2FQxUaXhaXnuJ48ZiYU1kOXDI2rm%2FB1FvPVuwgOicITbP62DrCXsTTLkTZpOIErx25Kqhc4NC5x7YNtwMNYJa8Q7P5qWMW5OEfWgIb7q%2FbUKEXQnBGhNyji60RMtXa8HtQOHaYn%2B%2BwEWUyEPHPvlU9BAFOh4XXSvuwtl1IpXtNuZ%2BmFixBjrzeqR%2Fo%2FLDc9cRxxUO7HOEqENgDwbkMUPBl35h7gVZa1ORwS5jMMe9IyOTWAEVUrRJwpb08fASx2bJLfA9CAr9JnC%2B99icDQtEg973dEi4wnexX%2FkDRZuphB%2BsEyENiF0O8aBZuHWzpl9EEnpSU7COUR25yfIs1r4F4koPhIuxrNQA6bPGPoRi7nB%2FoRnnbw9nx8VGccs0x6K%2BiK2dxTEZjVSCDovEWyb15%2Fx6jhRqOAkMMW%2BlfgFOusBW%2B3fCjGU2HIWnEMsiJ%2BITGnsjFSFJAGdsRKZ8i2aMGpF5e%2FGDMucE%2Bo8zeK%2Bq0TtSt7MkvWW0dttpaeH1SbPFBd7RBHYE6KKeJdmpbZLUiSpvpsNgyE0NZiGE4nSTugyfFAKkdEG6v58xeMFJT36HqpX%2F1SSalJ0PNognb0U9Nfbz4vtAOoERciOj7y5mQEXASsUS9fwFcRvNyYQjdCIl3mDmI43zvRz8fj0esjcQGKn3ec%2F8ZEofZWTzZWIxu%2FVGa7dkn7GpWJWrnwUBppAk%2BzblpXuOeEV01tdnnrGTlPyd6nwJE3V3m%2BLpA%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200708T071459Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY3JREY5EP%2F20200708%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=272fc481f6bd03220bafef9b112e329c1934882991e824b4fa7b27dfdb81ef4c&hash=d99d49394843b3a175da4b1773b33bef5a87a786724f8722838e23df057cc30f&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0048733316300506&tid=spdf-9edffca7-b0ef-4190-ab80-78df86506b15&sid=3c470e0e738bc8486658955-b10a9aa13723gxrqb&type=client L1 - 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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733316300506 L2 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733316300506 L2 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733316300506 N1 -number: 8
KW - Innovation KW - Policy mix KW - Coherence KW - Consistency KW - Credibility KW - Policy making and implementation KW - Policy strategy KW - Sustainability transitions KW - Technological change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of Silvicultural Adaptation Measures on Carbon Stock of Austrian Forests AU - Ledermann, T. AU - Braun, M. AU - Kindermann, G. AU - Jandl, R. AU - Ludvig, A. AU - Schadauer, K. AU - Schwarzbauer, P. AU - Weiss, P. T2 - Forests AB - We present the results of a simulation experiment that evaluated three scenarios of forest management in the context of climate change mitigation. Two scenarios refer to climate change adaptation measures. The third scenario was a business-as-usual scenario representing the continuation of current forest management. We wanted to know whether a change in tree species composition or the implementation of shorter rotation cycles is in accordance with the objectives of climate change mitigation. Our simulation experiment was based on data of the Austrian National Forest Inventory. A forest sector simulation model was used to derive timber demand and potential harvesting rates. Forest dynamics were simulated with an individual-tree growth model. We compared carbon stocks, harvesting rates, current annual increment, salvage logging, and forest structure. Compared to the business-as-usual scenario, a change in tree species composition and shorter rotation cycles reduce salvage logging by 14% and 32%, respectively. However, shorter rotation cycles reduce the carbon stock by 27%, but increase the harvesting rate by 4.8% within the simulation period of 140 years. For changes in the tree species composition, the results were the opposite. Here, the carbon stock is increased by 47%, but the harvesting rate is reduced by 15%. Thus, there are clear tradeoffs between the different ecosystem services depending on the climate change adaptation scenario. We also show that a fundamental change in forest management must be accompanied by a transformation in wood processing technology and innovation in wood utilization. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.3390/f13040565 VL - 13 IS - 4 J2 - Forests LA - English SN - 19994907 (ISSN) UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128299271&doi=10.3390%2ff13040565&partnerID=40&md5=f4e56fa3a83416ae9bd1c09ca74a150f DB - Scopus N1 -Correspondence Address: Ledermann, T.; Department of Forest Growth, Austria; email: thomas.ledermann@bfw.gv.at
KW - carbon sequestration KW - Austria KW - Climate change KW - simulation KW - Ecosystems KW - Forestry KW - climate change KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Climate models KW - Carbon KW - carbon storage KW - Climate change adaptation KW - harvesting KW - Simulation KW - Carbon stocks KW - Harvesting KW - adaptive management KW - climate change adaptation KW - growth model KW - Growth models KW - growth response KW - Harvesting rate KW - mixed species stands KW - Mixed-species stands KW - Rotation KW - rotation cycle KW - Rotation cycle KW - scenario analysis KW - Scenarios analysis KW - silviculture KW - Tree species composition ER - TY - BOOK TI - Österreichischer Special Report Tourismus und Klimawandel (SR 19) AU - APCC A3 - Pröbstl-Haider, Ulrike A3 - Lund-Durlacher, Dagmar A3 - Olefs, Marc A3 - Prettenthaler, Franz CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - Springer Spektrum N1 -DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61522-5
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reallabor zur Herstellung von FT-Treibstoffen und SNG aus Biomasse und biogenen Reststoffen für die Land- und Forstwirtschaft AU - Hofbauer, Hermann DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 PB - Technische Universität Wien UR - https://dafne.at/projekte/ftsng-reallabor N1 -accessed 4. Mai 2022
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Carbon Budget 2021 AU - Friedlingstein, P. AU - Jones, M. W. AU - O'Sullivan, M. AU - Andrew, R. M. AU - Bakker, D. C. E. AU - Hauck, J. AU - Le Quéré, C. AU - Peters, G. P. AU - Peters, W. AU - Pongratz, J. AU - Sitch, S. AU - Canadell, J. G. AU - Ciais, P. AU - Jackson, R. B. AU - Alin, S. R. AU - Anthoni, P. AU - Bates, N. R. AU - Becker, M. AU - Bellouin, N. AU - Bopp, L. AU - Chau, T. T. T. AU - Chevallier, F. AU - Chini, L. P. AU - Cronin, M. AU - Currie, K. I. AU - Decharme, B. AU - Djeutchouang, L. M. AU - Dou, X. AU - Evans, W. AU - Feely, R. A. AU - Feng, L. AU - Gasser, T. AU - Gilfillan, D. AU - Gkritzalis, T. AU - Grassi, G. AU - Gregor, L. AU - Gruber, N. AU - Gürses, Ö. AU - Harris, I. AU - Houghton, R. A. AU - Hurtt, G. C. AU - Iida, Y. AU - Ilyina, T. AU - Luijkx, I. T. AU - Jain, A. AU - Jones, S. D. AU - Kato, E. AU - Kennedy, D. AU - Klein Goldewijk, K. AU - Knauer, J. AU - Korsbakken, J. I. AU - Körtzinger, A. AU - Landschützer, P. AU - Lauvset, S. K. AU - Lefèvre, N. AU - Lienert, S. AU - Liu, J. AU - Marland, G. AU - McGuire, P. C. AU - Melton, J. R. AU - Munro, D. R. AU - Nabel, J. E. M. S. AU - Nakaoka, S.-I. AU - Niwa, Y. AU - Ono, T. AU - Pierrot, D. AU - Poulter, B. AU - Rehder, G. AU - Resplandy, L. AU - Robertson, E. AU - Rödenbeck, C. AU - Rosan, T. M. AU - Schwinger, J. AU - Schwingshackl, C. AU - Séférian, R. AU - Sutton, A. J. AU - Sweeney, C. AU - Tanhua, T. AU - Tans, P. P. AU - Tian, H. AU - Tilbrook, B. AU - Tubiello, F. AU - van der Werf, G. R. AU - Vuichard, N. AU - Wada, C. AU - Wanninkhof, R. AU - Watson, A. J. AU - Willis, D. AU - Wiltshire, A. J. AU - Yuan, W. AU - Yue, C. AU - Yue, X. AU - Zaehle, S. AU - Zeng, J. T2 - Earth System Science Data DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 DO - 10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 1917 EP - 2005 UR - https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1917/2022/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Anweisung zum Waldbau AU - Cotta, Heinrich CY - Dresden DA - 1885/// PY - 1885 ET - Neunte Auflage PB - Arnoldische Buchhandlung ER - TY - BOOK TI - Plus zwei Grad. Warum wir uns für die Rettung der Welt erwärmen sollten AU - Kromp-Kolb, Helga AU - Formayer, Herbert DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 SP - 208 PB - Molden Verlag SN - ISBN 978-3-99040-494-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Carbon Budget 2019 AU - Friedlingstein, P. AU - Jones, M. W. AU - O'Sullivan, M. AU - Andrew, R. M. AU - Hauck, J. AU - Peters, G. P. AU - Peters, W. AU - Pongratz, J. AU - Sitch, S. AU - Le Quéré, C. AU - Bakker, D. C. E. AU - Canadell, J. G. AU - Ciais, P. AU - Jackson, R. B. AU - Anthoni, P. AU - Barbero, L. AU - Bastos, A. AU - Bastrikov, V. AU - Becker, M. AU - Bopp, L. AU - Buitenhuis, E. AU - Chandra, N. AU - Chevallier, F. AU - Chini, L. P. AU - Currie, K. I. AU - Feely, R. A. AU - Gehlen, M. AU - Gilfillan, D. AU - Gkritzalis, T. AU - Goll, D. S. AU - Gruber, N. AU - Gutekunst, S. AU - Harris, I. AU - Haverd, V. AU - Houghton, R. A. AU - Hurtt, G. AU - Ilyina, T. AU - Jain, A. K. AU - Joetzjer, E. AU - Kaplan, J. O. AU - Kato, E. AU - Klein Goldewijk, K. AU - Korsbakken, J. I. AU - Landschützer, P. AU - Lauvset, S. K. AU - Lefèvre, N. AU - Lenton, A. AU - Lienert, S. AU - Lombardozzi, D. AU - Marland, G. AU - McGuire, P. C. AU - Melton, J. R. AU - Metzl, N. AU - Munro, D. R. AU - Nabel, J. E. M. S. AU - Nakaoka, S.-I. AU - Neill, C. AU - Omar, A. M. AU - Ono, T. AU - Peregon, A. AU - Pierrot, D. AU - Poulter, B. AU - Rehder, G. AU - Resplandy, L. AU - Robertson, E. AU - Rödenbeck, C. AU - Séférian, R. AU - Schwinger, J. AU - Smith, N. AU - Tans, P. P. AU - Tian, H. AU - Tilbrook, B. AU - Tubiello, F. N. AU - van der Werf, G. R. AU - Wiltshire, A. J. AU - Zaehle, S. T2 - Earth System Science Data DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 1783 EP - 1838 UR - https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/11/1783/2019/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C world AU - Roe, Stephanie AU - Streck, Charlotte AU - Obersteiner, Michael AU - Frank, Stefan AU - Griscom, Bronson AU - Drouet, Laurent AU - Fricko, Oliver AU - Gusti, Mykola AU - Harris, Nancy AU - Hasegawa, Tomoko AU - Hausfather, Zeke AU - Havlík, Petr AU - House, Jo AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Popp, Alexander AU - Sánchez, María José Sanz AU - Sanderman, Jonathan AU - Smith, Pete AU - Stehfest, Elke AU - Lawrence, Deborah T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - The Paris Agreement introduced an ambitious goal of limiting warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Here we combine a review of modelled pathways and literature on mitigation strategies, and develop a land-sector roadmap of priority measures and regions that can help to achieve the 1.5 °C temperature goal. Transforming the land sector and deploying measures in agriculture, forestry, wetlands and bioenergy could feasibly and sustainably contribute about 30%, or 15 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) per year, of the global mitigation needed in 2050 to deliver on the 1.5 °C target, but it will require substantially more effort than the 2 °C target. Risks and barriers must be addressed and incentives will be necessary to scale up mitigation while maximizing sustainable development, food security and environmental co-benefits. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9 VL - 9 IS - 11 SP - 817 EP - 828 SN - 1758-6798 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9 ER - TY - BILL TI - Proposal for Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulations (EU) 2018/841 as regards the scope, simplifying the compliance rules, setting out the targets of the Member States for 2030 and committing to the collective achievement of climate neutrality by 2035in the land use, forestry and agriculture sector, and (EU) 2018/1999 as regards improvement in monitoring, reporting, tracking of progress and review, 2021/0201. T2 - 2021/0201 A2 - EU 554 T3 - European Comission DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SP - 66 M1 - COM 2021/554 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:ea67fbc9-e4ec-11eb-a1a5-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF ER - TY - BOOK TI - Carbon accounting of forest bioenergy. Conclusions and recommendations from a critical literature review. AU - Agostini, Alessandro AU - Giuntoli, Jacopo AU - Boulamanti, Aikaterini T2 - JRC Scientific and Policy Reports CY - Luxembourg DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Publications Office of the European Union N1 -DOI: doi:10.2788/29442
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought trends over part of Central Europe between 1961 and 2014 AU - Trnka, M AU - Balek, J AU - Štěpánek, P AU - Zahradníček P AU - Možný AU - Eitzinger, J AU - Žalud, Z AU - Formayer, H AU - Turňa, M AU - Nejedlík, P AU - Semerádová, D AU - Hlavinka, P AU - Brázdil, R T2 - Climate Research AB - ABSTRACT: An increase in drought frequency, duration and severity is expected for the Central European region as a direct consequence of climate change. This will have profound effects on a number of key sectors (e.g. agriculture, forestry, energy production and tourism) and also affect water resources, biodiversity and the landscape as a whole. However, global circulation models significantly differ in their projections for Central Europe with respect to the magnitude and timing of these changes. Therefore, analysis of changes in drought characteristics during the last 54 yr in relation to prevailing climate trends might significantly enhance our understanding of present and future drought risks. This study is based on a set of drought indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), the Palmer Z-index (Z-index) and the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), in their most advanced formulations. The time series of the drought indices were calculated for 411 climatological stations across Austria (excluding the Alps), the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Up to 45% of the evaluated stations (depending on the index) became significantly drier during the 1961-2014 period except for areas in the west and north of the studied region. In addition to identifying the regions with the most pronounced drying trends, a drying trend consistency across the station network of 3 independent national weather services was shown. The main driver behind this development was an increase in the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, driven by higher temperatures and global radiation with limited changes in precipitation totals. The observed drying trends were most pronounced during the April-September period and in lower elevations. Conversely, the majority of stations above 1000 m exhibited a significant wetting trend for both the summer and winter (October-March) half-years. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 VL - 70 IS - 2-3 SP - 143 EP - 160 J2 - Clim Res UR - https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/cr/v70/n2-3/p143-160/ N1 -10.3354/cr01420
KW - climate change KW - PDSI KW - climate modeling KW - drought KW - general circulation model KW - Climate trends KW - Czech Republic KW - Drought climatology KW - global climate KW - ICDI KW - precipitation assessment KW - severe weather KW - Slovakia KW - SPEI KW - SPI KW - time series analysis KW - trend analysis KW - Z-index ER - TY - JOUR TI - The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence AU - Plieninger, Tobias AU - Draux, Hélène AU - Fagerholm, Nora AU - Bieling, Claudia AU - Bürgi, Matthias AU - Kizos, Thanasis AU - Kuemmerle, Tobias AU - Primdahl, Jørgen AU - Verburg, Peter H. T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Over the past decades, landscapes worldwide have experienced changes (e.g., urbanization, agricultural intensification, expansion of renewable energy uses) at magnitudes that put their sustainability at risk. The understanding of the drivers of these landscape changes remains challenging, partly because landscape research is spread across many domains and disciplines. We here provide a systematic synthesis of 144 studies that identify the proximate and underlying drivers of landscape change across Europe. First, we categorize how driving forces have been addressed and find that most studies consider medium-term time scales and local spatial scales. Most studies assessed only one case study area, one spatial scale, and less than four points in time. Second, we analyze geographical coverage of studies and reveal that countries with a non-European Union/European Free Trade Association membership; low Gross Domestic Product; boreal, steppic, and arctic landscapes; as well as forestland systems are underrepresented in the literature. Third, our review shows that land abandonment/extensification is the most prominent (62% of cases) among multiple proximate drivers of landscape change. Fourthly, we find that distinct combinations of mainly political/institutional, cultural, and natural/spatial underlying drivers are determining landscape change, rather than single key drivers. Our systematic review indicates knowledge gaps that can be filled by: (a) expanding the scope of studies to include underrepresented landscapes; (b) clarifying the identification and role of actors in landscape change; (c) deploying more robust tools and methods to quantitatively assess the causalities of landscape change; (d) setting up long-term studies that go beyond mapping land-cover change only; (e) strengthening cross-site and cross-country comparisons of landscape drivers; (f) designing multi-scale studies that consider teleconnections; (g) considering subtle and novel processes of landscape change. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.040 VL - 57 SP - 204 EP - 214 SN - 0264-8377 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)] AU - IPCC CY - in press DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-ab&q=Special+Report+on+Global+Warming+of+1.5+%C2%B0C+%28IPCC%2C+2018%29. Y2 - 2019/01/25/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Special Report on Climate Change and Land AU - IPCC DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DP - www.ipcc.ch UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ Y2 - 2020/07/01/ L2 - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ L2 - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ L2 - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ L2 - https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Slow in, Rapid out--Carbon Flux Studies and Kyoto Targets AU - Körner, Christian T2 - Science AB - Many researchers currently attempt to measure the detailed carbon balance of forests, because net release or uptake of carbon by forests could have a large impact on the atmosphere's COconcentration. However, carbon enters forests slowly over large areas and is commonly emitted rapidly over small areas, for example, by fire, logging, and natural gap formation. In his Perspective, Körner warns that because of the spatial and temporal separation of the two processes, regional long-term carbon sequestration is not accessible via flux or growth studies at the plot scale. DA - 2003/05/23/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1126/science.1084460 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 300 IS - 5623 SP - 1242 EP - 1243 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increasing canopy mortality affects the future demographic structure of Europe's forests AU - Senf, C AU - Sebald, J AU - Seidl, R T2 - ONE EARTH DA - 2021/05/21/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.008 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - 749 EP - 755 SN - 2590-3330 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective AU - Verburg, Peter H. AU - Crossman, Neville AU - Ellis, Erle C. AU - Heinimann, Andreas AU - Hostert, Patrick AU - Mertz, Ole AU - Nagendra, Harini AU - Sikor, Thomas AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Golubiewski, Nancy AU - Grau, Ricardo AU - Grove, Morgan AU - Konaté, Souleymane AU - Meyfroidt, Patrick AU - Parker, Dawn C. AU - Chowdhury, Rinku Roy AU - Shibata, Hideaki AU - Thomson, Allison AU - Zhen, Lin T2 - Anthropocene AB - Land systems are the result of human interactions with the natural environment. Understanding the drivers, state, trends and impacts of different land systems on social and natural processes helps to reveal how changes in the land system affect the functioning of the socio-ecological system as a whole and the tradeoff these changes may represent. The Global Land Project has led advances by synthesizing land systems research across different scales and providing concepts to further understand the feedbacks between social-and environmental systems, between urban and rural environments and between distant world regions. Land system science has moved from a focus on observation of change and understanding the drivers of these changes to a focus on using this understanding to design sustainable transformations through stakeholder engagement and through the concept of land governance. As land use can be seen as the largest geo-engineering project in which mankind has engaged, land system science can act as a platform for integration of insights from different disciplines and for translation of knowledge into action. DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1016/j.ancene.2015.09.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 12 SP - 29 EP - 41 J2 - Anthropocene SN - 2213-3054 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305415300151 Y2 - 2016/01/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 (AAR14) AU - APCC AB - APCC (2014): Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 (AAR14). Austrian Panel on Climate Change (APCC) [1], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Österreich. CY - Wien DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 1096 UR - http://austriaca.at/APPC_AAR2014.pdf DB - ], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften N1 -ISBN 978-3-7001-7699-2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - „Fit für 55“: auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität – Umsetzung des EU Klimaziels für 2030 AU - EU DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0550&from=DE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Define limits for temperature overshoot targets AU - Geden, Oliver AU - Löschel, Andreas T2 - Nature Geoscience AB - Temperature overshoot scenarios that make the 1.5 °C climate target feasible could turn into sources of political flexibility. Climate scientists must provide clear constraints on overshoot magnitude, duration and timing, to ensure accountability. DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1038/s41561-017-0026-z DP - www.nature.com VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 881 LA - En SN - 1752-0908 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-017-0026-z Y2 - 2019/04/23/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy AU - Norton, Michael AU - Baldi, Andras AU - Buda, Vicas AU - Carli, Bruno AU - Cudlin, Pavel AU - Jones, Mike B. AU - Korhola, Atte AU - Michalski, Rajmund AU - Novo, Francisco AU - Oszlányi, Július AU - Santos, Filpe Duarte AU - Schink, Bernhard AU - Shepherd, John AU - Vet, Louise AU - Walloe, Lars AU - Wijkman, Anders T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - In recent years, the production of pellets derived from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation has been increasing, with over 10 million tonnes traded internationally—primarily between United States and Europe but with an increasing trend to Asia. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as ‘renewable energy’ and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, much scientific study on the net effect of this trend suggests that it is having the opposite effect to that expected of renewable energy, by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. This review, based on recent work by Europe's Academies of Science, finds that current policies are failing to recognize that removing forest carbon stocks for bioenergy leads to an initial increase in emissions. Moreover, the periods during which atmospheric CO2 levels are raised before forest regrowth can reabsorb the excess emissions are incompatible with the urgency of reducing emissions to comply with the objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We consider how current policy might be reformed to reduce negative impacts on climate and argue for a more realistic science-based assessment of the potential of forest bioenergy in substituting for fossil fuels. The length of time atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase is highly dependent on the feedstocks and we argue for regulations to explicitly require these to be sources with short payback periods. Furthermore, we describe the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting rules which allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion and urge their revision to remove the risk of these providing incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. Reforms such as these would allow the industry to evolve to methods and scales which are more compatible with the basic purpose for which it was designed. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12643 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 1256 EP - 1263 LA - en SN - 1757-1707 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcbb.12643 Y2 - 2020/03/02/ N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12643
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding the timing and variation of greenhouse gas emissions of forest bioenergy systems AU - Röder, Mirjam AU - Thiffault, Evelyne AU - Martínez-Alonso, Celia AU - Senez-Gagnon, Fanny AU - Paradis, Laurence AU - Thornley, Patricia T2 - Biomass and Bioenergy AB - Forest-based bioenergy plays an important role in climate mitigation for limiting global mean temperature increase to below 2 °C. The greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of three forest-based bioenergy systems from the USA, Canada and Spain supplying wood pellets for electricity in the UK were evaluated by conducting lifecycle assessments and forest carbon modelling of the three forest systems. Cumulative emissions were analysed by calculating the forest carbon stock change and net GHG emissions balance of the forest-based bioenergy electricity. The analysis considered both the replacement of the existing electricity mix with bioenergy electricity and forest management with and without bioenergy use. The supply chain emissions and forest carbon balances indicated that GHG emission reductions are possible. However, the cumulative net GHG balance at forest landscape scale revealed that the reduction potential is limited, potentially with no GHG reductions in fast growing forests with shorter rotations, while slow growing forest systems with longer rotations result in greater GHG reductions. This means that the maximum climate benefit is delivered at a different point in time for different forest systems. To evaluate the climate change mitigation potential of forest-based bioenergy it is therefore necessary to consider the management, utilisation and relevant counterfactual of the whole forest and its products. In terms of climate change mitigation potential and minimising possible negative impacts that would require multi-level governance. DA - 2019/02/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.12.019 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 121 SP - 99 EP - 114 J2 - Biomass and Bioenergy LA - en SN - 0961-9534 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953418303532 Y2 - 2020/03/07/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - APCC Special Report: Strukturen für ein klimafreundliches Leben (APCC SR Klimafreundliches Leben) AU - APCC A2 - Görg, C. A2 - Madner, V. A2 - Muhar, A. A2 - Novy, A. A2 - Posch, A. A2 - Steininger, K. A2 - Aigner, E. A3 - Görg, C. A3 - Madner, V. A3 - Muhar, A. A3 - Novy, A. A3 - Posch, A. A3 - Steininger, K. A3 - Aigner, E. CY - Berlin, Heidelberg DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 PB - Springer Spektrum ER - TY - JOUR TI - Uninetz AU - Uninetz DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - https://www.uninetz.at/ Y2 - 2022/06/17/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Tourismus und Klimwandel AU - Pröbstl-Haider, U. AU - Lund-Durlacher, D. AU - Olefs, M. AU - Prettenthaler, F. DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-662-61522-5 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The representative concentration pathways: an overview AU - van Vuuren, Detlef P. AU - Edmonds, Jae AU - Kainuma, Mikiko AU - Riahi, Keywan AU - Thomson, Allison AU - Hibbard, Kathy AU - Hurtt, George C. AU - Kram, Tom AU - Krey, Volker AU - Lamarque, Jean-Francois AU - Masui, Toshihiko AU - Meinshausen, Malte AU - Nakicenovic, Nebojsa AU - Smith, Steven J. AU - Rose, Steven K. T2 - Climatic Change AB - This paper summarizes the development process and main characteristics of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), a set of four new pathways developed for the climate modeling community as a basis for long-term and near-term modeling experiments. The four RCPs together span the range of year 2100 radiative forcing values found in the open literature, i.e. from 2.6 to 8.5 W/m2. The RCPs are the product of an innovative collaboration between integrated assessment modelers, climate modelers, terrestrial ecosystem modelers and emission inventory experts. The resulting product forms a comprehensive data set with high spatial and sectoral resolutions for the period extending to 2100. Land use and emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases are reported mostly at a 0.5 × 0.5 degree spatial resolution, with air pollutants also provided per sector (for well-mixed gases, a coarser resolution is used). The underlying integrated assessment model outputs for land use, atmospheric emissions and concentration data were harmonized across models and scenarios to ensure consistency with historical observations while preserving individual scenario trends. For most variables, the RCPs cover a wide range of the existing literature. The RCPs are supplemented with extensions (Extended Concentration Pathways, ECPs), which allow climate modeling experiments through the year 2300. The RCPs are an important development in climate research and provide a potential foundation for further research and assessment, including emissions mitigation and impact analysis. DA - 2011/08/05/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z VL - 109 IS - 1 SP - 5 J2 - Climatic Change SN - 1573-1480 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Carbon Budget 2018 AU - Quéré, Corinne Le AU - Andrew, Robbie M. AU - Friedlingstein, Pierre AU - Sitch, Stephen AU - Hauck, Judith AU - Pongratz, Julia AU - Pickers, Penelope A. AU - Korsbakken, Jan Ivar AU - Peters, Glen P. AU - Canadell, Josep G. AU - Arneth, Almut AU - Arora, Vivek K. AU - Barbero, Leticia AU - Bastos, Ana AU - Bopp, Laurent AU - Chevallier, Frédéric AU - Chini, Louise P. AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Doney, Scott C. AU - Gkritzalis, Thanos AU - Goll, Daniel S. AU - Harris, Ian AU - Haverd, Vanessa AU - Hoffman, Forrest M. AU - Hoppema, Mario AU - Houghton, Richard A. AU - Hurtt, George AU - Ilyina, Tatiana AU - Jain, Atul K. AU - Johannessen, Truls AU - Jones, Chris D. AU - Kato, Etsushi AU - Keeling, Ralph F. AU - Goldewijk, Kees Klein AU - Landschützer, Peter AU - Lefèvre, Nathalie AU - Lienert, Sebastian AU - Liu, Zhu AU - Lombardozzi, Danica AU - Metzl, Nicolas AU - Munro, David R. AU - Nabel, Julia E. M. S. AU - Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro AU - Neill, Craig AU - Olsen, Are AU - Ono, Tsueno AU - Patra, Prabir AU - Peregon, Anna AU - Peters, Wouter AU - Peylin, Philippe AU - Pfeil, Benjamin AU - Pierrot, Denis AU - Poulter, Benjamin AU - Rehder, Gregor AU - Resplandy, Laure AU - Robertson, Eddy AU - Rocher, Matthias AU - Rödenbeck, Christian AU - Schuster, Ute AU - Schwinger, Jörg AU - Séférian, Roland AU - Skjelvan, Ingunn AU - Steinhoff, Tobias AU - Sutton, Adrienne AU - Tans, Pieter P. AU - Tian, Hanqin AU - Tilbrook, Bronte AU - Tubiello, Francesco N. AU - Laan-Luijkx, van der Ingrid T. AU - Werf, van der Guido R. AU - Viovy, Nicolas AU - Walker, Anthony P. AU - Wiltshire, Andrew J. AU - Wright, Rebecca AU - Zaehle, Sönke AU - Zheng, Bo T2 - Earth System Science Data AB -Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere – the “global carbon budget” – is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use and land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2008–2017), EFF was 9.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.5±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM 4.7±0.02 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN 2.4±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND 3.2±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.5 GtC yr−1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2017 alone, the growth in EFF was about 1.6 % and emissions increased to 9.9±0.5 GtC yr−1. Also for 2017, ELUC was 1.4±0.7 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.6±0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.5±0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 405.0±0.1 ppm averaged over 2017. For 2018, preliminary data for the first 6–9 months indicate a renewed growth in EFF of +2.7 % (range of 1.8 % to 3.7 %) based on national emission projections for China, the US, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. The analysis presented here shows that the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period of 1959–2017, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations show (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions, (2) a persistent low agreement among the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO2 variability by ocean models, originating outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). All results presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2018.
DA - 2018/12/05/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018 DP - www.earth-syst-sci-data.net VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 2141 EP - 2194 LA - English SN - 1866-3508 UR - https://www.earth-syst-sci-data.net/10/2141/2018/essd-10-2141-2018-discussion.html Y2 - 2019/09/30/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The decadal state of the terrestrial carbon cycle: Global retrievals of terrestrial carbon allocation, pools, and residence times AU - Bloom, A. Anthony AU - Exbrayat, Jean-François AU - Velde, van der Ivar R. AU - Feng, Liang AU - Williams, Mathew T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - The terrestrial carbon cycle is currently the least constrained component of the global carbon budget. Large uncertainties stem from a poor understanding of plant carbon allocation, stocks, residence times, and carbon use efficiency. Imposing observational constraints on the terrestrial carbon cycle and its processes is, therefore, necessary to better understand its current state and predict its future state. We combine a diagnostic ecosystem carbon model with satellite observations of leaf area and biomass (where and when available) and soil carbon data to retrieve the first global estimates, to our knowledge, of carbon cycle state and process variables at a 1° × 1° resolution; retrieved variables are independent from the plant functional type and steady-state paradigms. Our results reveal global emergent relationships in the spatial distribution of key carbon cycle states and processes. Live biomass and dead organic carbon residence times exhibit contrasting spatial features (r = 0.3). Allocation to structural carbon is highest in the wet tropics (85–88%) in contrast to higher latitudes (73–82%), where allocation shifts toward photosynthetic carbon. Carbon use efficiency is lowest (0.42–0.44) in the wet tropics. We find an emergent global correlation between retrievals of leaf mass per leaf area and leaf lifespan (r = 0.64–0.80) that matches independent trait studies. We show that conventional land cover types cannot adequately describe the spatial variability of key carbon states and processes (multiple correlation median = 0.41). This mismatch has strong implications for the prediction of terrestrial carbon dynamics, which are currently based on globally applied parameters linked to land cover or plant functional types. DA - 2016/02/02/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1515160113 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 113 IS - 5 SP - 1285 EP - 1290 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/113/5/1285 Y2 - 2016/02/22/ N1 -PMID: 26787856
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomass turnover time in terrestrial ecosystems halved by land use AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Fetzel, Tamara AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Niedertscheider, Maria AU - Körner, Christian AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Nature Geoscience AB - The terrestrial carbon cycle is not well quantified. Biomass turnover time is a crucial parameter in the global carbon cycle, and contributes to the feedback between the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate. Biomass turnover time varies substantially in time and space, but its determinants are not well known, making predictions of future global carbon cycle dynamics uncertain. Land use—the sum of activities that aim at enhancing terrestrial ecosystem services—alters plant growth and reduces biomass stocks, and is hence expected to affect biomass turnover. Here we explore land-use-induced alterations of biomass turnover at the global scale by comparing the biomass turnover of the actual vegetation with that of a hypothetical vegetation state with no land use under current climate conditions. We find that, in the global average, biomass turnover is 1.9 times faster with land use. This acceleration affects all biomes roughly equally, but with large differences between land-use types. Land conversion, for example from forests to agricultural fields, is responsible for 59% of the acceleration; the use of forests and natural grazing land accounts for 26% and 15% respectively. Reductions in biomass stocks are partly compensated by reductions in net primary productivity. We conclude that land use significantly and systematically affects the fundamental trade-off between carbon turnover and carbon stocks. DA - 2016/09// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1038/ngeo2782 DP - www.nature.com VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 674 EP - 678 J2 - Nature Geosci LA - en SN - 1752-0894 UR - http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v9/n9/full/ngeo2782.html Y2 - 2016/11/04/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Kastner, Thomas AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Bais, Anna Liza S. AU - Carvalhais, Nuno AU - Fetzel, Tamara AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Niedertscheider, Maria AU - Pongratz, Julia AU - Thurner, Martin AU - Luyssaert, Sebastiaan T2 - Nature DA - 2018/01// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/nature25138 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 553 IS - 7686 SP - 73 EP - 76 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836, 1476-4687 UR - http://www.nature.com/articles/nature25138 Y2 - 2020/05/13/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global and regional fluxes of carbon from land use and land cover change 1850–2015 AU - Houghton, R. A. AU - Nassikas, Alexander A. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles AB - The net flux of carbon from land use and land cover change (LULCC) is an important term in the global carbon balance. Here we report a new estimate of annual fluxes from 1850 to 2015, updating earlier analyses with new estimates of both historical and current rates of LULCC and including emissions from draining and burning of peatlands in Southeast Asia. For most of the 186 countries included we relied on data from Food and Agriculture Organization to document changes in the areas of croplands and pastures since 1960 and changes in the areas of forests and “other land” since 1990. For earlier years we used other sources of information. We used a bookkeeping model that prescribed changes in carbon density of vegetation and soils for 20 types of ecosystems and five land uses. The total net flux attributable to LULCC over the period 1850–2015 is calculated to have been 145 ± 16 Pg C (1 standard deviation). Most of the emissions were from the tropics (102 ± 5.8 Pg C), generally increasing over time to a maximum of 2.10 Pg C yr−1 in 1997. Outside the tropics emissions were roughly constant at 0.5 Pg C yr−1 until 1940, declined to zero around 1970, and then became negative. For the most recent decade (2006–2015) global net emissions from LULCC averaged 1.11 (±0.35) Pg C yr−1, consisting of a net source from the tropics (1.41 ± 0.17 Pg C yr−1), a net sink in northern midlatitudes (−0.28 ± 0.21 Pg C yr−1), and carbon neutrality in southern midlatitudes. DA - 2017/03/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/2016GB005546 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 456 EP - 472 LA - en SN - 1944-9224 UR - https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2016GB005546 Y2 - 2018/10/02/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Models meet data: Challenges and opportunities in implementing land management in Earth system models AU - Pongratz, Julia AU - Dolman, Han AU - Don, Axel AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Fuchs, Richard AU - Herold, Martin AU - Jones, Chris AU - Kuemmerle, Tobias AU - Luyssaert, Sebastiaan AU - Meyfroidt, Patrick AU - Naudts, Kim T2 - Global Change Biology AB - As the applications of Earth system models (ESMs) move from general climate projections toward questions of mitigation and adaptation, the inclusion of land management practices in these models becomes crucial. We carried out a survey among modeling groups to show an evolution from models able only to deal with land-cover change to more sophisticated approaches that allow also for the partial integration of land management changes. For the longer term a comprehensive land management representation can be anticipated for all major models. To guide the prioritization of implementation, we evaluate ten land management practices—forestry harvest, tree species selection, grazing and mowing harvest, crop harvest, crop species selection, irrigation, wetland drainage, fertilization, tillage, and fire—for (1) their importance on the Earth system, (2) the possibility of implementing them in state-of-the-art ESMs, and (3) availability of required input data. Matching these criteria, we identify “low-hanging fruits” for the inclusion in ESMs, such as basic implementations of crop and forestry harvest and fertilization. We also identify research requirements for specific communities to address the remaining land management practices. Data availability severely hampers modeling the most extensive land management practice, grazing and mowing harvest, and is a limiting factor for a comprehensive implementation of most other practices. Inadequate process understanding hampers even a basic assessment of crop species selection and tillage effects. The need for multiple advanced model structures will be the challenge for a comprehensive implementation of most practices but considerable synergy can be gained using the same structures for different practices. A continuous and closer collaboration of the modeling, Earth observation, and land system science communities is thus required to achieve the inclusion of land management in ESMs. DA - 2018/04/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/gcb.13988 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 1470 EP - 1487 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.13988 Y2 - 2018/05/21/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets AU - Houghton, Richard A. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has published global carbon budgets annually since 2007 (Canadell et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 18866–18870; Raupach et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 10288–10293). There are many scientists involved, but the terrestrial fluxes that appear in the budgets are not well understood by ecologists and biogeochemists outside of that community. The purpose of this paper is to make the terrestrial fluxes of carbon in those budgets more accessible to a broader community. The GCP budget is composed of annual perturbations from pre-industrial conditions, driven by addition of carbon to the system from combustion of fossil fuels and by transfers of carbon from land to the atmosphere as a result of land use. The budget includes a term for each of the major fluxes of carbon (fossil fuels, oceans, land) as well as the rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Land is represented by two terms: one resulting from direct anthropogenic effects (Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry or land management) and one resulting from indirect anthropogenic (e.g., CO2, climate change) and natural effects. Each of these two net terrestrial fluxes of carbon, in turn, is composed of opposing gross emissions and removals (e.g., deforestation and forest regrowth). Although the GCP budgets have focused on the two net terrestrial fluxes, they have paid little attention to the gross components, which are important for a number of reasons, including understanding the potential for land management to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and understanding the processes responsible for the sink for carbon on land. In contrast to the net fluxes of carbon, which are constrained by the global carbon budget, the gross fluxes are largely unconstrained, suggesting that there is more uncertainty than commonly believed about how terrestrial carbon emissions will respond to future fossil fuel emissions and a changing climate. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.15050 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 3006 EP - 3014 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.15050 Y2 - 2020/06/29/ N1 -_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15050
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gross CO2 fluxes from land-use change: implications for reducing global emissions and increasing sinks AU - Richter, deB Daniel AU - Houghton, R. A. T2 - Carbon Management AB - The role of land use in the global carbon cycle involves both CO2 sources (e.g., as forest land is converted to agricultural uses) and CO2 sinks (as vegetation regrows following land disturbance). While land-use change contributions to the carbon cycle have been mainly evaluated using net emissions of CO2, we estimated gross emissions and gross sinks of CO2 from land-use change via global and regional simulations with a widely used carbon cycle model. Gross fluxes are large; for example, the gross CO2 sources from land-use change amount to 4.3 PgC year-1 or more than 55% of emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacture. The airborne fraction is therefore estimated to be approximately 34% of total CO2 emissions (i.e., fossil fuel plus land-use). Since land-use conversions and abandonment differ regionally, gross sources and sinks provide strong support for extensive land protection and land-use management strategies to reduce atmospheric CO2. DA - 2011/02/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.4155/cmt.10.43 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 41 EP - 47 SN - 1758-3004 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.10.43 Y2 - 2016/07/13/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Where is the residual terrestrial carbon sink? AU - Houghton, Richard A. AU - Baccini, Alessandro AU - Walker, Wayne S. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - The apparent accumulation of carbon on land necessary to balance the global carbon budget has perplexed scientists since the first carbon budgets were constructed more than 40 years ago. The magnitude of the sink over the decade 2006–2015 averaged 3.1 ± 0.9 PgC/year, but neither the factors causing it nor its location are known. Here, based on results from a recent analysis by Baccini et al. (), we estimate that about a third (1.0 PgC/year) of the residual sink is in the tropics, and about two-thirds is outside the tropics (2.1 PgC/year). DA - 2018/08/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14313 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 24 IS - 8 SP - 3277 EP - 3279 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14313 Y2 - 2018/10/22/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles AU - Ciais, P. AU - Sabine, C. AU - Bala, G. AU - Bopp, Laurent AU - Brovkin, V. AU - Canadell, J. AU - Chhabra, A. AU - DeFries, R. AU - Galloway, M. AU - Heimann, M. AU - Jones, C. AU - LeQuéré, C. AU - Myneni, R.B. AU - Piao, S. AU - Thronton, P. T2 - Cli-mate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 - Stocker, T.F. A2 - Qin, D. A2 - Plattner, G.-K. A2 - Tignor, M. A2 - Allen, S.K. A2 - Boschung, J. A2 - Nauels, A. A2 - Xia, Y. A2 - Bex, V. A2 - Midgley, P.M. A2 - Stocker, T.F. A2 - Qin, D. A2 - Plattner, G.-K. A2 - Tignor, M. A2 - Allen, S.K. A2 - Boschung, J. A2 - Nauels, A. A2 - Xia, Y. A2 - Bex, V. A2 - Midgley, P.M. CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon residence time dominates uncertainty in terrestrial vegetation responses to future climate and atmospheric CO2 AU - Friend, Andrew D. AU - Lucht, Wolfgang AU - Rademacher, Tim T. AU - Keribin, Rozenn AU - Betts, Richard AU - Cadule, Patricia AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Clark, Douglas B. AU - Dankers, Rutger AU - Falloon, Pete D. AU - Ito, Akihiko AU - Kahana, Ron AU - Kleidon, Axel AU - Lomas, Mark R. AU - Nishina, Kazuya AU - Ostberg, Sebastian AU - Pavlick, Ryan AU - Peylin, Philippe AU - Schaphoff, Sibyll AU - Vuichard, Nicolas AU - Warszawski, Lila AU - Wiltshire, Andy AU - Woodward, F. Ian T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Future climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 are expected to cause major changes in vegetation structure and function over large fractions of the global land surface. Seven global vegetation models are used to analyze possible responses to future climate simulated by a range of general circulation models run under all four representative concentration pathway scenarios of changing concentrations of greenhouse gases. All 110 simulations predict an increase in global vegetation carbon to 2100, but with substantial variation between vegetation models. For example, at 4 °C of global land surface warming (510–758 ppm of CO2), vegetation carbon increases by 52–477 Pg C (224 Pg C mean), mainly due to CO2 fertilization of photosynthesis. Simulations agree on large regional increases across much of the boreal forest, western Amazonia, central Africa, western China, and southeast Asia, with reductions across southwestern North America, central South America, southern Mediterranean areas, southwestern Africa, and southwestern Australia. Four vegetation models display discontinuities across 4 °C of warming, indicating global thresholds in the balance of positive and negative influences on productivity and biomass. In contrast to previous global vegetation model studies, we emphasize the importance of uncertainties in projected changes in carbon residence times. We find, when all seven models are considered for one representative concentration pathway × general circulation model combination, such uncertainties explain 30% more variation in modeled vegetation carbon change than responses of net primary productivity alone, increasing to 151% for non-HYBRID4 models. A change in research priorities away from production and toward structural dynamics and demographic processes is recommended. DA - 2014/03/04/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1222477110 VL - 111 IS - 9 SP - 3280 J2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/111/9/3280.abstract ER - TY - RPRT TI - Umweltgesamtrechnungen. Modul - Luftemissionsrechnung 1995 bis 2019 AU - Strasser, Manuela CY - Wien DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=119613 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovative Energietechnologien in Österreich Marktentwicklung 2019, Biomasse, Photovoltaik, Solarthermie, Wärmepumpen und Windkraft AU - BMK T2 - Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - 266 SN - 14/2020 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Erneuerbare Energie in Zahlen AU - BMK CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Außenhandelsstatistik: Importe und Exporte. Import- und Exportstatistiken nach Ländern und Warengruppen sowie Jahresbroschüren AU - WKO DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://www.wko.at/service/zahlen-daten-fakten/oesterreichs-aussenhandel.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Daily temperature grids for Austria since 1961—concept, creation and applicability AU - Hiebl, Johann AU - Frei, Christoph T2 - Theoretical and Applied Climatology AB - Current interest into past climate change and its potential role for changes in the environment call for spatially distributed climate datasets of high temporal resolution and extending over several decades. To foster such research, we present a new gridded dataset of daily minimum and maximum temperature covering Austria at 1-km resolution and extending back till 1961 at daily time resolution. To account for the complex and highly variable thermal distributions in this high-mountain region, we adapt and employ a recently published interpolation method that estimates nonlinear temperature profiles with altitude and accounts for the non-Euclidean spatial representativity of station measurements. The spatial analysis builds upon 150 station series in and around Austria (homogenised where available), all of which extend over or were gap-filled to cover the entire study period. The restriction to (almost) complete records shall avoid long-term inconsistencies from changes in the station network. Systematic leave-one-out cross-validation reveals interpolation errors (mean absolute error) of about 1 °C. Errors are relatively larger for minimum compared to maximum temperatures, for the interior of the Alps compared to the flatland and for winter compared to summer. Visual comparisons suggest that valley-scale inversions and föhn are more realistically captured in the new compared to existing datasets. The usefulness of the presented dataset (SPARTACUS) is illustrated in preliminary analyses of long-term trends in climate impact indices. These reveal spatially variable and eventually considerable changes in the thermal climate in Austria. DA - 2016/04/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s00704-015-1411-4 VL - 124 IS - 1 SP - 161 EP - 178 J2 - Theoretical and Applied Climatology SN - 1434-4483 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1411-4 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Handbuch für konstruktiven Gebäudeschutz A2 - Suda, J. A2 - Rudolf-Miklau, F. A3 - Suda, J. A3 - Rudolf-Miklau, F. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SN - 3-99043-412-8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A regionalization of Austria's precipitation climate using principal component analysis AU - Ehrendorfer, M. T2 - J. Climatelimatology DA - 1987/// PY - 1987 VL - 7 SP - 71 EP - 89 ER - TY - MGZN TI - Klimastatusbericht 2018 AU - Stangl, Martha AU - Formayer, Herbert AU - Hofstätter, Michael AU - Orlik, Alexander AU - Andre, Klaus AU - Hiebl, Johannes AU - Steyrer, Georg AU - Michl, Claudia DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 LA - German UR - https://ccca.ac.at/fileadmin/00_DokumenteHauptmenue/02_Klimawissen/Klimastatusbericht/Klimastatusbericht_OE_und_W_2018_20190812_Onlineversion.pdf N1 -publisher: CCCA, Wien
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Summary for Policymakers AU - IPCC T2 - Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 - Masson-Delmotte, V. A2 - Zhai, P. A2 - Pirani, A. A2 - Connors, S.L. A2 - Péan, C. A2 - Berger, S. A2 - Caud, N. A2 - Chen, Y. A2 - Goldfarb, L. A2 - Gomis, M.I. A2 - Huang, M. A2 - Leitzell, K. A2 - Lonnoy, E. A2 - Matthews, J. B. R. A2 - Maycook, T.K. A2 - Waterfield, T. A2 - Yelekçi, , R. A2 - Yu, R. A2 - Zhou, B. A2 - Masson-Delmotte, V. A2 - Zhai, P. A2 - Pirani, A. A2 - Connors, S.L. A2 - Péan, C. A2 - Berger, S. A2 - Caud, N. A2 - Chen, Y. A2 - Goldfarb, L. A2 - Gomis, M.I. A2 - Huang, M. A2 - Leitzell, K. A2 - Lonnoy, E. A2 - Matthews, J. B. R. A2 - Maycook, T.K. A2 - Waterfield, T. A2 - Yelekçi, , R. A2 - Yu, R. A2 - Zhou, B. CY - Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SP - 3 EP - 32 UR - doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-centennial climate variability in the Alps based on Instrumental data, Model simulations and Proxy data ALP-IMP AU - ALPIMP T2 - ALP-IMP DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 UR - http://www.zamg.ac.at/ALP-IMP/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - HISTALP—historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region AU - Auer, Ingeborg AU - Böhm, Reinhard AU - Jurkovic, Anita AU - Lipa, Wolfgang AU - Orlik, Alexander AU - Potzmann, Roland AU - Schöner, Wolfgang AU - Ungersböck, Markus AU - Matulla, Christoph AU - Briffa, Keith AU - Jones, Phil AU - Efthymiadis, Dimitrios AU - Brunetti, Michele AU - Nanni, Teresa AU - Maugeri, Maurizio AU - Mercalli, Luca AU - Mestre, Olivier AU - Moisselin, Jean-Marc AU - Begert, Michael AU - Müller-Westermeier, Gerhard AU - Kveton, Vit AU - Bochnicek, Oliver AU - Stastny, Pavel AU - Lapin, Milan AU - Szalai, Sándor AU - Szentimrey, Tamás AU - Cegnar, Tanja AU - Dolinar, Mojca AU - Gajic-Capka, Marjana AU - Zaninovic, Ksenija AU - Majstorovic, Zeljko AU - Nieplova, Elena T2 - International Journal of Climatology AB - Abstract This paper describes the HISTALP database, consisting of monthly homogenised records of temperature, pressure, precipitation, sunshine and cloudiness for the ?Greater Alpine Region? (GAR, 4?19°E, 43?49°N, 0?3500m asl). The longest temperature and air pressure series extend back to 1760, precipitation to 1800, cloudiness to the 1840s and sunshine to the 1880s. A systematic QC procedure has been applied to the series and a high number of inhomogeneities (more than 2500) and outliers (more than 5000) have been detected and removed. The 557 HISTALP series are kept in different data modes: original and homogenised, gap-filled and outlier corrected station mode series, grid-1 series (anomaly fields at 1° ? 1°, lat ? long) and Coarse Resolution Subregional (CRS) mean series according to an EOF-based regionalisation. The leading climate variability features within the GAR are discussed through selected examples and a concluding linear trend analysis for 100, 50 and 25-year subperiods for the four horizontal and two altitudinal CRSs. Among the key findings of the trend analysis is the parallel centennial decrease/increase of both temperature and air pressure in the 19th/20th century. The 20th century increase (+1.2 °C/+ 1.1 hPa for annual GAR-means) evolved stepwise with a first peak near 1950 and the second increase (1.3 °C/0.6hPa per 25 years) starting in the 1970s. Centennial and decadal scale temperature trends were identical for all subregions. Air pressure, sunshine and cloudiness show significant differences between low versus high elevations. A long-term increase of the high-elevation series relative to the low-elevation series is given for sunshine and air pressure. Of special interest is the exceptional high correlation near 0.9 between the series on mean temperature and air pressure difference (high-minus low-elevation). This, further developed via some atmospheric statics and thermodynamics, allows the creation of ?barometric temperature series? without use of the measures of temperature. They support the measured temperature trends in the region. Precipitation shows the most significant regional and seasonal differences with, e.g., remarkable opposite 20th century evolution for NW (9% increase) versus SE (9% decrease). Other long- and short-term features are discussed and indicate the promising potential of the new database for further analyses and applications. Copyright ? 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. DA - 2007/01/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1002/joc.1377 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 17 EP - 46 J2 - International Journal of Climatology SN - 0899-8418 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increase in hourly precipitation extremes beyond expectations from temperature changes AU - Lenderink, Geert AU - van Meijgaard, Erik T2 - Nature Geoscience AB - Changes in precipitation extremes under greenhouse warming are commonly assumed to be constrained by the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship, implying an increase in extreme precipitation of 7% per degree of climate warming. An analysis of 99 years of observations along with simulations with a regional climate model show that short-duration precipitation extremes can instead increase in severity twice as fast, by 14% per degree of warming. DA - 2008/08/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1038/ngeo262 VL - 1 IS - 8 SP - 511 EP - 514 J2 - Nature Geoscience SN - 1752-0908 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature dependency of hourly precipitation intensities – surface versus cloud layer temperature AU - Formayer, Herbert AU - Fritz, Alexandra T2 - International Journal of Climatology AB - ABSTRACT Possible changes in precipitation intensity, especially for extreme precipitation events, in a warming climate are of great societal concern. It is generally expected that heavy precipitation will become more intense. The relationship between precipitation intensity and temperature and other factors influencing precipitation is not fully understood yet. Still, a robust estimate for a possible increase in precipitation intensity is of great importance for many applications, such as the planning of flood control or adaptations in agricultural systems. The Clausius-Clapeyron relation, which explains the dependency of the water holding capacity on air temperature, has been proposed as a possible constraint. It would yield an increase of about 7% K?1 warming (deemed the Clausius-Clapeyron rate). In this article, the relation between heavy 1-h precipitation and 2-m air temperature in observations from the recent past at the station in Vienna Austria is studied. Following a methodology outline in previous studies, this study will show that increases around the Clausius-Clapeyron rate are found with steeper increases towards the warm end. These findings confirm those of comparable studies. It remains unclear whether there is a limit to that scaling at a certain temperature because the results become unreliable at the warm end of the temperature range due to insufficient sample sizes. In a second step, the dependency of hourly precipitation extremes on the mean temperature between the 700 and 500 hPa layers is analysed in the same manner. A similar increase is found, but the results remain robust even in higher percentiles of the distribution of temperature values in the respective data sets. DA - 2017/01/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/joc.4678 VL - 37 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 10 J2 - International Journal of Climatology SN - 0899-8418 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Community-specific hydraulic conductance potential of soil water decomposed for two Alpine grasslands by small-scale lysimetry AU - Frenck, Georg AU - Leitinger, Georg AU - Obojes, Nikolaus AU - Hofmann, Magdalena AU - Newesely, Christian AU - Deutschmann, Mario AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Tasser, Erich T2 - Biogeosciences AB - Abstract. For central Europe in addition to rising temperatures an increasing variability in precipitation is predicted. This will increase the probability of drought periods in the Alps, where water supply has been sufficient in most areas so far. For Alpine grasslands, community-specific imprints on drought responses are poorly analyzed so far due to the sufficient natural water supply. In a replicated mesocosm experiment we compared evapotranspiration (ET) and biomass productivity of two differently drought-adapted Alpine grassland communities during two artificial drought periods divided by extreme precipitation events using high-precision small lysimeters. The drought-adapted vegetation type showed a high potential to utilize even scarce water resources. This is combined with a low potential to translate atmospheric deficits into higher water conductance and a lower biomass production as those measured for the non-drought-adapted type. The non-drought-adapted type, in contrast, showed high water conductance potential and a strong increase in ET rates when environmental conditions became less constraining. With high rates even at dry conditions, this community appears not to be optimized to save water and might experience drought effects earlier and probably more strongly. As a result, the water use efficiency of the drought-adapted plant community is with 2.6 gDW kg−1 of water much higher than that of the non-drought-adapted plant community (0.16 gDW kg−1). In summary, the vegetation's reaction to two covarying gradients of potential evapotranspiration and soil water content revealed a clear difference in vegetation development and between water-saving and water-spending strategies regarding evapotranspiration. DA - 2018/02/21/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.5194/bg-15-1065-2018 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 1065 EP - 1078 J2 - Biogeosciences LA - en SN - 1726-4189 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change effects on hydrological system conditions influencing generation of storm runoff in small Alpine catchments AU - Meißl, G. AU - Formayer, H. AU - Klebinder, K. AU - Kerl, F. AU - Schöberl, F. AU - Geitner, C. AU - Markart, G. AU - Leidinger, D. AU - Bronstert, A. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Floods and debris flows in small Alpine torrent catchments (<10 km2) arise from a combination of critical antecedent system state conditions and mostly convective precipitation events with high precipitation intensities. Thus, climate change may influence the magnitude–frequency relationship of extreme events twofold: by a modification of the occurrence probabilities of critical hydrological system conditions and by a change of event precipitation characteristics. Three small Alpine catchments in different altitudes in Western Austria (Ruggbach, Brixenbach and Längentalbach catchment) were investigated by both field experiments and process-based simulation. Rainfall–runoff model (HQsim) runs driven by localized climate scenarios (CNRM-RM4.5/ARPEGE, MPI-REMO/ECHAM5 and ICTP-RegCM3/ECHAM5) were used in order to estimate future frequencies of stormflow triggering system state conditions. According to the differing altitudes of the study catchments, two effects of climate change on the hydrological systems can be observed. On one hand, the seasonal system state conditions of medium altitude catchments are most strongly affected by air temperature-controlled processes such as the development of the winter snow cover as well as evapotranspiration. On the other hand, the unglaciated high-altitude catchment is less sensitive to climate change-induced shifts regarding days with critical antecedent soil moisture and desiccated litter layer due to its elevation-related small proportion of sensitive areas. For the period 2071–2100, the number of days with critical antecedent soil moisture content will be significantly reduced to about 60% or even less in summer in all catchments. In contrast, the number of days with dried-out litter layers causing hydrophobic effects will increase by up to 8%–11% of the days in the two lower altitude catchments. The intensity analyses of heavy precipitation events indicate a clear increase in rain intensities of up to 10%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/hyp.11104 VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 1314 EP - 1330 J2 - Hydrol. Processes LA - English SN - 08856087 (ISSN) DB - Scopus ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accelerated Glacier and Permafrost Changes in the Alps, in Beniston M AU - Haeberli, W. T2 - Mountain Environments in Changing Climates. Routledge DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 SP - 102 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 1997. Schnellbericht 1.17. AU - ÖSTAT CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 UR - http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=081208 N1 -(Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt)
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 1993. Schnellbericht 1.17. AU - ÖSTAT CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 UR - http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=081208 N1 -(Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt)
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Land- und Forstwirtschaftliche Betriebszählung1990. Hauptergebnisse Österreich AU - ÖSTAT CN - (Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt) CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 1991/// PY - 1991 VL - Heft 1.060/12 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung: Stichprobenerhebung 2016, Schnellbericht 1.17 AU - Statistik Austria CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_NATIVE_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=116146 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung: Stichprobenerhebung 2013, Schnellbericht 1.17 AU - Statistik Austria CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=079748 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 2010. Gesamtergebnisse AU - Statistik Austria CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 UR - http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=071927 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 2005, Schnellbericht 1.17 AU - STATISTIK AUSTRIA CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 UR - http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=081208 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 2003, Schnellbericht 1.17 AU - STATISTIK AUSTRIA CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 UR - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/agrarstrukturerhebung_2005_stichprobe_021894.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 1999, Schnellbericht 1.17 AU - STATISTIK AUSTRIA CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 UR - https://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=012415 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Österreichische Forstinventur - Ergebnisse 1986/90 AU - Schieler, K. AU - Büchsenmeister, R AU - Schadauer, K CY - Wien DA - 1995/// PY - 1995 SN - 92 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Österreichische Waldinventur AU - BFW DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - https://bfw.ac.at/rz/wi.home ER - TY - BOOK TI - Regional Information derived from the Austrian real estate database BEV AU - BEV CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 UR - https://www.bev.gv.at/portal/page?_pageid=713,2669356&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL N1 -Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldentwicklungsplan (WEP) AU - BMLRT DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://info.bmlrt.gv.at/themen/wald/wald-in-oesterreich/raumplanung/waldentwicklungsplan/WEP.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Datensammlung zum Österreichischen Wald AU - BMNT AB - Die Datensammlung zum Waldbericht ist ein informatives Nachschlagewerk für all jene, die Fakten zum Wald in Österreich suchen. Sie stellt die vielseitigen ökologischen, ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Leistungen des Waldes und der Forstwirtschaft dar. Mit der Datensammlung werden Daten und Zahlen geliefert, die zeigen sollen, warum es so bedeutend ist, den Wald zu bewirtschaften. Sie ist – ebenso wie der Waldbericht selbst – nach den Kriterien und Indikatoren für eine nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung der Ministerkonferenz zum Schutz der Wälder in Europa (FOREST EUROPE) aufgebaut. Die Datensammlung ist als elektronischer Download verfügbar. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/forst/oesterreich-wald/waldzustand/datensammlung2017.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grüner Bericht 2019 AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integriertes Verwaltung- und Kontrollsystem - INVEKOS AU - BMLRT T2 - Landwirtschaft DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - https://info.bml.gv.at/themen/landwirtschaft/gemeinsame-agrarpolitik-foerderungen/nationaler-strategieplan/direktzahlungen-ab-2023/invekosinvekosgis.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - INVEKOS-Datenbestand des Bundesministeriums für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus AU - BMLRT AB - Stand: April 2020 DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/land/direktzahlungen/Invekos.html DB - SR-LU_graue_Literatur Y2 - 2020/06/23/ N1 -type: dataset
ER - TY - ELEC TI - Flächeninanspruchnahme AU - Umweltbundesamt DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/boden/flaecheninanspruchnahme ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bodenfunktionen und Bodenressourcen – Grenzen der Multifunktionalität AU - Blum, Winfried E.H. T2 - local land and soil news T3 - The Bulletin of the European Land and Soil Alliance (ELSA) e.V. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 VL - 50 IS - II/14 SP - 13 EP - 15 UR - http://www.bodenbuendnis.org/fileadmin/user_upload/soil-alliance/Publikationen/Themenhefte/LLSN_No_50_-_To_gain_Traction_on_Soil_-_Bodenhaftung_gewinnen.pdf N1 -number: II/14
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Regierungsprogramm 2020 -2024, Aus Verantwortung für Österreich AU - Bundeskanzleramt CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/bundeskanzleramt/die-bundesregierung/regierungsdokumente.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Fahrplan für ein ressourcenschonendes Europa AU - EC DA - 2011/09/20/ PY - 2011 LA - Deutsch ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria 2025: Innovation – A Motor of Growth and Employment in the Rural Economy AU - Sinabell, Franz AU - Walder, Peter AU - Kantelhardt, J. CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ER - TY - RPRT TI - CArbon Sequestration in Austrian Soils AU - Spiegel, Heide CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 5 M3 - Zwischenbericht ER - TY - JOUR TI - At the core of the socio-ecological transition: Agroecosystem energy fluxes in Austria 1830–2010 AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Krausmann, Fridolin T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - Analyses of energy efficiency in biomass production offer important insights in the context of sustainable land management and biomass production. However, much of the previous research on the topic has focused on the energy efficiency of either food or energy provision. Only recently, comprehensive analyses at the total agroecosystem level have been operationalized, studying long-term change in agroecosystem energetics in the course of the socio-ecological transition. We contribute to this line of research by offering an empirical assessment of agroecosystem energetics for the case of Austria, covering the period 1830–2010 at an annual resolution. We present a quantitative assessment of energy inputs, outputs and internal energy fluxes of Austria's agroecosystem, including crop production, livestock production and forestry, as well as energy return on investment indicators. We identify three major periods: (1) “pre-industrial land-use intensification” (1830–1914) is characterized by moderate agricultural growth based on increased biomass recirculation, declining wood harvest, and, probably, slightly declining energy returns on investments. (2) From 1918 to 1985, “industrialization of land use and the green revolution” exhibits a substitution of labor by modern energy inputs, while livestock continued to rely greatly on domestic biomass. (3) “Industrialized extensification and environmental awareness” (1986–2010) features increasing energy efficiency due to declines in livestock numbers, a shift towards forestry, and a rising amount of final products from croplands at stable energy inputs. We discuss these periods in the context of changes in both ecological impacts and social metabolism, and identify trade-offs among food and bioenergy provision. DA - 2018/12// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.074 DP - Crossref VL - 645 SP - 119 EP - 129 LA - en SN - 00489697 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Transitions in European land-management regimes between 1800 and 2010 AU - Jepsen, Martin Rudbeck AU - Kuemmerle, Tobias AU - Müller, Daniel AU - Erb, Karlheinz AU - Verburg, Peter H. AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Vesterager, Jens Peter AU - Andrič, Maja AU - Antrop, Marc AU - Austrheim, Gunnar AU - Björn, Ismo AU - Bondeau, Alberte AU - Bürgi, Matthias AU - Bryson, Jessica AU - Caspar, Gilles AU - Cassar, Louis F. AU - Conrad, Elisabeth AU - Chromý, Pavel AU - Daugirdas, Vidmantas AU - Van Eetvelde, Veerle AU - Elena-Rosselló, Ramon AU - Gimmi, Urs AU - Izakovicova, Zita AU - Jančák, Vít AU - Jansson, Ulf AU - Kladnik, Drago AU - Kozak, Jacek AU - Konkoly-Gyuró, Eva AU - Krausmann, Fridolin AU - Mander, Ülo AU - McDonagh, John AU - Pärn, Jaan AU - Niedertscheider, Maria AU - Nikodemus, Olgerts AU - Ostapowicz, Katarzyna AU - Pérez-Soba, Marta AU - Pinto-Correia, Teresa AU - Ribokas, Gintaras AU - Rounsevell, Mark AU - Schistou, Despoina AU - Schmit, Claude AU - Terkenli, Theano S. AU - Tretvik, Aud M. AU - Trzepacz, Piotr AU - Vadineanu, Angheluta AU - Walz, Ariane AU - Zhllima, Edvin AU - Reenberg, Anette T2 - Land Use Policy AB - Land use is a cornerstone of human civilization, but also intrinsically linked to many global sustainability challenges—from climate change to food security to the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Understanding the underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers of land-use change, and how they play out in different environmental, socio-economic and cultural contexts, is therefore important for identifying effective policies to successfully address these challenges. In this regard, much can be learned from studying long-term land-use change. We examined the evolution of European land management over the past 200 years with the aim of identifying (1) key episodes of changes in land management, and (2) their underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers. To do so, we generated narratives elaborating on the drivers of land use-change at the country level for 28 countries in Europe. We qualitatively grouped drivers into land-management regimes, and compared changes in management regimes across Europe. Our results allowed discerning seven land-management regimes, and highlighted marked heterogeneity regarding the types of management regimes occurring in a particular country, the timing and prevalence of regimes, and the conditions that result in observed bifurcations. However, we also found strong similarities across countries in the timing of certain land-management regime shifts, often in relation to institutional reforms (e.g., changes in EU agrarian policies or the emergence and collapse of the Soviet land management paradigm) or to technological innovations (e.g., drainage pipes, tillage and harvesting machinery, motorization, and synthetic fertilizers). Land reforms frequently triggered changes in land management, and the location and timing of reforms had substantial impacts on land-use outcomes. Finally, forest protection policies and voluntary cooperatives were important drivers of land-management changes. Overall, our results demonstrate that land-system changes should not be conceived as unidirectional developments following predefined trajectories, but rather as path-dependent processes that may be affected by various drivers, including sudden events. DA - 2015/12/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 49 SP - 53 EP - 64 J2 - Land Use Policy LA - en SN - 0264-8377 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837715002124 Y2 - 2020/06/23/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparison of organic and conventional crop yields in Austria AU - Brückler, Martin AU - Resl, Thomas AU - Reindl, Andreas T2 - Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DO - 10.1515/boku-2017-0018 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - 223 EP - 236 SN - 0006-5471 N1 -section: 223
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of well-being AU - Creutzig, Felix AU - Niamir, Leila AU - Bai, Xuemei AU - Callaghan, Max AU - Cullen, Jonathan AU - Díaz-José, Julio AU - Figueroa, Maria AU - Grubler, Arnulf AU - Lamb, William F. AU - Leip, Adrian AU - Masanet, Eric AU - Mata, Érika AU - Mattauch, Linus AU - Minx, Jan C. AU - Mirasgedis, Sebastian AU - Mulugetta, Yacob AU - Nugroho, Sudarmanto Budi AU - Pathak, Minal AU - Perkins, Patricia AU - Roy, Joyashree AU - de la Rue du Can, Stephane AU - Saheb, Yamina AU - Some, Shreya AU - Steg, Linda AU - Steinberger, Julia AU - Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Mitigation solutions are often evaluated in terms of costs and greenhouse gas reduction potentials, missing out on the consideration of direct effects on human well-being. Here, we systematically assess the mitigation potential of demand-side options categorized into avoid, shift and improve, and their human well-being links. We show that these options, bridging socio-behavioural, infrastructural and technological domains, can reduce counterfactual sectoral emissions by 40–80% in end-use sectors. Based on expert judgement and an extensive literature database, we evaluate 306 combinations of well-being outcomes and demand-side options, finding largely beneficial effects in improvement in well-being (79% positive, 18% neutral and 3% negative), even though we find low confidence on the social dimensions of well-being. Implementing such nuanced solutions is based axiomatically on an understanding of malleable rather than fixed preferences, and procedurally on changing infrastructures and choice architectures. Results demonstrate the high mitigation potential of demand-side mitigation options that are synergistic with well-being. DA - 2022/01/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 36 EP - 46 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Synthese: Pfade zur Transformation struktureller Bedingungen für ein klimafreundliches Leben AU - Haas, W. AU - Muhar, A. AU - Dorninger, C. AU - Gugerell, K. T2 - APCC Special Report: Strukturen für ein klimafreundliches Leben (APCC SR Klimafreundliches Leben) A2 - Görg, C. A2 - Madner, V. A2 - Muhar, A. A2 - Novy, A. A2 - Posch, A. A2 - Steininger, K. A2 - Aigner, E. A2 - Görg, C. A2 - Madner, V. A2 - Muhar, A. A2 - Novy, A. A2 - Posch, A. A2 - Steininger, K. A2 - Aigner, E. CY - Heidelberg DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 37 UR - https://ssrn.com/abstract=422311 N1 -section: 23
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Waldinventur 2007/09: Betriebe und Bundesforste nutzen mehr als den Zuwachs AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 24 SP - 3 EP - 5 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria´s National Inventory Report 2019 - Submission under United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt AB - Project Management: Katja Pazdernik Autors: Michael Anderl, Angela Friedrich, Marion Gangl, Simone Haider, Elisabeth Kampel, Traute Köther, Martin Kriech, Christoph Lampert, Bradley Matthews, Katja Pazdernik, Günter Pfaff, Marion Pinterits, Stephan Poupa, Maria Purzner, Wolfgang Schieder, Carmen Schmid, Günther Schmidt, Barbara Schodl, Elisabeth Schwaiger, Bettina Schwarzl, Gudrun Stranner, Michaela Titz, Peter Weiss, Andreas Zechmeisterwith the collaboration of Gebhard Banko and Andreas Bartel CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 809 SN - REP-0677 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0677.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Hammerle, Albin AU - Haslwanter, Alois AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Cernusca, Alexander T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres AB - The role and relative importance of weather and cutting for the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of a temperate mountain grassland was investigated. Eddy covariance CO2 flux data and associated measurements of the green plant area index and the major environmental driving forces acquired during 2001?2006 at the study site Neustift (Austria) were analyzed. Driven by three cutting events per year which kept the investigated grassland in a stage of vigorous growth, the seasonal variability of NEE was primarily modulated by gross primary productivity (GPP). The role of environmental parameters in modulating the seasonal variability of NEE was obscured by the strong response of GPP to changes in the amount of green plant area, as well as the cutting-mediated decoupling of phenological development and the seasonal course of environmental drivers. None of the environmental and management metrics examined was able to explain the inter-annual variability of annual NEE. This is thought to result from (1) a high covariance between GPP and ecosystem respiration (Reco) at the annual timescale which results in a comparatively small inter-annual variation of NEE, (2) compensating effects between carbon exchange during and outside the management period, and (3) changes in the biotic response to rather than the environmental variables per se. GPP was more important in modulating inter-annual variations in NEE in spring and before the first and second cut, while Reco explained a larger fraction of the inter-annual variability of NEE during the remaining periods, in particular the post-cut periods. DA - 2008/04/27/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1029/2007JD009286 VL - 113 IS - D8 J2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres SN - 0148-0227 UR - https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009286 Y2 - 2020/08/25/ N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biotic, Abiotic, and Management Controls on the Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange of European Mountain Grassland Ecosystems AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Anderson-Dunn, Margaret AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Balzarolo, Manuela AU - Berninger, Frank AU - Campbell, Claire AU - Carrara, Arnaud AU - Cescatti, Alessandro AU - Christensen, Torben AU - Dore, Sabina AU - Eugster, Werner AU - Friborg, Thomas AU - Furger, Markus AU - Gianelle, Damiano AU - Gimeno, Cristina AU - Hargreaves, Ken AU - Hari, Pertti AU - Haslwanter, Alois AU - Johansson, Torbjörn AU - Marcolla, Barbara AU - Milford, Celia AU - Nagy, Zoltan AU - Nemitz, Eiko AU - Rogiers, Nele AU - Sanz, Maria J. AU - Siegwolf, Rolf T.W. AU - Susiluoto, Sanna AU - Sutton, Mark AU - Tuba, Zoltan AU - Ugolini, Francesca AU - Valentini, Riccardo AU - Zorer, Roberto AU - Cernusca, Alexander T2 - Ecosystems AB - The net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange (NEE) of nine European mountain grassland ecosystems was measured during 2002–2004 using the eddy covariance method. Overall, the availability of photosynthetically active radiation (PPFD) was the single most important abiotic influence factor for NEE. Its role changed markedly during the course of the season, PPFD being a better predictor for NEE during periods favorable for CO2 uptake, which was spring and autumn for the sites characterized by summer droughts (southern sites) and (peak) summer for the Alpine and northern study sites. This general pattern was interrupted by grassland management practices, that is, mowing and grazing, when the variability in NEE explained by PPFD decreased in concert with the amount of aboveground biomass (BMag). Temperature was the abiotic influence factor that explained most of the variability in ecosystem respiration at the Alpine and northern study sites, but not at the southern sites characterized by a pronounced summer drought, where soil water availability and the amount of aboveground biomass were more or equally important. The amount of assimilating plant area was the single most important biotic variable determining the maximum ecosystem carbon uptake potential, that is, the NEE at saturating PPFD. Good correspondence, in terms of the magnitude of NEE, was observed with many (semi-) natural grasslands around the world, but not with grasslands sown on fertile soils in lowland locations, which exhibited higher maximum carbon gains at lower respiratory costs. It is concluded that, through triggering rapid changes in the amount and area of the aboveground plant matter, the timing and frequency of land management practices is crucial for the short-term sensitivity of the NEE of the investigated mountain grassland ecosystems to climatic drivers. DA - 2008/12/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10021-008-9196-2 DP - Springer Link VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 1338 EP - 1351 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en SN - 1435-0629 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards an integrative assessment of land-use type values from the perspective of ecosystem services AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Schirpke, Uta AU - Zoderer, Brenda Maria AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - Ecosystem Services DA - 2020/04// PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101082 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 42 SP - 101082 J2 - Ecosystem Services LA - en SN - 22120416 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Leben mit dem Wald: Österreichs Wälder im Wechsel der Zeiten AU - Glatzel, Gerhard A2 - Morawetz, W. A3 - Morawetz, W. CY - Wien DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 N1 -container-title: Ökologische Grundwerte in Österreich - Modell für Europa?
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forest Ecology: an evidence-based approach AU - Binkley, Dan CY - Hoboken, NJ DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 ET - First SN - 1-119-70320-4 ER - TY - BOOK TI - European Forests – Our Cultural Heritage A2 - Johann, Elisabeth A2 - Kusmin, Jürgen A2 - Woitsch, Jiri A3 - Johann, Elisabeth A3 - Kusmin, Jürgen A3 - Woitsch, Jiri DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SN - 978-80-7415-233-7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land use–related Changes in Aboveground Carbon Stocks of Austria’s Terrestrial Ecosystems AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz T2 - Ecosystems AB - Land-use changes considerably alter the patterns and processes of terrestrial ecosystems. In an attempt to assess the impact of the human domination of ecosystems, this study quantifies the effect of human activities on aboveground carbon stocks in vegetation, based on a comparison of potential and actual vegetation in Austria. Following an accounting approach, statistical and GIS data on vegetation, elevation, land use, biomass harvest, as well as forest inventories and real estate statistics, were entered into the assessment, which was performed at the level of municipalities (n = 2,350). The results show that aboveground carbon storage in Austria has been considerably reduced by human activities. Actual vegetation contains 64% less carbon than would be expected in potential vegetation. The conversion of forests to cropland, grasslands, and urban areas has contributed 77% to this reduction in carbon stocks, the remaining 23% is due to forest management. In Austria, aboveground carbon stocks in forests have been reduced by 30% due to reductions in stand age and changes in forest species composition. Placing the data in a historical context, this analysis suggests that the current terrestrial carbon sink is a reversal of past carbon losses. DA - 2004/08/01/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1007/s10021-004-0234-4 DP - link.springer.com VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 563 EP - 572 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en SN - 1432-9840, 1435-0629 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-004-0234-4 Y2 - 2012/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000 AU - Gingrich, Simone AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Krausmann, Fridolin AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2007/03/12/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1007/s10113-007-0024-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 47 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10113-007-0024-6 Y2 - 2021/02/12/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of organic carbon pools for Austria's agricultural soils using a information system AU - Gerzabek, M. H. AU - Strebl, F. AU - Tulipan, M. AU - Schwarz, S. T2 - Canadian Journal of Soil Science DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 VL - 85 SP - 491 EP - 498 KW - BORIS KW - bulk densities ER - TY - BOOK TI - Austria’s National Inventory Report 2011 – Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - REP-0308 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Austria's National Inventory Report 2021. Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Umweltbundesamt A2 - Anderl, Michael A2 - Friedrich, Angela A2 - Gangl, Marion A2 - Kriech, Martin A2 - Kuschel, Verena A2 - Lampert, Christoph A2 - Mandl, Nicole A2 - Matthews, Bradley A2 - Mayer, Simone A2 - Moldaschl, Erwin A2 - Pazdernik, Katja A2 - Poupa, Stephan A2 - Purzner, Maria A2 - Schieder, Wolfgang A2 - Rockenschaub, Anne Karina A2 - Schmid, Carmen A2 - Schmidt, Günther A2 - Schodl, Barbara A2 - Schwaiger, Elisabeth A2 - Schwarzl, Bettina A2 - Stranner, Gudrun A2 - Weiss, Peter A2 - Wieser, Manuela A2 - Zechmeister, Andreas A3 - Anderl, Michael A3 - Friedrich, Angela A3 - Gangl, Marion A3 - Kriech, Martin A3 - Kuschel, Verena A3 - Lampert, Christoph A3 - Mandl, Nicole A3 - Matthews, Bradley A3 - Mayer, Simone A3 - Moldaschl, Erwin A3 - Pazdernik, Katja A3 - Poupa, Stephan A3 - Purzner, Maria A3 - Schieder, Wolfgang A3 - Rockenschaub, Anne Karina A3 - Schmid, Carmen A3 - Schmidt, Günther A3 - Schodl, Barbara A3 - Schwaiger, Elisabeth A3 - Schwarzl, Bettina A3 - Stranner, Gudrun A3 - Weiss, Peter A3 - Wieser, Manuela A3 - Zechmeister, Andreas CY - Vienna DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 VL - REP-0811 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0811.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energie in Österreich Zahlen, Daten, Fakten AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 46 LA - Deutsch UR - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/dam/jcr:3c2b8824-461c-402e-8e1d-da938d6ece8b/BMNT_Energie_in_OE2019_Barrierefrei_final.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - #mission 2030 - Austrian Climate and Energy Strategy AU - BMNT AU - BMVIT DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - CONF TI - Energy Scenarios 2050 for Austria AU - Meyer, I. AU - Sommer, M. AU - Kratena, K. DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energie in Österreich. Zahlen, Daten, Fakten AU - BMK DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 UR - https://www.bmk.gv.at/themen/energie/publikationen/zahlen.html ER - TY - BOOK TI - The challenge of sustaining soils: Natural and social ramifications of biomass production in a changing world AU - Winiwarter, Verena AU - Gerzabek, Martin T2 - Interdisciplinary Perspectives AB - In this book, soils are put centre stage in the debate about global climate change and biomass production, which influences considerably the evaluation of sustainable options for the future. CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SN - ISBN 978-3-7001-7291-8 UR - https://www.austriaca.at/epub-topics/Biowissenschaften/Biowissenschaften/7212-3 Y2 - 2020/07/13/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse gas implications of mobilizing agricultural biomass for energy: a reassessment of global potentials in 2050 under different food-system pathways AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Kaltenegger, Katrin AU - Winiwarter, Wilfried AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Matej, Sarah AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - Environmental Research Letters DA - 2020/03/06/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6c2e DP - iopscience-1iop-1org-1001616ie0803.pisces.boku.ac.at VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 034066 J2 - Environ. Res. Lett. LA - en SN - 1748-9326 N1 -number: 3
publisher: IOP Publishing
publisher: Elsevier B.V.
ER - TY - JOUR TI - An assessment of international trade related to bioenergy use in Austria—Methodological aspects, recent developments and the relevance of indirect trade AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Kranzl, Lukas T2 - Energy Policy DA - 2012/07// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.026 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 46 SP - 537 EP - 549 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 03014215 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Holzströme in Österreich AU - Strimitzer, Lorenz AU - Wlcek, Bernhard AU - Bergamo, Alex AU - Nemestothy, Kasimir DA - 2022/10// PY - 2022 UR - http://www.klimaaktiv.at N1 -Published: Bundesministerium Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität, Innovation und Technologie, Österreichische Energieagentur, LKÖ
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2021, Submission under Regulation (EU) No 2018/1999 AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 SP - 56 SN - REP-0841 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/rep0841.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Factsheet StaubemissionenAktuelle Daten und Ausblick auf 2050 AU - Schwarz, M AU - Strasser, C. CY - Wieselburg DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 17 SN - 913 TR C100740 UR - https://www.best-research.eu/webroot/files/file/Factsheet%20Staubemissionen.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Leiftafden zur Errichtung von Windkraftanlagen in der Steiermark AU - Frühwald, O. AU - Ulrich, C. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 UR - http://www.lev.at/download/Leitfaden_Windkraft_2007.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Applying a science‐based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy AU - Cowie, Annette L. AU - Berndes, Göran AU - Bentsen, Niclas Scott AU - Brandão, Miguel AU - Cherubini, Francesco AU - Egnell, Gustaf AU - George, Brendan AU - Gustavsson, Leif AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Harris, Zoe M. AU - Johnsson, Filip AU - Junginger, Martin AU - Kline, Keith L. AU - Koponen, Kati AU - Koppejan, Jaap AU - Kraxner, Florian AU - Lamers, Patrick AU - Majer, Stefan AU - Marland, Eric AU - Nabuurs, Gert‐Jan AU - Pelkmans, Luc AU - Sathre, Roger AU - Schaub, Marcus AU - Smith, Charles Tattersall AU - Soimakallio, Sampo AU - Van Der Hilst, Floor AU - Woods, Jeremy AU - Ximenes, Fabiano A. T2 - GCB Bioenergy DA - 2021/05/27/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12844 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) SP - gcbb.12844 J2 - GCB Bioenergy LA - en SN - 1757-1693, 1757-1707 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in perspective needed to forge ‘no-regret’ forest-based climate change mitigation strategies AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Le Noë, Julia AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Gingrich, Simone T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract Forest-based mitigation strategies will play a pivotal role in achieving the rapid and deep net-emission reductions required to prevent catastrophic climate change. However, large disagreement prevails on how to forge forest-based mitigation strategies, in particular in regions where forests are currently growing in area and carbon density. Two opposing viewpoints prevail in the current discourse: (1) A widespread viewpoint, specifically in countries in the Global North, favours enhanced wood use, including bioenergy, for substitution of emissions-intensive products and processes. (2) Others instead focus on the biophysical, resource-efficiency and time-response advantages of forest conservation and restoration for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, whilst often not explicitly specifying how much wood extraction can still safeguard these ecological benefits. We here argue for a new perspective in sustainable forest research that aims at forging ?no-regret? forest-based climate change mitigation strategies. Based on the consideration of forest growth dynamics and the opportunity carbon cost associated with wood use, we suggest that, instead of taking (hypothetical) wood-for-fossil substitution as starting point in assessments of carbon implications of wood products and services, analyses should take the potential and desired carbon sequestration of forests as starting point and quantify sustainable yield potentials compatible with those carbon sequestration potentials. Such an approach explicitly addresses the possible benefits provided by forests as carbon sinks, brings research on the permanence and vulnerability of C-stocks in forests, of substitution effects, as well as explorations of demand-side strategies to the forefront of research and, in particular, aligns better with the urgency to find viable climate solutions. DA - 2022/03/01/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12921 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 246 EP - 257 J2 - GCB Bioenergy SN - 1757-1693 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glosary IPCC SR1.5 AU - IPCC DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/11/sr15_glossary.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Understanding the sustainability debate on forest biomass for energy in Europe: A discourse analysis AU - Mather-Gratton, Zachary James AU - Larsen, Søren AU - Bentsen, Niclas Scott T2 - PLOS ONE AB - The legislative process before the adoption of the revised European Union renewable energy directive mobilised various actors around the forest biomass issue in Europe. Which storylines do actors use to discuss and define the sustainability of forest biomass, how are the differences between the existing storylines explained, and can distinct ‘discourse coalitions’ of actors be observed as following each storyline? These questions are addressed through a discourse analysis to critically evaluate the debate around the utilisation of forest biomass for European renewable energy to identify persistent storylines adopted by discourse coalitions as they communicate their understanding of the issue, and compete to influence the policymaking and public perception. The hypotheses are that there are more than the hypothetical binary arrangement of pro versus anti storylines, and that some actors follow multiple storylines. Locating the methodological approach on the two dimensions; text versus context and critical versus constructivist, this study pays closer attention to context rather than on individual linguistic elements of texts. Regarding the second dimension, this study builds upon constructivist epistemology, being concerned with understanding which truths these storylines produce for their speakers, and their external influences upon alternative storylines and actors. The three storylines presented here represent three competing discourses regarding forest biomass usage in European renewable energy: forestry prioritised, climate focussed and critical. Each of these are promoted by actors aiming to gain discursive hegemony on the issue, both in terms of the impact of their discourse upon EU policy making and in the eyes of the public. Despite the discursive differences created by these deeply held opposing views of what sustainability and nature are and what this means for forest biomass, there were several points where narrative elements overlapped. These can provide insight for developing a more constructive debate on the sustainability of forest biomass. DA - 2021/02// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0246873 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 30 N1 -publisher: Public Library of Science
ER - TY - JOUR TI - By 2050 the Mitigation Effects of EU Forests Could Nearly Double through Climate Smart Forestry AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Delacote, Philippe AU - Ellison, David AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Hetemäki, Lauri AU - Lindner, Marcus T2 - Forests DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.3390/f8120484 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 8 IS - 12 SP - 484 J2 - Forests LA - en SN - 1999-4907 N1 -number: 12
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Klimaschutz mit Wald: Speicherung von Kohlenstoff im Ökosystem und Substitution fossiler Brennstoffe AU - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef AU - Rock, Joachim AU - Kroiher, Franz AU - Egenolf, Vincent AU - Wellbrock, Nicole AU - Irslinger, Roland AU - Bolte, Andreas AU - Spellmann, Hermann T2 - Biologie in unserer Zeit DA - 2021/02// PY - 2021 DO - 10.11576/biuz-4103 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energetische Holzverwendung: Ist die Kritik berechtigt? AU - Borchert, H. AU - Riebler, M. T2 - LWF aktuell DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 VL - 136 SP - 5 EP - 9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the efficiency of changes in land use for mitigating climate change AU - Searchinger, Timothy D. AU - Wirsenius, Stefan AU - Beringer, Tim AU - Dumas, Patrice T2 - Nature AB - Land-use changes are critical for climate policy because native vegetation and soils store abundant carbon and their losses from agricultural expansion, together with emissions from agricultural production, contribute about 20 to 25 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions1,2. Most climate strategies require maintaining or increasing land-based carbon3 while meeting food demands, which are expected to grow by more than 50 per cent by 20501,2,4. A finite global land area implies that fulfilling these strategies requires increasing global land-use efficiency of both storing carbon and producing food. Yet measuring the efficiency of land-use changes from the perspective of greenhouse gas emissions is challenging, particularly when land outputs change, for example, from one food to another or from food to carbon storage in forests. Intuitively, if a hectare of land produces maize well and forest poorly, maize should be the more efficient use of land, and vice versa. However, quantifying this difference and the yields at which the balance changes requires a common metric that factors in different outputs, emissions from different agricultural inputs (such as fertilizer) and the different productive potentials of land due to physical factors such as rainfall or soils. Here we propose a carbon benefits index that measures how changes in the output types, output quantities and production processes of a hectare of land contribute to the global capacity to store carbon and to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions. This index does not evaluate biodiversity or other ecosystem values, which must be analysed separately. We apply the index to a range of land-use and consumption choices relevant to climate policy, such as reforesting pastures, biofuel production and diet changes. We find that these choices can have much greater implications for the climate than previously understood because standard methods for evaluating the effects of land use4–11 on greenhouse gas emissions systematically underestimate the opportunity of land to store carbon if it is not used for agriculture. DA - 2018/12/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1038/s41586-018-0757-z VL - 564 IS - 7735 SP - 249 EP - 253 SN - 1476-4687 N1 -number: 7735
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biomass—Critical limits to a vital resource AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Gingrich, Simone T2 - One Earth DA - 2022/01/21/ PY - 2022 DO - 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.12.014 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 9 SN - 2590-3330 N1 -publisher: Elsevier
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon debt and carbon sequestration parity in forest bioenergy production AU - Mitchell, Stephen R. AU - Harmon, Mark E. AU - O'Connell, Kari E. B. T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Abstract The capacity for forests to aid in climate change mitigation efforts is substantial but will ultimately depend on their management. If forests remain unharvested, they can further mitigate the increases in atmospheric CO2 that result from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. Alternatively, they can be harvested for bioenergy production and serve as a substitute for fossil fuels, though such a practice could reduce terrestrial C storage and thereby increase atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the near-term. Here, we used an ecosystem simulation model to ascertain the effectiveness of using forest bioenergy as a substitute for fossil fuels, drawing from a broad range of land-use histories, harvesting regimes, ecosystem characteristics, and bioenergy conversion efficiencies. Results demonstrate that the times required for bioenergy substitutions to repay the C Debt incurred from biomass harvest are usually much shorter (< 100 years) than the time required for bioenergy production to substitute the amount of C that would be stored if the forest were left unharvested entirely, a point we refer to as C Sequestration Parity. The effectiveness of substituting woody bioenergy for fossil fuels is highly dependent on the factors that determine bioenergy conversion efficiency, such as the C emissions released during the harvest, transport, and firing of woody biomass. Consideration of the frequency and intensity of biomass harvests should also be given; performing total harvests (clear-cutting) at high-frequency may produce more bioenergy than less intensive harvesting regimes but may decrease C storage and thereby prolong the time required to achieve C Sequestration Parity. DA - 2012/11/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01173.x VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 818 EP - 827 J2 - GCB Bioenergy SN - 1757-1693 N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Burning Question: Does Forest Bioenergy Reduce Carbon Emissions? A Review of Common Misconceptions about Forest Carbon Accounting AU - Ter-Mikaelian, Michael T. AU - Colombo, Stephen J. AU - Chen, Jiaxin T2 - Journal of Forestry AB - Critical errors exist in some methodologies applied to evaluate the effects of using forest biomass for bioenergy on atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions. The m DA - 2015/01/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.5849/jof.14-016 DP - academic.oup.com VL - 113 IS - 1 SP - 57 EP - 68 J2 - j for LA - en SN - 0022-1201 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Natural climate solutions versus bioenergy: Can carbon benefits of natural succession compete with bioenergy from short rotation coppice? AU - Kalt, Gerald AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Theurl, Michaela C. AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Erb, Karl-Heinz AU - Haberl, Helmut T2 - GCB Bioenergy AB - Short rotation plantations are often considered as holding vast potentials for future global bioenergy supply. In contrast to raising biomass harvests in forests, purpose-grown biomass does not interfere with forest carbon (C) stocks. Provided that agricultural land can be diverted from food and feed production without impairing food security, energy plantations on current agricultural land appear as a beneficial option in terms of renewable, climate-friendly energy supply. However, instead of supporting energy plantations, land could also be devoted to natural succession. It then acts as a long-term C sink which also results in C benefits. We here compare the sink strength of natural succession on arable land with the C saving effects of bioenergy from plantations. Using geographically explicit data on global cropland distribution among climate and ecological zones, regionally specific C accumulation rates are calculated with IPCC default methods and values. C savings from bioenergy are given for a range of displacement factors (DFs), acknowledging the varying efficiency of bioenergy routes and technologies in fossil fuel displacement. A uniform spatial pattern is assumed for succession and bioenergy plantations, and the considered timeframes range from 20 to 100 years. For many parameter settings—in particular, longer timeframes and high DFs—bioenergy yields higher cumulative C savings than natural succession. Still, if woody biomass displaces liquid transport fuels or natural gas-based electricity generation, natural succession is competitive or even superior for timeframes of 20–50 years. This finding has strong implications with climate and environmental policies: Freeing land for natural succession is a worthwhile low-cost natural climate solution that has many co-benefits for biodiversity and other ecosystem services. A considerable risk, however, is C stock losses (i.e., emissions) due to disturbances or land conversion at a later time. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1111/gcbb.12626 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 1283 EP - 1297 LA - en SN - 1757-1707 N1 -number: 11
_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12626
issue: 31
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Anpassung von Wäldern und Waldwirtschaft an den Klimawandel. AU - Bauhus, J. AU - Dieter, M. AU - Farwig, N. AU - Hafner, A. AU - Kätzel, R. AU - Kleinschmit, B. AU - Lang, F. AU - Lindner, M. AU - Möhring, B. AU - Müller, J. AU - Niekisch, M. AU - Richter, K. AU - Schraml, U. AU - Seeling, U. A2 - Wissenschaftlicher Beirat für Waldpolitik A3 - Wissenschaftlicher Beirat für Waldpolitik CY - Berlin DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 PB - Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) ER - TY - CASE TI - Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (Text with EEA relevance) AU - EU 841 DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 2018/841 SP - 25 LA - English UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R0841&from=EN ER - TY - JOUR TI - First signs of carbon sink saturation in European forest biomass AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Lindner, Marcus AU - Verkerk, Pieter J. AU - Gunia, Katja AU - Deda, Paola AU - Michalak, Roman AU - Grassi, Giacomo T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1853 VL - 3 SP - 792 EP - 796 ER - TY - JOUR TI - New EU Forest Strategy for 2030 AU - EC DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0572 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bundesweites Wildeinflussmonitoring 2016 – 2018: Periode 1-5 AU - Schodterer, Heimo AU - Lackner, Christian T2 - BFW-Praxisinformation DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 48 SP - 56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land AU - Hanewinkel, Marc AU - Cullmann, Dominik A. AU - Schelhaas, Mart-Jan AU - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2013/03// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1687 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 203 EP - 207 J2 - Nature Clim Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Forestry AU - Lexer, M. J. AU - Jandl, R. AU - Nabernegg, S. AU - Bednar-Friedl, B. T2 - Economic Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts - Development of a Cross-Sectoral Framework and Results for Austria A2 - Steininger, K. W. A2 - König, M. A2 - Bednar-Friedl, Birgit A2 - Kranzl, L. A2 - Loibl, W. A2 - Prettenthaler, F. A2 - Steininger, K. W. A2 - König, M. A2 - Bednar-Friedl, Birgit A2 - Kranzl, L. A2 - Loibl, W. A2 - Prettenthaler, F. T3 - Springer Climate DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 SP - 145 EP - 165 SN - 978-3-319-12457-5 UR - https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319124568#aboutBook ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bodenverdichtung ist beherrschbar. AU - Bohner, Andreas T2 - Blick ins Land DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 VL - 6-7 SP - 28 EP - 29 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Alpenatlas = Atlas des alpes: society - economy - environment AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Borsdorf, Axel AU - Tasser, Erich CY - Heidelberg DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English SN - 978-3-8274-2004-6 N1 -OCLC: 886662463
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Rechtsfragen des Lawinenschutzes AU - Khakzadeh, M., . CY - Wien, Graz DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A spatiotemporal multi-hazard exposure assessment based on property data AU - Fuchs, S. AU - Keiler, M. AU - Zischg, A. T2 - Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences AB -Abstract. The paper presents a nation-wide spatially explicit object-based assessment of buildings and citizens exposed to natural hazards in Austria, including river flooding, torrential flooding, and snow avalanches. The assessment was based on two different data sets, (a) hazard information providing input to the exposure of elements at risk, and (b) information on the building stock combined from different spatial data available on the national level. Hazard information was compiled from two different sources. For torrential flooding and snow avalanches available local-scale hazard maps were used, and for river flooding the results of the countrywide flood modelling eHORA were available. Information on the building stock contained information on the location and size of each building, as well as on the building category and the construction period. Additional information related to the individual floors, such as their height and net area, main purpose and configuration, was included for each property. Moreover, this data set has an interface to the population register and allowed, therefore, for retrieving the number of primary residents for each building. With the exception of sacral buildings, an economic module was used to compute the monetary value of buildings using (a) the information of the building register such as building type, number of storeys and utilisation, and (b) regionally averaged construction costs.
It is shown that the repeatedly stated assumption of increasing exposure due to continued population growth and related increase in assets has to be carefully evaluated by the local development of building stock. While some regions have shown a clearly above-average increase in assets, other regions were characterised by a below-average development. This mirrors the topography of the country, but also the different economic activities. While hotels and hostels are extraordinarily prone to torrential flooding, commercial buildings as well as buildings used for recreational purposes are considerably exposed to river flooding. Residential buildings have shown an average exposure, compared to the number of buildings of this type in the overall building stock. In sum, around 5 % of all buildings are exposed to torrential flooding, and around 9 % to river flooding, with around 1 % of the buildings stock being multi-exposed. The temporal assessment of exposure has shown considerable differences in the dynamics of exposure to different hazard categories in comparison to the overall property stock. In conclusion, the presented object-based assessment is an important and suitable tool for nation-wide exposure assessment and may be used in operational risk management.
publisher: Copernicus GmbH
ER - TY - STAT TI - Forstgesetz AU - BGBl 440 T2 - BGBl 440 DA - 1975/// PY - 1975 VL - 440/1975 SP - 69 M1 - BGBl. Nr. 440/1975 ER - TY - CASE TI - Verordnung der Bundesministerin für Landwirtschaft, Regionen und Tourismus über die Gefahrenzonenpläne nach dem Forstgesetz 1975 AU - BGBL 132 DA - 2021/03/29/ PY - 2021 SP - 4 ER - TY - CASE TI - BGBl. II, 145, Verordnung des Bundesministers für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft über die Gefahrenzonenplanungen nach dem Wasserrechtsgesetz 1959 (WRG-Gefahrenzonenplanungsverordnung –WRG-GZPV) AU - BGBl. II, 145 DA - 2014/06/13/ PY - 2014 ER - TY - CONF TI - Assessing the impact of climate change on snow avalanche activity in France over the last 60 winters using hierarchical Bayesian change point models AU - Eckert, N. AU - Parent, E. AU - Naaim, M. T2 - Proceedings C1 - Davos C3 - Proceedings DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 234 EP - 238 UR - https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-2009-0234-0238.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Projected changes of snow conditions and avalanche activity in a warming climate: the French Alps over the 2020–2050 and 2070–2100 periods AU - Castebrunet, H. AU - Eckert, N. AU - Giraud, G. AU - Durand, Y. AU - Morin, S. T2 - The Cryosphere DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.5194/tc-8-1673-2014 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 1673 EP - 1697 UR - https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/1673/2014/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Klimawandel mit Blick auf den Schutzwald. AU - Olefs, Marc AU - Enigl, M. AU - Haslinger, K. AU - Matulla, C. AU - Pistotnik, G. T2 - Schutzwald in Österreich - Wissensstand und Forschungsbedarf A2 - Bundesforschungszentrum für Wald A2 - Bundesforschungszentrum für Wald CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 SP - 48 EP - 49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydrometeorological triggers of periglacial debris flows in the Zermatt valley (Switzerland) since 1864 AU - Schneuwly-Bollschweiler, Michelle AU - Stoffel, Markus T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface AB - The triggering of debris flows depends on a critical combination of available unconsolidated material and water supply. In periglacial environments, debris flows are generally triggered by liquefaction of loose material in a channel, or by progressive erosion during a large release of water. Here, we link an unusually dense and highly resolved database on periglacial debris flows with meteorological records dating back to AD 1864 to reconstruct ?150 yr of rainstorms that triggered debris flows at high-elevation sites (source area elevations ranging from 2000 to 4545 m a.s.l.) in the Swiss Alps. Analysis is based on a tree ring-derived frequency series of debris flows from eight torrents, as well as on daily records from three meteorological stations and runoff data from four river gauging stations. Results show that the debris-flow season at these high-altitude sites now is much longer (May to October) than it used to be in the late nineteenth century when activity was limited to June?September. Debris flows early in the season are generally triggered by lower rainstorm totals (<20 mm/day) than those occurring later in the season because early season snowmelt adds considerable amounts of water to the system and therefore facilitates debris-flow formation. Debris flows in May, June, July, and August are triggered primarily by short-duration high-intensity rainstorms (local thunderstorms) whereas late season (September, October) debris flows are commonly related to longer-lasting advective rainstorms. DA - 2012/06/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1029/2011JF002262 VL - 117 IS - F2 J2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface SN - 0148-0227 UR - https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002262 Y2 - 2021/03/09/ N1 -number: F2
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent climate change: Long-term trends in meteorological forest fire danger in the Alps AU - Wastl, C. AU - Schunk, C. AU - Leuchner, M. AU - Pezzatti, G. AU - Menzel, A. T2 - Agricultural and Forest Meteorology DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 162 SP - 1 EP - 13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shallow landslide disposition in burnt European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests AU - Gehring, Eric AU - Conedera, Marco AU - Maringer, Janet AU - Giadrossich, Filippo AU - Guastini, Enrico AU - Schwarz, Massimiliano T2 - Scientific Reports AB - Tree roots contribute significantly to soil strength on hillslopes. In the case of wildfires, this effect may abruptly vanish and be lacking for a considerable period of time depending on the resistance and resilience of the forest. Despite its importance, quantitative data on the impact and dynamics of wildfires on slope stabilization is still lacking. We use the study case of the Fagus sylvatica L. to quantify the medium-term evolution of root reinforcement and its effect on slope stability in fire-injured forests. In the study, we upscale root reinforcement using field data for the calibration of the Root Bundle Model and detailed information on forest structure in 244 plots, and calculate the spatio-temporal dynamics of forest protective capacity using a three-dimensional probabilistic slope stability model (slideforNET) for different site types. In unburnt and low-burn forests, the protective capacity was found to remain constant over time. Forests hit by moderate burns continue to provide adequate protection for shallow (depth < 0.5 m) and cohesive soils only, whereas in the case of high severity fires, the protective capacity vanishes for 15 years and an increased shallow landslide probability remains for at least 40 years. These conditions call for appropriate sylvicultural post-fire measures. DA - 2019/06/14/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1038/s41598-019-45073-7 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 8638 J2 - Scientific Reports SN - 2045-2322 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temporal trends in the protective capacity of burnt beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.) against rockfall AU - Maringer, Janet AU - Ascoli, Davide AU - Dorren, Luuk AU - Bebi, Peter AU - Conedera, Marco T2 - European Journal of Forest Research AB - Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests covering relief-rich terrain often provide direct protection from rockfall for humans and their property. However, the efficacy in protecting against such hazards may abruptly and substantially change after disturbances such as fires, windthrows, avalanches and insect outbreaks. To date, there is little known about the mid-term evolution of the protective capacity in fire-injured beech stands. We selected 34 beech stands in the Southern European Alps that had burnt in different intensity fires over the last 40 years. We inventoried all living and dead trees in each stand and subsequently applied the rockfall model Rockfor.net to assess the protective capacity of fire-injured forests against falling rocks with volumes of 0.05, 0.2, and 1 m3. We tested forested slopes with mean gradients of 27°, 30°, and 35° and lengths of 75 and 150 m. Burnt beech forests hit by low-severity fires have nearly the same protective capacity as unburnt forests, because only thin fire-injured trees die while intermediate-sized and large-diameter trees mostly survive. However, the protective capacity of moderate- to high-severity burns is significantly reduced, especially between 10 and 30 years after the fire. In those cases, silvicultural or technical measures may be necessary. Besides the installation of rockfall nets or dams, small-scale felling of dying trees and the placement of stems at an oblique angle to the slope can mitigate the reduction in protection provided by the forest. DA - 2016/08/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1007/s10342-016-0962-y VL - 135 IS - 4 SP - 657 EP - 673 J2 - European Journal of Forest Research SN - 1612-4677 N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Auswirkungen von Waldbränden auf die Schutzfunktionalität alpiner Wälder. AU - Vacik, H AU - Müller, MM AU - J, Degenhart AU - O, Sass A2 - Glade, T A2 - Mergili, M A2 - K, Sattler A2 - Glade, T A2 - Mergili, M A2 - K, Sattler CY - Wien DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-7370-109 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbance, geomorphic processes and regeneration of wildfire slopes in North Tyrol. AU - Sass, O. AU - Heel, M. AU - Leistner, I. AU - Stöger, F. AU - Wetzel, K.F. AU - Friedmann, A. T2 - Earth Surface Processes and Landforms DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 883 EP - 889 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of forest fires in Austria AU - Vacik, Harald AU - Arndt, Natalie AU - Arpaci, A. AU - Koch, Valerie AU - Mueller, Mortimer AU - Gossow, Hartmut T2 - Austrian Journal of Forest Science DA - 2011/01/01/ PY - 2011 VL - 128 SP - 1 EP - 32 J2 - Austrian Journal of Forest Science ER - TY - RPRT TI - Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services AU - IPBES AB - IPBES is to perform regular and timely assessments of knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem services and their interlinkages at the global level. Also addressing an invitation by the Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to prepare a global assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services building, inter alia, on its own and other relevant regional, subregional and thematic assessments, as well as on national reports. The overall scope of the assessment is to assess the status and trends with regard to biodiversity and ecosystem services, the impact of biodiversity and ecosystem services on human well-being and the effectiveness of responses, including the Strategic Plan and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. It is anticipated that this deliverable will contribute to the process for the evaluation and renewal of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is composed of 1) a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), approved by the IPBES Plenary at its 7th session in May 2019 in Paris, France (IPBES-7); and 2) a set of six Chapters, accepted by the IPBES Plenary. DA - 2019/05/04/ PY - 2019 DP - DOI.org (Datacite) LA - en UR - https://zenodo.org/record/3831673 Y2 - 2022/08/09/ N1 -version: 1
DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.3831673
OCLC: ocn731920235
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Alpen: das einzigartige Naturerbe. AU - Moerschel, F. CY - Frankfurt am Main DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 ET - WWF Deutschland ER - TY - JOUR TI - Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? AU - Barnosky, Anthony D. AU - Matzke, Nicholas AU - Tomiya, Susumu AU - Wogan, Guinevere O. U. AU - Swartz, Brian AU - Quental, Tiago B. AU - Marshall, Charles AU - McGuire, Jenny L. AU - Lindsey, Emily L. AU - Maguire, Kaitlin C. AU - Mersey, Ben AU - Ferrer, Elizabeth A. T2 - Nature AB - Palaeontologists recognize five major extinction events from the fossil record, with the most recent, the Cretaceous mass extinction, ending some 65 million years ago. Given the many species known to have disappeared in the past few thousand years, some biologists suggest that a sixth such event is now under way. Barnosky et al. set out to review the evidence for that claim, and conclude that the recent loss of species is dramatic and serious, but not yet in the mass extinction category — usually defined as a loss of at least 75% of Earth's species in a geologically short time frame. But that said, there are clear indications that the loss of species now classed as 'critically endangered' would soon propel the world into its sixth mass extinction. DA - 2011/03// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1038/nature09678 DP - www.nature.com VL - 471 IS - 7336 SP - 51 EP - 57 LA - en SN - 1476-4687 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction AU - Ceballos, Gerardo AU - Ehrlich, Paul R. AU - Barnosky, Anthony D. AU - García, Andrés AU - Pringle, Robert M. AU - Palmer, Todd M. T2 - Science Advances AB - The oft-repeated claim that Earth’s biota is entering a sixth “mass extinction” depends on clearly demonstrating that current extinction rates are far above the “background” rates prevailing between the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are causing a mass extinction. First, we use a recent estimate of a background rate of 2 mammal extinctions per 10,000 species per 100 years (that is, 2 E/MSY), which is twice as high as widely used previous estimates. We then compare this rate with the current rate of mammal and vertebrate extinctions. The latter is conservatively low because listing a species as extinct requires meeting stringent criteria. Even under our assumptions, which would tend to minimize evidence of an incipient mass extinction, the average rate of vertebrate species loss over the last century is up to 100 times higher than the background rate. Under the 2 E/MSY background rate, the number of species that have gone extinct in the last century would have taken, depending on the vertebrate taxon, between 800 and 10,000 years to disappear. These estimates reveal an exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity over the last few centuries, indicating that a sixth mass extinction is already under way. Averting a dramatic decay of biodiversity and the subsequent loss of ecosystem services is still possible through intensified conservation efforts, but that window of opportunity is rapidly closing. DA - 2015/06// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1126/sciadv.1400253 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - e1400253 J2 - Sci. Adv. LA - en SN - 2375-2548 ER - TY - RPRT TI - EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 - More space for nature in our lives AU - EC DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en SN - COM(2020) 380 final UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1590574123338&uri=CELEX:52020DC0380 N1 -issue: COM(2020) 380 final
ER - TY - BOOK TI - Erhalt und nachhaltige Nutzung von Bergökosystemen im Kontext des Übereinkommens zur Biologischen Vielfalt und der Alpenkonvention AU - Schönthaler, K. AU - Marzelli, S. AU - Stalze, C. AU - Schwarz, C. AU - Hallensleben, B. AU - Tappeiner, U. AU - Tasser, E. AU - Schellenberg, K. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Landnutzung und biologische Vielfalt in den Alpen: Fakten, Perspektiven, Empfehlungen: thematische Synthese zum Forschungsschwerpunkt II" Land-und Forstwirtschaft im alpinen Lebensraum AU - Stöcklin, Jürg AU - Bosshard, A. AU - Klaus, G. AU - Rudmann-Maurer, K. AU - Fischer, M. CY - Zürich DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-7281-3128-7 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Entwicklung der Biodiversitätin Betriebsgebieten AU - Löning, Katrin DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://naturvielfaltbauen.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/BooGI-BOP_Jetzt-handeln_Langfassung_A4_LowRes.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - An urgent call for circular economy advocates to acknowledge its limitations in conserving biodiversity AU - Buchmann-Duck, Johanna AU - Beazley, Karen F. T2 - Science of The Total Environment AB - This discussion paper explores the relationship between biodiversity and the circular economy and the potential implications of this relationship. The circular economy has emerged as an alternative model to a traditional linear economy. It aims to tackle the resource exploitation that accompanies a linear economy and decouple economic growth from reliance on primary resources. In the face of global environmental degradation and an urgent need for change, the concept has become popular around the world and has led to the release of national policies and strategies on the circular economy. Problematically, while the basic concept is clear, it is ambiguous in how it will achieve some of its objectives, and it fails to address some key issues. In light of the accelerating rate of change, precipitous biodiversity decline is one such key issue. Through a content analysis of relevant circular economy publications, authors demonstrate that biodiversity protection is rarely mentioned in theory and policy. While the circular economy holds many benefits for society, its evasion of scrutiny has prevented it from manifesting in a comprehensive solution to environmental issues. The circular economy advocates for biomimicry, ecosystem service valuation, bioeconomy, and renewable energy. Each of these, however, has its own set of conflicts with biodiversity protection. Given the imminent need to protect biodiversity, the authors call for further research on the interaction between biodiversity and the circular economy, and for circular economy advocates to explicitly acknowledge the concept's limitations, thereby revealing the need for intersectional and complementary policies which aim to protect biodiversity. DA - 2020/07/20/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138602 VL - 727 SP - 138602 J2 - Science of The Total Environment SN - 0048-9697 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The EU agricultural policy and the environment: evaluation of the alpine region AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Tappeiner, Gottfried AU - Hilbert, A. A2 - Europäische Akademie Bozen A3 - Europäische Akademie Bozen CY - Berlin DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN ET - 1. english-language ed LA - eng SN - 978-88-88906-00-3 DB - Europäische Akademie Bozen N1 -OCLC: 249706197
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of land-use and land-cover pattern on landscape-scale biodiversity in the European Alps AU - Zimmermann, Patrick AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Leitinger, Georg AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment DA - 2010/10/15/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.010 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 139 IS - 1-2 SP - 13 EP - 22 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment LA - en SN - 01678809 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Abundance and distribution of selected European species AU - EEA DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 UR - https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/abundance-and-distribution-of-selected-species-8/assessment-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - An analysis of trends, uncertainty and species selection shows contrasting trends of widespread forest and farmland birds in Europe AU - Gregory, Richard D. AU - Skorpilova, Jana AU - Vorisek, Petr AU - Butler, Simon T2 - Ecological Indicators DA - 2019/08/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.064 VL - 103 SP - 676 EP - 687 J2 - Ecological Indicators SN - 1470-160X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Messung der Agrarbiodiversität in Österreich: Indikatoren auf der Landschaftsebene AU - Rüdisser, Johannes AU - Tasser, E. AU - Tappeiner, U. T2 - Rollen der Landwirtschaft in benachteiligten Regionen A2 - Institut für Soziologie Universität Innsbruck A2 - Institut für Soziologie Universität Innsbruck CY - Innsbruck DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 115 EP - 117 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Developing a national Farmland Bird Index for Austria AU - Teufelbauer, N AU - Frühauf, J T2 - Bird Census News DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 87 EP - 97 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Farmland Bird Index für Osterreich: Indikatorenermittlung 2015 bis 2020. AU - Teufelbauer, N. AU - Seaman, B. T2 - https://www.bmlrt.gv.at/dam/jcr:fe45b012-b0a4-46ba-a314-03731411fe33/Bericht%20Farmland%20Bird%20Index%202019.pdf DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Almwirtschaft und Grünland zunehmend unter Druck AU - Ellmauer, Siegfried T2 - Der Alm- und Bergbauer AB - Die blühenden Zeiten der Almwirtschaft und Grünlandwirtschaft gehören in Österreich leider der Vergangenheit an. Die Ergebnisse der vom Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus verlautbarten aktuellen Almstatistik für das Jahr 2018 sind wenig erfreulich und geben keinen Grund zur Entwarnung. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 VL - 2019 IS - 5 SP - 9 EP - 11 LA - German ER - TY - CHAP TI - Rote Liste gefährdeter Farn- und Blütenpflanzen (Pteridophyta und Spermatophyta) Österreichs AU - Niklfeld, H AU - Schratt-Ehrendorfer, L. T2 - Rote Listen gefährdeter Pflanzen Österreichs. A2 - Niklfeld, H. A2 - Niklfeld, H. T3 - Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums für Jugend, Umwelt und Familie CY - Graz DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 VL - 10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen Österreichs. Binnengewässer, Gewässer- und Ufervegetation. Technische Biotoptypen und Siedlungsbiotoptypen AU - Essl, F. AU - Egger, G. AU - Staudinger, M. AU - Muhar, S AU - Poppe, M. AU - Rippel-Katzmaier, I. AU - Unterlechner, M. AU - Michor, K. CY - Wien DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SN - REP_134 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen Österreichs. Grünland, Grünlandbrachen und Trockenrasen Hochstauden- und Hochgrasfluren, Schlagfluren und Waldsäume Gehölze des Offenlandes und Gebüsche. AU - Essl, Franz AU - Egger, G. AU - Karrer, G. AU - Theiss, M. AU - Aigner, Susanne (DE-588)129617059 CY - Wien DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 SN - M-167 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen Österreichs, Moore, Sümpfe und Quellfluren, Hochgebirgsrasen, Polsterfluren, Rasenfragmente und Schneeböden, Äcker, Ackerraine, Weingärten und Ruderalfluren, Zwergstrauchheiden, Geomorphologisch geprägte Biotoptypen AU - Traxler, A. AU - Minarz, E. AU - Englisch, T. AU - Fink, B. AU - Zechmeister, H. AU - Essl, F. T2 - UBA-Monographien CY - Wien DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Could plant diversity metrics explain climate-driven vegetation changes on mountain summits of the GLORIA network? AU - Porro, Francesco AU - Tomaselli, Marcello AU - Abeli, Thomas AU - Gandini, Maurizia AU - Gualmini, Matteo AU - Orsenigo, Simone AU - Petraglia, Alessandro AU - Rossi, Graziano AU - Carbognani, Michele T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation AB - High-elevation habitats host a large number of plant species and are characterized by high biodiversity. The vegetation dynamics in these cold adapted ecosystems are difficult to predict, being affected by global warming, especially in the last decades. With the aim to promote a better understanding of climate-driven changes of alpine vegetation, we investigated the variation in species richness, α-diversity, β-diversity, and total cover of plant functional types over a time lapse of 15 years, relying on multiple re-surveys of mountain summit vegetation in 2001, 2008 and 2015. The study area, included in the long term global observation network GLORIA, was at the boundary between temperate and Mediterranean mountains of S-Europe (northern Apennines, Italy). We identified a trend of loss in biodiversity and signals of biotic homogenization using multiple diversity metrics, despite the overall species richness increment observed in the study area. Cold-adapted and rare species declined while dominant species like graminoids and shrubs increased. Our results highlight that long-term vegetation monitoring activities paired with multiple measures of diversity are required to properly assess biodiversity and to obtain useful indications for future conservation activities in alpine environments. The methods here presented could be applied in all GLORIA sites to quantify biodiversity changes over time, obtaining comparable results for biodiversity monitoring in high-elevation habitats from all over the world. DA - 2019/11/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s10531-019-01837-1 VL - 28 IS - 13 SP - 3575 EP - 3596 J2 - Biodiversity and Conservation SN - 1572-9710 N1 -number: 13
ER - TY - JOUR TI - A socio-ecological model for predicting impacts of land-use and climate change on regional plant diversity in the Austrian Alps AU - Dullinger, Iwona AU - Gattringer, Andreas AU - Wessely, Johannes AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Willner, Wolfgang AU - Egger, Claudine AU - Gaube, Veronika AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Mayer, Andreas AU - Bohner, Andreas AU - Gilli, Christian AU - Pascher, Kathrin AU - Essl, Franz AU - Dullinger, Stefan T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Climate and land-use change jointly affect the future of biodiversity. Yet, biodiversity scenarios have so far concentrated on climatic effects because forecasts of land use are rarely available at appropriate spatial and thematic scales. Agent-based models (ABMs) represent a potentially powerful but little explored tool for establishing thematically and spatially fine-grained land-use scenarios. Here, we use an ABM parameterized for 1,329 agents, mostly farmers, in a Central European model region, and simulate the changes to land-use patterns resulting from their response to three scenarios of changing socio-economic conditions and three scenarios of climate change until the mid of the century. Subsequently, we use species distribution models to, first, analyse relationships between the realized niches of 832 plant species and climatic gradients or land-use types, respectively, and, second, to project consequent changes in potential regional ranges of these species as triggered by changes in both the altered land-use patterns and the changing climate. We find that both drivers determine the realized niches of the studied plants, with land use having a stronger effect than any single climatic variable in the model. Nevertheless, the plants' future distributions appear much more responsive to climate than to land-use changes because alternative future socio-economic backgrounds have only modest impact on land-use decisions in the model region. However, relative effects of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity may differ drastically in other regions, especially where landscapes are still dominated by natural or semi-natural habitat. We conclude that agent-based modelling of land use is able to provide scenarios at scales relevant to individual species distribution and suggest that coupling ABMs with models of species' range change should be intensified to provide more realistic biodiversity forecasts. DA - 2020/04/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14977 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 2336 EP - 2352 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 N1 -number: 4
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
number: 4
_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcbb.12798
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Livelisystems: a conceptual framework integrating social, ecosystem, development, and evolutionary theory AU - Dorward, Andrew T2 - Ecology and Society AB - Dorward, A. R. 2014. Livelisystems: a conceptual framework integrating social, ecosystem, development, and evolutionary theory. Ecology and Society 19(2): 44. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06494-190244 DA - 2014/06/04/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.5751/ES-06494-190244 DP - www.ecologyandsociety.org VL - 19 IS - 2 LA - en SN - 1708-3087 UR - https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss2/art44/ Y2 - 2020/07/15/ N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implications of climate and land-use change for landscape processes, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and governance AU - Elmhagen, Bodil AU - Eriksson, Ove AU - Lindborg, Regina T2 - AMBIO AB - This introduction to the Special Issue summarizes the results of 14 scientific articles from the interdisciplinary research program Ekoklim at Stockholm University, Sweden. In this program, we investigate effects of changing climate and land use on landscape processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem services, and analyze issues related to adaptive governance in the face of climate and land-use change. We not only have a research focus on the 22 650 km2 Norrström catchment surrounding lake Mälaren in south-central Sweden, but we also conduct research in other Swedish regions. The articles presented here show complex interactions between multiple drivers of change, as well as feedback processes at different spatiotemporal scales. Thus, the Ekoklim program highlights and deals with issues relevant for the future challenges society will face when land-use change interacts with climate change. DA - 2015/01/01/ PY - 2015 DO - 10.1007/s13280-014-0596-6 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 5 J2 - AMBIO SN - 1654-7209 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0596-6 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Social Ecology Society-Nature Relations across Time and Space AU - Haberl, H. AU - Fischer-Kowalski, M. AU - Krausmann, F. AU - Winiwarter, Verena DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-33324-3 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-33326-7#editorsandaffiliations N1 -https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33326-7
ER - TY - CHAP TI - Integrating the ecological and economic dimensions in biodiversity and ecosystem service valuation AU - Groot, R.D. AU - Fischer, B. AU - Christie, M. AU - Aronson, J.N. AU - Braat, L.C. T2 - The Economic of Ecosystems and Biodiversity : Ecological and Economic Foundations A2 - Kumar, Pushpam A2 - Kumar, Pushpam DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 32 SN - 978-1-84977-548-9 UR - https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781849775489 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Einführung in die Systemtheorie AU - Luhmann, Niklas AU - Baecker, Dirk DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-89670-839-7 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global change biology: A primer AU - Sage, Rowan F. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Abstract Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in the global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into the future. One consequence may be a large reduction of the Earth's biodiversity, potentially representing a sixth mass extinction. With effective stewardship, the global change drivers that threaten the Earth's biota could be alleviated, but this requires clear understanding of the drivers, their interactions, and how they impact ecological communities. This review identifies 10 anthropogenic global change drivers and discusses how six of the drivers (atmospheric CO2 enrichment, climate change, land transformation, species exploitation, exotic species invasions, eutrophication) impact Earth's biodiversity. Driver impacts on a particular species could be positive or negative. In either case, they initiate secondary responses that cascade along ecological lines of connection and in doing so magnify the initial impact. The unique nature of the threat to the Earth's biodiversity is not simply due to the magnitude of each driver, but due to the speed of change, the novelty of the drivers, and their interactions. Emphasizing one driver, notably climate change, is problematic because the other global change drivers also degrade biodiversity and together threaten the stability of the biosphere. As the main academic journal addressing global change effects on living systems, GCB is well positioned to provide leadership in solving the global change challenge. If humanity cannot meet the challenge, then GCB is positioned to serve as a leading chronicle of the sixth mass extinction to occur on planet Earth. DA - 2020/01/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1111/gcb.14893 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 30 J2 - Global Change Biology SN - 1354-1013 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14893 Y2 - 2020/08/27/ N1 -publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversity and ecosystem stability: a synthesis of underlying mechanisms AU - Loreau, Michel AU - de Mazancourt, Claire T2 - Ecology Letters AB - Abstract There is mounting evidence that biodiversity increases the stability of ecosystem processes in changing environments, but the mechanisms that underlie this effect are still controversial and poorly understood. Here, we extend mechanistic theory of ecosystem stability in competitive communities to clarify the mechanisms underlying diversity?stability relationships. We first explain why, contrary to a widely held belief, interspecific competition should generally play a destabilising role. We then explore the stabilising effect of differences in species' intrinsic rates of natural increase and provide a synthesis of various potentially stabilising mechanisms. Three main mechanisms are likely to operate in the stabilising effects of biodiversity on ecosystem properties: (1) asynchrony of species' intrinsic responses to environmental fluctuations, (2) differences in the speed at which species respond to perturbations, (3) reduction in the strength of competition. The first two mechanisms involve temporal complementarity between species, while the third results from functional complementarity. Additional potential mechanisms include selection effects, behavioural changes resulting from species interactions and mechanisms arising from trophic or non-trophic interactions and spatial heterogeneity. We conclude that mechanistic trait-based approaches are key to predicting the effects of diversity on ecosystem stability and to bringing the old diversity?stability debate to a final resolution. DA - 2013/05/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/ele.12073 VL - 16 IS - s1 SP - 106 EP - 115 J2 - Ecology Letters SN - 1461-023X N1 -number: s1
publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
_eprint: https://www.pnas.org/content/96/4/1463.full.pdf
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.09.003
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Is it the Same Below Ground? AU - Wall, D.H. AU - Nielsen, U.N. T2 - nature Education Knowledge DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 3 SP - 8 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ecosystem Services and the Environment AU - Science for Environmental Policy AB - Science for Environment Policy (2015) Ecosystem Services and the Environment. In-depth Report 11 produced for the European Commission, DG Environment by the Science Communication Unit, UWE, Bristol. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/science-environment-policy CY - Bristol DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR TI - CICES Towards a common classification of ecosystem services AU - EEA AB - ICES V5.1 which updates and extends V4.3 is now available. The new version and the associated technical guidance can be downloaded here. See revision highlights for an overview of the changes The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) developed from the work on environmental accounting undertaken by the European Environment Agency (EEA). It supports their contribution to the revision of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is currently being led by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD). DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 LA - en-US UR - https://cices.eu/ Y2 - 2020/07/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe AU - Eggermont, H. AU - Balian, E. AU - Azevedo, J.M.N. AU - Beumer, V. AU - Brodin, T. AU - Claudet, J. AU - Fady, Bruno AU - Grube, M. AU - Keune, Hans AU - Lamarque, Pénélope AU - Reuter, K. AU - Smith, M. AU - van Ham, C. AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W. AU - Le Roux, X. T2 - GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.14512/gaia.24.4.9 IS - 24 SP - 243 EP - 248 UR - https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oekom/gaia/2015/00000024/00000004/art00010;jsessionid=xjbelsg6hunj.x-ic-live-02 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Observations: Atmosphere and Surface AU - Hartmann, D.L AU - Klein Tank, A.M.G. AU - Rusticucci, M. AU - Alexander, L.V AU - Brönnimann, S. AU - Charabi, Y. AU - Dentener, F.J. AU - Dlugokencky, E.J. AU - Easterling, D.R. AU - Kaplan, A. AU - Soden, B.J. AU - Thorne, P.W. AU - Wild, M. AU - Zhai, P.M. T2 - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Anthropogenic intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes AU - Fowler, Hayley J. AU - Lenderink, Geert AU - Prein, Andreas F. AU - Westra, Seth AU - Allan, Richard P. AU - Ban, Nikolina AU - Barbero, Renaud AU - Berg, Peter AU - Blenkinsop, Stephen AU - Do, Hong X. AU - Guerreiro, Selma AU - Haerter, Jan O. AU - Kendon, Elizabeth J. AU - Lewis, Elizabeth AU - Schaer, Christoph AU - Sharma, Ashish AU - Villarini, Gabriele AU - Wasko, Conrad AU - Zhang, Xuebin T2 - Nature Reviews Earth & Environment DA - 2021/02// PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s43017-020-00128-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 107 EP - 122 J2 - Nat Rev Earth Environ LA - en SN - 2662-138X N1 -number: 2
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future changes in annual, seasonal and monthly runoff signatures in contrasting Alpine catchments in Austria AU - Hanus, Sarah AU - Hrachowitz, Markus AU - Zekollari, Harry AU - Schoups, Gerrit AU - Vizcaino, Miren AU - Kaitna, Roland T2 - Hydrology and Earth System Sciences AB -Abstract. Hydrological regimes of alpine catchments are expected to be strongly affected by climate change, mostly due to their dependence on snow and ice dynamics. While seasonal changes have been studied extensively, studies on changes in the timing and magnitude of annual extremes remain rare. This study investigates the effects of climate change on runoff patterns in six contrasting Alpine catchments in Austria using a process-based, semi-distributed hydrological model and projections from 14 regional and global climate model combinations for two representative concentration pathways, namely RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The study catchments represent a spectrum of different hydrological regimes, from pluvial–nival to nivo-glacial, as well as distinct topographies and land forms, characterizing different elevation zones across the eastern Alps to provide a comprehensive picture of future runoff changes. The climate projections are used to model river runoff in 2071–2100, which are then compared to the 1981–2010 reference period for all study catchments. Changes in the timing and magnitude of annual maximum and minimum flows, as well as in monthly runoff and snowmelt, are quantified and analyzed. Our results indicate a substantial shift to earlier occurrences in annual maximum flows by 9 to 31 d and an extension of the potential flood season by 1 to 3 months for high-elevation catchments. For low-elevation catchments, changes in the timing of annual maximum flows are less pronounced. Magnitudes of annual maximum flows are likely to increase by 2 %–18 % under RCP4.5, while no clear changes are projected for four catchments under RCP8.5. The latter is caused by a pronounced increase in evaporation and decrease in snowmelt contributions, which offset increases in precipitation. In the future, minimum annual runoff will occur 13–31 d earlier in the winter months for high-elevation catchments, whereas for low-elevation catchments a shift from winter to autumn by about 15–100 d is projected, with generally larger changes for RCP8.5. While all catchments show an increase in mean magnitude of minimum flows by 7–30% under RCP4.5, this is only the case for four catchments under RCP8.5. Our results suggest a relationship between the elevation of catchments and changes in the timing of annual maximum and minimum flows. For the magnitude of the extreme flows, a relationship is found between catchment elevation and annual minimum flows, whereas this relationship is lacking between elevation and annual maximum flow.
DA - 2021/06/17/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.5194/hess-25-3429-2021 DP - hess.copernicus.org VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - 3429 EP - 3453 LA - English SN - 1027-5606 N1 -number: 6
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The end of trend estimation for extreme floods under climate change? AU - Schulz, Karsten AU - Bernhardt, Matthias T2 - Hydrological Processes DA - 2016/// PY - 2016 DO - 10.1002/hyp.10816 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 30 IS - 11 SP - 1804 EP - 1808 LA - en SN - 1099-1085 N1 -number: 11
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land Use and Cover Change in the Industrial Era: A Spatial Analysis of Alpine River Catchments and Fluvial Corridors AU - Hohensinner, Severin AU - Atzler, Ulrike AU - Berger, Monika AU - Bozzetta, Thomas AU - Höberth, Christian AU - Kofler, Martin AU - Rapottnig, Leena AU - Sterle, Yvonne AU - Haidvogl, Gertrud T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Science AB - Land uses affect flood risks in various ways. The comparative analysis of the historical and current land cover/uses helps to better understand changing flood regimes. Based on historical cadastre maps from 1826 to 1859, the land cover/uses in the Austrian catchments of the rivers Rhine, Salzach and Drava were reconstructed to almost the level of exact plots of land. Catchment-wide analysis reveals a six-fold expansion of settlement areas, a decline of arable land by 69% and a shrinking of the formerly glaciated areas by 73% until 2016. In the Alpine fluvial corridors, i.e. flood-prone areas at the valley floors and valley sides at ca. 300-year floods, settlements even expanded 7.5-fold, severely increasing the potential for flood damages. At the same time, the overall channel area of running waters has been reduced by 40% and 95% the formerly large wetlands have been lost. Overall, the fluvial corridors were truncated by 203 km 2 or 14%, thereby reducing flood retention capacity. The concentration of intensive forms of human land uses at lower altitudes, coupled with an upward shift of less intensively used, near-natural forms of land cover, has led to a both spatial and vertical separation of Alpine landscape features over the long term. Warmer temperatures due to climate change are expected to promote the demonstrated upward shifts of Alpine vegetation. DA - 2021/06/02/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.3389/fenvs.2021.647247 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 9 SP - 647247 J2 - Front. Environ. Sci. SN - 2296-665X ER - TY - CHAP TI - Kapitel 6: Der Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Anthroposphäre AU - König, M. AU - Loibl, W. AU - Steiger, H. AU - Aspöck, B. AU - Bednar-Friedl, Birgit AU - Brunner, Karl-Michael AU - Haas, W. AU - Höferl, K.-M. AU - Hüttenlau, M. AU - Walochnik, J. AU - Weisz, U. T2 - APCC Österreichische Sachstandsbericht 2014 A2 - APCC A2 - APCC CY - Wien DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 SP - 641 EP - 704 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards periodic and time-referenced flood risk assessment using airborne remote sensing AU - Brenner, Claire AU - Meisch, Claude AU - Apperl, Benjamin AU - Schulz, Karsten T2 - Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics AB - Abstract Flood risk management is founded on the regular assessment of damage potential. A significant parameter for assessing damage potential is the number of at-risk objects. However, data sets on exposure are often incomplete and/or lack time-references. Airborne remote sensing data, such as orthophotos, offers a regularly-updated, time-referenced depiction of land use. As such, remote sensing data compensates for incomplete data sources (such as digital cadastral maps). Orthophotos can even be used to analyze the temporal dynamics of flood damage potential, providing that time-referenced information is available for multiple time points. This paper describes a method for integrating orthophotos into flood risk analyses. In Austria, orthophotos are updated every three years, allowing their integration into cyclical flood risk assessments. The results of a case study presented in this paper demonstrate that orthophotos are most useful where other data sources, such as digital cadastral maps, are incomplete. In such situations, orthophotos lead to a significant increase in estimated damage potential. Orthophoto analysis allows damage potentials to be re-assessed at regular intervals, another major advantage over digital cadastral maps. Orthophoto analysis thus supports the evaluation of flood risk management options. DA - 2016/12/01/ PY - 2016 DO - 10.1515/johh-2016-0034 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 64 IS - 4 SP - 438 EP - 447 LA - en SN - 0042-790X N1 -number: 4
ER - TY - JOUR TI - How Is Climate Change Included in the Implementation of the European Flood Directive? Analysis of the Methodological Approaches of Different Countries AU - Holguin, Nuria AU - Mugica, Arantza AU - Ukar, Olatz T2 - Water AB - Climate change has major effects on the planet, and its consequences on today’s society are undeniable. Climate change is the cause of the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events including floods. Flood management in Europe has experienced a significant change due to the emergence of the Flood Directive and its implementation in national regulations. The Flood Directive requires the inclusion of the effects of climate change. With multiple factors such as governmental and administrative diversity, and various management tools, each country uses a different methodology. This research conducts a bibliographic review to analyze the methodological approaches applied by four different countries—the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain—showing their differences and the causes of such differences and examining the common weaknesses and strengths in the countries’ approach. To this end, it analyzes how to include climate change in the implementation of the Flood Directive in the four countries studied throughout the two cycles. Developing a uniform approach to FD implementation has been hampered by (1) different starting points in the technology of flood prediction, (2) widely varying “traditional” approaches to flood and risk management, and (3) differing levels of the integration of local, regional, and national agencies. Development under the FD has, however, led to increased awareness of the common uncertainty associated with the different current methodologies and the need to deepen the knowledge of climate change as well as the need to develop the technology to reduce said uncertainty. DA - 2021/05/26/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.3390/w13111490 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 13 IS - 11 SP - 1490 J2 - Water LA - en SN - 2073-4441 N1 -number: 11
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Changes in Snow Depth, Snow Cover Duration, and Potential Snowmaking Conditions in Austria, 1961–2020—A Model Based Approach AU - Olefs, Marc AU - Koch, Roland AU - Schöner, Wolfgang AU - Marke, Thomas T2 - Atmosphere AB - We used the spatially distributed and physically based snow cover model SNOWGRID-CL to derive daily grids of natural snow conditions and snowmaking potential at a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km for Austria for the period 1961–2020 validated against homogenized long-term snow observations. Meteorological driving data consists of recently created gridded observation-based datasets of air temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration at the same resolution that takes into account the high variability of these variables in complex terrain. Calculated changes reveal a decrease in the mean seasonal (November–April) snow depth (HS), snow cover duration (SCD), and potential snowmaking hours (SP) of 0.15 m, 42 days, and 85 h (26%), respectively, on average over Austria over the period 1961/62–2019/20. Results indicate a clear altitude dependence of the relative reductions (−75% to −5% (HS) and −55% to 0% (SCD)). Detected changes are induced by major shifts of HS in the 1970s and late 1980s. Due to heterogeneous snowmaking infrastructures, the results are not suitable for direct interpretation towards snow reliability of individual Austrian skiing resorts but highly relevant for all activities strongly dependent on natural snow as well as for projections of future snow conditions and climate impact research. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 DO - 10.3390/atmos11121330 VL - 11 IS - 12 SN - 2073-4433 N1 -number: 12
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate Change and Glacier Reaction in the European Alps AU - Schöner, Wolfgang DA - 2021/06// PY - 2021 UR - https://oxfordre.com/climatescience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-763 N1 -DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.763
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Glacier Changes in the Austrian Alps During the Last Three Decades, Derived from the New Austrian Glacier Inventory AU - Lambrecht, A. AU - Kuhn, M. T2 - Annals of Glaciology DA - 2007/10/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.3189/172756407782871341 VL - 46 SP - 177 EP - 184 J2 - Annals of Glaciology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Calibrated Ice Thickness Estimate for All Glaciers in Austria AU - Helfricht, Kay AU - Huss, Matthias AU - Fischer, Andrea AU - Otto, Jan-Christoph T2 - Frontiers in Earth Science AB - Knowledge on ice thickness distribution and total ice volume is a prerequisite for computing future glacier change for both glaciological and hydrological applications. Various ice thickness estimation methods have been developed but regional differences in fundamental model parameters are substantial. Parameters calibrated with measured data at specific points in time and space can vary when glacier geometry and dynamics change. This study contributes to a better understanding of accuracies and limitations of modeled ice thicknesses by taking advantage of a comprehensive data set of in-situ ice thickness measurements from 58 glaciers in the Austrian Alps and observed glacier geometries of three Austrian glacier inventories (GI) between 1969 and 2006. The field data are used to calibrate an established ice thickness model to calculate an improved ice thickness data set for the Austrian Alps. A cross-validation between modeled and measured point ice thickness indicates a model uncertainty of 25–31% of the measured point ice thickness. The comparison of the modeled and measured average glacier ice thickness revealed an underestimation of 5% with a mean standard deviation of 15% for the glaciers with calibration data. The apparent mass balance gradient, the primary model parameter accounting for the effects of surface mass balance distribution as well as ice flux, substantially decreases over time and has to be adjusted for each temporal increment to correctly reproduce observed ice thickness. This reflects the general stagnation of glaciers in Austria. Using the calibrated parameter set, 93% of the observed ice thickness change on a glacier-specific scale could be captured for the periods between the GI. We applied optimized apparent mass balance gradients to all glaciers of the latest Austrian glacier inventory and found a volume of 15.9 km3 for the year 2006. The ten largest glaciers account for 25% of area and 35% of total ice volume. An estimate based on mass balance measurements from nine glaciers indicates an additional volume loss of 3.5 ± 0.4 km3 (i.e., 22 ± 2.5%) until 2016. Relative changes in area and volume were largest at glaciers smaller than 1 km2, and relative volume changes appear to be higher than relative area changes for all considered time periods. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.3389/feart.2019.00068 VL - 7 SP - 68 SN - 2296-6463 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A 400-year reconstruction of spring–summer precipitation and summer low flow from regional tree-ring chronologies in North-Eastern Austria AU - Karanitsch-Ackerl, Sandra AU - Mayer, Konrad AU - Gauster, Tobias AU - Laaha, Gregor AU - Holawe, Franz AU - Wimmer, Rupert AU - Grabner, Michael T2 - Journal of Hydrology DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123986 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in flow intermittence for European rivers AU - Tramblay, Yves AU - Rutkowska, Agnieszka AU - Sauquet, Eric AU - Sefton, Catherine AU - Laaha, Gregor AU - Osuch, Marzena AU - Albuquerque, Teresa AU - Alves, Maria Helena AU - Banasik, Kazimierz AU - Beaufort, Aurelien AU - Brocca, Luca AU - Camici, Stefania AU - Csabai, Zoltán AU - Dakhlaoui, Hamouda AU - DeGirolamo, Anna Maria AU - Dörflinger, Gerald AU - Gallart, Francesc AU - Gauster, Tobias AU - Hanich, Lahoucine AU - Kohnová, Silvia AU - Mediero, Luis AU - Plamen, Ninov AU - Parry, Simon AU - Quintana-Seguí, Pere AU - Tzoraki, Ourania AU - Datry, Thibault T2 - Hydrological Sciences Journal AB - Intermittent rivers are prevalent in many countries across Europe, but little is known about the temporal evolution of intermittence and its relationship with climate variability. Trend analysis of the annual and seasonal number of zero-flow days, the maximum duration of dry spells and the mean date of the zero-flow events is performed on a database of 452 rivers with varying degrees of intermittence between 1970 and 2010. The relationships between flow intermittence and climate are investigated using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and climate indices describing large-scale atmospheric circulation. The results indicate a strong spatial variability of the seasonal patterns of intermittence and the annual and seasonal number of zero-flow days, highlighting the controls exerted by local catchment properties. Most of the detected trends indicate an increasing number of zero-flow days, which also tend to occur earlier in the year, particularly in southern Europe. The SPEI is found to be strongly related to the annual and seasonal zero-flow day occurrence in more than half of the stations for different accumulation times between 12 and 24 months. Conversely, there is a weaker dependence of river intermittence with large-scale circulation indices. Overall, these results suggest increased water stress in intermittent rivers that may affect their biota and biochemistry and also reduce available water resources. DA - 2021/01/02/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1080/02626667.2020.1849708 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 49 SN - 0262-6667 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Hydraulic properties of peat soils along a bulk density gradient-A meta study AU - Liu, Haojie AU - Lennartz, Bernd T2 - Hydrological Processes DA - 2019/01/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1002/hyp.13314 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 114 J2 - Hydrological Processes LA - en SN - 08856087 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Union AU - Eurostat T2 - Share of irrigable and irrigated areas in utilised agricultural area (UAA) by NUTS 2 regions DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 UR - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/AEI_EF_IR Y2 - 2021/02/28/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Agrarstrukturerhebung 2016 AU - Statistik Austria CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 UR - https://statcube.at/statistik.at/ext/statcube/jsf/tableView/tableView.xhtml ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring Farmers’ Climate Change Perceptions and Adaptation Intentions: Empirical Evidence from Austria AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Larcher, Manuela AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Stöttinger, Magdalena AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Environmental Management AB - The lack of timely adaptation in agriculture may hamper prosperous farm developments by neglecting risks and opportunities emerging from climate change. Understanding farmers’ perceptual and socio-cognitive processes is key in order to encourage on-farm adaptation. We aim at investigating how farmers’ individual cognition on climate change and adaptation as well as socio-environmental context factors affect agricultural adaptation intention and avoidance. We build on the Model of Private Proactive Adaptation to Climate Change (MPPACC) and apply a qualitative interview approach in two Austrian farming regions. Twenty semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 29 farmers. Based on the results of the qualitative content analysis, we have identified four groups of farmers, which differ in the formation process of adaptation intention and avoidance: (i) climate change adaptors, (ii) integrative adaptors, (iii) cost-benefit calculators, and (iv) climate change fatalists. Farmers who are part of groups (i)–(iii) form adaptation intentions, whereas climate change fatalists do not intend to adapt. According to our analysis, adaptation intentions are only formed if farmers are aware of effective adaptation measures, accept personal responsibility for their farms, and evaluate adaptation costs positively (i.e. adaptation appraisal). Farmers’ climate change appraisal as well as farm and regional characteristics are also perceived relevant for farmers’ adaptation decisions but seem to be less important than adaptation appraisal. Therefore, we conclude that engagement strategies and outreach efforts need not only address risks and opportunities, but should also strengthen farmers’ self-responsibility and offer adaptation measures tailored to the regional characteristics and the farmers’ needs. DA - 2019/06/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1007/s00267-019-01158-7 DP - Springer Link VL - 63 IS - 6 SP - 804 EP - 821 J2 - Environmental Management LA - en SN - 1432-1009 N1 -number: 6
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Stimuli-Actions-Effects-Responses (SAER)-framework for exploring perceived relationships between private and public climate change adaptation in agriculture AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Schönhart, Martin AU - Larcher, Manuela AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Journal of Environmental Management AB - Empirical findings on actors' roles and responsibilities in the climate change adaptation process are rare even though cooperation between private and public actors is perceived important to foster adaptation in agriculture. We therefore developed the framework SAER (Stimuli-Actions-Effects-Responses) to investigate perceived relationships between private and public climate change adaptation in agriculture at regional scale. In particular, we explore agricultural experts' perceptions on (i) climatic and non-climatic factors stimulating private adaptation, (ii) farm adaption actions, (iii) potential on-farm and off-farm effects from adaptation, and (iv) the relationships between private and public adaptation. The SAER-framework is built on a comprehensive literature review and empirical findings from semi-structured interviews with agricultural experts from two case study regions in Austria. We find that private adaptation is perceived as incremental, systemic or transformational. It is typically stimulated by a mix of bio-physical and socio-economic on-farm and off-farm factors. Stimulating factors related to climate change are perceived of highest relevance for systemic and transformational adaptation whereas already implemented adaptation is mostly perceived to be incremental. Perceived effects of private adaptation are related to the environment, weather and climate, quality and quantity of agricultural products as well as human, social and economic resources. Our results also show that public adaptation can influence factors stimulating private adaptation as well as adaptation effects through the design and development of the legal, policy and organizational environment as well as the provision of educational, informational, financial, and technical infrastructure. Hence, facilitating existing and new collaborations between private and public actors may enable farmers to adapt effectively to climate change. DA - 2018/03/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.063 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 209 SP - 286 EP - 300 J2 - Journal of Environmental Management LA - en SN - 0301-4797 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Computing the economic value of climate information for water stress management exemplified by crop production in Austria AU - Mitter, Hermine AU - Schmid, Erwin T2 - Agricultural Water Management AB - Climate information appears to be underutilized in water stress management in agriculture. A systematic analysis of potential impacts related to multi-seasonal dry spells, effective adaptation measures, and the economic value of climate information (VoI) may inform decision-making and facilitate the uptake and use of climate information. Hence, we have developed an integrated modeling framework consisting of a statistical climate model, a crop rotation model, a bio-physical process model, a portfolio optimization model, the computation of the economic value of climate information, and a spatial hot spot analysis and applied it to the context of water stress management in crop production in Austria. Results from the integrated modeling framework show that the average economic value of climate information ranges between 13 and 99 €/ha for Austrian cropland, depending on the scenario of multi-seasonal dry spells and the farmers’ risk aversion level. On average, the value of climate information is highest on flat and productive soils, for root and oil crops, under more extreme multi-seasonal dry spells, and if farmers are highly risk averse. Quantifying the value of climate information may guide data provision efforts and highlight agricultural production regions, which would particularly benefit from such information to improve water stress management. DA - 2019/07/20/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.agwat.2019.04.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 221 SP - 430 EP - 448 J2 - Agricultural Water Management LA - en SN - 0378-3774 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation in the Pannonian basin AU - Lukić, Tin AU - Lukić, Aco AU - Basarin, Biljana AU - Ponjiger, Tanja Micić AU - Blagojević, Dragana AU - Mesaroš, Minučer AU - Milanović, Miško AU - Gavrilov, Milivoj AU - Pavić, Dragoslav AU - Zorn, Matija AU - Komac, Blaž AU - Miljković, Ðurđa AU - Sakulski, Dušan AU - Babić-Kekez, Snežana AU - Morar, Cezar AU - Janićević, Sava T2 - Open Geosciences AB - Abstract In order to assess the rainfall erosivity in the Pannonian basin, several parameters which describe distribution, concentration and variability of precipitation were used, as well as 9 extreme precipitation indices. The precipitation data is obtained from the European Climate Assessment and Dataset project for the period 1961-2014, for 8 meteorological stations in northern Serbia, 5 in Hungary and 1 in eastern Croatia. The extreme values of precipitation were calculated following the indices developed by the ETCCDI. RclimDex software package was used for indices calculation. Based on statistical analysis and the calculated values, the results have been presented with Geographic Information System (GIS) to point out the most vulnerable parts of the Pannonian basin, with regard to pluvial erosion. This study presents the first result of combined rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation indices for the investigated area. Results of PCI indicate presence of moderate precipitation concentration (mean value 11.6). Trend analysis of FI (mean value 22.7) and MFI (mean value 70.2) implies a shift from being largely in the low erosivity class, to being completely in the moderate erosivity class in the future, thus indicating an increase in rainfall erosivity for most of the investigated area (except in the northwestern parts). Furthermore, the observed precipitation extremes suggest that both the amount and the intensity of precipitation are increasing. The knowledge about the areas affected by strong soil erosion could lead to introducing effective measures in order to reduce it. Long term analysis of rainfall erosivity is a significant step concerning flood prevention, hazard mitigation, ecosystem services, land use change and agricultural production. DA - 2019/10/26/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1515/geo-2019-0053 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 664 EP - 681 SN - 2391-5447 N1 -number: 1
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung des Österreichischen Agrar-Umweltprogramms ÖPUL – Nationaler Detailbericht 2019 AU - BAB CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 PB - Bundesanstalt für Agrarwirtschaft und Bergbauernfragen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Integrated Analysis of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Measures in Austrian Agriculture AU - Schönhart, M. AU - Mitter, H. AU - Schmid, E. AU - Georg, H. AU - Heinrich, G T2 - German Journal of Agricultural Economics DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.22004/ag.econ.253157 VL - 63 SP - 1 EP - 21 ER - TY - CASE TI - EU 2000/60 Wasserrichtlinie AU - EU 2000/60 DA - 2000/10/23/ PY - 2000 SP - 72 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:5c835afb-2ec6-4577-bdf8-756d3d694eeb.0003.02/DOC_1&format=PDF ER - TY - JOUR TI - SUBMISSION BY LATVIA AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON BEHALF OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States AU - EU2015.LV DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - CASE TI - Verordnung (EU) 2018/841 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 30. Mai 2018 AU - EU 1999 AB - über die Einbeziehnung der Emissionen und des Abbaus von Treibhausgasen aus Landnutzung, Landnutzungsänderungen und Forstwirtschaft in den Rahmen für die Klima- und Energiepolitik bis 2030 und zur Änderung der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 525/2013 und des Beschusses Nr. 529/2013/EU DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 2018/1999 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32018R0841 N1 -issue: 2018/841
ER - TY - CASE TI - Richtlinie 2003/87/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 13. Oktober 2003 über ein System für den Handel mit Treibhausgasemissionszertifikaten in der Gemeinschaft und zur Änderung der Richtlinie 96/61/EG des Rates AU - EU 87 DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003L0087&from=NL ER - TY - CASE TI - Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation AU - EU 842 DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 VL - 2018/842 SP - 17 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R0842&from=EN ER - TY - JOUR TI - Revision of the LULUCF Regulation Strengthening the role of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in climate action AU - EPRS DA - 2023/// PY - 2023 UR - https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698843/EPRS_BRI(2021)698843_EN.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - The European Green Deal AU - EC CY - Brussels DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 LA - en SN - COM(2019) 640 final vom 11.12.2019 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=EN N1 -issue: COM(2019) 640 final vom 11.12.2019
ER - TY - BOOK TI - European forest governance post-2020 AU - Wolfslehner, B. AU - Pülzl, H. AU - Kleinschmit, D. AU - Aggestam, F. AU - Winkel, G. AU - Candel, J. AU - Eckerberg, K. AU - Feindt, P. AU - McDermott, L.S. AU - Sotirov, M. AU - Lackner, M. AU - Roux, J.-L. T2 - From Science to Policy 10. DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SN - 978-952-5980-85- UR - https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2020/efi_fstp_10_2020.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - A new EU Forest Strategy: for forests and the forest-based sector AU - EC DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 UR - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:21b27c38-21fb-11e3-8d1c-01aa75ed71a1.0022.01/DOC_1&format=PDF N1 -17 Seiten
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Multi-annual Implementation Plan of the new EU Forest Strategy - COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT AU - EC DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 UR - https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/10102/2015/EN/10102-2015-164-EN-F1-1.PDF ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agro-Economic Study for the Danube River Basin. Country Reports AU - Sinabell, Franz AU - Meyer, Ina AU - Bedrač, Matej AU - , Tomaž Cunder AU - Platon, Victor DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 UR - https://www.wifo.ac.at/publikationen/publikationssuche?detail-view=yes&publikation_id=61629 ER - TY - CASE TI - Klimaschutzgesetz AU - BGBl 106 DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Integrierter nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan für Österreich - Periode 2021-2030 AU - BMNT CY - Wien DA - 2019/12/18/ PY - 2019 UR - https://www.bmnt.gv.at/umwelt/klimaschutz/nekp-entwurf.html Y2 - 2019/08/26/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Agrarrecht AU - Holzer, G. CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ET - 4. völlig überarbeitete Auflage PB - NWV Verlag SN - 978-3-7083-1229-3 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung des Programms zur Ländlichen Entwicklung im Bereich der Almen AU - Suske, Wolfgang AU - Tomek, Hemma AU - Gattermaier, Sandra AU - Huber, Johanna AU - Steurer, Barbara AU - Unterweger, Martin AU - Aschenbrenner, Gebhard AU - Pfefferkorn, Wolfgang AU - Teufelbauer, Norbert AU - Schernhammer, Tobias AU - Ellmauer, Tobias AU - Seiberl, Margit CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 UR - http://www.suske.at/files/evalm_endbericht_13-07-2012_final_.pdf DB - SR-LU_graue_Literatur ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung 2017 des Programmes LE 2014 – 2020 Schwerpunktbereich 5C Erleichterung der Versorgung mit und stärkere Nutzung von erneuerbaren Energien, Nebenerzeugnissen, Abfällen und Rückständen und anderen Ausgangserzeugnissen außer Lebensmitteln für die Biowirtschaft AU - Handler, F. CY - Wieselburg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 LA - Deutsch ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nationaler Bericht 2017 "Paket G" AU - HBLFA Raumberg Gumpenstein CY - Raumberg DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung verschiedener ÖPUL Maßnahmen in Hinblick auf die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen, insbesondere Lachgas, Endbericht AU - Foldal, Cecilie Brigitte AU - Kasper, Martina AU - Ecker, Eva AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie CY - Wien DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 SP - 70 M3 - Forschungsauftrag N1 -Auftraggeber Bundesministerium für Nachhaltikeit und Tourismus
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Conceptual and empirical advances in analysing policy mixes for energy transitions AU - Rogge, Karoline S. AU - Kern, Florian AU - Howlett, Michael T2 - Energy Research & Social Science T3 - Policy mixes for energy transitions AB - Energy transitions face multiple barriers, lock-in, path dependencies and resistance to change which require strategic policy efforts to be overcome. In this regard, it has been increasingly recognised that a multiplicity of instruments – or instrument mixes – are needed to foster low-carbon transitions. In addition, over the past few years a broader conceptualization of policy mixes for sustainability transitions has emerged which we adopt in this special issue. Such a broader perspective not only examines the interaction of instruments, but also captures corresponding policy strategies with their long-term targets and pays greater attention to the associated policy processes. It also encompasses the analysis of overarching policy mix characteristics such as consistency, coherence or credibility, as well as policy design considerations. Furthermore, it embraces the analysis of actors and institutions involved in developing and implementing such policy mixes. To explicitly consider these further aspects of policy mixes, this special issue includes fifteen papers with different analytical perspectives drawing on a range of social science disciplines, such as environmental economics, innovation studies and policy sciences. It is our hope that the conceptual and empirical advances presented here will stimulate diverse future research and inform policy advice on policy mixes for energy transitions. DA - 2017/11/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.025 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 33 SP - 1 EP - 10 J2 - Energy Research & Social Science LA - en SN - 2214-6296 L1 - https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/305759/1-s2.0-S2214629617X00121/1-s2.0-S2214629617303092/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEE4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDm%2BhVh7kO5W8BP3l0mQ3Saht8VlGoYKhuF9fMwyAN1%2BQIhAOhHkVCj2O4czXVl9AzW6wTV8UaHijyVFKo8xzTZmjL3Kr0DCOf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAxoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgxUO8952%2FxHEAGKjRAqkQNw%2BE3ejhfo1Tu0GhQZT0MSrMRPpF4c3H4Fo1lsI0XPdMGrSFE8bbZfuj3yhzJLfCIAyN9sN6Z4HkO7y2UwOAev2OQJkmxbUygzyZ1a7CA8Piw9PoKR7q7H9fWX7L3E%2BWK7lt9uxBkn%2B1enVh5Iwj6RAOrg2HynGWm4FCoqq13QE4A6F5qRhPrr04wMlixUvqax1RryoEjw6MePyoio%2BqgfU22se9yDxQfKL1S5Mw%2BtVaZwZqzDWvZvDe9BAwvpspK2d8rxJ6C3b3GPbC7xA4Dr2bNLZvZK0sz7CzxDTVhhkQgF1f2QYh0kdhDqvIwu7fN7v63fqieUzDryym1EBo350zRFywKaKhDyA8OFU8LpH3ZgWYIunKVhV7LecEzw7dnkn8BBcMK00pW42nwKsDgYtqzNftgDwpXg%2Fq%2ByK%2BXeATUopBh6FbMxOZJmR6Dk8ibSco%2F609uP2Auf4sooLCL1%2BrQGGkTreq4Y3wAC%2B0k3dgnxkbQogHFO5zbD8ULAS6UmArHlOVnPMB7MaLoLC1%2BvWTCetJX4BTrqAcEnoeYu87KZgCuBEmxKKjGqaTz7ThmN9q79lVTbD3ecyVE1Z14tlpLciqOTZUXzIIvDG65m9kMyCWbdIhWNyeisN2LnECgfWUwYhEESIYlKVryUGV1kFc%2B%2B2cWrht0f2bsXjW4NBJCqKioV0R1%2BnggoAr%2FlmtxAdMN4VZH1YA6iXeHn9aSGk8T8GLLJL%2Fu4H7w4Crkx%2BMgf22YTi4ibHikbjynPs0yOizMn8WOkeTMwHUiz3Nm1LIwszbhpWtK84juGSF9UjG78aaQ5e9eJI5%2F3nJIUs6%2FHOY6jKFOGP0y%2F8RJULFOMGzBFpQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200708T071449Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY43VXSYXJ%2F20200708%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=e7355a71f0268e813cf6543b80af9e84bf4eabfb31c42796966a82acb4cfc126&hash=408796a2f4952ca33872bea6fa70c8c3f794b2c3f885d3afc755868360824097&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S2214629617303092&tid=spdf-a152aba5-9c7e-4008-86dc-7e3bf0d8618e&sid=3c470e0e738bc8486658955-b10a9aa13723gxrqb&type=client L1 - 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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303092 L2 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303092 L2 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303092 KW - Policy mix KW - Coherence KW - Consistency KW - Policy strategy KW - Energy transitions KW - Policy processes ER - TY - JOUR TI - The need for comprehensive and well targeted instrument mixes to stimulate energy transitions: The case of energy efficiency policy AU - Rosenow, Jan AU - Kern, Florian AU - Rogge, Karoline T2 - Energy Research & Social Science T3 - Policy mixes for energy transitions AB - To meet global climate goals an energy transition is needed. However, energy transitions are complex and long-term processes and require a variety of public policy interventions to steer their direction and speed to achieve global climate change mitigation targets. One area where policy support is required is energy efficiency, which offers a high potential for carbon savings. It is widely acknowledged that energy efficiency improvements will need to be faster and deeper than is currently the case and this requires policy instrument mixes to support both those energy efficiency measures that are simple and cost-effective as well as more complex and costly technologies. In other words, policy mixes need to be well-targeted and comprehensive. In this paper, we address the issue of comprehensiveness in terms of technology-specificity and the level of complexity and costliness of energy efficiency measures. We use an existing dataset produced as part of a pan-European effort to understand instrument mixes in 14 EU Member States in the area of energy efficiency. Based on the empirical analysis and our segmentation of instrument types and their role in the overall mix, we illustrate the need for using a comprehensive instrument mix rather than single instruments. DA - 2017/11/01/ PY - 2017 DO - 10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.013 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 33 SP - 95 EP - 104 J2 - Energy Research & Social Science LA - en SN - 2214-6296 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617302797 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon pricing and deep decarbonisation AU - Tvinnereim, Endre AU - Mehling, Michael T2 - Energy Policy AB - Experts frequently point to carbon pricing as the most cost-effective tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Empirical studies show that carbon pricing can successfully incentivise incremental emissions reductions. But meeting temperature targets within defined timelines as agreed under the Paris Agreement requires more than incremental improvements: it requires achieving net zero emissions within a few decades. To date, there is little evidence that carbon pricing has produced deep emission reductions, even at high prices. While much steeper carbon prices may deliver greater abatement, political economy constraints render their feasibility doubtful. An approach with multiple instruments, including technology mandates and targeted support for innovation, is indispensable to avoid path dependencies and lock-in of long-lived, high-carbon assets. We argue that carbon pricing serves several important purposes in such an instrument mix, but also that the global commitment to deep decarbonisation requires acknowledging the vital role of instruments other than carbon pricing. DA - 2018/10/01/ PY - 2018 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.020 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 121 SP - 185 EP - 189 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518304063 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Systematic review of the outcomes and trade-offs of ten types of decarbonization policy instruments AU - Peñasco, Cristina AU - Anadón, Laura Díaz AU - Verdolini, Elena T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - The literature evaluating the technical and socioeconomic outcomes of policy instruments used to support the transition to low-carbon economies is neither easily accessible nor comparable and often provides conflicting results. We develop and implement a framework to systematically review and synthesize the impact of ten types of decarbonization policy instruments on seven technical and socioeconomic outcomes. Our systematic review shows that the selected types of regulatory and economic and financial instruments are generally associated with positive impacts on environmental, technological and innovation outcomes. Several instruments are often associated with short-term negative impacts on competitiveness and distributional outcomes. We discuss how these trade-offs can be reduced or transformed into co-benefits by designing research and development and government procurement, deployment policies, carbon pricing and trading. We show how specific design features can promote competitiveness and reduce negative distributional impacts, particularly for small firms. An online interactive Decarbonisation Policy Evaluation Tool allows further analysis of the evidence. DA - 2021/03/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1038/s41558-020-00971-x VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 257 EP - 265 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 N1 -number: 3
ER - TY - JOUR TI - The evolution of ideas in global climate policy AU - Meckling, Jonas AU - Allan, Bentley B. T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - From carbon pricing to green industrial policy, economic ideas have shaped climate policy. Drawing on a new dataset of policy reports, we show how economic ideas influenced climate policy advice by major international organizations, including the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank, from 1990 to 2017. In the 1990s, the neoclassical notion of weak complementarity between environmental protection and growth dominated debates on sustainable development. In the mid-2000s, economic thought on the environment diversified, as the idea of strong complementarity between environmental protection and growth emerged in the green growth discourse. Adaptations of Schumpeterian and Keynesian economics identified investment in energy innovation and infrastructure as drivers of growth. We thus identify a major transformation from a neoclassical paradigm to a diversified policy discourse, suggesting that climate policy has entered a postparadigmatic period. The diversification of ideas broadened policy advice from market-based policy to green industrial policy, including deployment subsidies and regulation. DA - 2020/05/01/ PY - 2020 DO - 10.1038/s41558-020-0739-7 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 434 EP - 438 J2 - Nature Climate Change SN - 1758-6798 N1 -number: 5
ER - TY - RPRT TI - State and Trends of Carbon pricing AU - Wolrdbank DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon intensity in production and the effects of climate policy—Evidence from Swedish industry AU - Brännlund, Runar AU - Lundgren, Tommy AU - Marklund, Per-Olov T2 - Energy Policy AB - We analyze carbon intensity performance at firm level and the effectiveness of the Swedish CO2 tax. Carbon intensity performance is derived from a production technology and measured as changes in the CO2 emission-output production ratio. As one of the first countries to introduce a CO2 tax in 1991, Sweden serves as an appropriate “test bench” for analyzing the effectiveness of climate policy in general. Firm level data from Swedish manufacturing spanning over the period 1990–2004 is used for the analysis. Results show that EP has improved in all the sectors and there is an evidence of decoupling of output production growth and CO2 emissions. Firms' carbon intensity performance responds both to changes in the CO2 tax and fossil fuel price, but is more sensitive to the tax. DA - 2014/04/01/ PY - 2014 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.012 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 67 SP - 844 EP - 857 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513012561 Y2 - 2019/09/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Salience of carbon taxes in the gasoline market AU - Rivers, Nicholas AU - Schaufele, Brandon T2 - Journal of Environmental Economics and Management AB - We demonstrate that the carbon tax imposed by the Canadian province of British Columbia caused a decline in short-run gasoline demand that is significantly greater than would be expected from an equivalent increase in the market price of gasoline. That the carbon tax is more salient, or yields a larger change in demand than equivalent market price movements, is robust to a range of specifications. As a result of the large consumer response to the tax, we calculate that during its first four years, the tax reduced carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline consumption by 2.4 million tonnes. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DP - RePEc - Econpapers VL - 74 IS - C SP - 23 EP - 36 SN - 0095-0696 UR - https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeejeeman/v_3a74_3ay_3a2015_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a23-36.htm Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - New vehicle feebates AU - Rivers, Nicholas AU - Schaufele, Brandon T2 - Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique AB - New vehicle feebate programs encourage improved fleet-wide vehicle fuel efficiency; yet analyses of these policies have been limited to ad hoc proposals. In this paper, we exploit an extensive, multi-year dataset which includes more than 16 million observations to evaluate the welfare implications of a long-standing vehicle feebate program in the Canadian province of Ontario. We: (1) show that second-best optimal feebates can be written as a function of new vehicle Pigouvian taxes; (2) find that Ontario's feebate program was welfare-enhancing relative to a no feebate scenario but that a second-best optimal benchmark would have yielded additional welfare while reducing fleet-wide emissions; and (3) find that Ontarian consumers responded asymmetrically to fees versus rebates. DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1111/caje.12255 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 201 EP - 232 LA - en SN - 1540-5982 UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/caje.12255 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study AU - Andersson, Julius J. T2 - American Economic Journal: Economic Policy AB - This quasi-experimental study is the first to find a significant causal effect of carbon taxes on emissions, empirically analyzing the implementation of a carbon tax and a value-added tax on transport fuel in Sweden. After implementation, carbon dioxide emissions from transport declined almost 11 percent, with the largest share due to the carbon tax alone, relative to a synthetic control unit constructed from a comparable group of OECD countries. Furthermore, the carbon tax elasticity of demand for gasoline is three times larger than the price elasticity. Policy evaluations of carbon taxes, using price elasticities to simulate emission reductions, may thus significantly underestimate their true effect. DA - 2019/11// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1257/pol.20170144 DP - www.aeaweb.org VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 30 LA - en SN - 1945-7731 UR - https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20170144 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Frugal Cars or Frugal Drivers? How Carbon and Fuel Taxes Influence the Choice and Use of Cars AU - Antweiler, Werner AU - Gulati, Sumeet AB - British Columbia’s carbon tax was introduced in 2008 and reached its current level of $30 per tonne of carbon dioxide in 2012. Per-capita gasoline demand in B.C. Has decreased by about 15% between 2007 and 2014. Is this decline attributable to BC’s carbon tax and other fuel taxes? This paper assesses the empirical evidence and finds that higher taxes reduce gasoline consumption over time. We also find evidence of carbon leakage, particularly during the 2010-14 period of high cross-border travel due to the strong Canadian Dollar. While the intensive margin of adjustment (car use) may be subject to highly volatile gasoline prices and exchange rates, the extensive margin of adjustment (car purchases) is also influenced by increasing taxes. We find conclusive evidence that higher fuel taxes and BC’s carbon tax are shifting car purchases towards higher fuel efficiency. A counterfactual simulation suggests that without BC’s carbon tax fuel demand per capita would be 7% higher, and the average vehicle’s fuel efficiency would be 4% lower. CY - Rochester, NY DA - 2016/05/11/ PY - 2016 DP - papers.ssrn.com LA - en M3 - SSRN Scholarly Paper SN - ID 2778868 UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2778868 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The long and short run effects of British Columbia's carbon tax on diesel demand AU - Bernard, Jean-Thomas AU - Kichian, Maral T2 - Energy Policy AB - In 2008, the government of the province of British Columbia (B.C.) broke new ground in North America by introducing a revenue-neutral carbon tax on fossil fuel use. The rate was initially set at $10/ton of CO2 and then raised annually by increments of $5 to reach $30/ton in 2012. We measure the impact of the tax on diesel users; these are primarily businesses involved in heavy industries, mining, construction, and commercial transportation, and they represent 18.2% of B.C. fossil fuel emissions. Based on a cointegration equation and a related error-correction model, we find that, over 2008–2016, the combined long and short run carbon tax impact has resulted in an average of 5.85 cent/litre increase at the pump, and a reduction of 1.24 L in monthly per capita diesel consumption. The average annual reduction amounts to 1.3% of B.C. 2008 diesel emissions and 0.2% of total emissions in the province in that same year. This decrease is relatively modest when we consider Canada's Paris Agreement commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 30% by the year 2030. DA - 2019/08/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.021 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 131 SP - 380 EP - 389 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421519302708 Y2 - 2020/07/08/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Gas Price Variations and Urban Sprawl: an Empirical Analysis of the 12 Largest Canadian Metropolitan Areas AU - Tanguay, Georges AU - Gingras, Ian T2 - Environment and Planning A AB - We conduct a multivariate analysis of the potential impact of higher gas prices on urban sprawl in the twelve largest Canadian Metropolitan Areas for the period 1986–2006. Controlling for variables such as income and population, we show that higher gasoline prices have signifi cantly reduced urban sprawl. On average, a 1% increase in gas prices has caused a 0.32% increase in the population living in the inner city and a 0.60% decrease in low-density housing units. Our results also show that higher incomes have played a signifi cant role in increasing urban sprawl. DA - 2012/09/15/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1068/a44259 DP - ResearchGate VL - 44 SP - 1728 EP - 1743 J2 - Environment and Planning A ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rethinking Urban Sprawl: Moving Towards Sustainable Cities AU - OECD CY - Paris DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Modell zur Simulation der (ober) österreichischen Volkswirtschaft mit einem speziellen Schwerpunkt auf Energie AU - Baresch, M. AU - Goers, S. AU - Tichler, R. AU - Schneider, F. CY - Linz DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 UR - https://docplayer.org/62175297-Modell-zur-simulation-der-ober-oesterreichischen-volkswirtschaft-mit-einem-speziellen-schwerpunkt-auf-energie.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Austria’s Path to a Climate-Friendly Society and Economy—Contributions of an Environmental Tax Reform AU - Goers, Sebastian AU - Schneider, Friedrich T2 - Modern Economy AB - In the present study, we explore an environmental tax reform for Austria as an instrument to achieve the main objectives of the current Austrian Climate and Energy Strategy #mission2030. Our concept aims at a dual objective of reducing CO2-eq emissions, while simultaneously further triggering innovation processes of the Austrian industry, resulting in a transfer of benefits to society. The focused measures at the national level to achieve climate protection comprise an increase of the mineral oil tax and the introduction of CO2-eq taxation for non-EU-ETS sectors. These taxes create revenues which are recycled through 1) reductions of non-wage labor costs for companies, 2) compensation transfers for private households of low- and middle-income groups, 3) investment in research and innovation for industry and 4) investments in key technologies to advance #mission2030, such as alternative propulsion systems (electric, H2), and the use of biomethane for space heating and thermal renovation. Results of simulations for the period 2020 to 2025 via a macro-sectoral model display the potential for multiple dividends if the revenues are reused this way. Furthermore, besides offering significant reductions of CO2e emissions, the proposed reform triggers positive impacts on GDP, employment, and private consumption, thereby ensuring social compatibility. DA - 2019/05/15/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.4236/me.2019.105092 DP - www.scirp.org VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 1369 EP - 1384 LA - en N1 -number: 5
ER - TY - JOUR TI - CO2 taxes, equity and the double dividend – Macroeconomic model simulations for Austria AU - Kirchner, Mathias AU - Sommer, Mark AU - Kratena, Kurt AU - Kletzan-Slamanig, Daniela AU - Kettner-Marx, Claudia T2 - Energy Policy AB - This paper investigates the impacts of CO2 tax schemes on CO2 emissions, equity and macroeconomic indicators in Austria with the macroeconomic model DYNK[AUT]. Our scenarios focus on non-ETS CO2 emissions and comprise different tax rates and revenue recycling options (lower labor taxes, lower VAT and lump sum payments). The short-term comparative scenario analysis indicates that CO2 taxes without recycling lead to significant CO2 emission reductions at moderate economic costs. Equity impacts on households depend on the indicator used but can be regressive without recycling. Most recycling schemes can achieve a double dividend, i.e. emission reductions and increases in GDP. Lump sum payments are less efficient than reducing the VAT or labor taxes. Equity impacts are progressive with lump sum payments, rather proportional with lower VAT and regressive with lower labor taxes. A combination of recycling schemes and/or a restriction of lump sum payments to lower income households can minimize the trade-off between equity and efficiency. Our simulations suggest that well-designed CO2 tax schemes could be a crucial and socially acceptable element within a comprehensive policy package to achieve GHG emission targets for non-ETS sectors in Austria. DA - 2019/03/01/ PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.11.030 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 126 SP - 295 EP - 314 J2 - Energy Policy LA - en SN - 0301-4215 ER - TY - CHAP TI - How to reach Paris. a comprehensive long-term energy-economy scenario for Austria AU - Meyer, Ina AU - Sommer, M AU - Kratena, K. T2 - Economic Instruments for a Low-carbon Future. Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation XXII A2 - Zachariadis, T A2 - Milne, J.E. A2 - Andersen, M.S. A2 - Ashiabor, H. A2 - Zachariadis, T A2 - Milne, J.E. A2 - Andersen, M.S. A2 - Ashiabor, H. CY - ElgarOnline DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 SP - 264 LA - Englisch SN - 978-1-83910-990-4 UR - https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/economic-instruments-for-a-low-carbon-future-9781839109904.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using land use/land cover trajectories to uncover ecosystem service patterns across the Alps AU - Egarter Vigl, Lukas AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Schirpke, Uta AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - Regional Environmental Change DA - 2017/12// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1007/s10113-017-1132-6 DP - DOI.org (Crossref) VL - 17 IS - 8 SP - 2237 EP - 2250 J2 - Reg Environ Change LA - en SN - 1436-3798, 1436-378X N1 -number: 8
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characteristic trajectories of ecosystem services in mountains AU - Locatelli, Bruno AU - Lavorel, Sandra AU - Sloan, Sean AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Geneletti, Davide T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment AB - Intensification of land use and management over recent decades has resulted in trade-offs between food or timber production and other ecosystem services (ES). Despite an increase in scholarly publications on ES, the temporal aspects of ES trade-offs have largely been neglected to date. Here we explore how past and future land-use trajectories (pathways of change) influence ES over time, using mountain landscapes as a model. Based on a synthesis of 51 cases of temporal changes in ES within mountain landscapes, we analyze how changes in land-use intensity influence the supply of ten key services and we describe six typical examples (archetypes) of ES change. Our analysis reveals that land-use intensity is an important factor shaping these archetypes. Land-use intensification often degrades ES (eg recreation and water regulation), with the exception of services targeted by intensification (food or timber) and with differences between forest and agricultural intensification. Service degradation following intensification is not always reversed by reductions in land-use intensity (termed “extensification”). DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 DO - 10.1002/fee.1470 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 150 EP - 159 N1 -_eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fee.1470
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Plant traits in a state and transition framework as markers of ecosystem response to land-use change AU - Quétier, Fabien AU - Thébault, Aurélie AU - Lavorel, Sandra T2 - Ecological Monographs AB - Understanding and forecasting changes in plant communities, ecosystem properties, and their associated services requires a mechanistic link between community shifts and modifications in ecosystem properties. In this study, we test the hypothesis that plant traits can provide such a link. Using subalpine grasslands in the central French Alps as a case study, we investigate the response of plant traits to changes in soil resource availability and disturbance regimes associated with changing grassland management as well as the effects of changes in plant traits on measured ecosystem properties. We found that fertilization leads to greater specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content which leads to greater productivity and faster litter decomposition, and that grazing leads to higher leaf toughness and leaf dry matter content which leads to lower productivity and slower decomposition compared to mowing. A state and transition model was used as a flexible conceptual tool for integrating data on community composition, plant traits, and ecosystem properties in the context of management-mediated successional dynamics in subalpine grasslands. Focusing on the biology driving the transition between grassland states, we incorporated plant traits into the formulation of a state and transition model and demonstrated how they could be used to provide a mechanistic link between community shifts and ecosystem properties under complex management regimes with strong land-use legacies. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1890/06-0054 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 33 EP - 52 N1 -_eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/06-0054
ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mustering the power of ecosystems for adaptation to climate change AU - Lavorel, Sandra AU - Colloff, Matthew J. AU - Locatelli, Bruno AU - Gorddard, Russell AU - Prober, Suzanne M. AU - Gabillet, Marine AU - Devaux, Caroline AU - Laforgue, Denis AU - Peyrache-Gadeau, Véronique T2 - Environmental Science & Policy AB - Mountain social-ecological systems (SES) supply important ecosystem services that are threatened by climate change. In mountain SES there is a paradox between high community capacity to cope with extremes, and governance structures and processes that constrain that capacity from being realised. Climate adaptation that maintains livelihoods and supply of ecosystem services can catalyse this innate adaptive capacity if new adaptive governance arrangements can be created. Using the French Alps as a case study, we outline a participative framework for transformative adaptation that links adaptive capacity and governance to provide social innovation and ecosystem-based adaptation solutions for mountain SES. Grassland management was the main entry point for adaptation: bundles of adaptation services supplied by the landscape mosaic of biodiverse grassland types can maintain agricultural production and tourism and facilitate income diversification. Deliberate management for core adaptation services like resilient fodder production, erosion control, shade or aesthetic value generates co-benefits for future transformation ability. People activate bundles of adaptation services along adaptation pathways and realise benefits via co-production with other forms of capital including traditional knowledge or social networks. Common and distinctive adaptation services in each pathway create options for transformation if barriers from interactions between values and rules across scales can be overcome. For example conserving mown terraces which is a critical adaptation nexus reflects a complex interplay of values, markets and governance instruments from local to European scales. We conclude that increasing stakeholders capacity to mobilise adaptation services is critical for empowering them to implement adaptation to global change. DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.11.010 VL - 92 SP - 87 EP - 97 SN - 1462-9011 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Looking beyond timber: Empirical evidence for the diversification of forest enterprises and the profitability of auxiliary activities in Austria AU - Ungerböck, Erhard AU - Sekot, Walter AU - Toscani, Philipp T2 - Forest Policy and Economics AB - Although a recent rise in timber prices seems to counter the long-term trend of declining profitability of timber production, the development of additional sources of income still constitutes a strategic challenge for forest enterprises. Furthermore, increasing interest of stakeholders in various forestry goods and services requires dealing comprehensively with the potentials of multifunctional forestry. In fact, forest enterprises may be engaged not only in providing a range of forestry-based outputs but also with ventures unrelated to forests. Nevertheless, there is still little empirical evidence concerning the economic significance of diversification. Established economic monitoring schemes traditionally concentrate on timber production. Political interest and forest certification are typically restricted to forest-based activities. In this paper, the empirical evidence regarding auxiliary activities as documented by the Austrian accountancy network of larger forest enterprises is appraised for the first time. A set of economic key figures can be derived for a considerable range of activities. On average, timber production is still dominating by far, other activities contributing in total only to an equivalent of some 2.5% of the timber profits. A range of methodical limitations associated with the data collected so far underpin the necessity to interpret results prudently. Several amendments are identified which could substantially improve the significance of the empirical investigations. DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2014.12.013 VL - 54 SP - 18 EP - 25 SN - 1389-9341 ER - TY - RPRT TI - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB. AU - TEEB AB - Authors This synthesis has been prepared by Pavan Sukhdev, Heidi Wittmer, Christoph Schröter-Schlaack, Carsten Nesshöver, Joshua Bishop, Patrick ten Brink, Haripriya Gundimeda, Pushpam Kumar and Ben Simmons. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 39 UR - http://www.teebweb.org/our-publications/teeb-study-reports/synthesis-report/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Politische Optionen zur Sicherung der Waldökosystemdienstleistungen AU - Weiss, G. AU - Pülzl, H. AU - Ludvig, A. AU - Zivojinovic, I. AU - Linser, S. AU - Winkel, G. CY - Wien DA - 2022/// PY - 2022 M3 - Waldpolitik Blickwinkel SN - 3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Policy means for ensuring the full value of forests to society AU - Glück, Peter T2 - Land Use Policy AB - The total value generated by a forest consists of wood and non-wood goods and services. The profit-oriented forest owner considers in his management plan only those forest products for which he can expect a market price; non-market forest goods and services are provided as positive externalities of the production of market goods. Since many unpriced forest values are of utmost importance to society, their sufficient provision in terms of quantity and quality also has to be ensured. This paper discusses several options aiming at a better utilisation of the forest potential and proposes research needs in this context. One option is to transform non-market goods into market goods. The marketability of goods is a given physical fact having to do with the exclusion of the goods and the rivalry of consumers. If one can easily exclude those from consumption, who do not pay (`free riders'), one can market a good. This is the case for private goods as well as club goods. Many forest services such as biodiversity, and protection against erosion, are public goods. Once public goods are provided, it is difficult to exclude others from enjoying them. By marketing they can be transformed into local public goods and toll goods (`impure public goods') for which a price can be charged. The success mostly depends on the entrepreneurial behaviour of the forest owners. If more `impure public goods’ are needed, or if there are still unpriced forest goods and services which are not marketable, the welfare-optimising state has to intervene by appropriate regulatory, economic and informational means at the national and supra-national levels in order to overcome the prisoner's dilemma situation. A special informational means which has received much attention in the international deliberations on forests are national forest programmes (NFPs). At the international level, a central authority does not exist, which could enforce the sufficient provision of forest public goods in forest management through legally binding instruments. But it could be established, if there is an incentive for a group of participants to overcome a problematic situation through agreement on a legally binding instrument for forests. The international deliberations on forests could benefit from analyses to evaluate the outcomes of existing and new legal instruments and policy tools. Collective action to sustainably manage forests for timber and public goods without an external authority to offer incentives or impose sanctions can also be provided by `common-property regimes'. They seem to be promising for the management of common-pool resources such as forests. Common-property regimes on forests arose during history by trial and error in many mountainous areas of Europe. Both the users of timber and public goods hold private rights to use a given forest and come to some agreement on compatible uses which meet their competing interests. Research on individual case studies of successful and failed common-property regimes would facilitate the implementation of this tool. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00018-1 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 177 EP - 185 SN - 0264-8377 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Innovative vertragliche Instrumente der Stadtentwicklungs- und Wohnpolitik aus ökonomischer Sicht AU - Getzner, M. T2 - Jahrbuch Raumplanung 2017 A2 - Suitner, J. A2 - Giffinger, Rudolf A2 - Plank, L. A2 - Suitner, J. A2 - Giffinger, Rudolf A2 - Plank, L. CY - Wien DA - 2017/// PY - 2017 SP - 83 EP - 95 ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the environmental effectiveness of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive AU - Bertram, Christine AU - Rehdanz, Katrin T2 - Marine Policy AB - Marine and coastal ecosystems – and thus the benefits they create for humans – are subject to increasing pressures and competing usages. For this reason, the European Union (EU) adopted the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), which is to guide future maritime policy in the EU and aims at achieving or maintaining a good environmental status (GES) of European seas by 2020. To this end, the MSFD requires the development of improvement measures, which have to be assessed inter alia by examining their cost-effectiveness and by carrying out cost-benefit analysis (CBA) before their implementation. This paper investigates the applicability of environmental CBA in the marine context. It identifies and discusses problems that could hamper the environmental effectiveness of the MSFD. For example, the fact that marine ecosystem services are much less tangible than terrestrial ones implies greater challenges for the quantification of benefits for society in a marine context. One finding is that the limitations of environmental valuation methods regarding their ability to capture the whole total economic value of improvement measures are a potential source of problems, as the MSFD allows countries to disregard measures with disproportionately high costs. The trans-boundary nature of the main European seas adds to the complexity of the valuation task, e.g., due to the danger that benefits that occur outside of national territories are neglected. Moreover, the current state of knowledge on the functioning of complex marine ecosystems and the links to socio-economic impacts and human well-being seem insufficient to meet the MSFD requirements. DA - 2013/03/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.016 VL - 38 SP - 25 EP - 40 J2 - Marine Policy SN - 0308-597X ER - TY - BOOK TI - Raumordnung in Österreich und Bezüge zur Raumentwicklung und Regionalpolitik AU - Gruber, Markus AU - Kanonier, Arthur AU - Pohn-Weidinger, Simon AU - Schindelegger, Arthur T2 - Schriftenreihe / Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz CY - Wien DA - 2018/// PY - 2018 DP - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN LA - ger SN - 978-3-9504146-2-2 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Der Klimawandel AU - Rahmstorf, Stefan AU - Schellnhuber, Hans-Jörg DA - 2019/// PY - 2019 ET - 9. Auflage ER - TY - BOOK TI - Selbstverbrennung: Die fatale Dreiecksbeziehung zwischen Klima, Mensch und Kohlenstoff AU - Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim DA - 2015/// PY - 2015 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Warum machen wir’s nicht einfach – Die Psychologie der Klimakrise AU - Uhl-Haedicke, Isabella DA - 2021/// PY - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Communication campaigns to engage (non-traditional) forest owners: A European perspective AU - Wilkes-Allemann, Jerylee AU - Deuffic, Philippe AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Westin, Kerstin AU - Lieberherr, Eva AU - Foldal, Cecilie AU - Lidestav, Gun AU - Weiss, Gerhard AU - Zabel, Astrid AU - Živojinović, Ivana AU - Pecurul-Botines, Mireia AU - Koller, Nancy AU - Haltia, Emmi AU - Sarvašová, Zuzana AU - Sarvaš, Milan AU - Curman, Marta AU - Riedl, Marcel AU - Jarský, Vilém T2 - Forest Policy and Economics AB - In Europe, private forest owners play an important role in achieving sustainability goals, such as those set by the European Green Deal. Efficient communication and coordination with these actors is therefore central. However, ongoing structural changes in forest ownership have in many cases silenced traditional communication channels, especially those involving owners of small forests. Their economic performance is often negligible at an individual level, yet collectively their forests play a pivotal role in a context of increasing demand for wood products. In this article, we analyse and compare forest campaigns in nine European countries. Specifically, we assess one-way and two-way communication models applying different techniques to engage (non-traditional) forest owners. Our analysis of 34 campaigns shows that (i) one-way communication models are still more widely used in the forest sector to engage non-traditional forest owners than two-way communication models; (ii) one-way communication aims at informing and is effective for short-term awareness raising, while two-way communication aims at persuading and is essential to trigger forest management activities over the long-term, (iii) interactive learning tools can play a crucial role for reaching and engaging (non-traditional) forest owners. We further conclude that campaigns could be improved by having 1) joint campaigns with public and private actors, 2) convincing narratives developed based on a good understanding of forest owners' motivations, 3) adapting the timing of campaigns to windows of opportunities and 4) developing intermediary associations (e.g. non-traditional forest owner associations) as connectors and trust builders between different actors as they play a crucial role in providing information to forest owners and supporting their engagement. DA - 2021/12/01/ PY - 2021 DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102621 VL - 133 SP - 102621 J2 - Forest Policy and Economics SN - 1389-9341 ER -