TY - JOUR DO - 10.2785/836328 SN - 9789276174424 TI - Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context (2020 edition) UR - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about/policies/copyright ER - TY - GEN AB - Continuous decline of biodiversity over the past decades suggests that efforts to decrease biodiversity loss have been insufficient. One option to deal with this problem is the use of market-based mechanisms for biodiversity conservation. Several studies have analysed such mechanisms individually, but there is no comprehensive review with a comparative assessment of the performance of various mechanisms. This paper presents (i) an analysis of the economic conditions under which markets for biodiversity can be expected to function; (ii) an analysis of the efficiency of five selected biodiversity markets in the light of market and contract theory; and (iii) an assessment of the potential to scale up local or national payment mechanisms for biodiversity conservation. Our analysis shows the difficulties that market-based mechanisms face, among which are the need to ensure long-term conservation and the lack of a standardized unit of measurement for biodiversity. We provide a number of recommendations on how to overcome these difficulties. We argue that the set-up of a global registry embedded within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity would facilitate measurement, reporting and verification of biodiversity credits to support market-based mechanisms. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. AU - Alvarado-Quesada, Irene AU - Hein, Lars AU - Weikard, Hans Peter DA - 2014/1// DO - 10.1007/s10531-013-0598-x IS - 1 KW - Biodiversity conservation KW - Biodiversity credits KW - Biodiversity markets KW - Market efficiency PY - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 21 TI - Market-based mechanisms for biodiversity conservation: A review of existing schemes and an outline for a global mechanism T2 - Biodiversity and Conservation VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR TI - RegProgramm-lang ER - TY - BOOK AU - Wagner, Erika AU - Kerschner, Ferdinand AU - Bergthaler, Wilhelm AU - Manz'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung SN - 9783214136635 TI - Landwirtschaft im Fokus des Europäischen Umweltrechts - Nachhaltigkeit in Theorie und Praxis ER - TY - BOOK SN - 9783990045039 TI - Zwölfter Umweltkontrollbericht Umweltsituation in Österreich UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Murer, Erwin AU - Weber, Nina AU - Groier, Michael AU - Kelemen-Finan, Julia AU - Niedermayr, Julia AU - Hambrusch, Josef TI - Evaluierungsteam Evaluator/innen Elfriede Ofner-Schröck, HBLFA Raumberg-Gumpenstein; Tierschutz (3a)/Tierwohl elfriede ofner-schroeck@raumberg-gumpenstein.at Koordinator/innen ER - TY - BOOK AU - Zethner, Gerhard AU - Schwarzl, Bettina AU - Sedy, Katrin PY - 2019 SN - 9783990045138 TI - UMSTELLUNG DER ÖSTERREICHISCHEN STICKSTOFF-UND PHOSPHORBILANZ DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF EUROSTAT-VORGABEN UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT AB - Bei der teilflächenspezifischen Düngung geht es u. a. darum, Dünger einzusparen. Damit soll vermieden werden, dass nicht genutzte Nährstoffe das Grundwasser belasten. Welche Rolle der Boden bei diesem System spielt, erfahren Sie im ersten Teil unserer Serie. TI - Digital düngen: Welchen Einfluss hat der Boden? ER - TY - BOOK AB - Conference organized by: Lehr- und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft Raumberg-Gumpenstein. "Bericht"--Page 4 of cover. "ISSN 1818-7722"--Title page verso. AU - Marold, Brigitte. AU - Lehr- und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft Raumberg-Gumpenstein (Austria) PB - Lehr- und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft Raumberg-Gumpenstein PY - 2012 SN - 9783902559692 SP - 114 EP - 114 TI - Bericht : 3. Umweltökologisches Symposium : am 6. und 7. März 2012 am LFZ Raumberg-Gumpenstein ER - TY - RPRT AU - Fehr, Franz Michael KW - () TI - Universität für Bodenkultur Wien Bodenschutz in Österreich Delphi-Prognose zu Möglichkeiten im Agrar-Umweltprogramm ÖPUL ER - TY - RPRT AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Schmid, Carmen AU - Schwaiger, Elisabeth AU - Schwarzl, Bettina AU - Ledermann, Thomas AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard AU - Freudenschuss, Alexandra AU - Gschwantner, Thomas AU - Jandl, Robert AU - Neumann, Markus AU - Schadauer, Klemens AU - Braun, Martin AU - Schwarzbauer, Peter AU - Stern, Tobias PY - 2016 TI - GHG PROJECTIONS OF LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY FOR NON-FOREST LAND IN AUSTRIA ER - TY - JOUR TI - Folder_Programm_2020 ER - TY - BOOK SN - 9783990045039 TI - Zwölfter Umweltkontrollbericht Umweltsituation in Österreich UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - CONF AB - To date, no survey on the diverse channel patterns existing prior to the major phase of river regulation in the mid-19th–early 20th century has been elaborated at the scale of the whole European Alps. The present paper fills this knowledge gap. The historical channel forms of the 143 largest Alpine rivers with catchments larger than 500 km2 (total length 11,870 km) were reconstructed based on maps dating from the 1750s to 1900. In the early 19th century, one-third of the large Alpine rivers were multi-channel rivers. Single-bed channels oscillating between close valley sides were also frequent in the Alps (28%). Sinuous and even more so meandering channels were much rarer. Historical river patterns generally followed an upstream–downstream gradient according to slope condition, floodplain width and distance from the sources. The local occurrence of certain channel patterns, however, primarily reflected the tectonic/orographic conditions. Multi-channel reaches were widespread within the whole Alpine area, alternating with confined and oscillating reaches. This demonstrates that most areas were mainly transport-limited rather than supply limited. Sinuous and meandering reaches were more frequent in the north-eastern Alps and were characterized by lower denudation rates and less sediment delivery. Channel straightening caused the loss of about 510 km of river course length, equivalent to 4.3% of the historical extent. Multi-channel stretches are currently a mere 15% of their historical length, and 45% of the larger Alpine rivers are intensively channelized or have been transformed into reservoirs. Channelization measures differed from one country to another. Human pressures directly affected both local channel geometry and the upstream controls (i.e., sediment supply). Accordingly, individual multi-channel reaches also evolved into single-thread channels without any local human interventions. AU - Hohensinner, Severin AU - Egger, Gregory AU - Muhar, Susanne AU - Vaudor, Lise AU - Piégay, Hervé DA - 2021/2// DO - 10.1002/rra.3751 IS - 2 KW - Alpine rivers KW - channel patterns KW - historical GIS KW - historical state KW - river training PB - John Wiley and Sons Ltd PY - 2021 SP - 128 EP - 149 TI - What remains today of pre-industrial Alpine rivers? Census of historical and current channel patterns in the Alps T2 - River Research and Applications VL - 37 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Dersch, Von Georg AU - Weinberger, Christine AU - Kudern, Max AU - Schmaltz, Elmar AU - Strauss, Peter TI - ACKERBAU UR - www.lako.at/de/versuche ER - TY - RPRT AB - ZUSAMMENFASSUNg Österreichs Moore speichern große Mengen an Kohlenstoff, der durch den Klimawandel, aber auch durch die nach wie vor fortschreitende Entwässerung von Mooren entweichen kann. 90 % der ursprünglichen Moorfläche Österreichs sind bereits verloren, 2/3 der bestehenden Moorgebiete Österreichs sind gestört. Durch ausbleibende Niederschläge, wie sie mit der Klimaerwärmung prognostiziert sind, könnten in Zukunft vor allem die Hochmoore zusätzlich in Bedrängnis kommen. Modellrechnungen des Umweltbundesamtes, die in dieser Studie zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht werden, zeigen, dass 85 % der Hochmoore in der Mitte des 21. Jahrhunderts bei einem Anstieg der Jahresmitteltemperatur um etwa 2,3 °C einem hohen klimatischen Risiko ausgesetzt sein werden. Um den Kohlenstoffvorrat der Moore Österreichs zu schützen und die Moore Klima-fit zu machen, ist eine Doppelstrategie aus aktivem Erhalt intakter Moore und der Renaturierung gestörter Moorflächen erforderlich. ENgLiSh SUMMARy Austrian peatlands store huge amounts of carbon which could be released due to climate change or habitat destruction leading to lower water tables in mires. 90 % of the originally existing peatlands are already lost and 2/3 of all remaining areas are disturbed. As a response to climate change and the expected significant changes in rainfall and temperature the vulnerabilty of peatlands will increase, especially the one of bogs. New modelling data from the Umweltbundesamt show that 85 % of all bogs are critically endangered due to a temperature increase of 2.3 °C until the middle of the 21 st century. In order to safeguard the carbon storage of Austrian peatlands and to enable climate adaptation, a dual strategy is necessary which means to preserve existing peatlands and to restore disturbed areas. TI - 2 Seite Moore im Klimawandel ER - TY - RPRT AU - Wolfram, Georg AU - Mikschi, Ernst TI - Rote Liste der Fische (Pisces) Österreichs ER - TY - BOOK AU - Schindler, Stefan AU - Banko, Gebhard AU - Neuwirth, Martin AU - Lackner, Stefan AU - Grillmayer, Roland AU - Paternoster, David AU - Staudinger, Markus AU - Zuna-Kratky, Thomas AU - Gallmetzer, Nina AU - Sauberer, Norbert AU - Richter, Petra AU - Heimbuch, Helge AU - Guariento, Elia AU - Wegleitner, Stefan AU - Adam, Mildren AU - Hofmeister, Johanna AU - Essl, Franz AU - Oberleitner, Irene AU - Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Maria PY - 2019 SN - 9783990045404 TI - ÖSTERREICHISCHES BIODIVERSITÄTS-MONITORING (ÖBM)-KULTURLANDSCHAFT Erhebungen 2017 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2019 SN - 9783947851201 TI - The global assessment report on BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES UR - www.jameslowen.com ER - TY - JOUR TI - NGP 2015_Endversion_gsb ER - TY - BOOK AU - Essl, Franz AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Mildren, Adam AU - Gattringer, Ingrid AU - Banko, Gebhard AU - Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Maria PY - 2018 SN - 9783990044902 TI - NATURSCHUTZFACHLICH WERTVOLLE LEBENSRÄUME UND BAULANDWIDMUNG IN ÖSTERREICH Analyse des Konfliktpotenzials UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Elfter Umweltkontrollbericht Umweltsituation in Österreich ER - TY - JOUR DO - 10.2785/221211 SN - 9789279887451 TI - Sustainable development in the European Union MONITORING REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGS IN AN EU CONTEXT 2018 edition UR - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about/policies/copyright ER - TY - JOUR AB - Human activities are causing Earth's sixth major extinction event 1-an accelerating decline of the world's stocks of biological diversity at rates 100 to 1,000 times pre-human levels2. Historically, low-impact intrusion into species habitats arose from local demands for food, fuel and living space3. However, in today's increasingly globalized economy, international trade chains accelerate habitat degradation far removed from the place of consumption. Although adverse effects of economic prosperity and economic inequality have been confirmed 4,5, the importance of international trade as a driver of threats to species is poorly understood. Here we show that a significant number of species are threatened as a result of international trade along complex routes, and that, in particular, consumers in developed countries cause threats to species through their demand of commodities that are ultimately produced in developing countries. We linked 25,000 Animalia species threat records from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List to more than 15,000 commodities produced in 187 countries and evaluated more than 5 billion supply chains in terms of their biodiversity impacts. Excluding invasive species, we found that 30% of global species threats are due to international trade. In many developed countries, the consumption of imported coffee, tea, sugar, textiles, fish and other manufactured items causes a biodiversity footprint that is larger abroad than at home. Our results emphasize the importance of examining biodiversity loss as a global systemic phenomenon, instead of looking at the degrading or polluting producers in isolation. We anticipate that our findings will facilitate better regulation, sustainable supply-chain certification and consumer product labelling. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. AU - Lenzen, M. AU - Moran, D. AU - Kanemoto, K. AU - Foran, B. AU - Lobefaro, L. AU - Geschke, A. DA - 2012/6// DO - 10.1038/nature11145 IS - 7401 PY - 2012 SP - 109 EP - 112 TI - International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations T2 - Nature VL - 486 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The fast urban expansion has led to replacement of natural vegetation-dominated land surfaces by various impervious materials. This has a significant impact on the environment due to modification of heat energy balance. Timely understanding of spatiotemporal information of impervious surface has become more urgent as conventional methods for estimating impervious surface are very limited. In response to this need, this paper proposes a new index, normalized difference impervious surface index (NDISI), for estimating impervious surface. The application of the index to the Landsat ETM+ image of Fuzhou City and the ASTER image of Xiamen City in China has shown that the new index can efficiently enhance and extract impervious surfaces from satellite imagery, and the normalized NDISI can represent the real percentage of impervious surface. The index was further used as an indicator to investigate the impact of impervious surface on urban heat environment by examination of its quantitative relationship with land surface temperature (LST), vegetation, and water using multivariate statistical analysis. The result reveals that impervious surface has a positive exponential relationship with LST rather than a simple linear one. This suggests that the areas with high percent impervious surface will accelerate LST rise and urban heat island development. © 2010 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. AU - Xu, Hanqiu DO - 10.14358/PERS.76.5.557 IS - 5 PB - American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing PY - 2010 SP - 557 EP - 565 TI - Analysis of impervious surface and its impact on Urban heat environment using the normalized difference impervious surface index (NDISI) T2 - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing VL - 76 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Kert, Robert. PB - BWV, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag PY - 2004 SN - 3708301994 SP - 537 EP - 537 TI - Lebensmittelstrafrecht im Spannungsfeld des Gemeinschaftsrecht ER - TY - BOOK AB - 2021 ed. AU - European Union. Eurostat. PB - Publications Office of the European Union PY - 2021 SN - 9789276306979 TI - Sustainable development in the European Union : monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context ER - TY - BOOK SN - 3854576307 TI - Rote Liste gefährdeter Biotoptypen Österreichs [...] Wälder, Forste, Vorwälder ER - TY - RPRT AU - Sexlinger Monika Humer Christoph Scheffknecht, Katharina KW - Boden KW - Bodenverunreinigungen KW - Fremdstoffe KW - Kontamination KW - Kunststoffe KW - Microplastic KW - Mikroplastik KW - Plastics in soil KW - Soil pollution KW - Umweltinstitut KW - Vorarlberg TI - Kunststoffe im Boden Kunststoffe im Boden Untersuchungen zu Kunststoffverunreinigungen in landwirtschaftlichen Böden Vorarlbergs ER - TY - JOUR AB - The city of Rio de Janeiro now covers what was formerly coastal Atlantic rainforest. Native biodiversity has been lost from most of the metropolitan area due to changes in land use, introduction of exotic species, and influence of foreign designs in public and private parks and gardens. This paper presents a multifunctional green infrastructure planning proposal to protect and regenerate native biodiversity in the last remaining natural ecosystem fragments in a watershed within the city’s limits. The proposal is based on social–ecological assessments and analyses. The watershed contains an extensive mangrove remnant surrounded by a protected massif partially covered by coastal Atlantic rainforest and is one of the very last productive landscapes where residents experience a strong sense of place. The strategy is to reconcile urban development with environmental achievements to conserve existing ecosystem patches, which will be connected by way of riparian corridors and other open spaces, such as streets, private yards and public areas, by using native species and ecological design. The green infrastructure framework is planned at the watershed scale. On a neighborhood and local scale, the plan is to promote public participation, develop new ecological aesthetics, encourage the planting of native species, and establish an innovative circulation system within a low-impact design framework to achieve various abiotic, biotic, and cultural goals. In addition to the economic benefits, accessible food production, rural tourism and ecotourism have the potential to unite people and nature within the city. AU - Herzog, Cecilia Polacow DA - 2016/1// DO - 10.1007/s11355-013-0233-8 IS - 1 KW - Food production KW - Green infrastructure KW - Social-ecological systems KW - Urban planning PB - Springer-Verlag Tokyo PY - 2016 SP - 141 EP - 150 TI - A multifunctional green infrastructure design to protect and improve native biodiversity in Rio de Janeiro T2 - Landscape and Ecological Engineering VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Global declines in insects have sparked wide interest among scientists, politicians, and the general public. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Our understanding of the extent and underlying causes of this decline is based on the abundance of single species or taxonomic groups only, rather than changes in insect biomass which is more relevant for ecological functioning. Here, we used a standardized protocol to measure total insect biomass using Malaise traps, deployed over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas in Germany (96 unique location-year combinations) to infer on the status and trend of local entomofauna. Our analysis estimates a seasonal decline of 76%, and mid-summer decline of 82% in flying insect biomass over the 27 years of study. We show that this decline is apparent regardless of habitat type, while changes in weather, land use, and habitat characteristics cannot explain this overall decline. This yet unrecognized loss of insect biomass must be taken into account in evaluating declines in abundance of species depending on insects as a food source, and ecosystem functioning in the European landscape. AU - Hallmann, Caspar A. AU - Sorg, Martin AU - Jongejans, Eelke AU - Siepel, Henk AU - Hofland, Nick AU - Schwan, Heinz AU - Stenmans, Werner AU - Müller, Andreas AU - Sumser, Hubert AU - Hörren, Thomas AU - Goulson, Dave AU - De Kroon, Hans DA - 2017/10// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 IS - 10 PB - Public Library of Science PY - 2017 TI - More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas T2 - PLoS ONE VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR TI - GGM_02_2015 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent reports of local extinctions of arthropod species1, and of massive declines in arthropod biomass2, point to land-use intensification as a major driver of decreasing biodiversity. However, to our knowledge, there are no multisite time series of arthropod occurrences across gradients of land-use intensity with which to confirm causal relationships. Moreover, it remains unclear which land-use types and arthropod groups are affected, and whether the observed declines in biomass and diversity are linked to one another. Here we analyse data from more than 1 million individual arthropods (about 2,700 species), from standardized inventories taken between 2008 and 2017 at 150 grassland and 140 forest sites in 3 regions of Germany. Overall gamma diversity in grasslands and forests decreased over time, indicating loss of species across sites and regions. In annually sampled grasslands, biomass, abundance and number of species declined by 67%, 78% and 34%, respectively. The decline was consistent across trophic levels and mainly affected rare species; its magnitude was independent of local land-use intensity. However, sites embedded in landscapes with a higher cover of agricultural land showed a stronger temporal decline. In 30 forest sites with annual inventories, biomass and species number—but not abundance—decreased by 41% and 36%, respectively. This was supported by analyses of all forest sites sampled in three-year intervals. The decline affected rare and abundant species, and trends differed across trophic levels. Our results show that there are widespread declines in arthropod biomass, abundance and the number of species across trophic levels. Arthropod declines in forests demonstrate that loss is not restricted to open habitats. Our results suggest that major drivers of arthropod decline act at larger spatial scales, and are (at least for grasslands) associated with agriculture at the landscape level. This implies that policies need to address the landscape scale to mitigate the negative effects of land-use practices. AU - Seibold, Sebastian AU - Gossner, Martin M. AU - Simons, Nadja K. AU - Blüthgen, Nico AU - Müller, Jörg AU - Ambarlı, Didem AU - Ammer, Christian AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Fischer, Markus AU - Habel, Jan C. AU - Linsenmair, Karl Eduard AU - Nauss, Thomas AU - Penone, Caterina AU - Prati, Daniel AU - Schall, Peter AU - Schulze, Ernst Detlef AU - Vogt, Juliane AU - Wöllauer, Stephan AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W. DA - 2019/10// DO - 10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3 IS - 7780 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2019 SP - 671 EP - 674 TI - Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers T2 - Nature VL - 574 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Pazdernik, Katja PB - Umweltbundesamt PY - 2011 SN - 9783990041314 TI - Förderungen in Oberösterreich : Screening auf mögliche negative Umweltauswirkungen ER - TY - RPRT AU - Van Lynden, G W J TI - Soil Degradation in Central and Eastern Europe The Assessment of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation (Version 1.0) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Soil Reference and Information Centre ER - TY - RPRT AU - Casado-Asensio, Juan AU - Steurer, Reinhard TI - Integrated strategies on sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation in Western Europe: communication rather than coordination UR - http://www.wiso.boku.ac.at/papers.html ER - TY - RPRT PY - 2007 TI - Österreichischer Bericht gemäß Artikel 17 FFH-Richtlinie ER - TY - GEN AB - The flow regime is regarded by many aquatic ecologists to be the key driver of river and floodplain wetland ecosystems. We have focused this literature review around four key principles to highlight the important mechanisms that link hydrology and aquatic biodiversity and to illustrate the consequent impacts of altered flow regimes: Firstly, flow is a major determinant of physical habitat in streams, which in turn is a major determinant of biotic composition; Secondly, aquatic species have evolved life history strategies primarily in direct response to the natural flow regimes; Thirdly, maintenance of natural patterns of longitudinal and lateral connectivity is essential to the viability of populations of many riverine species; Finally, the invasion and success of exotic and introduced species in rivers is facilitated by the alteration of flow regimes. The impacts of flow change are manifest across broad taxonomic groups including riverine plants, invertebrates, and fish. Despite growing recognition of these relationships, ecologists still struggle to predict and quantify biotic responses to altered flow regimes. One obvious difficulty is the ability to distinguish the direct effects of modified flow regimes from impacts associated with land-use change that often accompanies water resource development. Currently, evidence about how rivers function in relation to flow regime and the flows that aquatic organisms need exists largely as a series of untested hypotheses. To overcome these problems, aquatic science needs to move quickly into a manipulative or experimental phase, preferably with the aims of restoration and measuring ecosystem response. AU - Bunn, Stuart E. AU - Arthington, Angela H. DA - 2002/10// DO - 10.1007/s00267-002-2737-0 IS - 4 KW - Aquatic biodiversity KW - Ecological principles KW - Flow regime KW - Hydrology KW - Introduced species KW - Lateral connectivity KW - Life history KW - Longitudinal connectivity PY - 2002 SP - 492 EP - 507 TI - Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity T2 - Environmental Management VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Loss of biodiversity is one of the major challenges of the anthropocene. Various indices are used to quantify biodiversity. For vertebrates, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) uses the Living Planet Index (LPI). It is calculated globally as well as separately for the species occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biomes. Action to prevent biodiversity loss can be taken by countries or provinces, so it is important to understand the changes in biodiversity at local scales. We present LPIs for vertebrates in Austria, both unweighted and weighted, according to species richness. Vertebrate populations seem to have declined strongly in Austria, and their abundance was stabilized at about 60% of the initial population size in the base year 1990-the LPI declined from 1 in 1990 to ~0.6 (unweighted) or ~0.7 (weighted) in 2015. This is almost double the global decline for the same period. LPIs were calculated separately for the terrestrial biome (~0.6), the freshwater biome (~0.9), birds (~0.7), and native species (~0.6). These indices give evidence that conservation measure to halt biodiversity loss in Austria is necessary and show where more data are needed. In Austria, more research is needed especially on populations of reptile species. AU - Semmelmayer, Katharina AU - Hackländer, Klaus DA - 2020/3// DO - 10.2478/boku-2020-0003 IS - 1 KW - Living Planet Index KW - autochthonous KW - biodiversity goals KW - biodiversity loss KW - vertebrate diversity PB - Sciendo PY - 2020 SP - 19 EP - 30 TI - Monitoring vertebrate abundance in Austria: Developments over 30 years T2 - Bodenkultur VL - 71 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An environmental consequence of urbanization is the urban heat island effect, a situation where urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. The urban heat island phenomenon results from the replacement of natural landscapes with impervious surfaces such as concrete and asphalt and is linked to adverse economic and environmental impacts. In order to better understand the urban microclimate, a greater assessment of the overall urban thermal pattern, including an analysis of the thermal properties of individual land covers, is needed. This study examines the surface thermal pattern by means of thermal land cover response for the Salt Lake City, Utah, study area at two scales: 1) the community level, and 2) the regional or valleywide level. Airborne ATLAS (Advanced Thermal and Land Applications Sensor) data, a high spatial resolution (10-meter) dataset appropriate for an environment containing a concentration of diverse land covers, are used for both land cover and thermal analysis at the community level. The ATLAS data consist of 15 channels covering the visible, near-IR, mid-IR and thermal-IR wavelengths. At the regional level Landsat TM data are used for land cover analysis while the ATLAS channel 13 data are used for the thermal analysis. Results show that a ground-level heat island is evident at both the community and the valleywide level where there is an abundance of impervious surfaces. ATLAS data perform well in community level studies in terms of land cover and thermal exchanges, but other, more coarse-resolution data sets are more appropriate for large-area thermal studies. Thermal response per land cover is consistent at both levels, which suggests potential for comparison with more coarse spatial resolution studies. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. AU - Gluch, Renee AU - Quattrochi, Dale A. AU - Luvall, Jeffrey C. DA - 2006/9// DO - 10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.025 IS - 2 KW - ATLAS KW - Land cover classification KW - Multi-scale KW - Thermal remote sensing KW - Urban heat island KW - V-I-S model PY - 2006 SP - 123 EP - 132 TI - A multi-scale approach to urban thermal analysis T2 - Remote Sensing of Environment VL - 104 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bericht Motion 06.3190 Studer UR - www.admin.ch/ch/d/as/ ER - TY - JOUR AU - Poschlod, P. AU - Bakker, J. P. AU - Kahmen, S. DA - 2005/4// DO - 10.1016/j.baae.2004.12.001 IS - 2 KW - Biodiversity KW - CLIMB KW - Functional analysis KW - Land use changes KW - Phytodiversity PB - Elsevier GmbH PY - 2005 SP - 93 EP - 98 TI - Changing land use and its impact on biodiversity T2 - Basic and Applied Ecology VL - 6 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Schwarz, Michael AU - Huber, Sigbert AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Sedy, Katrin AU - Krammer, Carmen AU - Murer, Erwin AU - Pock, Hannes AU - Rodlauer, Christian AU - Schaumberger, Andreas AU - Nadeem, Imran AU - Formayer, Herbert TI - BEAT-Bodenbedarf für die Ernährungssicherung in Österreich ER - TY - BOOK AU - Kert, Robert. PB - BWV, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag PY - 2004 SN - 3708301994 SP - 537 EP - 537 TI - Lebensmittelstrafrecht im Spannungsfeld des Gemeinschaftsrecht ER - TY - BOOK AU - Essl, Franz AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Mildren, Adam AU - Gattringer, Ingrid AU - Banko, Gebhard AU - Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Maria PY - 2018 SN - 9783990044902 TI - NATURSCHUTZFACHLICH WERTVOLLE LEBENSRÄUME UND BAULANDWIDMUNG IN ÖSTERREICH Analyse des Konfliktpotenzials UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT SN - 9426210032 TI - Bundesland ER - TY - RPRT PY - 1929 TI - B 020-000-Bauordnung für Wien 1 Wiener Stadtentwicklungs-, Stadtplanungs-und Baugesetzbuch (Bauordnung für Wien-BO für Wien) Fundstellen der Rechtsvorschrift Datum Publ.Blatt Fundstelle ER - TY - RPRT SN - 8.837.70731.2 TI - Flächeninanspruchnahme in Österreich 2020 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Kert, Robert. PB - BWV, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag PY - 2004 SN - 3708301994 SP - 537 EP - 537 TI - Lebensmittelstrafrecht im Spannungsfeld des Gemeinschaftsrecht ER - TY - BOOK AU - Essl, Franz AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Mildren, Adam AU - Gattringer, Ingrid AU - Banko, Gebhard AU - Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Maria PY - 2018 SN - 9783990044902 TI - NATURSCHUTZFACHLICH WERTVOLLE LEBENSRÄUME UND BAULANDWIDMUNG IN ÖSTERREICH Analyse des Konfliktpotenzials UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Schwarz, Michael AU - Huber, Sigbert AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Sedy, Katrin AU - Krammer, Carmen AU - Murer, Erwin AU - Pock, Hannes AU - Rodlauer, Christian AU - Schaumberger, Andreas AU - Nadeem, Imran AU - Formayer, Herbert TI - BEAT-Bodenbedarf für die Ernährungssicherung in Österreich ER - TY - RPRT AU - Haslmayr, Hans-Peter AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Schwarz, Michael AU - Huber, Sigbert AU - Prokop, Gundula AU - Sedy, Katrin AU - Krammer, Carmen AU - Murer, Erwin AU - Pock, Hannes AU - Rodlauer, Christian AU - Schaumberger, Andreas AU - Nadeem, Imran AU - Formayer, Herbert TI - BEAT-Bodenbedarf für die Ernährungssicherung in Österreich ER - TY - RPRT PY - 1929 TI - B 020-000-Bauordnung für Wien 1 Wiener Stadtentwicklungs-, Stadtplanungs-und Baugesetzbuch (Bauordnung für Wien-BO für Wien) Fundstellen der Rechtsvorschrift Datum Publ.Blatt Fundstelle ER - TY - BOOK AU - Essl, Franz AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Mildren, Adam AU - Gattringer, Ingrid AU - Banko, Gebhard AU - Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Maria PY - 2018 SN - 9783990044902 TI - NATURSCHUTZFACHLICH WERTVOLLE LEBENSRÄUME UND BAULANDWIDMUNG IN ÖSTERREICH Analyse des Konfliktpotenzials UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT SN - 9426210032 TI - Bundesland ER - TY - RPRT SN - 8.837.70731.2 TI - Flächeninanspruchnahme in Österreich 2020 ER - TY - RPRT AB - Kurzfassung Regional governance bezeichnet schwach institutionalisierte, eher netzwerkartige Kooperationsformen regionaler Akteure fur Aufgaben der Regionalentwicklung. Die wis-senschaftliche Diskussion zur Qualitat und Koharenz der regional governance steckt noch in den Anfangen, Theoriebezlige bestehen jedoch zu: Milieu-Theorie, Lernende Region-Kon-zeption, Regulations-Schule, Regime-Theorie. Die Besonderheit der governance wird im Folgenden herausgearbeitet. Offene Forschungsfragen beziehen sich vor allem auf Strukturmerkmale der governance, thematische Kompetenz, Einbindung in bestehende In-stitutionen, Arbeitsteilung mit anderen regionalen Steuerungsformen, eigendynamische Verlaufsformen, Legitimationsfragen, Beitrag zur Regionalentwicklung und Rolle des Staa-tes. Abstract Regional governance defines weakly institutionalised, network-oriented modes of cooperation between regional actors to achieve common goals of regional development. The scientific discussion on proficiency and coherence ofregional governance is still in its infancy. However, there are related theoretical approaches like milieu-theory, learning-region-conception, regulation-school, regime-theory. In the article the peculiarities of regional governance are analysed. Open research questions identified refer to structural elements of governance, issue-selectivity, embeddedness in existing institutions, division of labor with other regional modes ofgovernance, inherent dynamics, legitimization, contribution to regional development and the role of the state. AU - Filrst, Dietrich TI - Dietrich Furst: Regional governance-ein neues Paradigma der Regionalwissenschaften? Regional governance-ein neues Paradigma der Regionalwissenschaften'? Regional Governance: A New Paradigm in the Regional Sciences? ER - TY - RPRT SN - 9426210032 TI - Bundesland ER - TY - RPRT SN - 8.837.70731.2 TI - Flächeninanspruchnahme in Österreich 2020 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Teachers wishing to offer lessons in nature may hold back for fear of leaving students keyed up and unable to concentrate in subsequent, indoor lessons. This study tested the hypothesis that lessons in nature have positive-not negative-aftereffects on subsequent classroom engagement. Using carefully matched pairs of lessons (one in a relatively natural outdoor setting and one indoors), we observed subsequent classroom engagement during an indoor instructional period, replicating these comparisons over 10 different topics and weeks in the school year, in each of two third grade classrooms. Pairs were roughly balanced in how often the outdoor lesson preceded or followed the classroom lesson. Classroom engagement was significantly better after lessons in nature than after their matched counterparts for four of the five measures developed for this study: teacher ratings; third-party tallies of "redirects" (the number of times the teacher stopped instruction to direct student attention back onto the task at hand); independent, photo-based ratings made blind to condition; and a composite index each showed a nature advantage; student ratings did not. This nature advantage held across different teachers and held equally over the initial and final 5 weeks of lessons. And the magnitude of the advantage was large. In 48 out of 100 paired comparisons, the nature lesson was a full standard deviation better than its classroom counterpart; in 20 of the 48, the nature lesson was over two standard deviations better. The rate of "redirects" was cut almost in half after a lesson in nature, allowing teachers to teach for longer periods uninterrupted. Because the pairs of lessons were matched on teacher, class (students and classroom), topic, teaching style, week of the semester, and time of day, the advantage of the nature-based lessons could not be attributed to any of these factors. It appears that, far from leaving students too keyed up to concentrate afterward, lessons in nature may actually leave students more able to engage in the next lesson, even as students are also learning the material at hand. Such "refueling in flight" argues for including more lessons in nature in formal education. AU - Kuo, Ming AU - Browning, Matthew H.E.M. AU - Penner, Milbert L. DA - 2018/1// DO - 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02253 IS - JAN KW - Academic achievement KW - Classroom engagement KW - Environmental education KW - Lessons in nature KW - Teaching outdoors PB - Frontiers Media S.A. PY - 2018 TI - Do lessons in nature boost subsequent classroom engagement? Refueling students in flight T2 - Frontiers in Psychology VL - 8 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Von, Herausgegeben AU - Oberwimmer, Konrad AU - Vogtenhuber, Stefan AU - Lassnigg, Lorenz AU - Schreiner, Claudia KW - Bildungsindikator KW - Bildungspolitik KW - Bildungswesen KW - Burgenland KW - Kärnten KW - Monitoring KW - Nationaler Bildungsbericht KW - Niederösterreich KW - Oberösterreich KW - Salzburg KW - Steiermark KW - Tirol KW - Vorarlberg KW - Wien KW - Österreich PY - 2018 TI - Nationaler Bildungsbericht Österreich 2018, Band 1. Das Schulsystem im Spiegel von Daten und Indikatoren. ER - TY - RPRT KW - grafik-design: www.bert-odenthal.de TI - UN-Dekade "Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung" 2005-2014 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Unesco. SN - 9789231002090 SP - 62 EP - 62 TI - Education for sustainable development goals : learning objectives. ER - TY - RPRT TI - AuFgeflatt ert! Biodiversität in Österreich: eine Vision für 2030 ER - TY - GEN AB - How might contact with nature promote human health? Myriad studies have linked the two; at this time the task of identifying the mechanisms underlying this link is paramount. This article offers: (1) a compilation of plausible pathways between nature and health; (2) criteria for identifying a possible central pathway; and (3) one promising candidate for a central pathway. The 21 pathways identified here include environmental factors, physiological and psychological states, and behaviors or conditions, each of which has been empirically tied to nature and has implications for specific physical and mental health outcomes. While each is likely to contribute to nature’s impacts on health to some degree and under some circumstances, this paper explores the possibility of a central pathway by proposing criteria for identifying such a pathway and illustrating their use. A particular pathway is more likely to be central if it can account for the size of nature’s impacts on health, account for nature’s specific health outcomes, and subsume other pathways. By these criteria, enhanced immune functioning emerges as one promising candidate for a central pathway between nature and health. There may be others. AU - Kuo, Ming DA - 2015/8// DO - 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01093 KW - greenspace KW - immune KW - literature review KW - mechanism KW - mental health KW - natural environment PB - Frontiers Media S.A. PY - 2015 TI - How might contact with nature promote human health? Promising mechanisms and a possible central pathway T2 - Frontiers in Psychology VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper investigates Mexican and New Zealand children's conception of the environment and their understandings of environmental issues, focusing on how personal experiences, culture and school-based environmental education (EE) programmes influence their perspectives. Sixty Year 5 children (age 9-11) from three schools in Dunedin (New Zealand) and three schools from Ensenada (Mexico), their teachers and school principals were interviewed. The study found that children from both cities had limited opportunities for contact with nature. Most children understood the environment as nature, and did not typically link environmental problems to human activities or social causes. Rarely were children critical of the effect of socio-economic structure on the environment. The analysis shows that children's understandings of the environment are connected to their personal experiences and mediated by culture. Children from Ensenada had a more global perspective on environmental issues but a more passive attitude towards their local environment, participating in fewer environmental activities than children from Dunedin. In both countries, children from schools with an EE programme did translate environmental practices learnt at school into environmental practices at home. Based on our results, EE could be improved by considering the cultural context, enhancing children's contact with nature, encouraging critical thinking and more environmental activities. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. AU - Aguirre-Bielschowsky, Ikerne AU - Freeman, Claire AU - Vass, Eva DO - 10.1080/13504622.2011.582093 IS - 1 KW - children KW - culture KW - environmental education KW - environmental practices KW - environmental understanding PB - Routledge PY - 2012 SP - 91 EP - 115 TI - Influences on children's environmental cognition: a comparative analysis of New Zealand and Mexico T2 - Environmental Education Research VL - 18 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This review examines different ways that contact with nature can contribute to the health and well-being of children. Applying the capabilities approach to human development for a broad definition of well-being, it traces research from the 1970s to the present, following shifting research approaches that investigate different dimensions of health. A compelling body of evidence exists that trees and natural areas are essential elements of healthy communities for children. They need to be integrated at multiple scales, from landscaping around homes, schools, and childcare centers, to linked systems of urban trails, greenways, parks, and “rough ground” for children’s creative play. AU - Chawla, Louise DA - 2015/11// DO - 10.1177/0885412215595441 IS - 4 KW - adolescents KW - children KW - health KW - neighborhood planning KW - recreation and open space KW - urban design PB - SAGE Publications Inc. PY - 2015 SP - 433 EP - 452 TI - Benefits of Nature Contact for Children T2 - Journal of Planning Literature VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This research suggests that learning biology in an outdoor environment has a positive cognitive and affective impact on 13-15-year-old, Swedish high school pupils. Eighty-five pupils in four classes participated in a quasi-experimental design. Half the pupils, taking a biology course in ecology or diversity of life, had several lessons outdoors and the other half were taught indoors. All of the classes, but one, also had mathematics lessons outdoors once a week. Twenty-one pupils were interviewed five months after the course and all were positive towards the new learning environment they had experienced outdoors in biology and/or mathematics. They also valued the higher degree of interaction among the pupils. Other findings from the interviews were that the pupils from the outdoor classes showed a higher degree of long-term knowledge retention. They remembered both activities and contents better than the pupils in the indoor classes. An essay-type question assessing their biological understanding qualitatively according to the Structure of Observed Learning Outcome taxonomy revealed no differences between the groups. The results are discussed in the light of neurocognitive models of long-term memory. © 2013 Copyright 2013 Institute for Outdoor Learning. AU - Fägerstam, Emilia AU - Blom, Jonas DA - 2013/3// DO - 10.1080/14729679.2011.647432 IS - 1 KW - Biology KW - High school KW - Outdoor learning KW - School ground PY - 2013 SP - 56 EP - 75 TI - Learning biology and mathematics outdoors: effects and attitudes in a Swedish high school context T2 - Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent studies confirm that children profit greatly from being in contact with nature. A large body of research focuses on children's psychological development in this respect. While the social and physical aspects are also well researched, less studies focus on the relationship between early childhood nature experience and sustainability education. In this paper, the central research question is concerned with this nexus, asking how children, who spend a lot of time outdoors, a) perceive nature, b) in what ways they act towards protecting nature and c) which competences they show in relation to sustainable development. In order to answer these research questions, two case studies were conducted in an Austrian Kindergarten and a primary school. The findings show that the children in both institutions have a diverse image of nature, a close relationship with nature, are invested in protecting their environment and show several competences, which are considered vital for sustainability education. Thus, the findings indicate, that increasing the amount of time children spend outdoors could positively contribute towards a more sustainable future. AU - Glettler, Christiana AU - Rauch, Franz DO - 10.24368/jates.v10i3.202 IS - 3 KW - early childhood KW - nature experience KW - primary school KW - sustainability education PY - 2020 SP - 5 EP - 23 TI - Journal of Applied Technical and Educational Sciences jATES Nature Learning-early childhood nature experience and sustainability education UR - http://doi.org/10.24368/jates.v10i3.202http://jates.org VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Different environmental education programs (field trips, hiking, camps, adventure activities) aim to develop pupils' affective relationship to the natural environment, their environmental sensitivity, and outdoor behavior, as well as their social relationships, through personal experiences. This study discusses the results of experiences from outdoor activities involving 11- and 12-year-old pupils in Rovaniemi and Vaasa, Finland. The qualitative research methods comprised case studies involving questionnaires, individual interviews, drawings, photographs of landscapes, and participant observations during camps. Nature experiences developed the pupils' self-confidence and feelings of safety, in particular, which in turn increased their willingness to participate in future outdoor activities. In this way, nature began to have new meanings for them on a personal level. Comparing pupils who were experienced in outdoor activities with pupils who were not, it was found that the former seemed to have a strong and clearly definable empathic relationship to nature. They also exhibited better social behavior and higher moral judgements. The reasons for conflicts between environmental attitudes and action, still observable in some experienced boys of the Vaasa group, are discussed in terms of conscious vs. unconscious action and applied knowledge. The role and possibilities of outdoor education in environmental education and natural studies are emphasized for schools as well as for teacher education. © 2000 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. AU - Palmberg, Irmeli E. AU - Kuru, Jari DO - 10.1080/00958960009598649 IS - 4 PY - 2000 SP - 32 EP - 36 TI - Outdoor activities as a basis for environmental responsibility T2 - Journal of Environmental Education VL - 31 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Schindler, Stefan AU - Banko, Gebhard AU - Neuwirth, Martin AU - Lackner, Stefan AU - Grillmayer, Roland AU - Paternoster, David AU - Staudinger, Markus AU - Zuna-Kratky, Thomas AU - Gallmetzer, Nina AU - Sauberer, Norbert AU - Richter, Petra AU - Heimbuch, Helge AU - Guariento, Elia AU - Wegleitner, Stefan AU - Adam, Mildren AU - Hofmeister, Johanna AU - Essl, Franz AU - Oberleitner, Irene AU - Stejskal-Tiefenbach, Maria PY - 2019 SN - 9783990045404 TI - ÖSTERREICHISCHES BIODIVERSITÄTS-MONITORING (ÖBM)-KULTURLANDSCHAFT Erhebungen 2017 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - BINATS II ER - TY - JOUR TI - 102monroe ER - TY - JOUR TI - Liebermann & Hoody ER - TY - JOUR AB - Globally accelerating trends in societal development and human environmental impacts since the mid-twentieth century 1-7 are known as the Great Acceleration and have been discussed as a key indicator of the onset of the Anthropocene epoch 6 . While reports on ecological responses (for example, changes in species range or local extinctions) to the Great Acceleration are multiplying 8, 9, it is unknown whether such biotic responses are undergoing a similar acceleration over time. This knowledge gap stems from the limited availability of time series data on biodiversity changes across large temporal and geographical extents. Here we use a dataset of repeated plant surveys from 302 mountain summits across Europe, spanning 145 years of observation, to assess the temporal trajectory of mountain biodiversity changes as a globally coherent imprint of the Anthropocene. We find a continent-wide acceleration in the rate of increase in plant species richness, with five times as much species enrichment between 2007 and 2016 as fifty years ago, between 1957 and 1966. This acceleration is strikingly synchronized with accelerated global warming and is not linked to alternative global change drivers. The accelerating increases in species richness on mountain summits across this broad spatial extent demonstrate that acceleration in climate-induced biotic change is occurring even in remote places on Earth, with potentially far-ranging consequences not only for biodiversity, but also for ecosystem functioning and services. AU - Steinbauer, Manuel J. AU - Grytnes, John Arvid AU - Jurasinski, Gerald AU - Kulonen, Aino AU - Lenoir, Jonathan AU - Pauli, Harald AU - Rixen, Christian AU - Winkler, Manuela AU - Bardy-Durchhalter, Manfred AU - Barni, Elena AU - Bjorkman, Anne D. AU - Breiner, Frank T. AU - Burg, Sarah AU - Czortek, Patryk AU - Dawes, Melissa A. AU - Delimat, Anna AU - Dullinger, Stefan AU - Erschbamer, Brigitta AU - Felde, Vivian A. AU - Fernández-Arberas, Olatz AU - Fossheim, Kjetil F. AU - Gómez-García, Daniel AU - Georges, Damien AU - Grindrud, Erlend T. AU - Haider, Sylvia AU - Haugum, Siri V. AU - Henriksen, Hanne AU - Herreros, María J. AU - Jaroszewicz, Bogdan AU - Jaroszynska, Francesca AU - Kanka, Robert AU - Kapfer, Jutta AU - Klanderud, Kari AU - Kühn, Ingolf AU - Lamprecht, Andrea AU - Matteodo, Magali AU - Di Cella, Umberto Morra AU - Normand, Signe AU - Odland, Arvid AU - Olsen, Siri L. AU - Palacio, Sara AU - Petey, Martina AU - Piscová, Veronika AU - Sedlakova, Blazena AU - Steinbauer, Klaus AU - Stöckli, Veronika AU - Svenning, Jens Christian AU - Teppa, Guido AU - Theurillat, Jean Paul AU - Vittoz, Pascal AU - Woodin, Sarah J. AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. AU - Wipf, Sonja DA - 2018/4// DO - 10.1038/s41586-018-0005-6 IS - 7700 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2018 SP - 231 EP - 234 TI - Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming T2 - Nature VL - 556 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Global declines in insects have sparked wide interest among scientists, politicians, and the general public. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Our understanding of the extent and underlying causes of this decline is based on the abundance of single species or taxonomic groups only, rather than changes in insect biomass which is more relevant for ecological functioning. Here, we used a standardized protocol to measure total insect biomass using Malaise traps, deployed over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas in Germany (96 unique location-year combinations) to infer on the status and trend of local entomofauna. Our analysis estimates a seasonal decline of 76%, and mid-summer decline of 82% in flying insect biomass over the 27 years of study. We show that this decline is apparent regardless of habitat type, while changes in weather, land use, and habitat characteristics cannot explain this overall decline. This yet unrecognized loss of insect biomass must be taken into account in evaluating declines in abundance of species depending on insects as a food source, and ecosystem functioning in the European landscape. AU - Hallmann, Caspar A. AU - Sorg, Martin AU - Jongejans, Eelke AU - Siepel, Henk AU - Hofland, Nick AU - Schwan, Heinz AU - Stenmans, Werner AU - Müller, Andreas AU - Sumser, Hubert AU - Hörren, Thomas AU - Goulson, Dave AU - De Kroon, Hans DA - 2017/10// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 IS - 10 PB - Public Library of Science PY - 2017 TI - More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas T2 - PLoS ONE VL - 12 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Bafu KW - BDM KW - Biodiversität KW - Biodiversitäts-Monitoring KW - Entwicklung KW - Indikatoren KW - Landschaften KW - Lebensräume KW - Schweiz KW - Veränderungsdaten KW - Vielfalt KW - biologische TI - > Zustand der Biodiversität in der Schweiz 11 09 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Funding information Arcadia Fund There is growing interest in evidence-based conservation, yet there are no widely accepted standard definitions of evidence, let alone guidance on how to use it in the context of conservation and natural resource management practice. In this paper, we first draw on insights of evidence-based practice from different disciplines to define evidence as being the "relevant information used to assess one or more hypotheses related to a question of interest." We then construct a typology of different kinds of information, hypotheses, and evidence and show how these different types can be used in different steps of conservation practice. In particular, we distinguish between specific evidence used to assess project hypotheses and generic evidence used to assess generic hypotheses. We next build on this typology to develop a decision tree to support practitioners in how to appropriately use available specific and generic evidence in a given conservation situation. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how to better promote and enable evidence-based conservation in both projects and across the discipline of conservation. Our hope is that by understanding and using evidence better, conservation can both become more effective and attract increased support from society. K E Y W O R D S adaptive management, biodiversity, environmental evidence, evidence-based conservation, evidence-based practice, natural resource management, project management AU - Salafsky, Nick AU - Boshoven, Judith AU - Burivalova, Zuzana AU - Dubois, Natalie S. AU - Gomez, Andres AU - Johnson, Arlyne AU - Lee, Aileen AU - Margoluis, Richard AU - Morrison, John AU - Muir, Matthew AU - Pratt, Stephen C. AU - Pullin, Andrew S. AU - Salzer, Daniel AU - Stewart, Annette AU - Sutherland, William J. AU - Wordley, Claire F. R. DA - 2019/5// DO - 10.1111/csp2.27 IS - 5 PB - Wiley PY - 2019 SP - e27 EP - e27 TI - Defining and using evidence in conservation practice T2 - Conservation Science and Practice VL - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Evidence for declining populations of both wild and managed bees has raised concern about a potential global pollination crisis. Strategies to mitigate bee loss generally aim to enhance floral resources. However, we do not really know whether loss of preferred floral resources is the key driver of bee decline because accurate assessment of host plant preferences is difficult, particularly for species that have become rare. Here we examine whether population trends of wild bees in The Netherlands can be explained by trends in host plants, and how this relates to other factors such as climate change. We determined host plant preference of bee species using pollen loads on specimens in entomological collections that were collected before the onset of their decline, and used atlas data to quantify population trends of bee species and their host plants. We show that decline of preferred host plant species was one of two main factors associated with bee decline. Bee body size, the other main factor, was negatively related to population trend, which, because larger bee species have larger pollen requirements than smaller species, may also point toward food limitation as a key factor driving wild bee loss. Diet breadth and other potential factors such as length of flight period or climate change sensitivity were not important in explaining twentieth century bee population trends. These results highlight the species-specific nature of wild bee decline and indicate that mitigation strategies will only be effective if they target the specific host plants of declining species. AU - Scheper, Jeroen AU - Reemer, Menno AU - Van Kats, Ruud AU - Ozinga, Wim A. AU - Van Der Linden, Giel T.J. AU - Schaminée, Joop H.J. AU - Siepel, Henk AU - Kleijn, David DA - 2014/12// DO - 10.1073/pnas.1412973111 IS - 49 KW - Bee decline KW - Crop pollination KW - Floral resources KW - Land use change KW - Pollen preference PB - National Academy of Sciences PY - 2014 SP - 17552 EP - 17557 TI - Museum specimens reveal loss of pollen host plants as key factor driving wild bee decline in the Netherlands T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America VL - 111 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Species diversity is a major determinant of ecosystem productivity stability invasibility, and nutrient dynamics. Hundreds of studies spanning terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems show that high-diversity mixtures are approximately twice as productive as monocultures of the same species and that this difference increases through time. These impacts of higher diversity have multiple causes, including interspecific complementarity, greater use of limiting resources, decreased herbivory and disease, and nutrient-cycling feedbacks that increase nutrient stores and supply rates over the long term. These experimentally observed effects of diversity are consistent with predictions based on a variety of theories that share a common feature: All have trade-off-based mechanisms that allow long-term coexistence of many different competing species. Diversity loss has an effect as great as, or greater than, the effects of herbivory, fire, drought, nitrogen addition, elevated CO2, and other drivers of environmental change. The preservation, conservation, and restoration of biodiversity should be a high global priority. AU - Tilman, David AU - Isbell, Forest AU - Cowles, Jane M. DA - 2014/11// DO - 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917 KW - biodiversity KW - coexistence KW - ecosystem functioning KW - invasibility complementarity KW - niche differentiation KW - productivity KW - stability PB - Annual Reviews Inc. PY - 2014 SP - 471 EP - 493 TI - Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning T2 - Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics VL - 45 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Questions: Long-term programs monitoring the impact of climate change on alpine vegetation necessarily involve changing observers. We aim at quantifying observer errors and ask if the signal of alpine vegetation transformation due to climate change exceeds pseudo-changes caused by observer errors. Location: Two mountain regions in the Alps, Schrankogel and Hochschwab (both Austria), and one in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). Methods: Vascular plant species presence and cover were recorded on 10–12 1-m2 plots by 13–14 observers per site. Observer errors were calculated as species turnover, and deviations of species cover and the plot thermic vegetation indicator (which is correlated with temperature) from the mean over all observers. Observer errors in estimating species cover were split into a random and systematic part. The influence of plot and species characteristics on observer errors was investigated using (generalized) linear mixed-effect models. Changes over time from three surveys in species turnover, cover and the thermic vegetation indicator were related to the amount of observer error using a bootstrap approach. Results: Species cover was the most influential factor affecting observer errors in recording species lists and in species cover estimation. Plot attributes and observer identity had a weak but significant influence on errors in the thermic vegetation indicator. Systematic errors in estimating species cover were ≤5%. Changes over time in estimating species cover, as well as in species turnover and the thermic vegetation indicator exceeded observer errors in all cases where the observation period was ≥10 years. Conclusions: The thermic vegetation indicator, which combines species composition and cover with species’ elevational distributions, provides a reliable estimate of warming-related vegetation changes. Our results underline the importance of long-term monitoring and long observation periods, which enable us to account for short-term fluctuations and observer errors alike. AU - Futschik, Andreas AU - Winkler, Manuela AU - Steinbauer, Klaus AU - Lamprecht, Andrea AU - Rumpf, Sabine B. AU - Barančok, Peter AU - Palaj, Andrej AU - Gottfried, Michael AU - Pauli, Harald DA - 2020/1// DO - 10.1111/jvs.12822 IS - 1 KW - Alps KW - GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) KW - High Tatras KW - alpine plants KW - climate change effects KW - cover KW - long-term monitoring KW - observer error KW - species composition KW - species turnover KW - thermic vegetation indicator PB - Wiley-Blackwell PY - 2020 SP - 14 EP - 25 TI - Disentangling observer error and climate change effects in long-term monitoring of alpine plant species composition and cover T2 - Journal of Vegetation Science VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The past was a world of giants, with abundant whales in the sea and large animals roaming the land. However, that world came to an end followingmassive late-Quaternarymegafauna extinctions on land and widespread population reductions in greatwhale populations over the past few centuries. These losses are likely to have had important consequences for broad-scale nutrient cycling, because recent literature suggests that large animals disproportionately drive nutrient movement. We estimate that the capacity of animals to move nutrients away from concentration patches has decreased to about 8% of the preextinction value on land and about 5%of historic values in oceans. For phosphorus (P), a key nutrient, upward movement in the ocean by marine mammals is about 23% of its former capacity (previously about 340 million kg of P per year). Movements by seabirds and anadromous fish provide important transfer of nutrients from the sea to land, totalling ∼150 million kg of P per year globally in the past, a transfer that has declined to less than 4% of this value as a result of the decimation of seabird colonies and anadromous fish populations. We propose that in the past, marine mammals, seabirds, anadromous fish, and terrestrial animals likely formed an interlinked system recycling nutrients from the ocean depths to the continental interiors, with marine mammals moving nutrients from the deep sea to surface waters, seabirds and anadromous fish moving nutrients from the ocean to land, and large animals moving nutrients away from hotspots into the continental interior. AU - Doughty, Christopher E. AU - Roman, Joe AU - Faurby, Søren AU - Wolf, Adam AU - Haque, Alifa AU - Bakker, Elisabeth S. AU - Malhi, Yadvinder AU - Dunning, John B. AU - Svenning, Jens Christian DA - 2016/1// DO - 10.1073/pnas.1502549112 IS - 4 KW - Anadromous fish KW - Biogeochemical cycling KW - Extinctions KW - Megafauna KW - Whales PB - National Academy of Sciences PY - 2016 SP - 868 EP - 873 TI - Global nutrient transport in a world of giants T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America VL - 113 ER - TY - JOUR TI - a fresh approach to evidence synthesis ER - TY - JOUR AB - One of the most pervasive themes in ecology is that biological diversity stabilizes ecosystem processes and the services they provide to society, a concept that has become a common argument for biodiversity conservation. Species-rich communities are thought to produce more temporally stable ecosystem services because of the complementary or independent dynamics among species that perform similar ecosystem functions. Such variance dampening within communities is referred to as a portfolio effect and is analogous to the effects of asset diversity on the stability of financial portfolios. In ecology, these arguments have focused on the effects of species diversity on ecosystem stability but have not considered the importance of biologically relevant diversity within individual species. Current rates of population extirpation are probably at least three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates, so there is a pressing need to clarify how population and life history diversity affect the performance of individual species in providing important ecosystem services. Here we use five decades of data from Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to provide the first quantification of portfolio effects that derive from population and life history diversity in an important and heavily exploited species. Variability in annual Bristol Bay salmon returns is 2.2 times lower than it would be if the system consisted of a single homogenous population rather than the several hundred discrete populations it currently consists of. Furthermore, if it were a single homogeneous population, such increased variability would lead to ten times more frequent fisheries closures. Portfolio effects are also evident in watershed food webs, where they stabilize and extend predator access to salmon resources. Our results demonstrate the critical importance of maintaining population diversity for stabilizing ecosystem services and securing the economies and livelihoods that depend on them. The reliability of ecosystem services will erode faster than indicated by species loss alone. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. AU - Schindler, Daniel E. AU - Hilborn, Ray AU - Chasco, Brandon AU - Boatright, Christopher P. AU - Quinn, Thomas P. AU - Rogers, Lauren A. AU - Webster, Michael S. DA - 2010/6// DO - 10.1038/nature09060 IS - 7298 PY - 2010 SP - 609 EP - 612 TI - Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species T2 - Nature VL - 465 ER - TY - RPRT AB - Figure 1. Empirical evidence demonstrating that children today spend less time engaged in outdoor nature experiences as compared with previous generations. AU - Soga, M AU - Gaston, K J PY - 2004 TI - Data from (a) the UK (England Marketing 2009 ), (b) the US UR - www.niye.go.jp ER - TY - GEN AB - Insect populations decline, particularly in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. Insect communities are influenced by current agricultural practices, which are themselves determined by the economic, political and social frameworks. We highlight these direct and indirect drivers affecting insect communities, raise key research questions and discuss options for action to encourage a transformative change towards an economic, political and social system protecting biodiversity. AU - Mupepele, Anne Christine AU - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin AU - Lakner, Sebastian AU - Plieninger, Tobias AU - Schoof, Nicolas AU - Klein, Alexandra Maria DO - 10.14512/GAIA.28.4.5 IS - 4 KW - Biodiversity KW - Drivers for change KW - Insect decline KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Transdisciplinarity PB - Oekom Verlag PY - 2019 SP - 342 EP - 347 TI - Insect conservation in agricultural landscapes An outlook for policy-relevant research T2 - GAIA VL - 28 ER - TY - RPRT PY - 2020 TI - Layout 1 UR - https://bfw.ac.at ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although the impacts of the loss of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning are well established, the importance of the loss of biodiversity relative to other human-caused drivers of environmental change remains uncertain. Results of 11 experiments show that ecologically relevant decreases in grassland plant diversity influenced productivity at least as much as ecologically relevant changes in nitrogen, water, CO2, herbivores, drought, or fire. Moreover, biodiversity became an increasingly dominant driver of ecosystem productivity through time, whereas effects of other factors either declined (nitrogen addition) or remained unchanged (all others). In particular, a change in plant diversity from four to 16 species caused as large an increase in productivity as addition of 54 kg·ha-1·y-1 of fertilizer N, and was as influential as removing a dominant herbivore, a major natural drought, water addition, and fire suppression. A change in diversity from one to 16 species caused a greater biomass increase than 95 kg·ha-1·y-1 of N or any other treatment. Our conclusions are based on >7,000 productivity measurements from11 long-termexperiments (mean length, ∼ 13 y) conducted at a single site with species from a single regional species pool, thus controlling for many potentially confounding factors. Our results suggest that the loss of biodiversity may have at least as great an impact on ecosystem functioning as other anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, and that use of diverse mixtures of species may be as effective in increasing productivity of some biomass crops as fertilization and may better provide ecosystem services. AU - Tilman, David AU - Reich, Peter B. AU - Isbell, Forest DA - 2012/6// DO - 10.1073/pnas.1208240109 IS - 26 KW - Biogeochemistry KW - Community ecology PY - 2012 SP - 10394 EP - 10397 TI - Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America VL - 109 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The earliest concept of a balance of nature in Western thought saw it as being provided by gods but requiring human aid or encouragement for its maintenance. With the rise of Greek natural philosophy, emphasis shifted to traits gods endowed species with at the outset, rather than human actions, as key to maintaining the balance. The dominance of a constantly intervening God in the Middle Ages lessened interest in the inherent features of nature that would contribute to balance, but the Reformation led to renewed focus on such features, particularly traits of species that would maintain all of them but permit none to dominate nature. Darwin conceived of nature in balance, and his emphasis on competition and frequent tales of felicitous species interactions supported the idea of a balance of nature. But Darwin radically changed its underlying basis, from God to natural selection. Wallace was perhaps the first to challenge the very notion of a balance of nature as an undefined entity whose accuracy could not be tested. His skepticism was taken up again in the 20th century, culminating in a widespread rejection of the idea of a balance of nature by academic ecologists, who focus rather on a dynamic, often chaotic nature buffeted by constant disturbances. The balance-of-nature metaphor, however, lives on in large segments of the public, representing a fragile aspect of nature and biodiversity that it is our duty to protect. AU - Simberloff, Daniel DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001963 IS - 10 PB - Public Library of Science PY - 2014 TI - The “Balance of Nature”—Evolution of a Panchreston T2 - PLoS Biology VL - 12 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Österreich, Republik TI - Eine Strategie für Österreich ER - TY - JOUR DO - 10.2777/478385 SN - 9789279941450 TI - A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment Updated Bioeconomy Strategy UR - http://europa.eu ER - TY - RPRT AU - Möller, Martin AU - López, Viviana AU - Prieß, Rasmus AU - Schleicher, Tobias AU - Hünecke, Katja AU - Hennenberg, Klaus AU - Wolff, Franziska AU - Kiresiewa, Zoritza AU - Hasenheit, Marius AU - Schröder, Patrick AU - Gesang, Bernward PY - 2030 TI - Nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung – Anforderungen an eine nachhaltige Bioökonomie aus der Agenda 2030/SDG-Umsetzung ER - TY - JOUR TI - Low ER - TY - RPRT TI - Innovating for A Bioeconomy for Europe Sustainable Growth ER - TY - GEN AB - Bioeconomy solutions potentially reduce the utilization demand of natural resources, and therefore, represent steps towards circular economy, but are not per se equivalent to sustainability. Thus, production may remain to be achieved against losses in natural resources or at other environmental costs, and materials produced by bioeconomy are not necessarily biodegradable. As a consequence, the assumption that emerging bioeconomy by itself provides an environmentally sustainable economy is not justified, as technologies do not necessarily become sustainable merely through their conversion to using renewable resources for their production. A source of the above assumption is that the utility of bioeconomy is mostly assessed in interaction between technology developers and economists, resulting in biased assessment with private commercial technology benefits being included, but environmental costs, especially longer term ones, not being sufficiently considered in the economic models. A possible solution to this conceptual contradiction may come from bioethics, as a strong concept in environmental ethics is that no technological intervention can be imposed on nature beyond its receptive capacity. To achieve a better balanced analysis of bioeconomy, environmental and ecological, as well as non-economic social aspects, need to be included in the overall assessment. AU - Székács, András DA - 2017/2// DO - 10.1007/s10806-017-9651-1 IS - 1 KW - Bioeconomy KW - Bioethics KW - Circular economy KW - Ecological aspects KW - Natural resources PB - Springer Netherlands PY - 2017 SP - 153 EP - 170 TI - Environmental and Ecological Aspects in the Overall Assessment of Bioeconomy T2 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this study, the potential global loss of species directly associated with land use in the EU and due to trade with other regions is computed over time, in order to reveal differences in impacts between the considered alternatives of plausible bioenergy policies development in the EU. The spatially explicit study combines a life cycle analysis (LCA) for biodiversity impact assessment with a global high resolution economic land use model. Both impacts of domestic land use and impacts through imports were included for estimating the biodiversity footprint of the member states of the (EU28). The analyzed scenarios assumed similar biomass demand until 2020 but differed thereafter, from keeping the growth of demand for bioenergy constant (CONST), to a strong increase of bioenergy in line with the EU target of decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050 (EMIRED) and with the baseline (BASE) scenario falling between the other two. As a general trend, the increasing demand for biomass was found to have substantial impact on biodiversity in all scenarios, while the differences between the scenarios were found to be modest. The share caused by imports was 15% of the overall biodiversity impacts detected in this study in the year 2000, and progressively increased to 24% to 26% in 2050, depending on the scenario. The most prominent future change in domestic land use in all scenarios was the expansion of perennial cultivations for energy. In the EMIRED scenario, there is a larger expansion of perennial cultivations and a smaller expansion of cropland in the EU than in the other two scenarios. As the biodiversity damage is smaller for land used for perennial cultivations than for cropland, this development decreases the internal biodiversity damage per unit of land. At the same time, however, the EMIRED scenario also features the largest outsourcing of damage, due to increased import of cropland products from outside the EU for satisfying the EU food demand. These two opposite effects even out each other, resulting in the total biodiversity damage for the EMIRED scenario being only slightly higher than the other two scenarios. The results of this study indicate that increasing cultivation of perennials for bioenergy and the consequent decrease in the availability of cropland for food production in the EU may lead to outsourcing of agricultural products supply to other regions. This development is associated with a leakage of biodiversity damages to species-rich and vulnerable regions outside the EU. In the case of a future increase in bioenergy demand, the combination of biomass supply from sustainable forest management in the EU, combined with imported wood pellets and cultivation of perennial energy crops, appears to be less detrimental to biodiversity than expansion of energy crops in the EU. AU - Di Fulvio, Fulvio AU - Forsell, Nicklas AU - Korosuo, Anu AU - Obersteiner, Michael AU - Hellweg, Stefanie DA - 2019/2// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.419 KW - Biodiversity damage KW - Bioenergy KW - EU footprint KW - Forestry KW - Land use KW - Perennial energy crops KW - Trade PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2019 SP - 1505 EP - 1516 TI - Spatially explicit LCA analysis of biodiversity losses due to different bioenergy policies in the European Union T2 - Science of the Total Environment VL - 651 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Forests play a crucial role in the transition towards a bioeconomy by providing biomass to substitute for fossil-based materials and energy. However, a policy-policy conflict exists between the desire to increase the utilization of bio based renewable resources and the desire to protect and conserve biodiversity. Increasing forest harvest levels to meet the needs of the bioeconomy may conflict with biodiversity protection and ecosystem services provided by forests. Through an optimization framework, we examined trade-offs between increasing the extraction of timber resources, and the impacts on biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services, and investigated possibilities to reconcile trade-off with changes in forest management in 17 landscapes in boreal forests. A diverse range of alternative forest management regimes were used. The alternatives varied from set aside to continuous cover forestry and a range of management options to reflect potential applications of the current management recommendations. These included adjustments to the number of thinning, the timing of final felling and the method of regeneration. Increasing forest harvest level to the maximum economically sustainable harvest had a negative effect on the habitat suitability index, bilberry yield, deadwood diversity and carbon storage. It resulted in a loss in variation among landscapes in their conservation capacity and the ability to provide ecosystem services. Multi-objective optimization results showed that combining different forest management regimes alleviated the negative effects of increasing harvest levels to biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services. The results indicate that careful landscape level forest management planning is crucial to minimize the ecological costs of increasing harvest levels. AU - Eyvindson, Kyle AU - Repo, Anna AU - Mönkkönen, Mikko DA - 2018/7// DO - 10.1016/j.forpol.2018.04.009 KW - Bioeconomy KW - Ecosystem services KW - Forest management KW - Optimization KW - Trade-off analysis PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2018 SP - 119 EP - 127 TI - Mitigating forest biodiversity and ecosystem service losses in the era of bio-based economy T2 - Forest Policy and Economics VL - 92 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Very recently, social innovation has become a subject of investigation in forest research. Earlier on, social innovation turned into a term used in EU policy strategies for addressing social issues and the self-empowerment of local people, as well as for tackling economic, social, orenvironmental challenges. The question of how the forest bioeconomy might profit from social innovation remains. The article examined the forest bioeconomy from the perspective of social innovation features: How is social innovation reflected in the forest bioeconomy? The forest sector is identified as one principal supplier sectors in the updated European Bioeconomy Strategy. In the strategies' general objectives of job creation and employment through the green economy, we detected some links to social innovation. In contrast, the EU Social Innovation Initiative includes social aspects via addressing collective action, integration of vulnerable social groups, and rural and urban economic development, without mentioning explicitly the forest sector. In order to make use of both EU policy documents, it is necessary to enquire on the overlaps. This research focused on the communalities in their policy goals as a reference framework for systematically identifying specific forest bioeconomy activities fitting into both realms. With example of these activities, we showed how the forest bioeconomy plays a unique role in addressing hitherto unmet needs with the development of new types of services. There is rich potential in the forest bioeconomy for private forest owners and producers with activities that range from social biomass plants to collectively organized charcoal (biochar) production in remote rural areas. Most of these are service innovations, while some combine services with product innovations. Our findings challenge positions that regard economic and social issues as strictly separated. As a result, they are identified as two combined complementary sources of income for Europe's forest owners. AU - Ludvig, Alice AU - Zivojinovic, Ivana AU - Hujala, Teppo DA - 2019/10// DO - 10.3390/f10100878 IS - 10 KW - Collective action KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Qualitative research KW - Service innovation KW - Social aspects KW - Societal challenges PB - MDPI AG PY - 2019 TI - Social innovation as a prospect for the forest bioeconomy: Selected examples from Europe T2 - Forests VL - 10 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Förderungsbericht 2018 ER - TY - GEN AB - The rise of the bioeconomy is usually associated with increased sustainability. However, various controversies suggest doubts about this assumed relationship. The objective of this paper is to identify different visions and the current understanding of the relationship between the bioeconomy and sustainability in the scientific literature by means of a systematic review. After a search in several databases, 87 scientific journal articles were selected for review. Results show that visions about the relationship between bioeconomy and sustainability differ substantially. Four different visions were identified, including: (1) the assumption that sustainability is an inherent characteristic of the bioeconomy; (2) the expectation of benefits under certain conditions; (3) tentative criticism under consideration of potential pitfalls; and (4) the assumption of a negative impact of the bioeconomy on sustainability. There is considerable attention for sustainability in the scientific bioeconomy debate, and the results show that the bioeconomy cannot be considered as self-evidently sustainable. In further research and policy development, good consideration should therefore be given to the question of how the bioeconomy could contribute to a more sustainable future. Furthermore, it is stressed that the bioeconomy should be approached in a more interdisciplinary or trans-disciplinary way. The consideration of sustainability may serve as a basis for such an approach. AU - Pfau, Swinda F. AU - Hagens, Janneke E. AU - Dankbaar, Ben AU - Smits, Antoine J.M. DO - 10.3390/su6031222 IS - 3 KW - Bioeconomy KW - Biomass KW - Sustainability PB - MDPI PY - 2014 SP - 1222 EP - 1249 TI - Visions of sustainability in bioeconomy research T2 - Sustainability (Switzerland) VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This discussion paper explores the relationship between biodiversity and the circular economy and the potential implications of this relationship. The circular economy has emerged as an alternative model to a traditional linear economy. It aims to tackle the resource exploitation that accompanies a linear economy and decouple economic growth from reliance on primary resources. In the face of global environmental degradation and an urgent need for change, the concept has become popular around the world and has led to the release of national policies and strategies on the circular economy. Problematically, while the basic concept is clear, it is ambiguous in how it will achieve some of its objectives, and it fails to address some key issues. In light of the accelerating rate of change, precipitous biodiversity decline is one such key issue. Through a content analysis of relevant circular economy publications, authors demonstrate that biodiversity protection is rarely mentioned in theory and policy. While the circular economy holds many benefits for society, its evasion of scrutiny has prevented it from manifesting in a comprehensive solution to environmental issues. The circular economy advocates for biomimicry, ecosystem service valuation, bioeconomy, and renewable energy. Each of these, however, has its own set of conflicts with biodiversity protection. Given the imminent need to protect biodiversity, the authors call for further research on the interaction between biodiversity and the circular economy, and for circular economy advocates to explicitly acknowledge the concept's limitations, thereby revealing the need for intersectional and complementary policies which aim to protect biodiversity. AU - Buchmann-Duck, Johanna AU - Beazley, Karen F. DA - 2020/7// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138602 KW - Biodiversity KW - Bioeconomy KW - Biomimicry KW - Circular economy KW - Ecosystem services KW - Natural capital KW - Renewable energy PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2020 TI - An urgent call for circular economy advocates to acknowledge its limitations in conserving biodiversity T2 - Science of the Total Environment VL - 727 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The term bioeconomy and closely related notions like bio-based economy or knowledge-based bioeconomy (KBBE) are increasingly used by scientists and politicians in the last years. It does therefore have the potential of becoming an influential global discourse. Its role is however so far unclear. The general assumption that guides this paper is that discourses, resulting ideas and arguments are generally said to have performative power. They shape actors' views, influence their behaviour, impact on their beliefs and interests and can cause institutional change in a given society. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, it aims to analyse whether the ideas used in a bioeconomy discourse differs from those in other global meta-discourses of the last decades affecting forest discourses, such as the ecological modernization discourse or the sustainable development discourse. Second, this paper aims to analyse whether and how the bioeconomy discourse has started (or not) to reshape or overshadow the "classical" forest discourses, such as sustainable forest management, forest biodiversity or forest and climate change. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis. AU - Pülzl, Helga AU - Kleinschmit, Daniela AU - Arts, Bas DO - 10.1080/02827581.2014.920044 IS - 4 KW - bioeconomy discourse KW - discourse theory KW - global forest policy PB - Taylor and Francis AS PY - 2014 SP - 386 EP - 393 TI - Bioeconomy - an emerging meta-discourse affecting forest discourses? T2 - Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research VL - 29 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The onset of formulating strategies and policies regarding the bioeconomy can be, at least partly, attributed to the publication of the policy agenda on the bioeconomy by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2009. The aim of this study is to analyze selected national strategies and policies regarding the development of a bioeconomy and to clarify similarities and differences between them. The article presents a comparative overview of the strategies and policies for developing a bioeconomy in the EU, USA, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Germany and Australia. The documents analyzed are in most cases national strategies or policies. The structures and aims of these documents vary and the analysis is further complicated by the terms "bioeconomy" and "bio-based economy" having as yet no clear definition, a point which is discussed in some depth in this article. In the documents analyzed, strategies and policies on how to promote the bioeconomy are often presented based on the prerequisites of the country in focus; the need for increased research, development and demonstrations in the area is thus particularly stressed. The main emphasis is often to enhance the economy of a nation and provide new employment and business possibilities, whereas the aspects of sustainability and resource availability are addressed only to a limited extent in many of the documents. © 2013 by the authors. AU - Staffas, Louise AU - Gustavsson, Mathias AU - McCormick, Kes DO - 10.3390/su5062751 IS - 6 KW - Bio-based economy KW - Bioeconomy KW - Policy KW - Strategy PB - MDPI PY - 2013 SP - 2751 EP - 2769 TI - Strategies and policies for the bioeconomy and bio-based economy: An analysis of official national approaches T2 - Sustainability (Switzerland) VL - 5 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Duchesne, Luc C AU - Wetzel, Suzanne IS - 5 PY - 2003 TI - The bioeconomy and the forestry sector: Changing markets and new opportunities T2 - THE FORESTRY CHRONICLE VL - 79 ER - TY - RPRT AB - Das Konzept der Bioökonomie wurde in den vergangenen Jahren als Zau-berformel für die Lösung vielfältiger Probleme präsentiert. So soll Bioökonomie helfen, die Ära fossiler Ressourcen abzulösen, den Klimaschutz zu stärken und Roh-stoffabhängigkeiten von Industrieländern zu mindern, eine wachsende Weltbevöl-kerung zu ernähren, Innovation und Wachstum anzuregen und dabei Einkommens-chancen in ländlichen Regionen weltweit zu schaffen (vgl. S. 32 ff.). Mit der Bioökonomie verknüpfen sich jedoch auch eine Reihe von Kritikpunkten und ethischen Herausforderungen (vgl. S. 26 ff.). Bioökonomie kann jedoch dazu führen, dass sich industrielle, inputintensive Landwirtschaft und Gentechnik aus-weiten, der Druck auf intakte Ökosysteme steigt (S. 46 ff.) und sich die Konkurrenz um Flächen, hochwertige Böden und Wasser verschärft. In der Folge großer Land-käufe (Landgrabbing) im Globalen Süden werden Menschen vertrieben und die Le-benswelten insbesondere von Frauen destabilisiert (vgl. S. 64 ff.). Im Norden treibt die Nachfrage nach Agrarflächen die Pacht-und Bodenpreise in die Höhe und Handlungsoptionen einer nachhaltigen Bioökonomiepolitik Wo ein Wille ist, ist auch ein Weg Nur mit den richtigen politischen Rahmensetzungen kann die Bioökonomie einen Beitrag zum Erreichen von Nachhaltigkeits-zielen leisten. Dafür gilt es Gelegenheitsfenster zu nutzen, die sich bei aktuellen Politikprozessen auf nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Ebene bieten. AU - Wolff, Franziska AU - Kiresiewa, Zoritza AU - Möller, Martin TI - Gelegenheitsfenster politische ökologie 162 *Bioökonomie 95 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Erhalten -Lebensqualität, Vielfalt TI - BIODIVERSITÄTS-STRATEGIE ÖSTERREICH 2020+ ER - TY - RPRT PY - 2009 TI - Environmentally Harmful Subsidies (EHS): Identification and Assessment UR - www.ieep.eu ER - TY - RPRT AU - Herausgeber TI - Abbau naturschädigender Subventionen und Kompensationszahlungen auf stoffliche Belastungen Ökonomische Instrumente zum Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gubler, Grundlagenbericht Lena AU - Ismail, Sascha A TI - Biodiversitätsschädigende Subventionen in der Schweiz ER - TY - RPRT AU - Oecd KW - 971998091e PY - 1998 TI - IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH REDUCING SUBSIDIES Part I Summary and Policy Conclusions UR - http://www.copyright.com/. ER - TY - JOUR DO - 10.13140/RG.2.1.3145.8961 PY - 2016 TI - Subventionen und Steuern mit Umweltrelevanz in den Bereichen Energie und Verkehr UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299276569 ER - TY - BOOK AB - Specialised. 2015 ed. AU - European Commission. Eurostat. PB - Publications Office PY - 2015 SN - 9789279482694 TI - Environmental subsidies and similar transfer : guidelines. ER - TY - RPRT TI - SCHÄDLICHE SUBVENTIONEN GEGEN DIE BIOLOGISCHE VIELFALT UR - www.foes.de ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2013_EuropäischeUnion_Umweltaktionsprogramm_SDG15 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Roland Jöbstl, Mag AU - Florian Schmid Redaktion, Mag AU - Sylvia Steinbauer, in AU - Michael Proschek-Hauptmann, Mag PY - 2014 TI - Abbau umweltschädlicher Subventionen in Österreich UR - www.umweltdachverband.at ER - TY - BOOK AU - Pazdernik, Katja PB - Umweltbundesamt PY - 2011 SN - 9783990041314 TI - Förderungen in Oberösterreich : Screening auf mögliche negative Umweltauswirkungen ER - TY - BOOK AB - Includes index. AU - Scull, Roberta A. PB - Greenwood Press PY - 1986 SN - 0313251606 SP - 402 EP - 402 TI - Publishing opportunities for energy research : a descriptive guide to selective serials in the social and technical sciences ER - TY - RPRT AU - Baud, Sacha PY - 2009 TI - POTENTIALLY ENVIRONMENTALLY HARMFUL SUBSIDIES IN AUSTRIA F I N A L T E C H N I C A L I M P L E M E N T A T I O N R E P O R T UR - www.statistik.at ER - TY - BOOK SN - 9789187853371 TI - Klassificering av främmande arters effekter på biologisk mångfald i Sverige - ArtDatabankens risklista ER - TY - GEN AB - Distributions of Earth's species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by humanmediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. AU - Pecl, Gretta T. AU - Araújo, Miguel B. AU - Bell, Johann D. AU - Blanchard, Julia AU - Bonebrake, Timothy C. AU - Chen, I. Ching AU - Clark, Timothy D. AU - Colwell, Robert K. AU - Danielsen, Finn AU - Evengård, Birgitta AU - Falconi, Lorena AU - Ferrier, Simon AU - Frusher, Stewart AU - Garcia, Raquel A. AU - Griffis, Roger B. AU - Hobday, Alistair J. AU - Janion-Scheepers, Charlene AU - Jarzyna, Marta A. AU - Jennings, Sarah AU - Lenoir, Jonathan AU - Linnetved, Hlif I. AU - Martin, Victoria Y. AU - McCormack, Phillipa C. AU - McDonald, Jan AU - Mitchell, Nicola J. AU - Mustonen, Tero AU - Pandolfi, John M. AU - Pettorelli, Nathalie AU - Popova, Ekaterina AU - Robinson, Sharon A. AU - Scheffers, Brett R. AU - Shaw, Justine D. AU - Sorte, Cascade J.B. AU - Strugnell, Jan M. AU - Sunday, Jennifer M. AU - Tuanmu, Mao Ning AU - Vergés, Adriana AU - Villanueva, Cecilia AU - Wernberg, Thomas AU - Wapstra, Erik AU - Williams, Stephen E. DA - 2017/3// DO - 10.1126/science.aai9214 IS - 6332 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science PY - 2017 TI - Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being T2 - Science VL - 355 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Ecology, W M KW - 5 KW - 80 KW - Natural Science Collection pg 1522 PY - 1999 TI - Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility ER - TY - JOUR AB - Alien species are a major component of human-induced environmental change. Variation in the numbers of alien species found in different areas is likely to depend on a combination of anthropogenic and environmental factors, with anthropogenic factors affecting the number of species introduced to new locations, and when, and environmental factors influencing how many species are able to persist there. However, global spatial and temporal variation in the drivers of alien introduction and species richness remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse an extensive new database of alien birds to explore what determines the global distribution of alien species richness for an entire taxonomic class. We demonstrate that the locations of origin and introduction of alien birds, and their identities, were initially driven largely by European (mainly British) colonialism. However, recent introductions are a wider phenomenon, involving more species and countries, and driven in part by increasing economic activity. We find that, globally, alien bird species richness is currently highest at midlatitudes and is strongly determined by anthropogenic effects, most notably the number of species introduced (i.e., “colonisation pressure”). Nevertheless, environmental drivers are also important, with native and alien species richness being strongly and consistently positively associated. Our results demonstrate that colonisation pressure is key to understanding alien species richness, show that areas of high native species richness are not resistant to colonisation by alien species at the global scale, and emphasise the likely ongoing threats to global environments from introductions of species. AU - Dyer, Ellie E. AU - Cassey, Phillip AU - Redding, David W. AU - Collen, Ben AU - Franks, Victoria AU - Gaston, Kevin J. AU - Jones, Kate E. AU - Kark, Salit AU - Orme, C. David L. AU - Blackburn, Tim M. DA - 2017/1// DO - 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000942 IS - 1 PB - Public Library of Science PY - 2017 TI - The Global Distribution and Drivers of Alien Bird Species Richness T2 - PLoS Biology VL - 15 ER - TY - GEN AB - Study of the impacts of biological invasions, a pervasive component of global change, has generated remarkable understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of the spread of introduced populations. The growing field of invasion science, poised at a crossroads where ecology, social sciences, resource management, and public perception meet, is increasingly exposed to critical scrutiny from several perspectives. Although the rate of biological invasions, elucidation of their consequences, and knowledge about mitigation are growing rapidly, the very need for invasion science is disputed. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding invasion impacts and management, and discuss the challenges that the discipline faces in its science and interactions with society. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. AU - Simberloff, Daniel AU - Martin, Jean Louis AU - Genovesi, Piero AU - Maris, Virginie AU - Wardle, David A. AU - Aronson, James AU - Courchamp, Franck AU - Galil, Bella AU - García-Berthou, Emili AU - Pascal, Michel AU - Pyšek, Petr AU - Sousa, Ronaldo AU - Tabacchi, Eric AU - Vilà, Montserrat DA - 2013/1// DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.013 IS - 1 KW - Biosecurity KW - Community and ecosystem impact KW - Eradication KW - Long-term management KW - Societal perception PY - 2013 SP - 58 EP - 66 TI - Impacts of biological invasions: What's what and the way forward T2 - Trends in Ecology and Evolution VL - 28 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Essl, Franz. AU - Rabitsch, Wolfgang. AU - Austria. Umweltbundesamt. PB - Umweltbundesamt PY - 2002 SN - 3854576587 SP - 432 EP - 432 TI - Neobiota in Österreich ER - TY - RPRT TI - Wenn Licht zum Problem wird. die Helle Not UR - www.hellenot.org ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2013_Rienesl_Kubu_Amphibien in Wien_SDG15_07 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Ausgabe, Österreichische KW - Dünger KW - Gentechnik KW - Imkerei KW - Insekten KW - Insektensterben KW - Klimawandel KW - Landwirtschaft KW - Monokulturen KW - Nahrungsmittel KW - Pestizide KW - Tierfutter KW - Umweltschutz PY - 2017 TI - Daten und Fakten über Nütz-und Schädlinge in der Landwirtschaft UR - www.global2000.at/publikationen/insektenatlas ER - TY - BOOK AU - Hauzenberger, Ingrid AU - Lenz, Katharina AU - Loishandl-Weisz, Harald AU - Steinbichl, Philipp AU - Offenthaler, Ivo SN - 9783990045534 TI - ERSTE ÖSTERREICHISCHE FALLSTUDIE ZU RODENTIZIDEN WIRKSTOFFEN IN DER UMWELT UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - HEIMISCHE GEHÖLZE IM GARTEN Bäume, Sträucher, Hecken und Kletterpflanzen im Portrait UR - www.umweltberatung.at ER - TY - JOUR TI - 2011_Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie_Amphibienschutz an Straßen ER - TY - BOOK AB - Issued as part of the desLibris documents collection. AU - Lambertini, Marco. SN - 9782940529995 SP - 162 EP - 162 TI - Living Planet Report 2020 : Bending the Curve of Biodiversity Loss ER - TY - JOUR TI - NGP 2015_Endversion_gsb ER - TY - BOOK AB - [1]. Grünland, Grünlandbrachen und Trockenrasen, Hochstauden- und Hochgrasfluren ... -- [2]. Moore, Sümpfe und Quellfluren, Hochgebirgsrasen, Polsterfluren, Rasenfragmente und Schneeböden ... -- [3]. Binnengewässer, Gewässer- und Ufervegetation ... AU - Austria. Umweltbundesamt. PB - NWV, Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag PY - 2004 SN - 3708301617 TI - Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen Österreichs ER - TY - JOUR TI - EC_1992 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Free-flowing rivers (FFRs) support diverse, complex and dynamic ecosystems globally, providing important societal and economic services. Infrastructure development threatens the ecosystem processes, biodiversity and services that these rivers support. Here we assess the connectivity status of 12 million kilometres of rivers globally and identify those that remain free-flowing in their entire length. Only 37 per cent of rivers longer than 1,000 kilometres remain free-flowing over their entire length and 23 per cent flow uninterrupted to the ocean. Very long FFRs are largely restricted to remote regions of the Arctic and of the Amazon and Congo basins. In densely populated areas only few very long rivers remain free-flowing, such as the Irrawaddy and Salween. Dams and reservoirs and their up- and downstream propagation of fragmentation and flow regulation are the leading contributors to the loss of river connectivity. By applying a new method to quantify riverine connectivity and map FFRs, we provide a foundation for concerted global and national strategies to maintain or restore them. AU - Grill, G. AU - Lehner, B. AU - Thieme, M. AU - Geenen, B. AU - Tickner, D. AU - Antonelli, F. AU - Babu, S. AU - Borrelli, P. AU - Cheng, L. AU - Crochetiere, H. AU - Ehalt Macedo, H. AU - Filgueiras, R. AU - Goichot, M. AU - Higgins, J. AU - Hogan, Z. AU - Lip, B. AU - McClain, M. E. AU - Meng, J. AU - Mulligan, M. AU - Nilsson, C. AU - Olden, J. D. AU - Opperman, J. J. AU - Petry, P. AU - Reidy Liermann, C. AU - Sáenz, L. AU - Salinas-Rodríguez, S. AU - Schelle, P. AU - Schmitt, R. J.P. AU - Snider, J. AU - Tan, F. AU - Tockner, K. AU - Valdujo, P. H. AU - van Soesbergen, A. AU - Zarfl, C. DA - 2019/5// DO - 10.1038/s41586-019-1111-9 IS - 7755 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2019 SP - 215 EP - 221 TI - Mapping the world’s free-flowing rivers T2 - Nature VL - 569 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Wolfram, Georg AU - Mikschi, Ernst TI - Rote Liste der Fische (Pisces) Österreichs ER - TY - RPRT AU - Scheikl, Sigrid AU - Seliger, Carina AU - Grüner, Barbara AU - Muhar, Susanne TI - Ausweisung wertvoller Gewässerstrecken in Österreich und deren Schutzstatus ER - TY - JOUR TI - EC_2000 ER - TY - GEN AB - Community structures of benthic invertebrates in different alpine stream types have been well documented and modeled against environmental conditions and change. However, community structure cannot be linked directly to community functions or processes, and this problem prevents clear estimation of functional consequences of environmental changes. In this article, we highlight the need to focus research efforts on the trophic ecology of alpine streams for several reasons. 1) The trophic ecology of invertebrates is remarkably understudied in the field of alpine stream ecology (only 7% of published studies), but the trophic ecology of invertebrates underlies crucial functions in these ecosystems. 2) Classifications of species into functional feeding groups, traits often used to express the functionality of invertebrate communities, are missing for several alpine species or have been deduced from classifications based on higher taxonomic levels. 3) Most investigators focused on a few trophic levels, whereas use of new analytical methods, such as Bayesian stable-isotope mixing models could provide statistically sophisticated estimations of multiple food-source contributions to consumers' diets. 4) Out-dated ideas need to be revised; e.g., we demonstrate that Diamesa species can actively select their food, which is against the established assumption that animals in harsh environments are forced to feed on everything they can get. Based on literature studies, we summarized most critical research needs on the trophic ecology of alpine stream invertebrates. Our goal is to promote ways to understand the ecological function of alpine stream invertebrates and the potential effects of alteration of their trophic relationships by ongoing environmental changes like glacier retreat, water exploitation, or immigration of invasive species. AU - Niedrist, Georg H. AU - Füreder, Leopold DA - 2017/9// DO - 10.1086/692831 IS - 3 KW - Food preference KW - Food sources KW - Functional ecology KW - Functional feeding groups KW - Stable isotope mixing modeling PB - University of Chicago Press PY - 2017 SP - 466 EP - 478 TI - Trophic ecology of alpine stream invertebrates: Current status and future research needs T2 - Freshwater Science VL - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Running water ecosystems of Europe are affected by various human pressures. However, little is known about the prevalence, spatial patterns, interactions with natural environment and co-occurrence of pressures. This study represents the first high-resolution data analysis of human pressures at the European scale, where important pressure criteria for 9330 sampling sites in 14 European countries were analysed. We identified 15 criteria describing major anthropogenic degradation and combined these into a global pressure index by taking additive effects of multiple pressures into account. Rivers are affected by alterations of water quality (59%), hydrology (41%) and morphology (38%). Connectivity is disrupted at the catchment level in 85% and 35% at the river segment level. Approximately 31% of all sites are affected by one, 29% by two, 28% by three and 12% by four pressure groups; only 21% are unaffected. In total, 47% of the sites are multi-impacted. Approximately 90% of lowland rivers are impacted by a combination of all four pressure groups. © 2011 The Authors. Water and Environment Journal © 2011 CIWEM. AU - Schinegger, Rafaela AU - Trautwein, Clemens AU - Melcher, Andreas AU - Schmutz, Stefan DA - 2012/6// DO - 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00285.x IS - 2 KW - Impact assessment KW - River KW - Water framework directive KW - Water quality PY - 2012 SP - 261 EP - 273 TI - Multiple human pressures and their spatial patterns in European running waters T2 - Water and Environment Journal VL - 26 ER - TY - GEN AB - Freshwater biodiversity is the over-riding conservation priority during the International Decade for Action - 'Water for Life' - 2005 to 2015. Fresh water makes up only 0.01% of the World's water and approximately 0.8% of the Earth's surface, yet this tiny fraction of global water supports at least 100000 species out of approximately 1.8 million - almost 6% of all described species. Inland waters and freshwater biodiversity constitute a valuable natural resource, in economic, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and educational terms. Their conservation and management are critical to the interests of all humans, nations and governments. Yet this precious heritage is in crisis. Fresh waters are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems, and if trends in human demands for water remain unaltered and species losses continue at current rates, the opportunity to conserve much of the remaining biodiversity in fresh water will vanish before the 'Water for Life' decade ends in 2015. Why is this so, and what is being done about it? This article explores the special features of freshwater habitats and the biodiversity they support that makes them especially vulnerable to human activities. We document threats to global freshwater biodiversity under five headings: overexploitation; water pollution; flow modification; destruction or degradation of habitat; and invasion by exotic species. Their combined and interacting influences have resulted in population declines and range reduction of freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Conservation of biodiversity is complicated by the landscape position of rivers and wetlands as 'receivers' of land-use effluents, and the problems posed by endemism and thus non-substitutability. In addition, in many parts of the world, fresh water is subject to severe competition among multiple human stakeholders. Protection of freshwater biodiversity is perhaps the ultimate conservation challenge because it is influenced by the upstream drainage network, the surrounding land, the riparian zone, and - in the case of migrating aquatic fauna - downstream reaches. Such prerequisites are hardly ever met. Immediate action is needed where opportunities exist to set aside intact lake and river ecosystems within large protected areas. For most of the global land surface, trade-offs between conservation of freshwater biodiversity and human use of ecosystem goods and services are necessary. We advocate continuing attempts to check species loss but, in many situations, urge adoption of a compromise position of management for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning and resilience, and human livelihoods in order to provide a viable long-term basis for freshwater conservation. Recognition of this need will require adoption of a new paradigm for biodiversity protection and freshwater ecosystem management - one that has been appropriately termed 'reconciliation ecology'. © 2005 Cambridge Philosophical Society. AU - Dudgeon, David AU - Arthington, Angela H. AU - Gessner, Mark O. AU - Kawabata, Zen Ichiro AU - Knowler, Duncan J. AU - Lévêque, Christian AU - Naiman, Robert J. AU - Prieur-Richard, Anne Hélène AU - Soto, Doris AU - Stiassny, Melanie L.J. AU - Sullivan, Caroline A. DA - 2006/5// DO - 10.1017/S1464793105006950 IS - 2 KW - Dams KW - Endangered species KW - Fisheries KW - Lakes KW - Overexploitation KW - Pollution KW - Rivers PY - 2006 SP - 163 EP - 182 TI - Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges T2 - Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society VL - 81 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Whilst the benefits of agroforestry are widely recognised in tropical latitudes few studies have assessed how agroforestry is perceived in temperate latitudes. This study evaluates how stakeholders and key actors including farmers, landowners, agricultural advisors, researchers and environmentalists perceive the implementation and expansion of agroforestry in Europe. Meetings were held with 30 stakeholder groups covering different agroforestry systems in 2014 in eleven EU countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom). In total 344 valid responses were received to a questionnaire where stakeholders were asked to rank the positive and negative aspects of implementing agroforestry in their region. Improved biodiversity and wildlife habitats, animal health and welfare, and landscape aesthetics were seen as the main positive aspects of agroforestry. By contrast, increased labour, complexity of work, management costs and administrative burden were seen as the most important negative aspects. Overall, improving the environmental value of agriculture was seen as the main benefit of agroforestry, whilst management and socio-economic issues were seen as the greatest barriers. The great variability in the opportunities and barriers of the systems suggests enhanced adoption of agroforestry across Europe will be most likely to occur with specific initiatives for each type of system. AU - García de Jalón, Silvestre AU - Burgess, Paul J. AU - Graves, Anil AU - Moreno, Gerardo AU - McAdam, Jim AU - Pottier, Eric AU - Novak, Sandra AU - Bondesan, Valerio AU - Mosquera-Losada, Rosa AU - Crous-Durán, Josep AU - Palma, Joao H.N. AU - Paulo, Joana A. AU - Oliveira, Tania S. AU - Cirou, Eric AU - Hannachi, Yousri AU - Pantera, Anastasia AU - Wartelle, Régis AU - Kay, Sonja AU - Malignier, Nina AU - Van Lerberghe, Philippe AU - Tsonkova, Penka AU - Mirck, Jaconette AU - Rois, Mercedes AU - Kongsted, Anne Grete AU - Thenail, Claudine AU - Luske, Boki AU - Berg, Staffan AU - Gosme, Marie AU - Vityi, Andrea DA - 2018/8// DO - 10.1007/s10457-017-0116-3 IS - 4 KW - Adoption KW - Agroforestry KW - Barrier KW - Europe KW - Opportunity PB - Springer Netherlands PY - 2018 SP - 829 EP - 848 TI - How is agroforestry perceived in Europe? An assessment of positive and negative aspects by stakeholders T2 - Agroforestry Systems VL - 92 ER - TY - GEN AB - Agroforestry, the integration of trees and shrubs with livestock and/or crops, can make a substantial contribution to mitigating and enabling adaptation to climate change. However, its full potential will only be achieved if the challenges to agroforestry implementation are identified and the most efficient and sustainable solutions are made widely known. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore these challenges and to determine the most suitable set of solutions for each challenge that combines local effectiveness with European scale relevance. We performed a two-step “solution scanning” exercise. First, the main challenges to sustainable agroforestry in Europe were identified through 42 participatory workshops with 665 local stakeholders. The solutions to each challenge were scanned and classified into either direct solutions (28) to address climate change or indirect solutions (32) that improve the sustainability of agroforestry. In a second step, the direct solutions were prioritized through expert consultation in terms of their potential benefits for mitigation and adaptation. The most commonly reported barriers were a lack of knowledge and reliable financial support to which the most widely suggested indirect solutions were agroforestry training programmes and the development of safe economic routes. The direct solutions considered as holding the greatest mitigation and adaptation potential were the adoption of practices capable to increase soil organic carbon pools and the implementation of multifunctional hedgerows and windbreaks respectively. Our solution scanning approach can inform the implementation of the European climate strategy in general and to the Common Agricultural Policy in particular by pointing to concrete climate beneficial actions. AU - Hernández-Morcillo, Mónica AU - Burgess, Paul AU - Mirck, Jaconette AU - Pantera, Anastasia AU - Plieninger, Tobias DA - 2018/2// DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.013 KW - Climate change strategy KW - Common agricultural policy KW - Europe KW - Nature-based solutions PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2018 SP - 44 EP - 52 TI - Scanning agroforestry-based solutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Europe T2 - Environmental Science and Policy VL - 80 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An accurate and objective estimate on the extent of agroforestry in Europe is critical for the development of supporting policies. For this reason, a more harmonised and uniform Pan-European estimate is needed. The aim of this study was to quantify and map the distribution of agroforestry in the European Union. We classified agroforestry into three main types of agroforestry systems: arable agroforestry, livestock agroforestry and high value tree agroforestry. These three classes are partly overlapping as high value tree agroforestry can be part of either arable or livestock agroforestry. Agroforestry areas were mapped using LUCAS Land Use and Land Cover data (Eurostat, 2015). By identifying certain combinations of primary and secondary land cover and/or land management it was possible to identify agroforestry points and stratify them in the three different systems. According to our estimate using the LUCAS database the total area under agroforestry in the EU 27 is about 15.4 million ha which is equivalent to about 3.6% of the territorial area and 8.8% of the utilised agricultural area. Of our three studied systems, livestock agroforestry covers about 15.1 million ha which is by far the largest area. High value tree agroforestry and arable agroforestry cover 1.1 and 0.3 million ha respectively. Spain (5.6 million ha), France (1.6 million ha), Greece (1.6 million ha), Italy (1.4 million ha), Portugal (1.2 million ha), Romania (0.9 million ha) and Bulgaria (0.9 million ha) have the largest absolute area of agroforestry. However the extent of agroforestry, expressed as a proportion of the utilised agricultural area (UAA), is greatest in countries like Cyprus (40% of UAA), Portugal (32% of UAA) and Greece (31% of UAA). A cluster analysis revealed that a high abundance of agroforestry areas can be found in the south-west quadrat of the Iberian Peninsula, the south of France, Sardinia, south and central Italy, central and north-east Greece, south and central Bulgaria, and central Romania. Since the data were collected and analysed in a uniform manner it is now possible to make comparisons between countries and identify regions in Europe where agroforestry is already widely practiced and areas where there are opportunities for practicing agroforestry on a larger area and introducing novel practices. In addition, with this method it is possible to make more precise estimates on the extent of agroforestry in Europe and changes over time. Because agroforestry covers a considerable part of the agricultural land in the EU, it is crucial that it gets a more prominent and clearer place in EU statistical reporting in order to provide decision makers with more reliable information on the extent and nature of agroforestry. Reliable information, in turn, should help to guide policy development and implementation, and the evaluation of the impact of agricultural and other policies on agroforestry. AU - den Herder, Michael AU - Moreno, Gerardo AU - Mosquera-Losada, Rosa M. AU - Palma, João H.N. AU - Sidiropoulou, Anna AU - Santiago Freijanes, Jose J. AU - Crous-Duran, Josep AU - Paulo, Joana A. AU - Tomé, Margarida AU - Pantera, Anastasia AU - Papanastasis, Vasilios P. AU - Mantzanas, Kostas AU - Pachana, Przemko AU - Papadopoulos, Andreas AU - Plieninger, Tobias AU - Burgess, Paul J. DA - 2017/4// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.005 KW - High natural and cultural value KW - High value trees KW - Land cover KW - Land use KW - Land use/cover area frame survey (LUCAS) PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2017 SP - 121 EP - 132 TI - Current extent and stratification of agroforestry in the European Union T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment VL - 241 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Agroforestry, relative to conventional agriculture, contributes significantly to carbon sequestration, increases a range of regulating ecosystem services, and enhances biodiversity. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we combined scientific and technical knowledge to evaluate nine environmental pressures in terms of ecosystem services in European farmland and assessed the carbon storage potential of suitable agroforestry systems, proposed by regional experts. First, regions with potential environmental pressures were identified with respect to soil health (soil erosion by water and wind, low soil organic carbon), water quality (water pollution by nitrates, salinization by irrigation), areas affected by climate change (rising temperature), and by underprovision in biodiversity (pollination and pest control pressures, loss of soil biodiversity). The maps were overlaid to identify areas where several pressures accumulate. In total, 94.4% of farmlands suffer from at least one environmental pressure, pastures being less affected than arable lands. Regional hotspots were located in north-western France, Denmark, Central Spain, north and south-western Italy, Greece, and eastern Romania. The 10% of the area with the highest number of accumulated pressures were defined as Priority Areas, where the implementation of agroforestry could be particularly effective. In a second step, European agroforestry experts were asked to propose agroforestry practices suitable for the Priority Areas they were familiar with, and identified 64 different systems covering a wide range of practices. These ranged from hedgerows on field boundaries to fast growing coppices or scattered single tree systems. Third, for each proposed system, the carbon storage potential was assessed based on data from the literature and the results were scaled-up to the Priority Areas. As expected, given the wide range of agroforestry practices identified, the carbon sequestration potentials ranged between 0.09 and 7.29 t C ha −1 a −1 . Implementing agroforestry on the Priority Areas could lead to a sequestration of 2.1 to 63.9 million t C a −1 (7.78 and 234.85 million t CO 2eq a −1 ) depending on the type of agroforestry. This corresponds to between 1.4 and 43.4% of European agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, promoting agroforestry in the Priority Areas would contribute to mitigate the environmental pressures identified there. We conclude that the strategic and spatially targeted establishment of agroforestry systems could provide an effective means of meeting EU policy objectives on GHG emissions whilst providing a range of other important benefits. AU - Kay, Sonja AU - Rega, Carlo AU - Moreno, Gerardo AU - den Herder, Michael AU - Palma, João H.N. AU - Borek, Robert AU - Crous-Duran, Josep AU - Freese, Dirk AU - Giannitsopoulos, Michail AU - Graves, Anil AU - Jäger, Mareike AU - Lamersdorf, Norbert AU - Memedemin, Daniyar AU - Mosquera-Losada, Rosa AU - Pantera, Anastasia AU - Paracchini, Maria Luisa AU - Paris, Pierluigi AU - Roces-Díaz, José V. AU - Rolo, Victor AU - Rosati, Adolfo AU - Sandor, Mignon AU - Smith, Jo AU - Szerencsits, Erich AU - Varga, Anna AU - Viaud, Valérie AU - Wawer, Rafal AU - Burgess, Paul J. AU - Herzog, Felix DA - 2019/4// DO - 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.025 KW - Carbon storage KW - Climate change mitigation KW - Ecosystem services KW - Farmland KW - Resource protection KW - Spatial deficit analysis PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2019 SP - 581 EP - 593 TI - Agroforestry creates carbon sinks whilst enhancing the environment in agricultural landscapes in Europe T2 - Land Use Policy VL - 83 ER - TY - GEN AB - The study assessed the economic performance of marketable ecosystem services (ES) (biomass production) and non-marketable ecosystem services and dis-services (groundwater, nutrient loss, soil loss, carbon sequestration, pollination deficit) in 11 contrasting European landscapes dominated by agroforestry land use compared to business as usual agricultural practice. The productivity and profitability of the farming activities and the associated ES were quantified using environmental modelling and economic valuation. After accounting for labour and machinery costs the financial value of the outputs of Mediterranean agroforestry systems tended to be greater than the corresponding agricultural system; but in Atlantic and Continental regions the agricultural system tended to be more profitable. However, when economic values for the associated ES were included, the relative profitability of agroforestry increased. Agroforestry landscapes: (i) were associated to reduced externalities of pollution from nutrient and soil losses, and (ii) generated additional benefits from carbon capture and storage and thus generated an overall higher economic gain. Our findings underline how a market system that includes the values of broader ES would result in land use change favouring multifunctional agroforestry. Imposing penalties for dis-services or payments for services would reflect their real world prices and would make agroforestry a more financially profitable system. AU - Kay, Sonja AU - Graves, Anil AU - Palma, João H.N. AU - Moreno, Gerardo AU - Roces-Díaz, José V. AU - Aviron, Stéphanie AU - Chouvardas, Dimitrios AU - Crous-Duran, Josep AU - Ferreiro-Domínguez, Nuria AU - García de Jalón, Silvestre AU - Măcicăşan, Vlad AU - Mosquera-Losada, María Rosa AU - Pantera, Anastasia AU - Santiago-Freijanes, Jose Javier AU - Szerencsits, Erich AU - Torralba, Mario AU - Burgess, Paul J. AU - Herzog, Felix DA - 2019/4// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100896 KW - Biomass production KW - Carbon storage KW - External cost KW - Nutrient loss KW - Pollination deficit KW - Soil loss PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2019 TI - Agroforestry is paying off – Economic evaluation of ecosystem services in European landscapes with and without agroforestry systems T2 - Ecosystem Services VL - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Insect pollination is a globally important ecosystem service, contributing to crop yields, production stability and the maintenance of wild plant populations. Ironically, agriculture is one of the major global drivers of wild insect pollinator decline. At the same time, increasing human population is driving ever greater demands on crop production. Agroforestry (AF) – a more diverse farming system integrating woody and agricultural crops – can theoretically reconcile high production with provision of ecosystem services such as pollination. However, empirical studies of pollination in temperate AF systems are almost entirely lacking. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by assessing whether AF can provide increased pollination service compared to monoculture (MC) systems. Six UK sites, each containing an AF and a MC system, were studied over three years. Wild pollinator abundance and diversity were used as proxies for the magnitude and stability, respectively, of the pollinating community. We also directly measured pollination service as seed set in a wild plant phytometer. We found that temperate AF systems can provide greater pollination service than MC: AF treatments had twice as many solitary bees and hoverflies, and in arable systems 2.4 times more bumblebees, than MC treatments. AF also had 4.5 times more seed set compared to MC in one of the two years. At 40% of site-by-year sampling units, species richness of solitary bees was on average 10.5 times higher in AF treatments. This provides evidence in favour of the expectation that AF systems can support higher pollinator richness, and therefore greater potential stability, of pollination service. For the other sampling units, and for bumblebees (Bombus spp.), there was no treatment effect on species richness. Further work is needed to investigate the effect of AF on species richness and its mechanistic basis. Our results also highlight the importance of AF system design, ensuring that ecosystem services outcomes are explicitly planned at the design stage. We suggest that AF has a role to play in improving the sustainability of modern farming and in mitigating the ongoing loss of wild pollinating insects, which is strongly driven by prevailing agricultural practices. AU - Varah, Alexa AU - Jones, Hannah AU - Smith, Jo AU - Potts, Simon G. DA - 2020/10// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107031 KW - Abundance KW - Agroforestry KW - Bumblebee KW - Hoverfly KW - Pollination service KW - Richness KW - Solitary bee PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2020 TI - Temperate agroforestry systems provide greater pollination service than monoculture T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment VL - 301 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Trees that characterized many agricultural landscapes across Europe are declining, despite the recent revival of agroforestry research and increasing direct payments for their maintenance. Therefore, in addition to field experiments, there is a need for transdisciplinary research in close alliance with local farmers. This paper proposes a three-step participatory design and assessment approach, incorporating local innovation and scientific evidence. To our knowledge, this is the first participatory and bioeconomic analysis of farmer-designed agroforestry systems in Europe. First, an exploratory survey of farmers’ innovations in Switzerland was conducted together with a literature review. Based on the survey, 14 representative agroforestry practices were defined for the bioeconomic assessment, focusing on walnut (Juglans hybr.) and wild cherry (Prunus avium). The predictions of long-term yields were made with the Yield-SAFE model, and the profitability was assessed using the Farm-SAFE model. The survey results suggested a lack of local knowledge on key ecosystem services provided by agroforestry. It is therefore recommended to apply the concept of ecosystem services, in order to support the design of multifunctional agriculture and to increase the willingness to pay for its services. According to our yield predictions, mixing trees and crops was commonly more productive (12 out of the 14 options, land equivalent ratio = 0.95–1.30) than growing them in separate forestry or arable systems. This result contradicts the widespread view among modern Swiss farmers that agroforestry is unproductive. In terms of profitability, 68 % of the 56 financial scenarios for the agroforestry practices, particularly those linked to innovative marketing of fruit or receiving payments for ecosystem services, were found to be more profitable than the business as usual reference systems. These results demonstrate that there is a need and a value in bridging the gap between scientists and farmers, in order to coproduce applied knowledge for the design of productive agroforestry practices. AU - Sereke, Firesenai AU - Graves, Anil R. AU - Dux, Dunja AU - Palma, Joao H.N. AU - Herzog, Felix DA - 2015/4// DO - 10.1007/s13593-014-0261-2 IS - 2 KW - Agroenvironmental policy KW - Ecosystem services KW - Participatory research PB - Springer-Verlag France PY - 2015 SP - 759 EP - 770 TI - Innovative agroecosystem goods and services: key profitability drivers in Swiss agroforestry T2 - Agronomy for Sustainable Development VL - 35 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Agroforestry is a new name for a rather old practice. From a historical point of view, various agroforestry systems existed in Europe, of which the wood pastures (Neolithicum), the Dehesas in Spain (~4,500 years old) and the Hauberg of the Siegerland (established in the Middle Age) are the most prominent. Other widespread systems in Europe were hedgerows, windbreaks and Streuobst (orchard intercropping). Due to mechanisation and intensification of agriculture, trees have been progressively removed from agricultural fields and traditional agroforestry systems slowly disappeared. Today, agroforestry systems are again increasing in interest as they offer the potential to solve important ecological and, especially, biodiversity problems, while at the same time enabling the production of food, wood products and fodder for cattle. Although agroforestry systems offer many advantages, many farmers are sceptical of these systems and are critical and risk-averse with regard to adopting new practices. However, in comparison to traditional systems, modern agroforestry systems can be adapted to current farming practices. By selecting suitable trees and appropriate tree management, high-quality timber can be produced without influencing agricultural crops excessively. In future, agroforestry systems will become increasingly important as they offer the prospect of producing woody perennials for bioenergy on the same land area as food and/or fodder plants, while enhancing overall biodiversity AU - Nerlich, K. AU - Graeff-Hönninger, S. AU - Claupein, W. DA - 2013/4// DO - 10.1007/s10457-012-9560-2 IS - 2 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC PY - 2013 SP - 475 EP - 492 TI - Agroforestry in Europe: a review of the disappearance of traditional systems and development of modern agroforestry practices, with emphasis on experiences in Germany T2 - Agroforestry Systems VL - 87 ER - TY - GEN AB - The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale. © 2006 The Royal Society. AU - Klein, Alexandra Maria AU - Vaissière, Bernard E. AU - Cane, James H. AU - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf AU - Cunningham, Saul A. AU - Kremen, Claire AU - Tscharntke, Teja DA - 2007/2// DO - 10.1098/rspb.2006.3721 IS - 1608 KW - Agriculture KW - Biodiversity KW - Conservation KW - Pollination KW - Spatial ecology KW - Wild bees PB - Royal Society PY - 2007 SP - 303 EP - 313 TI - Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences VL - 274 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The characteristics of the pasture and performance of dairy heifers were evaluated in a silvopastoral system (SPS) established with Brachiaria decumbens grass in a consortium with four tree species (105 trees/ha) and in a monoculture system of Brachiaria decumbens (MS). Thirty-two paddocks (0.5. ha/paddock) were used, sixteen for each system (SPS and MS). The paddocks were managed under rotational stocking, with seven days occupation and 35 and 45 days of rest during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The treatments were distributed in a randomised block design with two repetitions. The heifers used had an initial weight of 200 kg and a variable stocking rate as a function of the herbage allowance of 7.0. kg of DM/100 kg of body weight/day. The forage mass was estimated at each grazing cycle. For each sample, the DM, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre contents were determined as well as the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). All animals were weighed every 35 days to estimate daily body weight gain and weight production per area. The forage dry mass, stocking rate and herbage allowance were similar between the systems studied, but they varied according to season. Average values of 2031 and 1100 kg/ha/grazing cycle, 1.6 and 0.8. AU (Animal unit = 450 kg of body weight)/ha and 7.2 and 5.0. kg DM/100 kg of body weight were estimated for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The values for crude protein content were higher in the SPS in the rainy season, while the NDF and IVDMD did not vary with raising system. The body weight gains per animal and per hectare in the dry season did not vary, but were higher in the SPS during the rainy season in the first and third experimental years. The annual body weight gains were also higher in SPS than in the MS. It was concluded that the SPS is more efficient for rearing dairy heifers than the MS due to the higher body weight gain per heifer and per area. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. AU - Paciullo, Domingos Sávio Campos AU - de Castro, Carlos Renato Tavares AU - Gomide, Carlos Augusto de Miranda AU - Maurício, Rogério Martins AU - Pires, Maria de Fátima Ávila AU - Müller, Marcelo Dias AU - Xavier, Deise Ferreira DA - 2011/11// DO - 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.05.012 IS - 2-3 KW - Body weight KW - Brachiaria decumbens KW - Dairy heifers KW - Forage quality KW - Herbage mass KW - Shading PY - 2011 SP - 166 EP - 172 TI - Performance of dairy heifers in a silvopastoral system T2 - Livestock Science VL - 141 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The growing and utilization of woody plants on agricultural land used to be a part of traditional land use systems in many countries, including Germany. In the tropics, 'modern' agroforestry systems have been propagated since the 1970s, and countries of the temperate zones have also been researching and testing them. In Germany, the question of (re)introducing agroforestry systems has been raised only in recent years. As yet, few plots have been established. How appealing is this kind of land use to German farmers? The current situation in Germany is analysed and compared with the reasons for the implementation of agroforestry systems elsewhere. © 2010 Publishing Technology. AU - Reeg, Tatjana DA - 2011/3// DO - 10.5367/oa.2011.0032 IS - 1 KW - Decision making KW - Environmental benefits KW - Future land use KW - Landscape management PY - 2011 SP - 45 EP - 50 TI - Agroforestry systems as land use alternatives in Germany? A comparison with approaches taken in other countries T2 - Outlook on Agriculture VL - 40 ER - TY - GEN AB - Soil degradation is a global concern, decreasing the soil's ability to perform a multitude of functions. In Europe, one of the leading causes of soil degradation is unsustainable agricultural practices. Hence, there is a need to explore alternative production systems for enhanced agronomic productivity and environmental performance, such as agroforestry systems (AFS). Given this, the objective of the study is to enumerate the major benefits and challenges in the adoption of AFS. AFS can improve agronomic productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity, water retention, and pollination. Furthermore, they can reduce soil erosion and incidence of fire and provide recreational and cultural benefits. There are several challenges to the adoption and uptake of AFS in Europe, including high costs for implementation, lack of financial incentives, limited AFS product marketing, lack of education, awareness, and field demonstrations. Policies for financial incentives such as subsidies and payments for ecosystem services provided by AFS must be introduced or amended. Awareness of AFS products must be increased for consumers through appropriate marketing strategies, and landowners need more opportunities for education on how to successfully manage diverse, economically viable AFS. Finally, field-based evidence is required for informed decision-making by farmers, advisory services, and policy-making bodies. AU - Sollen-Norrlin, Maya AU - Ghaley, Bhim Bahadur AU - Rintoul, Naomi Laura Jane DA - 2020/9// DO - 10.3390/su12177001 IS - 17 KW - Agroecology KW - Agroforestry KW - Agronomic productivity KW - Ecosystem services KW - Farmland management KW - Sustainability PB - MDPI PY - 2020 TI - Agroforestry benefits and challenges for adoption in Europe and beyond T2 - Sustainability (Switzerland) VL - 12 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Linser AU - Stefanie TI - Indikatoren für nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung des Österreichischen Walddialoges ER - TY - RPRT AU - 13z039578, M PY - 2016 TI - Praxisinformation UR - https://bfw.ac.at ER - TY - RPRT AU - Bernhard, Wolfslehner AU - Harald, Vacik AU - Andrea, Würz AU - Josef, Spörk AU - Eduard, Hochbichler AU - Manfred, Lexer J AU - Raphael, Klumpp PY - 2004 TI - Umsetzung und Relevanz der paneuropäischen Richtlinien für eine nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung Evaluierung auf betrieblicher Ebene unter Berücksichtigung unter-schiedlicher Zielsetzungen und Rahmenbedingungen Endbericht an das BMLFUW Inhaltsverzeichnis ER - TY - RPRT AU - Teufelbauer, Norbert AU - Berger, Ambros AU - Büchsenmeister, Richard AU - Seaman, Benjamin AU - Regner, Bruno KW - () TI - Waldvogelindikator für Österreich (Woodland Bird Index) Waldvogelindikator für Österreich (Woodland Bird Index) Waldvogelindikator für Österreich (Woodland Bird Index) ER - TY - JOUR AB - Austria is one of the few countries with a long tradition of monitoring the economic performance of forest holdings. The national Farm Accountancy Data Network also addresses some forestry-specific issues, given the high significance of farm forestry in this country. However, it is not possible to assess the profitability of small-scale farm forestry in mountainous regions based on a representative sample. In this paper, we demonstrate how information gaps can be overcome by means of economic modeling and present results of this approach for mountain forestry for the first time. In spite of the unfavorable conditions of an alpine setting, forestry tends to be of special significance for the viability and resilience of family farms in these regions. Sustainable forest management that safeguards the ecosystem services provided by forests relies mostly on the profitability of timber production. Thus, the economic development of farm forestry is a key factor in achieving targets 15.1 and 15.4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in mountain regions. AU - Toscani, Philipp AU - Sekot, Walter DA - 2017/8// DO - 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00106.1 IS - 3 KW - Agenda 2030 KW - Farm Accountancy Data Network KW - Forest accountancy data network KW - Sustainable Development Goals KW - family farming KW - mountain Forestry KW - ratio analysis KW - small-scale farm forestry KW - sustainable forest management KW - value chain analysis PB - International Mountain Society PY - 2017 SP - 271 EP - 280 TI - Assessing the Economic Situation of Small-Scale Farm Forestry in Mountain Regions: A Case Study in Austria T2 - Mountain Research and Development VL - 37 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Evaluierung des aktuellen Standes der Programmumsetzung im Wald-/Forstsektor UR - www.boku.ac.at/forstt ER - TY - RPRT AB - Die Verwendung von bleihaltiger Büchsenmunition wird auch in Österreich heiß diskutiert. Von Seiten des Tier-, Natur-und Verbraucherschutzes werden immer mehr Einwände vorgebracht. Greifvögel sollen an ihr verenden und Wildfleisch soll mit Blei belastet sein. In unserem Nachbarstaat Deutschland haben schon zahlreiche Forst-und Jagdbetriebe freiwillig das Verbot der Jagdausübung mit bleihaltiger Büchsenmunition erlassen und die Tendenz ist weiter steigend. Auch die Politik befasst sich mittlerweile mit dem Thema. Höchste Zeit also, den aktuellen Wissensstand über bleifreie Munition einmal zusammenzufassen. Bei der Jagausübung geht es vorrangig darum, dass die Geschosse tierschutzgerecht töten, maximale Sicherheit bei der Jagd garantieren und obendrein toxikologisch unbedenklich für Mensch, Tier und Natur sind, das Geschossmaterial sollte dabei nebensächlich sein. Aufgrund der Debatte um den Einsatz bleifreier Geschosse wurden einige Projekte durchgeführt, welche zum Ziel hatten, die tierschutzgerechte und jagdpraktisch akzeptable Anwendbarkeit sowie den Schadstoffeintrag in das Lebensmittel Wildbret zu untersuchen. Das Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) hat verschiedene Modellrechnungen zur Aufnahme von Blei über Lebensmittel, im Besonderen durch den Verzehr von Wildbret, und zu der toxischen Wirkung der aufgenommen Menge durchgeführt. Blei ist schon in kleinen Mengen schädlich und bereits bei niedrigen Konzentrationen kommt es zu negativen gesundheitlichen Folgen. Wildfleisch gehört zu den Lebensmitteln mit der höchsten Bleibelastung. Ursache dafür ist die Verwendung bleihaltiger Munition bei der Jagd. Selbst ein großzügiges Entfernen des Wildbrets um den Schusskanal reicht meist nicht aus um die Bleisplitter zu entfernen. Röntgenbilder und deren Auswertung belegen, dass mit bleihaltiger Munition erlegtes Schalenwild Geschosssplitter im Radius von 30 cm um den Schusskanal aufweist (Abb.1). Bei einem Durchschnittsverbrauch von ca. 0,4 kg Wildfleisch pro Jahr (das sind 1-2 Mahlzeiten) ist dies toxikologisch unbedeutend, vor allem im Hinblick darauf, dass die größte Bleimenge über die Grundnahrungsmittel wie Obst, Gemüse, Getreide und Getränke aufgenommen wird. Die Bleikonzentration in diesen Grundnahrungsmitteln ist zwar sehr viel geringer, der Durchschnittsverbrauch jedoch um ein vielfaches höher. Das BfR ist allerdings der Meinung, dass jede zusätzliche Bleiaufnahme vermieden werden sollte. Besonders gilt dies für Kinder unter 7 Jahren und Schwangere, da die Entwicklung des Nervensystems beeinträchtigt werden kann. In Jägerhaushalten (im Durchschnitt zw. 50 und 90 Wildmahlzeiten) ist die gesundheitliche Gefährdung durch Blei besonders hoch. Das BfR empfiehlt deshalb die Verwendung von bleifreier Munition. Am Institut für Fleischhygiene der Vet. med. Universität Wien wurde im Hinblick auf die Metallanreicherung im Wildbret und die damit verbundenen Gesundheitsrisiken, die Kontaminierung des Fleisches mit dem Bleiersatzstoff Kupfer untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Kupfergehalt um den Schusskanal nicht oder unwesentlich höher ist als bei bleihaltig erlegtem Wild. Somit wird der empfohlene Tagesbedarf bei der Aufnahme einer Wildmahlzeit noch nicht einmal zu 50 % erreicht. Viel risikoreicher ist dagegen die Aufnahme von Blei durch andere Wildtiere, denn für diese kann es lebensbedrohlich werden. Vor allem sich von Aas ernährende Greifvögel wie Bartgeier und Steinadler sind davon betroffen und bezahlen den Verzehr von Aufbruch oder angeschossenem und verendetem Wild sehr oft mit ihrem Leben, da Greifvögel sehr empfindlich auf Blei reagieren. Aufgrund des sauren Magenmilieus, der langen Verweildauer und der besonderen Physiologie des Greifvogelmagens AU - Traube, Dipl.-Ing Miriam TI - Bleifreie Büchsenmunition-Ein Überblick ER - TY - RPRT TI - BIODIVERSITÄTS-STRATEGIE ÖSTERREICH 2030 - Öffentliche Konsultation UR - https://ipbes.net/global-assessment ER - TY - JOUR AU - Reimoser, Von F AU - Forstner, M AU - Hackl, J AU - Heckl, E DO - 10.1007/s PB - Springer-Verlag PY - 2003 SP - 275 EP - 287 TI - Kriterien und Indikatoren einer nachhaltigen Jagd 1 T2 - Z. Jagdwiss UR - www.biodiv.at/chm/jagd VL - 49 ER - TY - RPRT AB - This contribution gives an overview about forest diversity of coppice forests in general and describes the plant species richness, stand structure and protection status by means of examples from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia and Macedonia. There is a trend of decreasing tree species richness observed in coppice forests in several countries in Central and South Eastern Europe, which is considered as one of the main shortcomings of this management approach, both historically as well as in recent years. On the other hand coppice forest management can maintain and improve the characteristic habitats and levels of forest diversity. In this context the overall conversion of coppice forests to high forests and/or the strict protection of sites could lead to a loss of forest diversity in the long run. The authors conclude that there is still lack of information and knowledge regarding the importance of coppice forests in maintaining forest diversity at various levels. AU - Vacik, Harald IS - 1 KW - Coppice forests KW - Natura 2000 KW - conservation management KW - conversion KW - species richness PY - 2009 TI - Role of coppice foRests in maintaining foRest biodiveRsity T2 - Silva Balcanica VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Peatlands are strategic areas for climate change mitigation because of their matchless carbon stocks. Drained peatlands release this carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). Peatland rewetting effectively stops these CO2 emissions, but also re-establishes the emission of methane (CH4). Essentially, management must choose between CO2 emissions from drained, or CH4 emissions from rewetted, peatland. This choice must consider radiative effects and atmospheric lifetimes of both gases, with CO2 being a weak but persistent, and CH4 a strong but short-lived, greenhouse gas. The resulting climatic effects are, thus, strongly time-dependent. We used a radiative forcing model to compare forcing dynamics of global scenarios for future peatland management using areal data from the Global Peatland Database. Our results show that CH4 radiative forcing does not undermine the climate change mitigation potential of peatland rewetting. Instead, postponing rewetting increases the long-term warming effect through continued CO2 emissions. AU - Günther, Anke AU - Barthelmes, Alexandra AU - Huth, Vytas AU - Joosten, Hans AU - Jurasinski, Gerald AU - Koebsch, Franziska AU - Couwenberg, John DA - 2020/12// DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-15499-z IS - 1 PB - Nature Research PY - 2020 TI - Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions T2 - Nature Communications VL - 11 ER - TY - BOOK AB - This is the first document to collate current knowledge on the state of the world’s plants. A large team of researchers has reviewed published literature, scrutinised global databases and synthesised new datasets. The output presented here represents a status report on our knowledge of global vegetation as it stands in 2016. The report is in three sections. The first part describes what we currently know about plants: how many plant species there are. The second part of the report assesses our knowledge of global threats to plants. In particular, we review the potential impacts of climate change, land-use change, invasive plants, plant diseases, and extinction risk. The third part details international trade, as well as policies and international agreements that are in place to deal with some of the threats. AU - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew SN - 9781842466285 SP - 80 EP - 80 TI - State of the world's plants ER - TY - BOOK AB - [1]. Grünland, Grünlandbrachen und Trockenrasen, Hochstauden- und Hochgrasfluren ... -- [2]. Moore, Sümpfe und Quellfluren, Hochgebirgsrasen, Polsterfluren, Rasenfragmente und Schneeböden ... -- [3]. Binnengewässer, Gewässer- und Ufervegetation ... AU - Austria. Umweltbundesamt. PB - NWV, Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag PY - 2004 SN - 3708301617 TI - Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen Österreichs ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization. AU - Seebens, Hanno AU - Blackburn, Tim M. AU - Dyer, Ellie E. AU - Genovesi, Piero AU - Hulme, Philip E. AU - Jeschke, Jonathan M. AU - Pagad, Shyama AU - Pyšek, Petr AU - Winter, Marten AU - Arianoutsou, Margarita AU - Bacher, Sven AU - Blasius, Bernd AU - Brundu, Giuseppe AU - Capinha, César AU - Celesti-Grapow, Laura AU - Dawson, Wayne AU - Dullinger, Stefan AU - Fuentes, Nicol AU - Jäger, Heinke AU - Kartesz, John AU - Kenis, Marc AU - Kreft, Holger AU - Kühn, Ingolf AU - Lenzner, Bernd AU - Liebhold, Andrew AU - Mosena, Alexander AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Nishino, Misako AU - Pearman, David AU - Pergl, Jan AU - Rabitsch, Wolfgang AU - Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa AU - Roques, Alain AU - Rorke, Stephanie AU - Rossinelli, Silvia AU - Roy, Helen E. AU - Scalera, Riccardo AU - Schindler, Stefan AU - Štajerová, Kateřina AU - Tokarska-Guzik, Barbara AU - Van Kleunen, Mark AU - Walker, Kevin AU - Weigelt, Patrick AU - Yamanaka, Takehiko AU - Essl, Franz DA - 2017/2// DO - 10.1038/ncomms14435 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2017 TI - No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide T2 - Nature Communications VL - 8 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Kirchmeir Michael Huber Vanessa Berger, Hanns DI AU - Daniel Wuttej Maxim Grigull, Di AU - Pichler-Koban Mag Romana Piiroja Grafische Bearbeitung, Christina AU - Anna Kovarovics Vanessa Berger, Di AU - Enzenhofer, Karin AU - Kirchmeir, Hanns AU - Zednicek, Andreas AU - Mind, Direct TI - ERSTER UNABHÄNGIGER WALDBERICHT FÜR ÖSTERREICH 2020 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent reports of local extinctions of arthropod species1, and of massive declines in arthropod biomass2, point to land-use intensification as a major driver of decreasing biodiversity. However, to our knowledge, there are no multisite time series of arthropod occurrences across gradients of land-use intensity with which to confirm causal relationships. Moreover, it remains unclear which land-use types and arthropod groups are affected, and whether the observed declines in biomass and diversity are linked to one another. Here we analyse data from more than 1 million individual arthropods (about 2,700 species), from standardized inventories taken between 2008 and 2017 at 150 grassland and 140 forest sites in 3 regions of Germany. Overall gamma diversity in grasslands and forests decreased over time, indicating loss of species across sites and regions. In annually sampled grasslands, biomass, abundance and number of species declined by 67%, 78% and 34%, respectively. The decline was consistent across trophic levels and mainly affected rare species; its magnitude was independent of local land-use intensity. However, sites embedded in landscapes with a higher cover of agricultural land showed a stronger temporal decline. In 30 forest sites with annual inventories, biomass and species number—but not abundance—decreased by 41% and 36%, respectively. This was supported by analyses of all forest sites sampled in three-year intervals. The decline affected rare and abundant species, and trends differed across trophic levels. Our results show that there are widespread declines in arthropod biomass, abundance and the number of species across trophic levels. Arthropod declines in forests demonstrate that loss is not restricted to open habitats. Our results suggest that major drivers of arthropod decline act at larger spatial scales, and are (at least for grasslands) associated with agriculture at the landscape level. This implies that policies need to address the landscape scale to mitigate the negative effects of land-use practices. AU - Seibold, Sebastian AU - Gossner, Martin M. AU - Simons, Nadja K. AU - Blüthgen, Nico AU - Müller, Jörg AU - Ambarlı, Didem AU - Ammer, Christian AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Fischer, Markus AU - Habel, Jan C. AU - Linsenmair, Karl Eduard AU - Nauss, Thomas AU - Penone, Caterina AU - Prati, Daniel AU - Schall, Peter AU - Schulze, Ernst Detlef AU - Vogt, Juliane AU - Wöllauer, Stephan AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W. DA - 2019/10// DO - 10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3 IS - 7780 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2019 SP - 671 EP - 674 TI - Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers T2 - Nature VL - 574 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2019 ER - TY - JOUR DO - 10.19217/skr618 SN - 3520890100 TI - Biodiversität und Klima. Vernetzung der Akteure in Deutschland XVII. Dokumentation der 17. Tagung UR - www.bfn.de ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2019 SN - 9783947851133 TI - The global assessment report on BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS OF THE IPBES GLOBAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES UR - www.ipbes.net ER - TY - JOUR AB - Habitat loss through land-use change is the most pressing threat to biodiversity worldwide. European semi-natural grasslands have suffered an ongoing decline since the early twentieth century, but we have limited knowledge of how grassland loss has affected biodiversity across large spatial scales. We quantify land-use change over 50–70 years across a 175,000 km2 super-region in southern Sweden, identifying a widespread loss of open cover and a homogenisation of landscape structure, although these patterns vary considerably depending on the historical composition of the landscape. Analysing species inventories from 46,796 semi-natural grasslands, our results indicate that habitat loss and degradation have resulted in a decline in grassland specialist plant species. Local factors are the best predictors of specialist richness, but the historical landscape predicts present-day richness better than the contemporary landscape. This supports the widespread existence of time-lagged biodiversity responses, indicating that further species losses could occur in the future. AU - Auffret, Alistair G. AU - Kimberley, Adam AU - Plue, Jan AU - Waldén, Emelie DA - 2018/12// DO - 10.1038/s41467-018-05991-y IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2018 TI - Super-regional land-use change and effects on the grassland specialist flora T2 - Nature Communications VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sturmbauer, Christian AU - Berg, Christian AU - Strauss, Joseph DO - 10.1553/KIOESOP_008 PY - 2018 SP - 71 EP - 84 TI - Die biologisch-ökologische Perspektive auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft in Österreich Einleitung T2 - Commission for Interdisciplinary Ecological Studies (KIOES) KIOES Opinions VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Against a background of increasing land use intensification on favorable agricultural areas and land abandonment on less arable areas in the Alps, the aim of this investigation was to detect whether and how 10 differently used types of grassland can be distinguished by site factors, plant species composition, and biodiversity. By using a very large number of vegetation surveys (936) that were widely distributed in the Central Alps, site parameters and species composition of the different land use types were compared by discriminant analyses and various biodiversity indices. Results showed that land use is a significant factor affecting the development of different grassland communities with site factors playing a subordinate, yet important role. The 10 land use types studied can be clearly differentiated from one another by single species as well as by species composition. Our study found that the number of plant communities along with the number of species decreases constantly and significantly with increasing land use intensity and on abandoned land. For example, on average, extensively used meadows have more than three times as many species as intensively used meadows. Further, the most even distribution of species (Evenness index) is reached in intensively used meadows, whereas on pastures and abandoned land, some species become dominant forcing other species to recede. The results confirm that due to current trends in agriculture, such as land abandonment and land use intensification, plant diversity in the Alps is decreasing considerably. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. AU - Niedrist, Georg AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Lüth, Christian AU - Dalla Via, Josef AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike DA - 2009/6// DO - 10.1007/s11258-008-9487-x IS - 2 KW - Alpine meadows KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Evenness index KW - Land abandonment KW - Land use intensification PY - 2009 SP - 195 EP - 210 TI - Plant diversity declines with recent land use changes in European Alps T2 - Plant Ecology VL - 202 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In many parts of the world forest disturbance regimes have intensified recently, and future climatic changes are expected to amplify this development further in the coming decades. These changes are increasingly challenging the main objectives of forest ecosystem management, which are to provide ecosystem services sustainably to society and maintain the biological diversity of forests. Yet a comprehensive understanding of how disturbances affect these primary goals of ecosystem management is still lacking. We conducted a global literature review on the impact of three of the most important disturbance agents (fire, wind, and bark beetles) on 13 different ecosystem services and three indicators of biodiversity in forests of the boreal, cool- and warm-temperate biomes. Our objectives were to (i) synthesize the effect of natural disturbances on a wide range of possible objectives of forest management, and (ii) investigate standardized effect sizes of disturbance for selected indicators via a quantitative meta-analysis. We screened a total of 1958 disturbance studies published between 1981 and 2013, and reviewed 478 in detail. We first investigated the overall effect of disturbances on individual ecosystem services and indicators of biodiversity by means of independence tests, and subsequently examined the effect size of disturbances on indicators of carbon storage and biodiversity by means of regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated the effect of commonly used approaches of disturbance management, i.e. salvage logging and prescribed burning. We found that disturbance impacts on ecosystem services are generally negative, an effect that was supported for all categories of ecosystem services, i.e. supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services (P < 0.001). Indicators of biodiversity, i.e. species richness, habitat quality and diversity indices, on the other hand were found to be influenced positively by disturbance (P < 0.001). Our analyses thus reveal a 'disturbance paradox', documenting that disturbances can put ecosystem services at risk while simultaneously facilitating biodiversity. A detailed investigation of disturbance effect sizes on carbon storage and biodiversity further underlined these divergent effects of disturbance. While a disturbance event on average causes a decrease in total ecosystem carbon by 38.5% (standardized coefficient for stand-replacing disturbance), it on average increases overall species richness by 35.6%. Disturbance-management approaches such as salvage logging and prescribed burning were neither found significantly to mitigate negative effects on ecosystem services nor to enhance positive effects on biodiversity, and thus were not found to alleviate the disturbance paradox. Considering that climate change is expected to intensify natural disturbance regimes, our results indicate that biodiversity will generally benefit from such changes while a sustainable provisioning of ecosystem services might come increasingly under pressure. This underlines that disturbance risk and resilience require increased attention in ecosystem management in the future, and that new approaches to addressing the disturbance paradox in management are needed. AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Seidl, Rupert DA - 2016/8// DO - 10.1111/brv.12193 IS - 3 KW - bark beetles KW - biodiversity KW - disturbance effect KW - disturbance paradox KW - ecosystem services KW - fire KW - forest management KW - prescribed burning KW - salvage logging KW - wind PB - Blackwell Publishing Ltd PY - 2016 SP - 760 EP - 781 TI - Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests T2 - Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society VL - 91 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Loss of biodiversity is one of the major challenges of the anthropocene. Various indices are used to quantify biodiversity. For vertebrates, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) uses the Living Planet Index (LPI). It is calculated globally as well as separately for the species occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biomes. Action to prevent biodiversity loss can be taken by countries or provinces, so it is important to understand the changes in biodiversity at local scales. We present LPIs for vertebrates in Austria, both unweighted and weighted, according to species richness. Vertebrate populations seem to have declined strongly in Austria, and their abundance was stabilized at about 60% of the initial population size in the base year 1990-the LPI declined from 1 in 1990 to ~0.6 (unweighted) or ~0.7 (weighted) in 2015. This is almost double the global decline for the same period. LPIs were calculated separately for the terrestrial biome (~0.6), the freshwater biome (~0.9), birds (~0.7), and native species (~0.6). These indices give evidence that conservation measure to halt biodiversity loss in Austria is necessary and show where more data are needed. In Austria, more research is needed especially on populations of reptile species. AU - Semmelmayer, Katharina AU - Hackländer, Klaus DA - 2020/3// DO - 10.2478/boku-2020-0003 IS - 1 KW - Living Planet Index KW - autochthonous KW - biodiversity goals KW - biodiversity loss KW - vertebrate diversity PB - Sciendo PY - 2020 SP - 19 EP - 30 TI - Monitoring vertebrate abundance in Austria: Developments over 30 years T2 - Bodenkultur VL - 71 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Our knowledge of temperate broadleaf forest ecology is based mostly on the study of production forests, which lack the terminal stage of forest development and have a simpler stand structure than old-growth and primeval forests. How primeval and production forests differ in net primary production (NPP) is not well known. In three primeval and three nearby production forests of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in the Slovakian Carpathians, we measured aboveground biomass stocks (live and dead), aboveground NPP (ANPP) and parameters characterizing canopy structural diversity (leaf area index and its spatial variation). Our study aims were (1) to explore the role of canopy structural diversity for ANPP and (2) to assess evidence of a productivity decline in the terminal stage. While aboveground live biomass stocks were on average 20% greater in the primeval forests (386 vs. 320 Mg ha−1; insignificant difference at two sites), deadwood mass stocks were on average four times larger than in the production forests (86 vs. 19 Mg ha−1). ANPP was similarly high in the primeval and production forests (10.0 vs. 9.9 Mg ha−1 y−1) and did not decrease towards the terminal stage. Production models indicate that, in the primeval forests, about 10% of ANPP (ca. 1 Mg ha−1 y−1) was generated by effects related to leaf area heterogeneity, evidencing a positive effect of structural diversity on forest productivity, even though species diversity was low. This study helps to better understand the impact of forest management on the productivity and carbon storage in temperate woodlands. AU - Glatthorn, Jonas AU - Feldmann, Eike AU - Pichler, Viliam AU - Hauck, Markus AU - Leuschner, Christoph DA - 2018/6// DO - 10.1007/s10021-017-0179-z IS - 4 KW - Fagus sylvatica KW - NPP KW - Slovakia KW - age-related productivity decline KW - biomass stock KW - canopy structural diversity KW - forest development stage KW - leaf area index KW - old-growth forests KW - wood production PB - Springer New York LLC PY - 2018 SP - 704 EP - 722 TI - Biomass Stock and Productivity of Primeval and Production Beech Forests: Greater Canopy Structural Diversity Promotes Productivity T2 - Ecosystems VL - 21 ER - TY - GEN AB - Globalization of trade and travel has facilitated the spread of non-native species across the earth. A proportion of these species become established and cause serious environmental, economic, and human health impacts. These species are referred to as invasive, and are now recognized as one of the major drivers of biodiversity change across the globe. As a long-time centre for trade, Europe has seen the introduction and subsequent establishment of at least several thousand non-native species. These range in taxonomy from viruses and bacteria to fungi, plants, and animals. Although invasive species cause major negative impacts across all regions of Europe, they also offer scientists the opportunity to develop and test theory about how species enter and leave communities, how nonnative and native species interact with each other, and how different types of species affect ecosystem functions. For these reasons, there has been recent growth in the field of invasion biology as scientists work to understand the process of Invasion, the changes that Invasive species cause to their recipient ecosystems, and the ways that the problems of invasive species can be reduced. This review covers the process and drivers of species invasions in Europe, the socio-economic factors that make some regions particularly strongly Invaded, and the ecological factors that make some species particularly invasive. We describe the Impacts of invasive species in Europe, the difficulties Involved In reducing these impacts, and explain the policy options currently being considered. We outline the reasons that invasive species create unique policy challenges, and suggest some rules of thumb for designing and implementing management programs. If new management programs are not enacted in Europe, it is inevitable that more invasive species will arrive, and that the total economic, environmental, and human health impacts from these species will continue to grow. © 2011 Keller et al; licensee Springer. AU - Keller, Reuben P. AU - Geist, Juergen AU - Jeschke, Jonathan M. AU - Kühn, Lngolf DA - 2011/12// DO - 10.1186/2190-4715-23-23 IS - 1 KW - Alien species KW - Biodiversity conservation KW - Biological invasions KW - Biotic resistance KW - Impacts of invasive species KW - Management KW - Pathways KW - Policy KW - Tens rule KW - Vectors PY - 2011 TI - Invasive species in Europe: Ecology, status, and policy T2 - Environmental Sciences Europe VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study aims at (1) detecting the main agricultural land-use/land-cover (LULC) trends that have occurred across the Alps since the 19th century and (2) assessing how landscape-scale biodiversity is affected by spatiotemporal LULC patterns. In a representative analysis, 35 municipalities covering the principal types of environmental, agro-economic and political conditions in the Alps were investigated. Based on historical maps and aerial photographs the LULC trends were determined using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Data on the plant species richness of the occurring LULC classes were derived from phytosociological literature. Finally, land-cover and floristic data were used to calculate indicators for the three aspects of α-, β- and γ-diversity.Five main LULC trends could be found. Areas with grassland farming either experienced (1) the abandonment of grassland or (2) continuous grassland use. Areas with mixed agriculture either underwent (3) a specialisation in grassland farming, (4) a specialisation in vine and fruit cultures or (5) the continuous use of arable fields. Vine and fruit farming along with land abandonment and urban sprawl had the most negative impact on all aspects of landscape-scale biodiversity. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. AU - Zimmermann, Patrick AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Leitinger, Georg AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike DA - 2010/10// DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.010 IS - 1-2 KW - Ecoregions KW - Land-use trends KW - Plant species diversity KW - α-, β-, γ-diversity PY - 2010 SP - 13 EP - 22 TI - Effects of land-use and land-cover pattern on landscape-scale biodiversity in the European Alps T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment VL - 139 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BirdLife_Farmland Bird Index 2019_Bericht ER - TY - JOUR AB - In many parts of the world forest disturbance regimes have intensified recently, and future climatic changes are expected to amplify this development further in the coming decades. These changes are increasingly challenging the main objectives of forest ecosystem management, which are to provide ecosystem services sustainably to society and maintain the biological diversity of forests. Yet a comprehensive understanding of how disturbances affect these primary goals of ecosystem management is still lacking. We conducted a global literature review on the impact of three of the most important disturbance agents (fire, wind, and bark beetles) on 13 different ecosystem services and three indicators of biodiversity in forests of the boreal, cool- and warm-temperate biomes. Our objectives were to (i) synthesize the effect of natural disturbances on a wide range of possible objectives of forest management, and (ii) investigate standardized effect sizes of disturbance for selected indicators via a quantitative meta-analysis. We screened a total of 1958 disturbance studies published between 1981 and 2013, and reviewed 478 in detail. We first investigated the overall effect of disturbances on individual ecosystem services and indicators of biodiversity by means of independence tests, and subsequently examined the effect size of disturbances on indicators of carbon storage and biodiversity by means of regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated the effect of commonly used approaches of disturbance management, i.e. salvage logging and prescribed burning. We found that disturbance impacts on ecosystem services are generally negative, an effect that was supported for all categories of ecosystem services, i.e. supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services (P < 0.001). Indicators of biodiversity, i.e. species richness, habitat quality and diversity indices, on the other hand were found to be influenced positively by disturbance (P < 0.001). Our analyses thus reveal a 'disturbance paradox', documenting that disturbances can put ecosystem services at risk while simultaneously facilitating biodiversity. A detailed investigation of disturbance effect sizes on carbon storage and biodiversity further underlined these divergent effects of disturbance. While a disturbance event on average causes a decrease in total ecosystem carbon by 38.5% (standardized coefficient for stand-replacing disturbance), it on average increases overall species richness by 35.6%. Disturbance-management approaches such as salvage logging and prescribed burning were neither found significantly to mitigate negative effects on ecosystem services nor to enhance positive effects on biodiversity, and thus were not found to alleviate the disturbance paradox. Considering that climate change is expected to intensify natural disturbance regimes, our results indicate that biodiversity will generally benefit from such changes while a sustainable provisioning of ecosystem services might come increasingly under pressure. This underlines that disturbance risk and resilience require increased attention in ecosystem management in the future, and that new approaches to addressing the disturbance paradox in management are needed. AU - Thom, Dominik AU - Seidl, Rupert DA - 2016/8// DO - 10.1111/brv.12193 IS - 3 KW - bark beetles KW - biodiversity KW - disturbance effect KW - disturbance paradox KW - ecosystem services KW - fire KW - forest management KW - prescribed burning KW - salvage logging KW - wind PB - Blackwell Publishing Ltd PY - 2016 SP - 760 EP - 781 TI - Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests T2 - Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society VL - 91 ER - TY - GEN AB - Increasing evidence—synthesized in this paper—shows that economic growth contributes to biodiversity loss via greater resource consumption and higher emissions. Nonetheless, a review of international biodiversity and sustainability policies shows that the majority advocate economic growth. Since improvements in resource use efficiency have so far not allowed for absolute global reductions in resource use and pollution, we question the support for economic growth in these policies, where inadequate attention is paid to the question of how growth can be decoupled from biodiversity loss. Drawing on the literature about alternatives to economic growth, we explore this contradiction and suggest ways forward to halt global biodiversity decline. These include policy proposals to move beyond the growth paradigm while enhancing overall prosperity, which can be implemented by combining top-down and bottom-up governance across scales. Finally, we call the attention of researchers and policy makers to two immediate steps: acknowledge the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation in future policies; and explore socioeconomic trajectories beyond economic growth in the next generation of biodiversity scenarios. AU - Otero, Iago AU - Farrell, Katharine N. AU - Pueyo, Salvador AU - Kallis, Giorgos AU - Kehoe, Laura AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Hobson, Peter AU - García-Márquez, Jaime AU - Rodríguez-Labajos, Beatriz AU - Martin, Jean Louis AU - Erb, Karl Heinz AU - Schindler, Stefan AU - Nielsen, Jonas AU - Skorin, Teuta AU - Settele, Josef AU - Essl, Franz AU - Gómez-Baggethun, Erik AU - Brotons, Lluís AU - Rabitsch, Wolfgang AU - Schneider, François AU - Pe'er, Guy DA - 2020/7// DO - 10.1111/conl.12713 IS - 4 KW - biodiversity conservation KW - biodiversity loss KW - biodiversity policy KW - biodiversity scenarios KW - decoupling KW - degrowth KW - economic growth KW - postgrowth KW - sustainability policy KW - transition PB - Wiley-Blackwell PY - 2020 TI - Biodiversity policy beyond economic growth T2 - Conservation Letters VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Human land use may detrimentally affect biodiversity, yet long-term stability of species communities is vital for maintaining ecosystem functioning. Community stability can be achieved by higher species diversity (portfolio effect), higher asynchrony across species (insurance hypothesis) and higher abundance of populations. However, the relative importance of these stabilizing pathways and whether they interact with land use in real-world ecosystems is unknown. We monitored inter-annual fluctuations of 2,671 plant, arthropod, bird and bat species in 300 sites from three regions. Arthropods show 2.0-fold and birds 3.7-fold higher community fluctuations in grasslands than in forests, suggesting a negative impact of forest conversion. Land-use intensity in forests has a negative net impact on stability of bats and in grasslands on birds. Our findings demonstrate that asynchrony across species - much more than species diversity alone - is the main driver of variation in stability across sites and requires more attention in sustainable management. AU - Blüthgen, Nico AU - Simons, Nadja K. AU - Jung, Kirsten AU - Prati, Daniel AU - Renner, Swen C. AU - Boch, Steffen AU - Fischer, Markus AU - Hölzel, Norbert AU - Klaus, Valentin H. AU - Kleinebecker, Till AU - Tschapka, Marco AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W. AU - Gossner, Martin M. DA - 2016/2// DO - 10.1038/ncomms10697 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2016 TI - Land use imperils plant and animal community stability through changes in asynchrony rather than diversity T2 - Nature Communications VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The ski industry is often perceived as having a negative impact on sensitive alpine and subalpine communities. However, empirical evidence of such impacts is lacking. We reviewed the available literature from the last 35 years to quantify the reported effects of winter recreation on faunal communities. Overall, using one-sample binomial tests ('sign tests') we found that the effects of all types of winter recreation-related disturbances (i.e. ski runs, resort infrastructure and winter tourism) were more likely to be negative or have no effect, than be positive for wildlife. More specifically, in Europe, where the majority of the available research was conducted, the impacts of winter recreation were most often negative for fauna. In terms of specific taxa, birds and to a lesser extent mammals and arthropods, responded negatively to disturbance. Results from our meta-analysis confirmed the results from our binomial tests. Richness, abundance and diversity of fauna were lower in areas affected by winter recreation when compared with undisturbed areas. For most regions and taxa, however, empirical evidence remains too limited to identify clear impacts of winter recreation. We therefore conclude that the majority of ski resorts are operating in the absence of knowledge needed to inform effective strategies for biodiversity conservation and ecologically-sound management. Thus, there is an urgent need for more empirical research to be conducted throughout this increasingly threatened ecological community, especially given the indication from the available literature that fauna often respond negatively to winter recreation. © 2013 Sato et al. AU - Sato, Chloe F. AU - Wood, Jeff T. AU - Lindenmayer, David B. DA - 2013/5// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0064282 IS - 5 PY - 2013 TI - The Effects of Winter Recreation on Alpine and Subalpine Fauna: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis T2 - PLoS ONE VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Quantitative estimates of the range loss of mountain plants under climate change have so far mostly relied on static geographical projections of speciesĝ habitat shifts. Here, we use a hybrid model that combines such projections with simulations of demography and seed dispersal to forecast the climate-driven spatio-temporal dynamics of 150 high-mountain plant species across the European Alps. This model predicts average range size reductions of 44ĝ€"50% by the end of the twenty-first century, which is similar to projections from the most ĝ€ optimisticĝ static model (49%). However, the hybrid model also indicates that population dynamics will lag behind climatic trends and that an average of 40% of the range still occupied at the end of the twenty-first century will have become climatically unsuitable for the respective species, creating an extinction debt. Alarmingly, species endemic to the Alps seem to face the highest range losses. These results caution against optimistic conclusions from moderate range size reductions observed during the twenty-first century as they are likely to belie more severe longer-term effects of climate warming on mountain plants. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. AU - Dullinger, Stefan AU - Gattringer, Andreas AU - Thuiller, Wilfried AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. AU - Guisan, Antoine AU - Willner, Wolfgang AU - Plutzar, Christoph AU - Leitner, Michael AU - Mang, Thomas AU - Caccianiga, Marco AU - Dirnböck, Thomas AU - Ertl, Siegrun AU - Fischer, Anton AU - Lenoir, Jonathan AU - Svenning, Jens Christian AU - Psomas, Achilleas AU - Schmatz, Dirk R. AU - Silc, Urban AU - Vittoz, Pascal AU - Hülber, Karl DA - 2012/8// DO - 10.1038/nclimate1514 IS - 8 PY - 2012 SP - 619 EP - 622 TI - Extinction debt of high-mountain plants under twenty-first-century climate change T2 - Nature Climate Change VL - 2 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Essl, Franz. AU - Rabitsch, Wolfgang. AU - Austria. Umweltbundesamt. PB - Umweltbundesamt PY - 2002 SN - 3854576587 SP - 432 EP - 432 TI - Neobiota in Österreich ER - TY - JOUR AU - Poschlod, P. AU - Bakker, J. P. AU - Kahmen, S. DA - 2005/4// DO - 10.1016/j.baae.2004.12.001 IS - 2 KW - Biodiversity KW - CLIMB KW - Functional analysis KW - Land use changes KW - Phytodiversity PB - Elsevier GmbH PY - 2005 SP - 93 EP - 98 TI - Changing land use and its impact on biodiversity T2 - Basic and Applied Ecology VL - 6 ER - TY - RPRT AB - A six-point plan to help farm wildlife At Hope Farm, we follow the six-point plan recommended by Farm Wildlife, a partnership of leading wildlife organisations: 1. Look after established wildlife habitats such as woods, trees and ponds, as these places are particularly valuable for wildlife. 2. Make the most of hedges, ditches and margins, as these areas are often where wildlife is found on farmland. 3. Wet features, such as ponds, provide important places for wildlife not only to drink, but to obtain food, live in or breed. 4. Provide flower-rich areas on at least 2% of farmland as this can support pollinators and other insects. 5. Provide seed-rich areas on 2% of farmland to support farmland birds throughout winter. 6. In farmed areas, grow spring-sown crops and use in-field measures, like fallow plots in the middle of fields, to give species that live there a good chance of surviving to breed. Read more at farmwildlife.info Farming more sustainably Researching new methods 226% increase in the Hope Farm Breeding Bird Index between 2000 and 2017 Changing crop rotation Since buying the farm, we've made our crop rotation more diverse. This has helped to improve crop resilience and weed control, and the switch to spring cropping has helped a lot of species including skylarks and lapwings. Direct drilling With less disturbance to the soil, direct drilling is less destructive to the ecosystem underground-meaning that we'll be helping our worms to thrive-and aids weed control. More invertebrates in the soil will mean more food for the birds, but it is also better for us as well. Direct drilling can save on the number of cultivations required, which saves us money as well as helping the soil to build a better and stronger structure of its own. Demonstrating a different way We want to show that any farm can run a viable business and farm for wildlife at the same time. We use the Countryside Stewardship scheme (CS) to the advantage of both ourselves and wildlife, showing that both farmers and nature can thrive in the same environment. We do this by putting lower-yielding areas of land into CS, where we would make less or no profit if it was farmed conventionally. Farming 10% of our land for nature opens up premium markets under the Fair to Nature brand. While we want to demonstrate that wildlife-friendly agriculture can be achieved profitably for every farmer, we also want to research new methods to improve current farming practices. To date, we have investigated new methods to conserve skylarks, corn buntings, turtle doves and other species on arable farms, and these have progressed to influence policy for the better. Now, we are taking our research one step further and progressing to larger-scale, long-term studies across a large portion of the farm. We are participating in a five-year ASSIST project (see right) and our 10-year cover crop and compost fertiliser trials are the largest that have been undertaken at Hope Farm so far. Cover crops and compost Farmers are working to innovate and improve agricultural methods, and as part of this evolution we are seeing an increased use of both compost and cover crops to fertilise and improve levels of organic matter in their soils. Cover crops and compost are also thought to improve water drainage over winter and soil structure, and to provide weed control. At Hope Farm, we are putting these techniques under the microscope to scrutinise the key claimed benefits, and also see how useful they are as breeding and overwintering habitats for birds and invertebrates. We are running a field-scale trial across 70 hectares of the farm between 2015 and 2025, to analyse the soil's microbial functional diversity, organic carbon and labile nitrogen, crop yield, amount of black grass, and the winter and summer vegetation structure. In doing so, we hope to get a much clearer picture of the effect both compost fertilisers and cover crops have on farmland and wildlife. We hope that by demonstrating that cover crops and compost provide wider benefits to wildlife, we will strengthen the case for supporting farmers wishing to use these methods on their land. TI - Hope Farm cropping plan 2018 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Ellmauer, Thomas AU - Igel, Viktoria AU - Kudrnovsky, Helmut AU - Moser, Dietmar AU - Paternoster, David PY - 2020 SN - 9783990045558 TI - MONITORING VON LEBENSRAUMTYPEN UND ARTEN VON GEMEINSCHAFTLICHER BEDEUTUNG IN ÖSTERREICH Endbericht Teil 1: Artikel 11-Monitoring UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent reports of local extinctions of arthropod species1, and of massive declines in arthropod biomass2, point to land-use intensification as a major driver of decreasing biodiversity. However, to our knowledge, there are no multisite time series of arthropod occurrences across gradients of land-use intensity with which to confirm causal relationships. Moreover, it remains unclear which land-use types and arthropod groups are affected, and whether the observed declines in biomass and diversity are linked to one another. Here we analyse data from more than 1 million individual arthropods (about 2,700 species), from standardized inventories taken between 2008 and 2017 at 150 grassland and 140 forest sites in 3 regions of Germany. Overall gamma diversity in grasslands and forests decreased over time, indicating loss of species across sites and regions. In annually sampled grasslands, biomass, abundance and number of species declined by 67%, 78% and 34%, respectively. The decline was consistent across trophic levels and mainly affected rare species; its magnitude was independent of local land-use intensity. However, sites embedded in landscapes with a higher cover of agricultural land showed a stronger temporal decline. In 30 forest sites with annual inventories, biomass and species number—but not abundance—decreased by 41% and 36%, respectively. This was supported by analyses of all forest sites sampled in three-year intervals. The decline affected rare and abundant species, and trends differed across trophic levels. Our results show that there are widespread declines in arthropod biomass, abundance and the number of species across trophic levels. Arthropod declines in forests demonstrate that loss is not restricted to open habitats. Our results suggest that major drivers of arthropod decline act at larger spatial scales, and are (at least for grasslands) associated with agriculture at the landscape level. This implies that policies need to address the landscape scale to mitigate the negative effects of land-use practices. AU - Seibold, Sebastian AU - Gossner, Martin M. AU - Simons, Nadja K. AU - Blüthgen, Nico AU - Müller, Jörg AU - Ambarlı, Didem AU - Ammer, Christian AU - Bauhus, Jürgen AU - Fischer, Markus AU - Habel, Jan C. AU - Linsenmair, Karl Eduard AU - Nauss, Thomas AU - Penone, Caterina AU - Prati, Daniel AU - Schall, Peter AU - Schulze, Ernst Detlef AU - Vogt, Juliane AU - Wöllauer, Stephan AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W. DA - 2019/10// DO - 10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3 IS - 7780 PB - Nature Publishing Group PY - 2019 SP - 671 EP - 674 TI - Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers T2 - Nature VL - 574 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Zethner, Gerhard AU - Schwarzl, Bettina AU - Sedy, Katrin PY - 2019 SN - 9783990045138 TI - UMSTELLUNG DER ÖSTERREICHISCHEN STICKSTOFF-UND PHOSPHORBILANZ DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF EUROSTAT-VORGABEN UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT AU - Wolfgang, Rabitsch AU - Zulka, Peter TI - Insekten in Österreich ER - TY - RPRT AU - Bericht, Österreichischer TI - EU Nitratrichtlinie 91/676/EW ER - TY - BOOK PY - 1990 SN - 9783990045565 TI - Emissionstrends UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grüner Bericht 2020 Die Situation der österreichischen Land-und Forstwirtschaft UR - www.parlament.gv.at ER - TY - BOOK AB - The EU nature directives - i.e. the Habitats and Birds Directives - coordinate conservation efforts for more than 2 000 species and habitats across the EU Member States with the aim of maintaining them at or restoring them to a favourable conservation status. This report describes the state of nature in the EU during the period from 2013 to 2018, based on Member States' reporting under these directives and on subsequent assessments at EU or EU biogeographical and marine levels. The data collected serve to identify successes and shortcomings in nature conservation, key pressures and threats, the status of current conservation measures and the restoration needed to further improve the conservation status of targeted habitats and species and the population status of birds. The report also gives insights into the Natura 2000 network and its contribution to achieving favourable conservation statuses and to making progress towards targets 1 and 3 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Limitations due to poor data quality or gaps in data completeness still exist. A noteworthy portion of the reported information comes from expert opinion and partial surveys, indicating the absence or incomplete monitoring schemes in Member States. Nevertheless, the data presented are a milestone in assessing the state of nature in the EU and provide a strong basis for improving reporting, assessment and implementation to be able to achieve the aims of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. AU - European Environment Agency. SN - 9789294802590 SP - 142 EP - 142 TI - State of nature in the EU : results from reporting under the nature directives 2013-2018. ER - TY - RPRT TI - Österreichische und europäische Alternativen zu Palmöl und Soja aus Tropenregionen UR - www.fibl.org ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2019 SN - 9783947851133 TI - The global assessment report on BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS OF THE IPBES GLOBAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES UR - www.ipbes.net ER - TY - BOOK AU - Hauzenberger, Ingrid AU - Lenz, Katharina AU - Loishandl-Weisz, Harald AU - Steinbichl, Philipp AU - Offenthaler, Ivo SN - 9783990045534 TI - ERSTE ÖSTERREICHISCHE FALLSTUDIE ZU RODENTIZIDEN WIRKSTOFFEN IN DER UMWELT UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ ER - TY - RPRT AU - Umweltbundesamt KW - Broschüre KW - Daten zur Umwelt KW - Umwelt und Landwirtschaft PY - 2018 TI - Daten zur Umwelt Ausgabe 2018, Umwelt und Landwirtschaft ER - TY - JOUR TI - BINATS II ER - TY - RPRT TI - Aktionsprogramm Insektenschutz Gemeinsam wirksam gegen das Insektensterben UR - www.bmu.de ER - TY - RPRT AU - Schutz TI - Biologische Vielfalt in Österreich ER - TY - RPRT PY - 2019 TI - Ökologische Bewertung der Bewirtschaftung von Grünlandflächen hinsichtlich Nutzungsintensivierung und Nutzungsaufgabe Evaluierungsstudie im Auftrag des BMNT ER - TY - RPRT AB - Biodiversity and farmed landscapes KEY MESSAGES  EU farmland biodiversity is falling, according to available evidence.  Various factors affect farmland biodiversity. Among these are the presence (and variety) of habitats-of which core elements often include landscape features such as hedges, field margins, dry-stone walls, isolated trees etc.  Major loss of such farm landscape features has been widely reported-and in objective terms, data on this phenomenon are becoming more widely available.  In future, among the various steps needed to conserve farmland biodiversity are increases in the density of farmland landscape features under (appropriate) management by farmers.  To achieve this, the post-2020 Common Agricultural Policy should be enhanced compared to the policy's 2014-2020 form-taking into account issues such as links to EU environmental legislation, Member States' overall planning of their use of CAP funding, obligations for individual CAP beneficiaries, and the detail of policy measures available. Improvements in data and measurement (surveys, indicators) in relation to biodiversity and landscapes will also be extremely important. This brief has been written by Mike Mackenzie of DG AGRI, with input from various colleagues. Disclaimer: The contents of the publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. CAP SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES …explained-Brief No 6 CAP OBJECTIVE 6-BIODIVERSITY AND FARM LANDSCAPES 2 TI - Agriculture and Rural Development ER - TY - RPRT TI - Vielfalt auf den Acker! Ansätze für eine nachhaltigere Landwirtschaft in Deutschland LANGFASSUNG ER - TY - RPRT AU - Holzer, Thomas AU - Zuna­kratky, Thomas AU - Bieringer, Georg TI - Bewertung der Wirkung relevanter LE­ Maßnahmen auf Heuschrecken und Tagfalter als Indikatorarten für Biodiversität ER - TY - GEN AB - Biodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide. Here, we present a comprehensive review of 73 historical reports of insect declines from across the globe, and systematically assess the underlying drivers. Our work reveals dramatic rates of decline that may lead to the extinction of 40% of the world's insect species over the next few decades. In terrestrial ecosystems, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and dung beetles (Coleoptera) appear to be the taxa most affected, whereas four major aquatic taxa (Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera) have already lost a considerable proportion of species. Affected insect groups not only include specialists that occupy particular ecological niches, but also many common and generalist species. Concurrently, the abundance of a small number of species is increasing; these are all adaptable, generalist species that are occupying the vacant niches left by the ones declining. Among aquatic insects, habitat and dietary generalists, and pollutant-tolerant species are replacing the large biodiversity losses experienced in waters within agricultural and urban settings. The main drivers of species declines appear to be in order of importance: i) habitat loss and conversion to intensive agriculture and urbanisation; ii) pollution, mainly that by synthetic pesticides and fertilisers; iii) biological factors, including pathogens and introduced species; and iv) climate change. The latter factor is particularly important in tropical regions, but only affects a minority of species in colder climes and mountain settings of temperate zones. A rethinking of current agricultural practices, in particular a serious reduction in pesticide usage and its substitution with more sustainable, ecologically-based practices, is urgently needed to slow or reverse current trends, allow the recovery of declining insect populations and safeguard the vital ecosystem services they provide. In addition, effective remediation technologies should be applied to clean polluted waters in both agricultural and urban environments. AU - Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco AU - Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. DA - 2019/4// DO - 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 KW - Agriculture KW - Aquatic insects KW - Ecosystem services KW - Extinction KW - Global change ecology KW - Pesticides KW - Pollinators PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2019 SP - 8 EP - 27 TI - Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers T2 - Biological Conservation VL - 232 ER - TY - GEN AB - Diversifying agricultural landscapes may mitigate biodiversity declines and improve pest management. Yet landscapes are rarely managed to suppress pests, in part because researchers seldom measure key variables related to pest outbreaks and insecticides that drive management decisions. We used a 13-year government database to analyse landscape effects on European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) outbreaks and insecticides across c. 400 Spanish vineyards. At harvest, we found pest outbreaks increased four-fold in simplified, vineyard-dominated landscapes compared to complex landscapes in which vineyards are surrounded by semi-natural habitats. Similarly, insecticide applications doubled in vineyard-dominated landscapes but declined in vineyards surrounded by shrubland. Importantly, pest population stochasticity would have masked these large effects if numbers of study sites and years were reduced to typical levels in landscape pest-control studies. Our results suggest increasing landscape complexity may mitigate pest populations and insecticide applications. Habitat conservation represents an economically and environmentally sound approach for achieving sustainable grape production. AU - Paredes, Daniel AU - Rosenheim, Jay A. AU - Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca AU - Winter, Silvia AU - Karp, Daniel S. DA - 2021/1// DO - 10.1111/ele.13622 IS - 1 KW - Biological control KW - Lobesia botrana KW - Spain KW - ecoinformatics KW - ecosystem services KW - integrated pest management PB - Blackwell Publishing Ltd PY - 2021 SP - 73 EP - 83 TI - Landscape simplification increases vineyard pest outbreaks and insecticide use T2 - Ecology Letters VL - 24 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Das Position spapier wird getrage n von ER - TY - JOUR AB - Agricultural intensification is one of the main causes for the current biodiversity crisis. While reversing habitat loss on agricultural land is challenging, increasing the farmland configurational heterogeneity (higher field border density) and farmland compositional heterogeneity (higher crop diversity) has been proposed to counteract some habitat loss. Here, we tested whether increased farmland configurational and compositional heterogeneity promote wild pollinators and plant reproduction in 229 landscapes located in four major western European agricultural regions. High-field border density consistently increased wild bee abundance and seed set of radish (Raphanus sativus), probably through enhanced connectivity. In particular, we demonstrate the importance of crop-crop borders for pollinator movement as an additional experiment showed higher transfer of a pollen analogue along crop-crop borders than across fields or along semi-natural crop borders. By contrast, high crop diversity reduced bee abundance, probably due to an increase of crop types with particularly intensive management. This highlights the importance of crop identity when higher crop diversity is promoted. Our results show that small-scale agricultural systems can boost pollinators and plant reproduction. Agri-environmental policies should therefore aim to halt and reverse the current trend of increasing field sizes and to reduce the amount of crop types with particularly intensive management. AU - Hass, Annika L. AU - Kormann, Urs G. AU - Tscharntke, Teja AU - Clough, Yann AU - Baillod, Aliette Bosem AU - Sirami, Clélia AU - Fahrig, Lenore AU - Martin, Jean Louis AU - Baudry, Jacques AU - Bertrand, Colette AU - Bosch, Jordi AU - Brotons, Lluís AU - Bure, Françoise AU - Georges, Romain AU - Giralt, David AU - Marcos-García, María AU - Ricarte, Antonio AU - Siriwardena, Gavin AU - Batáry, Péter DA - 2018/2// DO - 10.1098/rspb.2017.2242 IS - 1872 KW - Bee KW - Compositional heterogeneity KW - Field size KW - Hoverfly KW - Landscape heterogeneity KW - Pollen transfer PB - Royal Society Publishing PY - 2018 TI - Landscape configurational heterogeneity by small-scale agriculture, not crop diversity, maintains pollinators and plant reproduction in western Europe T2 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences VL - 285 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Making agriculture sustainable is a global challenge. In the European Union (EU), the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is failing with respect to biodiversity, climate, soil, land degradation as well as socio-economic challenges. The European Commission's proposal for a CAP post-2020 provides a scope for enhanced sustainability. However, it also allows Member States to choose low-ambition implementation pathways. It therefore remains essential to address citizens' demands for sustainable agriculture and rectify systemic weaknesses in the CAP, using the full breadth of available scientific evidence and knowledge. Concerned about current attempts to dilute the environmental ambition of the future CAP, and the lack of concrete proposals for improving the CAP in the draft of the European Green Deal, we call on the European Parliament, Council and Commission to adopt 10 urgent action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation. Knowledge is available to help moving towards evidence-based, sustainable European agriculture that can benefit people, nature and their joint futures. The statements made in this article have the broad support of the scientific community, as expressed by above 3,600 signatories to the preprint version of this manuscript. The list can be found here (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685632). A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. AU - Pe'er, Guy AU - Bonn, Aletta AU - Bruelheide, Helge AU - Dieker, Petra AU - Eisenhauer, Nico AU - Feindt, Peter H. AU - Hagedorn, Gregor AU - Hansjürgens, Bernd AU - Herzon, Irina AU - Lomba, Ângela AU - Marquard, Elisabeth AU - Moreira, Francisco AU - Nitsch, Heike AU - Oppermann, Rainer AU - Perino, Andrea AU - Röder, Norbert AU - Schleyer, Christian AU - Schindler, Stefan AU - Wolf, Christine AU - Zinngrebe, Yves AU - Lakner, Sebastian DA - 2020/6// DO - 10.1002/pan3.10080 IS - 2 KW - Common Agricultural Policy KW - European Green Deal KW - SMART targets KW - agriculture KW - biodiversity KW - climate change KW - evidence-based policy KW - public goods PB - Blackwell Publishing Ltd PY - 2020 SP - 305 EP - 316 TI - Action needed for the EU Common Agricultural Policy to address sustainability challenges T2 - People and Nature VL - 2 ER - TY - RPRT AB - Zwei neue Bewegungen haben 2019 für Aufsehen gesorgt: die Jugendbewegung Fridays for Future und gegen Ende des Jahres die Bauernproteste. Und beide verbindet ein Begriff: Ver­ änderungsdruck. Die einen, Fridays for Future, gehen auf die Straße, um Druck auf die Politik auszuüben, damit diese die von ihr selbst gesetzten Klimaziele durch notwendige Verän­ derungen ihrer Politik noch erreicht. Die anderen, die Bauern und Bäuerinnen mit ihrem Protest, stehen bereits unter enormem Veränderungsdruck. Die bisherige Agrarpolitik und das von ihr propagierte Agrarmodell des Wachsens, der Kostenführerschaft und der Export­ orientierung, die Befolgung der Empfehlungen von Beratung und Wissenschaft sowie die vom Bauernverband und der Agrarindustrie empfohlenen betrieblichen »Entwicklungs­ schritte« haben den Bäuerinnen und Bauern keine zukunftsfähigen Betriebe gebracht, kein Einkommen, das ihnen auf Dauer eine Existenz ermöglicht. Als die Bundesregierung ihr »Agrarpaket« mit zahlreichen ordnungsrechtlichen Vorgaben, mit Auflagen und Verboten präsentiert, stellen sie grüne Kreuze auf zahlreichen Äckern auf und gehen respektive fahren zu Tausenden mit ihren Treckern in die Städte (allein in Berlin waren es über 8.000 Traktoren). Sie wollen auf ihre Situation aufmerksam machen, aber auch ihrer Verärgerung über die Tier­, Umwelt­ und Naturschützer, die »ahnungslosen Städter« und die Agrarpolitik der Bundesregierung (und damit auch »ihrer« CDU) lautstark Ausdruck verleihen. Von »Bauernbashing« ist da die Rede, von Ärger und Frustration im Berufsstand, von Diskriminierung, Benachteiligung und Mobbing, von miserablen Ernten wegen Dürre und verregneter Sommer, vom Drängen der Gesellschaft nach mehr Klima­, Umwelt­und Tierschutz und der eigenen Unsicherheit im Umgang damit. Sie fordern Respekt und Wert­ schätzung und dass die Politik und die anderen Akteure »mit uns als Basis sprechen«, bevor sie Entscheidungen treffen und Maßnahmen beschließen, die sie betreffen. Die Initiative zu den Protesten ging von wenigen Bauern und Bäuerinnen, konventionell und ökologisch wirtschaftenden, aus und wurde dank der sozialen Medien sehr schnell zu einer breiten Bewegung, die sich den Namen »Land schafft Verbindung« gab. In eine Schub­ lade lässt sich diese Bewegung (noch) nicht packen. Da gibt es die, die die Notwenigkeit für einschneidende Veränderungen sehen, aber auf dem Weg dorthin einen anderen Umgang im Miteinander einfordern bzw. nicht alleine auf den Kosten dieser Veränderungen sitzen bleiben wollen, und die, denen es jetzt »einfach mal reicht« und die signalisieren wollen: »wir Druck auf die Politik … … und auf die Bauern AU - Stodieck, Friedhelm TI - Das (noch) vorherrschende Agrarmodell erweist sich als nicht zukunftsfähig ER - TY - RPRT TI - Transformationsnarrativ und Verantwortlichkeit: Die gesellschaftstheoretische Lücke der Transformationsforschung Ingolfur Blühdorn / Felix Butzlaff / Michael Deflorian / Daniel Hausknost IGN Interventions Jan|2018 UR - http://www.wu.ac.at/IGN/ ER - TY - BOOK AB - 2. überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage AU - Sanders, Jürn 1974- AU - Heß, Jürgen SN - 9783865762016 TI - Leistungen des ökologischen Landbaus für Umwelt und Gesellschaft ER - TY - JOUR AB - Over half of the European landscape is under agricultural management and has been for millennia. Many species and ecosystems of conservation concern in Europe depend on agricultural management and are showing ongoing declines. Agri-environment schemes (AES) are designed partly to address this. They are a major source of nature conservation funding within the European Union (EU) and the highest conservation expenditure in Europe. We reviewed the structure of current AES across Europe. Since a 2003 review questioned the overall effectiveness of AES for biodiversity, there has been a plethora of case studies and meta-analyses examining their effectiveness. Most syntheses demonstrate general increases in farmland biodiversity in response to AES, with the size of the effect depending on the structure and management of the surrounding landscape. This is important in the light of successive EU enlargement and ongoing reforms of AES. We examined the change in effect size over time by merging the data sets of 3 recent meta-analyses and found that schemes implemented after revision of the EU's agri-environmental programs in 2007 were not more effective than schemes implemented before revision. Furthermore, schemes aimed at areas out of production (such as field margins and hedgerows) are more effective at enhancing species richness than those aimed at productive areas (such as arable crops or grasslands). Outstanding research questions include whether AES enhance ecosystem services, whether they are more effective in agriculturally marginal areas than in intensively farmed areas, whether they are more or less cost-effective for farmland biodiversity than protected areas, and how much their effectiveness is influenced by farmer training and advice? The general lesson from the European experience is that AES can be effective for conserving wildlife on farmland, but they are expensive and need to be carefully designed and targeted. AU - Batáry, Péter AU - Dicks, Lynn V. AU - Kleijn, David AU - Sutherland, William J. DA - 2015/8// DO - 10.1111/cobi.12536 IS - 4 KW - Agricultural intensification KW - Common agricultural policy KW - Europe KW - European Union KW - Farmland KW - Field margin KW - Grassland KW - Organic management PY - 2015 SP - 1006 EP - 1016 TI - The role of agri-environment schemes in conservation and environmental management T2 - Conservation Biology VL - 29 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Heubuch, Maria TI - Agrarökologie als Leitbild für Landwirtschafts-und Lebensmittelpolitik Eine Begriff sklärung ER - TY - GEN AB - Insect populations decline, particularly in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. Insect communities are influenced by current agricultural practices, which are themselves determined by the economic, political and social frameworks. We highlight these direct and indirect drivers affecting insect communities, raise key research questions and discuss options for action to encourage a transformative change towards an economic, political and social system protecting biodiversity. AU - Mupepele, Anne Christine AU - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin AU - Lakner, Sebastian AU - Plieninger, Tobias AU - Schoof, Nicolas AU - Klein, Alexandra Maria DO - 10.14512/GAIA.28.4.5 IS - 4 KW - Biodiversity KW - Drivers for change KW - Insect decline KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Transdisciplinarity PB - Oekom Verlag PY - 2019 SP - 342 EP - 347 TI - Insect conservation in agricultural landscapes An outlook for policy-relevant research T2 - GAIA VL - 28 ER -