TY  - RPRT
TI  - Vulnerability of and Adaption strategies for migrant groups in urban heat environments
AU  - Allex, B
AU  - Mayrhuber, E
AU  - Wiesböck, L
AU  - Arnberger, A
AU  - Eder, R
AU  - Kutalek, R
AU  - Wanka, A
AU  - Hutter, H.P.
AU  - Wallner, P
AU  - Kolland, F
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2018///
PY  - 2018
PB  - Klima- und Energiefonds
ST  - EthniCityHeat
UR  - https://www.klimafonds.gv.at/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/11-EB-EthniCityHeat.pdf
Y2  - 2020/10/22/
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Report on excess mortality in Europe during summer 2003
AU  - Robine, JM
AU  - Cheung, SL
AU  - Roy, S Le
AB  - Everyone undoubtedly remembers the 15,000 additional deaths in France caused by the heat wave in August 2003, yet no‐one knows the total number of victims at European scale. For this reason, the excess mortality cumulated during summer 2003 has recently been assessed at the request of the European Union. The study covers sixteen countries.
DA  - 2007///
PY  - 2007
DP  - Zotero
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Wiener Hitzeratgeber
AU  - Stadt Wien
DA  - 2015///
PY  - 2015
DP  - Zotero
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/klimaschutz/pdf/hitzeratgeber.pdf
Y2  - 2020/10/21/
ER  - 

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Vorausberechnete Bevölkerungsstruktur für Österreich 2018-2100 laut Hauptszenario
AU  - Statistik Austria
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
UR  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
Y2  - 2020/10/19/
ER  - 

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Steirischer Hitzeschutzplan & Evaluation des Hitzewarnsystems
AU  - Pollhammer, Christian
CY  - Graz
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
LA  - de
PB  - Referat Sanitätsdirektion - Gesundheitswesen
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2019-0112
Y2  - 2020/10/22/
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer Special Report Gesundheit, Demographie und Klimawandel (ASR18)
AU  - APCC
CY  - Wien, Österreich
DA  - 2018///
PY  - 2018
PB  - Verlag der ÖAW
SN  - 978-3-7001-8427-0
UR  - https://austriaca.at/APCC_ASR18.pdf
Y2  - 2020/10/22/
ER  - 

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Leitfaden zur Selbstevaluation - 20 Arbeitsschritte zur Optimierung der Projektarbeit
AU  - Kanatschnig, Dietmar
AU  - Schmutz, Petra
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2000///
PY  - 2000
PB  - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft
ER  - 

TY  - GEN
TI  - Klimawandel & Gesundheit
AU  - Bundesvertretung der Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland e.V.
DA  - 2011///
PY  - 2011
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.bvmd.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Positionspapiere/2011-10-29_Positionspapier_Klimawandel_und_Gesundheit.pdf
Y2  - 2020/10/14/10:38:51
ER  - 

TY  - CONF
TI  - Klimaänderung 2013/2014: Zusammenfassungen für politische Entscheidungsträger.Beiträge der drei Arbeitsgruppen zum Fünften Sachstandsbericht des Zwischenstaatlichen Ausschusses für Klimaänderungen (IPCC). Deutsche Übersetzungen durch Deutsche IPCC-Koordinierungsstelle, Österreichisches Umweltbundesamt, ProClim
AU  - IPCC
C1  - Bonn/Wien/Bern
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Handlungsempfehlungen für die Erstellung von Hitzeaktionsplänen zum Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit
AU  - Straff, W
AU  - Mücke, H.G.
T2  - Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
DA  - 2017/06//
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1007/s00103-017-2554-5
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 60
IS  - 6
SP  - 662
EP  - 672
J2  - Bundesgesundheitsbl
LA  - de
SN  - 1436-9990, 1437-1588
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00103-017-2554-5
Y2  - 2020/10/21/06:11:03
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Gesundheitsziele Österreich. Richtungsweisende Vorschläge für ein gesünderes Österreich
AU  - Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2017///
PY  - 2017
SN  - 978-3-903099-12-8
UR  - https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/gesundheitsleistungen/gesundheitsfoerderung/gesundheitsziele
Y2  - 2020/10/19/
ER  - 

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Kosten des Klimawandels. Die Wirkung steigender Temperaturen auf Gesundheit und Leistungsfähigkeit.
AU  - Hübler, M
AU  - Klepper, G
CY  - Frankfurt/Main
DA  - 2007///
PY  - 2007
PB  - Institut für Weltwirtschaft Kiel
UR  - https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Kosten_des_Klimawandels_Gesundheitsstudie.pdf
Y2  - 2020/10/22/
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Klimawandel und Gesundheit. Auswirkungen. Risiken. Perspektiven
AU  - Hutter, Hans-Peter
AU  - Mooshammer, Hans
AU  - Wallner, Peter
AB  - Drei Umweltmediziner zeigen auf, welche gesundheitlichen Risiken die globale Klimaerwärmung ins Alpenland bringt Es folgt ein Wetterrückblick der letzten Tage. Ein außergewöhnlich starker Monsun brachte Fluten, Hochwasser und Erdrutsche über Indien, Bangladesch und Nepal, mehr als 1000 Menschen starben. Die indische Millionenstadt Mumbai war besonders stark betroffen, dort kamen nach den heftigen Regenfällen allein bei einem Hauseinsturz mehr als 30 Menschen ums Leben. Derweil fegte Tropensturm Harvey über Texas, tötete zig Amerikaner und vertrieb Millionen weitere aus ihren Wohnungen. In Rom wütete hingegen wochenlang die Hitzewelle namens Lucifero, dort wird jetzt das Wasser knapp. Der Papst ordnete an, die Brunnen im Vatikan abzudrehen.
Der Klimawandel wirkt sich auf den Menschen aus. Aber wie genau? Die drei Umweltmediziner Hans-Peter Hutter, Hanns Moshammer und Peter Wallner vom Zentrum für Public Health an der MedUni Wien haben in ihrem neuen Buch die gesundheitliche Dimension der globalen Erwärmung für Österreich vermessen. Und sie sind dabei sehr gründlich vorgegangen.
So schreiben die Mediziner in „Klimawandel und Gesundheit“ etwa auch über jene Folgen, die einem nicht sofort in den Sinn kommen würden. Dass Naturkatastrophen wie Überflutungen, Hochwasser, Lawinen, Muren und Stürme – die laut Prognosen durch die Klimaerwärmung zunehmen werden – Menschen töten, weiß man bereits. An den gesundheitsgefährdenden Schimmelbefall durch Starkregen, der die Häuser durchfeuchtet, denkt man schon weniger. Wenn im Zuge eines Hochwassers Heizöl austritt, kann es außerdem tief ins Mauerwerk eindringen. Das kann wiederum die Gesundheit über die veränderte Raumluft beeinträchtigen. Dazu kommen posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen nach einer zerstörerischen Wetterkatastrophe. Sie können – das zeigen wissenschaftliche Studien – bis zum Suizid führen.
Weil es in Österreich immer heißer wird, verändern sich auch Flora und Fauna. So breitet sich die Beifuß-Ambrosie immer stärker aus. Sie ist eine hochallergene Pflanze, allein sechs Pollen pro Kubikmeter Luft können Heuschnupfen, Bindehautentzündungen und Asthma verursachen.
Dabei bleibt es nicht. „Insgesamt müssen wir jedenfalls davon ausgehen, mit für uns neuen Krankheiten konfrontiert zu werden, die bisher als Tropenerkrankungen galten“, schreiben die Autoren. So werden aller Voraussicht nach Würmer in Mitteleuropa heimisch werden, die es davor nur in den Subtropen und Tropen gegeben hat. Parasiten wie der Spulwurm und der Peitschenwurm, die bereits in Österreich leben, könnten sich aufgrund der wärmeren Temperaturen künftig noch schneller vermehren. Die Autoren glauben außerdem, dass selbst Malaria, die in Österreich so gut wie ausgerottet war, wieder heimisch werden könnte. Grund zur Panik bestehe dabei aber keine. Schließlich gibt es in Österreich wirksame Medikamente gegen die Krankheit.
Die Autoren haben sich im Buch für einen ganzheitlichen Erklärungsansatz entschieden und beschreiben nicht nur die gesundheitlichen Aspekte, sondern liefern auch einen Überblick zum Thema Klimawandel in Österreich an sich: Warum erhitzt sich unsere Welt so rasant? Worauf müssen wir uns künftig einstellen? Was können wir gegen die sich anbahnende Katastrophe tun? Und welche politischen Handlungen müssen gesetzt werden?
Auf die letzte Frage geben die Wissenschaftler gleich mehrere Antworten. Eine wichtige lautet Klimaschutz, der in Österreichs Politik kaum eine Rolle spielt. Eine andere die rechtzeitige Anpassung an die Folgen des Klimawandels. Gegen die zunehmende Hitze, die eines der größten Probleme für die Gesundheit darstellt (der Falter berichtete vergangene Woche), empfehlen die Autoren neben vielen anderen Maßnahmen etwa, „green cooling rooms“ zu schaffen, die vor allem älteren Menschen Abkühlung verschaffen sollen.
„Klimawandel und Gesundheit“ ist ein Aufklärungsbuch, das es schafft, das schwer zu fassende Thema Klimaerwärmung auf Leiden wie Hitzschlag und verstärkte Pollenallergie herunterzubrechen.
DA  - 2017///
PY  - 2017
PB  - MANZ Verlag Wien
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Hitzeaktionspläne in Europa: Strategien zur Bekämpfung gesundheitlicher Folgen von Extremwetterereignissen
AU  - Grewe, H.A.
AU  - Blättner, B.
T2  - Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
DA  - 2011/08//
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1007/s11553-010-0290-x
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
SP  - 158
EP  - 163
J2  - Praev Gesundheitsf
LA  - de
SN  - 1861-6755, 1861-6763
ST  - Hitzeaktionspläne in Europa
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11553-010-0290-x
Y2  - 2020/10/21/06:20:44
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Heat-health action plans: guidance
AU  - Weltgesundheitsorganisation
CY  - Geneva
DA  - 2008///
PY  - 2008
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - en
PB  - WHO Regional Office for Europe
SN  - 978-92-890-7197-0
ST  - Heat-health action plans
UR  - https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/95919/E91347.pdf
Y2  - 2020/10/13/15:25:56
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Heat waves: risks and responses
AU  - Koppe, Christina
AU  - Kovats, Sari
AU  - Jendritzky, Gerd
AU  - Menne, Bettina
AU  - Breuer, David J
AU  - Deutscher Wetterdienst
AU  - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
AU  - European Commission
AU  - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
CY  - Copenhagen
DA  - 2004///
PY  - 2004
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - en
PB  - Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization
SN  - 978-92-890-1094-8
ST  - Heat waves
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Healthy environment, healthy lives: how the environment influences health and well being in Europe.
AU  - European Environment Agency
CY  - LU
DA  - 2020///
PY  - 2020
DP  - DOI.org (CSL JSON)
LA  - en
PB  - Publications Office
SN  - 978-92-9480-212-5
ST  - Healthy environment, healthy lives
UR  - https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2800/53670
Y2  - 2020/10/13/15:05:47
ER  - 

TY  - GEN
TI  - Gesamtstaatlicher Hitzeschutzplan
AU  - Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen
DA  - 2017///
PY  - 2017
DP  - Zotero
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/aktuelles/archiv-2017/hitzeschutzplan
Y2  - 2020/10/19/
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels: Welche neuen Infektionskrankheiten und gesundheitlichen Probleme sind zu erwarten?
AU  - Stark, K.
AU  - Niedrig, M.
AU  - Biederbick, W.
AU  - Merkert, H.
AU  - Hacker, J.
T2  - Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
DA  - 2009/07//
PY  - 2009
DO  - 10.1007/s00103-009-0874-9
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 52
IS  - 7
SP  - 699
EP  - 714
J2  - Bundesgesundheitsbl.
LA  - de
SN  - 1436-9990, 1437-1588
ST  - Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00103-009-0874-9
Y2  - 2020/10/14/10:02:03
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Dashboard
UR  - https://learn.boku.ac.at/my/
Y2  - 2020/12/11/11:34:58
L2  - https://learn.boku.ac.at/my/
ER  - 

TY  - CONF
TI  - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovern-mental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]
AU  - IPCC
DA  - 2013///
PY  - 2013
PB  - Cambridge University Press
UR  - https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
Y2  - 2020/10/19/
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Changes in Susceptibility to Heat During the Summer: A Multicountry Analysis
AU  - Gasparrini, Antonio
AU  - Guo, Yuming
AU  - Hashizume, Masahiro
AU  - Lavigne, Eric
AU  - Tobias, Aurelio
AU  - Zanobetti, Antonella
AU  - Schwartz, Joel D.
AU  - Leone, Michela
AU  - Michelozzi, Paola
AU  - Kan, Haidong
AU  - Tong, Shilu
AU  - Honda, Yasushi
AU  - Kim, Ho
AU  - Armstrong, Ben G.
T2  - American Journal of Epidemiology
DA  - 2016/06/01/
PY  - 2016
DO  - 10.1093/aje/kwv260
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 183
IS  - 11
SP  - 1027
EP  - 1036
J2  - Am. J. Epidemiol.
LA  - en
SN  - 0002-9262, 1476-6256
ST  - Changes in Susceptibility to Heat During the Summer
UR  - https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/kwv260
Y2  - 2020/10/13/14:18:56
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Gesundheit des Menschen
AU  - Haas, Willi
AU  - Weisz, Ulli
AU  - Maier, Philipp
AU  - Scholz, Fabian
AU  - Themeßl, Matthias
AU  - Wolf, Angelika
AU  - Kriechbaum, Michael
AU  - Pech, Michael
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
DP  - Zotero
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - NEWS
TI  - As Extreme Heat Becomes New Normal in Europe, Governments Scramble to Respond
AU  - Peltier, Elian
T2  - New York Times
DA  - 2019/07/26/
PY  - 2019
UR  - https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/world/europe/france-europe-extreme-heat.html
Y2  - 2020/10/22/
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Mortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic
AU  - Kysely, Jan
T2  - International Journal of Biometeorology
AB  - The aims of this study were to assess impacts of hot summer periods on mortality in the Czech Republic and to quantify the size of the short-term displacement effect which resulted in lower than expected mortality after heat waves. The analysis covered the period 1982–2000 when several extraordinarily hot summers occurred in central Europe. Daily total all-cause mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the entire population of the Czech Republic (approximately 10 million inhabitants) were examined. The daily death counts were standardized to account for the long-term decline in mortality and the seasonal and weekly cycles. Heat-related mortality is better expressed if 1-day lag after temperature is considered compared to the unlagged relationship. With the 1-day lag, both excess total mortality and excess CVD mortality were positive during all 17 heat waves, and in 14 (12) heat waves the increase in total (CVD) mortality was statistically significant (P=0.05). The mean relative rise in total mortality during heat waves was 13%. The response was greater in females than males and similar regardless of whether total or CVD mortality was used. The largest relative increases, exceeding 20% in both total and CVD mortality, were associated with heat waves which occurred in early summer (the first half of July 1984 and June 1994). The mortality displacement effect played an important role since mortality tended to be lower than expected after hot periods. The mean net mortality change due to heat waves was estimated to be about a 1% increase in the number of deaths. The large relative increases during some heat waves were particularly noteworthy since the study (in contrast to most analyses of the heat stress/mortality relationship) was not restricted to an urban area and/or an elderly population.
DA  - 2004/11//
PY  - 2004
DO  - 10.1007/s00484-004-0218-2
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 49
IS  - 2
SP  - 91
EP  - 97
J2  - Int J Biometeorol
LA  - en
SN  - 0020-7128, 1432-1254
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00484-004-0218-2
Y2  - 2020/12/21/15:35:20
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - 2020_AGES_Hitze-Mortalitätsrisiko_SDG13
T2  - AGES - Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit
AB  - Die AGES informiert: Hitze-Mortalitätsmonitoring
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.ages.at/themen/umwelt/informationen-zu-hitze/hitze-mortalitaetsmonitoring/?fbclid=IwAR1LhFw9knnguZehgICspxAE5PducCJ_4D1EDGsLtsbDb7kzt5HML3ZtVU8
Y2  - 2021/03/29/07:46:00
L2  - https://www.ages.at/themen/umwelt/informationen-zu-hitze/hitze-mortalitaetsmonitoring/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - 2015_ÖWAV_Oberflächenentwässerung durch Versickerung in den Untergrund_SDG13
UR  - https://www.oewav.at/Page.aspx?target=196960&mode=form&app=134598&edit=0&current=293666&view=205658&predefQuery=-1
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:06:54
L2  - https://www.oewav.at/Page.aspx?target=196960&mode=form&app=134598&edit=0&current=293666&view=205658&predefQuery=-1
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - 2020_Stadt Wien_Wiener Gesundheitsziele 2025_SDG13
T2  - Gemeinsam aktiv
LA  - de-DE
UR  - https://gesundheitsziele.wien.gv.at/ziele/
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:10:50
L2  - https://gesundheitsziele.wien.gv.at/ziele/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - 2020_Stadt Wien_Dachbegrünung - Förderungsantrag_SDG13
AU  - m53kom
AB  - Die Stadt Wien fördert zur Hebung der Lebensqualität die Dachbegrünung.
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.wien.gv.at/amtshelfer/umwelt/umweltschutz/naturschutz/dachbegruenung.html
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:12:13
L2  - https://www.wien.gv.at/amtshelfer/umwelt/umweltschutz/naturschutz/dachbegruenung.html
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Dezentrale Versickerung von Straßenabwässern im urbanen/innerstädtischen Raum
AU  - Pucher, Bernhard
AU  - Allabashi, Roza
AU  - Lukavsky, Magdalena
AU  - Pressl, Alexander
AU  - Ertl, Thomas
T2  - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
AB  - In order to counteract the effects of climate change in the urban environment, namely intensive rainfall and development of heat islands, new concepts are needed. The main purpose of conventional urban drainage systems such as stormwater- or combined sewer systems is to quickly discharge the stormwater runoff into a receiving water, but due to the increasing amount of connected areas and runoff volume these static systems become more and more prone to ﬂooding. To relief the pressure on the sewer system and more importantly reactivate the local water cycle to provide a better urban climate, green infrastructure (GI) such as green roofs, green facades as well as bioretention ﬁlters have proven to be appropriate measures on the local scale. For the inﬁltration of street runoff not only the volume of water but also the contamination load included has to be respected as the vast amount of inﬁltration water is recharging the groundwater body. In this study the treatment capabilities of bioretention ﬁlters is under investigation. For the experimental setup methods based on the Austrian standards are used and the ongoing development of appropriate ﬁlter materials is supported by numerical modelling.
DA  - 2018/12//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1007/s00506-018-0517-1
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 70
IS  - 11-12
SP  - 588
EP  - 594
J2  - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw
LA  - de
SN  - 0945-358X, 1613-7566
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00506-018-0517-1
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:27
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Low-maintenance green tram tracks as a socially acceptable solution to greening a city
AU  - Sikorski, Piotr
AU  - Wińska-Krysiak, Marzena
AU  - Chormański, Jarosław
AU  - Krauze, Kinga
AU  - Kubacka, Katarzyna
AU  - Sikorska, Daria
T2  - Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
AB  - The creation of green tramways has become a common solution in many European cities in eﬀorts to meet the increasing demands for green areas. However, maintaining high-quality vegetation requires costly maintenance. In this study, we assessed the possibility of managing green tram tracks in a manner that combines people’s attitudes with economic and ecological performance. We examined low-maintenance vegetation along existing tram tracks that has undergone natural succession to answer several speciﬁc questions. The aims of the present study include 1) assessment of how residents perceive the existing low-maintenance green tramways of various ages (1-11 years), 2) identiﬁcation of measurable vegetation quality parameters aﬀecting residents’ aesthetic preferences, and 3) assessment of whether viewing distance (from close up or from a distance) is a factor affecting residents’ perception of green tramways. Based on our results, green tramways were valued ﬁve times higher by residents than conventional tram tracks. Respondents indicated that the most important features of green tracks were vegetation coverage, with only a minority specifying factors such as uneven colour (33.9%) or the presence of weeds (7.1%). Perception also depended on turf age and biodiversity. Additionally, the greatest eﬀect on the perception of tramways was the viewing perspective: as deﬁciencies in quality became less visible and were considered negligible, tramways were perceived 19% more favourably when viewed at a distance than when viewed close-up. The results of our research indicate that low-maintenance green tram tracks are an economically feasible solution for introducing more green areas into cities. Despite deﬁciencies in turf quality, this approach can become an accepted element of a city’s green infrastructure, and such a solution should be encouraged. Considering residents’ expectations, high-quality turf should be intensively maintained in only areas observed from a short distance.
DA  - 2018/10//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.017
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 35
SP  - 148
EP  - 164
J2  - Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
LA  - en
SN  - 16188667
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1618866718303121
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:30
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Siedlungswasserwirtschaftliche Strukturtypen und ihre Potenziale für die dezentrale Bewirtschaftung von Niederschlagswasser
AU  - Simperler, Lena
AU  - Himmelbauer, Paul
AU  - Stöglehner, Gernot
AU  - Ertl, Thomas
T2  - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
AB  - The implementation of decentralized ﬂexible measures and green infrastructure for stormwater management is increasing, in order to better adapt to future challenges for example to climate change or urbanization. For settlement expansions and new constructions maintaining the natural water balance is gaining importance for stormwater management. In these areas realizing decentralized state-of-theart measures is relatively simple and can also be enforced through regulative measures.
DA  - 2018/12//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1007/s00506-018-0520-6
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 70
IS  - 11-12
SP  - 595
EP  - 603
J2  - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw
LA  - de
SN  - 0945-358X, 1613-7566
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00506-018-0520-6
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:33
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A review of climate change implications for built environment: Impacts, mitigation measures and associated challenges in developed and developing countries
AU  - Andrić, Ivan
AU  - Koc, Muammer
AU  - Al-Ghamdi, Sami G.
T2  - Journal of Cleaner Production
AB  - This interdisciplinary review organizes, summarizes and critically analyzes the literature regarding the nexus between climate change and the built environment, its associated impacts, and the proposed mitigation measures and challenges for their implementation. While global warming-driven changes of ecosystems could have multiple impacts on the built environment (most prominently on building energy demand and related urban energy systems), the building sector presents signiﬁcant potential for climate change mitigation. Study ﬁndings indicate that building renovations have signiﬁcant potential for the mitigation of urban-related emissions and achieving the sustainability goals set. However, these measures should be adapted to different climate conditions and different segments of the building stock. In developed countries, where the majority of the building stock is older than 50 years, more effort should be invested into creating adequate policies for the renovation of existing building stock. In developing countries with rapid growth in the urban environment, due to a previous lack of energy-efﬁciency policies, the focus should be on policy development and an increase in environmental awareness among building owners/tenants. Moreover, additional research efforts should be invested into performing technoeconomic and environmental analyses of green wall performance under future climate conditions, especially within the hot and humid climates.
DA  - 2019/02//
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.128
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 211
SP  - 83
EP  - 102
J2  - Journal of Cleaner Production
LA  - en
SN  - 09596526
ST  - A review of climate change implications for built environment
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652618335315
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:36
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues
AU  - Bastin, Jean-Francois
AU  - Clark, Emily
AU  - Elliott, Thomas
AU  - Hart, Simon
AU  - van den Hoogen, Johan
AU  - Hordijk, Iris
AU  - Ma, Haozhi
AU  - Majumder, Sabiha
AU  - Manoli, Gabriele
AU  - Maschler, Julia
AU  - Mo, Lidong
AU  - Routh, Devin
AU  - Yu, Kailiang
AU  - Zohner, Constantin M.
AU  - Crowther, Thomas W.
T2  - PLOS ONE
A2  - Añel, Juan A.
AB  - OPEN ACCESS Citation: Bastin J-F, Clark E, Elliott T, Hart S, van den Hoogen J, Hordijk I, et al. (2019) Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0217592. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
DA  - 2019/07/10/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0217592
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 14
IS  - 7
SP  - e0217592
J2  - PLoS ONE
LA  - en
SN  - 1932-6203
UR  - https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217592
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:38
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood
AU  - Engemann, Kristine
AU  - Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker
AU  - Arge, Lars
AU  - Tsirogiannis, Constantinos
AU  - Mortensen, Preben Bo
AU  - Svenning, Jens-Christian
T2  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
AB  - Urban residence is associated with a higher risk of some psychiatric disorders, but the underlying drivers remain unknown. There is increasing evidence that the level of exposure to natural environments impacts mental health, but few large-scale epidemiological studies have assessed the general existence and importance of such associations. Here, we investigate the prospective association between green space and mental health in the Danish population. Green space presence was assessed at the individual level using high-resolution satellite data to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index within a 210 × 210 m square around each person’s place of residence (∼1 million people) from birth to the age of 10. We show that high levels of green space presence during childhood are associated with lower risk of a wide spectrum of psychiatric disorders later in life. Risk for subsequent mental illness for those who lived with the lowest level of green space during childhood was up to 55% higher across various disorders compared with those who lived with the highest level of green space. The association remained even after adjusting for urbanization, socioeconomic factors, parental history of mental illness, and parental age. Stronger association of cumulative green space presence during childhood compared with single-year green space presence suggests that presence throughout childhood is important. Our results show that green space during childhood is associated with better mental health, supporting efforts to better integrate natural environments into urban planning and childhood life.
DA  - 2019/03/12/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.1807504116
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 116
IS  - 11
SP  - 5188
EP  - 5193
J2  - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
LA  - en
SN  - 0027-8424, 1091-6490
UR  - http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1807504116
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:43
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Urban Green Space: Creating a Triple Win for Environmental Sustainability, Health, and Health Equity through Behavior Change
AU  - Kruize, Hanneke
AU  - van der Vliet, Nina
AU  - Staatsen, Brigit
AU  - Bell, Ruth
AU  - Chiabai, Aline
AU  - Muiños, Gabriel
AU  - Higgins, Sahran
AU  - Quiroga, Sonia
AU  - Martinez-Juarez, Pablo
AU  - Aberg Yngwe, Monica
AU  - Tsichlas, Fotis
AU  - Karnaki, Pania
AU  - Lima, Maria Luísa
AU  - García de Jalón, Silvestre
AU  - Khan, Matluba
AU  - Morris, George
AU  - Stegeman, Ingrid
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
AB  - Urbanization, costs of green space maintenance, and diminishing connection between people and nature all exert pressures on urban green space. This is regrettable as green space has the potential to create wins for environmental sustainability, health, and health equity. This paper explores this potential triple win and investigates how to increase the use of urban green space through behavior change. A narrative literature review was conducted and was supplemented with literature suggested by experts. Results show that creating well-designed green spaces and stimulating people to use them can indeed deliver this triple win. Providing accessible, attractive, well-maintained green space with room for socialization, and where people feel safe, may increase the opportunity and motivation of people to use it more often. Informing and educating people and organizing activities may increase capability (and motivation) to use green space. Since the use of green space depends on life stage, lifestyle factors and individual values, it is important to involve potential users in its design. We recommend a speciﬁc focus on those groups who may beneﬁt most from the use of green space. More evaluation is needed to inform eﬀective green space interventions and to assess related economic, social, and environmental beneﬁts.
DA  - 2019/11/11/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.3390/ijerph16224403
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 16
IS  - 22
SP  - 4403
J2  - IJERPH
LA  - en
SN  - 1660-4601
ST  - Urban Green Space
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/22/4403
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:47
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - How does greywater separation impact the operation of conventional wastewater treatment plants?
AU  - Morandi, Carlo
AU  - Steinmetz, Heidrun
T2  - Water Science and Technology
AB  - Abstract
            Source separation has thus far been addressed mainly within the context of decentralization in new development areas; centralized approaches for resource-oriented sanitation remained, however, largely disregarded. By means of inhabitant-specific load and volume flow balances, based on typical reference values for municipal wastewater in Germany, a stepwise transition towards on-site greywater recycling was investigated for a model wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Up to 17% transition (separation of greywater from 17% of the total inhabitants), greywater separation was proven to benefit plant operation by reducing energy consumption for aeration. From 17% transition onwards, however, unfavorable carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N) were reported, as less biodegradable carbon reaches denitrification, thus shifting C/N ratios negatively. Therefore, nitrogen recovery/removal from N-rich sludge sidestreams would be required. At 35% transition, a 50% N recovery from sludge liquor was proven to be sufficient in order to ensure full denitrification; combined with greywater separation, nutrient recovery yielded 14% reduction in power demand for aeration (on the actual state). Additionally, extensive mainstream process changeovers could be avoided by separating N-rich urine alongside greywater from the main wastewater stream. Urine separation was proven to maintain denitrification stability as well as reduce power demand for aeration. The calculations show that, under consideration of specific boundary conditions, existing WWTP can be successfully integrated in transition concepts for resource-oriented sanitation.
DA  - 2019/04/15/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.2166/wst.2019.165
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 79
IS  - 8
SP  - 1605
EP  - 1615
LA  - en
SN  - 0273-1223, 1996-9732
UR  - https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/79/8/1605/67355/How-does-greywater-separation-impact-the-operation
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:50
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The blue water footprint of urban green spaces: An example for Adelaide, Australia
AU  - Nouri, Hamideh
AU  - Chavoshi Borujeni, Sattar
AU  - Hoekstra, Arjen Y.
T2  - Landscape and Urban Planning
AB  - The development of ‘greening’ cities introduces an uneasy tension between more green spaces and the increased use of scarce blue water resources to maintain this greenness, particularly in dry regions. This paper presents the ﬁrst estimate of the blue water footprint (WF) of urban greenery. We estimated total water consumption of a 10hectare parkland in Adelaide, South Australia. Evapotranspiration of the urban vegetation was estimated by monitoring soil water inﬂows, outﬂows, and storage changes at an experimental site representing diﬀerent species, microclimates, and plant densities, the most critical parameters aﬀecting water use. The total WF was estimated at 11,140 m3/ha per year, 59% from blue water (irrigation), and 41% from green water (rainwater), with the highest water consumption in summer. The dependency on blue water resources for maintaining the greenery varied from 49% in October to 67% in March. Even in the wet period of the year, there was a signiﬁcant blue WF. Given the lack of blue water resources to allocate for further greening the city in an arid environment, we suggest an integrated adaptive management strategy to maintain available greenery and expand green spaces with a minimum of extra pressure on blue water resources.
DA  - 2019/10//
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103613
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 190
SP  - 103613
J2  - Landscape and Urban Planning
LA  - en
SN  - 01692046
ST  - The blue water footprint of urban green spaces
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204618304754
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:30:54
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Smart City Wien Rahmenstrategie 2019-2050
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 172
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Wirkungen der grünen Stadt
AU  - Stangl, R
AU  - Medl, A
AU  - Scharf, B
AU  - Pitha, U
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 63
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection
AU  - Barwise, Yendle
AU  - Kumar, Prashant
T2  - npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
AB  - Abstract
            Vegetation can form a barrier between traffic emissions and adjacent areas, but the optimal configuration and plant composition of such green infrastructure (GI) are currently unclear. We examined the literature on aspects of GI that influence ambient air quality, with a particular focus on vegetation barriers in open-road environments. Findings were critically evaluated in order to identify principles for effective barrier design, and recommendations regarding plant selection were established with reference to relevant spatial scales. As an initial investigation into viable species for UK urban GI, we compiled data on 12 influential traits for 61 tree species, and created a supplementary plant selection framework. We found that if the scale of the intervention, the context and conditions of the site and the target air pollutant type are appreciated, the selection of plants that exhibit certain biophysical traits can enhance air pollution mitigation. For super-micrometre particles, advantageous leaf micromorphological traits include the presence of trichomes and ridges or grooves. Stomatal characteristics are more significant for sub-micrometre particle and gaseous pollutant uptake, although we found a comparative dearth of studies into such pollutants. Generally advantageous macromorphological traits include small leaf size and high leaf complexity, but optimal vegetation height, form and density depend on planting configuration with respect to the immediate physical environment. Biogenic volatile organic compound and pollen emissions can be minimised by appropriate species selection, although their significance varies with scale and context. While this review assembled evidence-based recommendations for practitioners, several important areas for future research were identified.
DA  - 2020/12//
PY  - 2020
DO  - 10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
SP  - 12
J2  - npj Clim Atmos Sci
LA  - en
SN  - 2397-3722
ST  - Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement
UR  - http://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-020-0115-3
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:03
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Photovoltaic-green roofs: A review of benefits, limitations, and trends
AU  - Shafique, Muhammad
AU  - Luo, Xiaowei
AU  - Zuo, Jian
T2  - Solar Energy
AB  - Photovoltaic (PV)-green roofs, a new development integrating the PV system with a green roof, provide additional benefits for renewable electricity production as compared to the green roof. This study provides a systematic review of the published literature in Scopus and Web of Science regarding PV-green roof technologies, to identify the benefits and challenges associated with PV-green roofs in practice, and its future directions. A total of 145 published documents were reviewed, revealing that the PV-green roof is an effective strategy for producing clean energy on the building scale. However, there are still various challenges that hinder the large-scale implementation of PV-green roofs, including high initial costs, limited experimental data, and lack of awareness about the long-term benefits. These challenges can be overcome through the new cost-effective design of PVgreen roofs and the adoption of the most appropriate materials, which can perform more effectively over a longer period. In addition, more real large-scale experimental studies are needed to evaluate the long-term performance of PV-green roofs in urban areas. Suggestions for further improvements include: providing the optimal design of PV-green roofs for each climatic region; improving laws and regulations; evaluating life-cycle assessment including social, environmental, and economic benefits over a longer period; and establishing interagency collaboration and cooperation tools for the wider adoption of PV-green roof projects. This review draws an overall picture of the benefits and limitations of the PV-green roof around the world. Findings provide a useful reference for the enhancement of the PV-green roof design for their broader application in the building industry.
DA  - 2020/05//
PY  - 2020
DO  - 10.1016/j.solener.2020.02.101
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 202
SP  - 485
EP  - 497
J2  - Solar Energy
LA  - en
SN  - 0038092X
ST  - Photovoltaic-green roofs
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038092X20302280
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:10
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA
AU  - Nowak, David J.
AU  - Crane, Daniel E.
T2  - Environmental Pollution
AB  - Based on ﬁeld data from 10 USA cities and national urban tree cover data, it is estimated that urban trees in the coterminous USA currently store 700 million tonnes of carbon ($14,300 million value) with a gross carbon sequestration rate of 22.8 million tC/yr ($460 million/year). Carbon storage within cities ranges from 1.2 million tC in New York, NY, to 19,300 tC in Jersey City, NJ. Regions with the greatest proportion of urban land are the Northeast (8.5%) and the southeast (7.1%). Urban forests in the north central, northeast, south central and southeast regions of the USA store and sequester the most carbon, with average carbon storage per hectare greatest in southeast, north central, northeast and Paciﬁc northwest regions, respectively. The national average urban forest carbon storage density is 25.1 tC/ha, compared with 53.5 tC/ha in forest stands. These data can be used to help assess the actual and potential role of urban forests in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
DA  - 2002/03//
PY  - 2002
DO  - 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00214-7
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 116
IS  - 3
SP  - 381
EP  - 389
J2  - Environmental Pollution
LA  - en
SN  - 02697491
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749101002147
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:14
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere: ONSET OF NH SPRING STARTING EARLIER
AU  - Schwartz, Mark D.
AU  - Ahas, Rein
AU  - Aasa, Anto
T2  - Global Change Biology
AB  - Recent warming of Northern Hemisphere (NH) land is well documented and typically greater in winter/spring than other seasons. Physical environment responses to warming have been reported, but not details of large-area temperate growing season impacts, or consequences for ecosystems and agriculture. To date, hemispheric-scale measurements of biospheric changes have been conﬁned to remote sensing. However, these studies did not provide detailed data needed for many investigations. Here, we show that a suite of modeled and derived measures (produced from daily maximum–minimum temperatures) linking plant development (phenology) with its basic climatic drivers provide a reliable and spatially extensive method for monitoring general impacts of global warming on the start of the growing season. Results are consistent with prior smaller area studies, conﬁrming a nearly universal quicker onset of early spring warmth (spring indices (SI) ﬁrst leaf date, À1.2 days decadeÀ1), late spring warmth (SI ﬁrst bloom date, À1.0 days decadeÀ1; last spring day below 5 1C, À1.4 days decadeÀ1), and last spring freeze date (À1.5 days decadeÀ1) across most temperate NH land regions over the 1955–2002 period.
DA  - 2006/02//
PY  - 2006
DO  - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
SP  - 343
EP  - 351
LA  - en
SN  - 13541013
ST  - Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere
UR  - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:18
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Higher education for sustainability by means of transdisciplinary case studies: an innovative approach for solving complex, real-world problems
AU  - Steiner, Gerald
AU  - Posch, Alfred
T2  - Journal of Cleaner Production
AB  - Sustainable development and the interplay between its ecological, social, and economic dimensions can be regarded as a highly complex task. As a logical consequence, educating for sustainable development also has a complex character. Traditional unidirectional educational processes are only of very limited use when educating for sustainable development: Firstly, the initial state of the considered system (case) cannot be described precisely; secondly, the target state of the system is also not sufﬁciently known; and thirdly, the process between initial state and target state and potential barriers that might have to be passed are also not exactly known. Pure analytically based solutions are therefore, not available; a dynamic mutual learning process is required instead.
DA  - 2006/01//
PY  - 2006
DO  - 10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.11.054
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 14
IS  - 9-11
SP  - 877
EP  - 890
J2  - Journal of Cleaner Production
LA  - en
SN  - 09596526
ST  - Higher education for sustainability by means of transdisciplinary case studies
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652606000242
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:21
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island
AU  - Rizwan, Ahmed Memon
AU  - Dennis, Leung Y.C.
AU  - Liu, Chunho
T2  - Journal of Environmental Sciences
AB  - Urban Heat Island (UHI) is considered as one of the major problems in the 21st century posed to human beings as a result of urbanization and industrialization of human civilization. The large amount of heat generated from urban structures, as they consume and re-radiate solar radiations, and from the anthropogenic heat sources are the main causes of UHI. The two heat sources increase the temperatures of an urban area as compared to its surroundings, which is known as Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII). The problem is even worse in cities or metropolises with large population and extensive economic activities. The estimated three billion people living in the urban areas in the world are directly exposed to the problem, which will be increased signiﬁcantly in the near future. Due to the severity of the problem, vast research eﬀort has been dedicated and a wide range of literature is available for the subject. The literature available in this area includes the latest research approaches, concepts, methodologies, latest investigation tools and mitigation measures. This study was carried out to review and summarize this research area through an investigation of the most important feature of UHI. It was concluded that the heat re-radiated by the urban structures plays the most important role which should be investigated in details to study urban heating especially the UHI. It was also concluded that the future research should be focused on design and planning parameters for reducing the eﬀects of urban heat island and ultimately living in a better environment.
DA  - 2008/01//
PY  - 2008
DO  - 10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60019-4
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 20
IS  - 1
SP  - 120
EP  - 128
J2  - Journal of Environmental Sciences
LA  - en
SN  - 10010742
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1001074208600194
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:25
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - RTehseaerchimpact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: results from the EuroHEAT project
AU  - D'Ippoliti, Daniela
AU  - Michelozzi, Paola
AU  - Marino, Claudia
AU  - Kirchmayer, Ursula
AU  - Analitis, Antonis
AU  - Medina-Ramón, Mercedes
AU  - Paldy, Anna
AU  - Atkinson, Richard
AU  - Kovats, Sari
AU  - Bisanti, Luigi
AU  - Schneider, Alexandra
AU  - Lefranc, Agnès
AU  - Iñiguez, Carmen
AU  - Perucci, Carlo A
AB  - Background: The present study aimed at developing a standardized heat wave definition to estimate and compare the impact on mortality by gender, age and death causes in Europe during summers 1990-2004 and 2003, separately, accounting for heat wave duration and intensity.
Methods: Heat waves were defined considering both maximum apparent temperature and minimum temperature and classified by intensity, duration and timing during summer. The effect was estimated as percent increase in daily mortality during heat wave days compared to non heat wave days in people over 65 years. City specific and pooled estimates by gender, age and cause of death were calculated.
Results: The effect of heat waves showed great geographical heterogeneity among cities. Considering all years, except 2003, the increase in mortality during heat wave days ranged from + 7.6% in Munich to + 33.6% in Milan. The increase was up to 3-times greater during episodes of long duration and high intensity. Pooled results showed a greater impact in Mediterranean (+ 21.8% for total mortality) than in North Continental (+ 12.4%) cities. The highest effect was observed for respiratory diseases and among women aged 75-84 years. In 2003 the highest impact was observed in cities where heat wave episode was characterized by unusual meteorological conditions.
Conclusions: Climate change scenarios indicate that extreme events are expected to increase in the future even in regions where heat waves are not frequent. Considering our results prevention programs should specifically target the elderly, women and those suffering from chronic respiratory disorders, thus reducing the impact on mortality.
DA  - 2010///
PY  - 2010
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 9
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Control of transpiration by radiation
AU  - Pieruschka, R.
AU  - Huber, G.
AU  - Berry, J. A.
T2  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DA  - 2010/07/27/
PY  - 2010
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.0913177107
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 107
IS  - 30
SP  - 13372
EP  - 13377
J2  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
LA  - en
SN  - 0027-8424, 1091-6490
UR  - http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0913177107
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:29
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008: PHENOLOGY SHIFTS AT START VS. END OF GROWING SEASON
AU  - Jeong, Su-Jong
AU  - Ho, Chang-Hoi
AU  - Gim, Hyeon-Ju
AU  - Brown, Molly E.
T2  - Global Change Biology
AB  - Changes in vegetative growing seasons are dominant indicators of the dynamic response of ecosystems to climate change. Therefore, knowledge of growing seasons over the past decades is essential to predict ecosystem changes. In this study, the long-term changes in the growing seasons of temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere were examined by analyzing satellite-measured normalized difference vegetation index and reanalysis temperature during 1982–2008. Results showed that the length of the growing season (LOS) increased over the analysis period; however, the role of changes at the start of the growing season (SOS) and at the end of the growing season (EOS) differed depending on the time period. On a hemispheric scale, SOS advanced by 5.2 days in the early period (1982–1999) but advanced by only 0.2 days in the later period (2000–2008). EOS was delayed by 4.3 days in the early period, and it was further delayed by another 2.3 days in the later period. The difference between SOS and EOS in the later period was due to less warming during the preseason (January–April) before SOS compared with the magnitude of warming in the preseason (June–September) before EOS. At a regional scale, delayed EOS in later periods was shown. In North America, EOS was delayed by 8.1 days in the early period and delayed by another 1.3 days in the later period. In Europe, the delayed EOS by 8.2 days was more signiﬁcant than the advanced SOS by 3.2 days in the later period. However, in East Asia, the overall increase in LOS during the early period was weakened in the later period. Admitting regional heterogeneity, changes in hemispheric features suggest that the longer-lasting vegetation growth in recent decades can be attributed to extended leaf senescence in autumn rather than earlier spring leaf-out.
DA  - 2011/07//
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 17
IS  - 7
SP  - 2385
EP  - 2399
LA  - en
SN  - 13541013
ST  - Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008
UR  - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:33
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A comparison of green space indicators for epidemiological research
AU  - Mitchell, R.
AU  - Astell-Burt, T.
AU  - Richardson, E. A.
T2  - Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
AB  - Background The potential for natural environments to be salutogenic has received growing interest from epidemiologists, but there has been no critical examination of the extent to which associations between green space and health might vary according to the indicator of green space coverage used.
Methods Three different indicators of green space coverage were derived for a set of 268 small areas in four cities within Britain. The indicators had different origins and provided a spectrum of sensitivity from larger spaces only, through to ambient greenery. Two indicators reproducible for anywhere in Europe were included. Agreement between the indicators on the quantity of green space in a small area, and their independent association with measures of mortality and self-reported morbidity, were compared.
Results Overall, the indicators showed relatively close overall agreement (all r2>0.89, p<0.001). However, agreement varied by level of area socioeconomic deprivation (p<0.001). The indicator that detected larger spaces only found less green space in areas of socioeconomic deprivation than the other two. Despite this difference, all indicators showed similar protective associations with the risk of mortality and self-reported morbidity suggesting that larger green spaces may be more important for health effects than smaller spaces.
Conclusions Associations between green space indicator and health were not sensitive to indicator origin and type. This raises the possibility of trans-European epidemiological studies. Larger green spaces may be the most important for health effects, but may also be less prevalent in more deprived areas.
DA  - 2011/10/01/
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1136/jech.2010.119172
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 65
IS  - 10
SP  - 853
EP  - 858
J2  - Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
LA  - en
SN  - 0143-005X
UR  - https://jech.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jech.2010.119172
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:36
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Positive effects of vegetation: Urban heat island and green roofs
AU  - Susca, T.
AU  - Gaffin, S.R.
AU  - Dell’Osso, G.R.
T2  - Environmental Pollution
AB  - This paper attempts to evaluate the positive effects of vegetation with a multi-scale approach: an urban and a building scale. Monitoring the urban heat island in four areas of New York City, we have found an average of 2  C difference of temperatures between the most and the least vegetated areas, ascribable to the substitution of vegetation with man-made building materials.
DA  - 2011/08//
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.007
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 159
IS  - 8-9
SP  - 2119
EP  - 2126
J2  - Environmental Pollution
LA  - en
SN  - 02697491
ST  - Positive effects of vegetation
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749111001539
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:39
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Cooling the cities – A review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments
AU  - Santamouris, M.
T2  - Solar Energy
AB  - The temperature of cities continues to increase because of the heat island phenomenon and the undeniable climatic change. The observed high ambient temperatures intensify the energy problem of cities, deteriorates comfort conditions, put in danger the vulnerable population and amplify the pollution problems. To counterbalance the phenomenon, important mitigation technologies have been developed and proposed. Among them, technologies aiming to increase the albedo of cities and the use of vegetative – green roofs appear to be very promising, presenting a relatively high heat island mitigation potential. This paper aims to present the state of the art on both the above technologies, when applied in the city scale. Tenths of published studies have been analysed. Most of the available data are based on simulation studies using mesoscale modeling techniques while important data are available from the existing experimental studies. When a global increase of the city’s albedo is considered, the expected mean decrease of the average ambient temperature is close to 0.3 K per 0.1 rise of the albedo, while the corresponding average decrease of the peak ambient temperature is close to 0.9 K. When only cool roofs are considered, the analysis of the existing data shows that the expected depression rate of the average urban ambient temperature varies between 0.1 and 0.33 K per 0.1 increase of the roofs albedo with a mean value close to 0.2 K. As it concerns green roofs, existing simulation studies show that when applied on a city scale, they may reduce the average ambient temperature between 0.3 and 3 K. Detailed analysis of many studies reporting a comparison of the mitigation potential of both technologies has permitted the deﬁnition of the limits, the boundaries and the conditions under which the considered technologies reach their better performance, in a synthetic way.
DA  - 2014/05//
PY  - 2014
DO  - 10.1016/j.solener.2012.07.003
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 103
SP  - 682
EP  - 703
J2  - Solar Energy
LA  - en
SN  - 0038092X
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038092X12002447
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:43
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Effect of urbanisation on the water balance of a catchment with shallow groundwater
AU  - Barron, O.V.
AU  - Barr, A.D.
AU  - Donn, M.J.
T2  - Journal of Hydrology
AB  - The impact of urbanisation on the water balance of a catchment dominated by surface water and groundwater interactions was investigated by using a process-based coupled surface water and groundwater model called MODHMS. The modelling estimated the likely changes in river discharge as a result of the land use change in the Southern River catchment in Western Australia. The catchment has both permeable soils and a shallow watertable. There was a signiﬁcant increase in total annual discharge from the urbanised area where the runoff coefﬁcient rose from 0.01 to more than 0.40. However in contrast with urban areas elsewhere these changes were mainly due to a shift in the subsurface water balance, including both groundwater and the unsaturated zone due to speciﬁcs of local hydrogeological conditions and adopted practice of storm runoff management. Due to the highly permeable soils, it is also common practice in the local building industry to direct runoff from roofs and roads into the soil and thereby the unconﬁned aquifer. Urbanisation results in particularly large changes in evapotranspiration from the soil proﬁle and shallow watertable. The total subsurface evaporative ﬂux reduced from 90% of inﬁltration (or 63–68% rainfall) to less than 29% (or 20% of rainfall) after urbanisation. Up to 83% (or 443 mm) of the predevelopment evapotranspiration ﬂux was from the shallow watertable. The requirement to control groundwater levels with drains in the shallow unconﬁned aquifer as well as the introduction of impervious surfaces caused a signiﬁcant reduction of this component of evapotranspiration to less than 154 mm. These combined with an increase in inﬁltration rates, due to the direct inﬁltration of roof and road runoff, lead to higher groundwater recharge rates and subsequently groundwater discharge to the urban drainage network. The magnitude of urbanisation on catchment ﬂuxes is most strongly inﬂuenced by urban density and the rate of local groundwater abstraction, which is used for urban irrigation. The analysis highlights that urban development in such areas reduces evaporation and evapotranspiration and therefore generates harvestable water. Depending on local needs this water could improve environmental ﬂows and water for public and private water supply.
DA  - 2013/04//
PY  - 2013
DO  - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.04.027
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 485
SP  - 162
EP  - 176
J2  - Journal of Hydrology
LA  - en
SN  - 00221694
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169412003022
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:47
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =: Austrian assessment report 2014 (AAR14)
A3  - Austrian Panel on Climate Change
A3  - Kromp-Kolb, Helga
CN  - QC903.2.A9 A97 2014
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
DP  - Library of Congress ISBN
SP  - 1096
LA  - de
PB  - Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
SN  - 978-3-7001-7699-2
ST  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =
KW  - Austria
KW  - Climatic changes
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A hydrothermal model to assess the impact of green walls on urban microclimate and building energy consumption
AU  - Malys, Laurent
AU  - Musy, Marjorie
AU  - Inard, Christian
T2  - Building and Environment
AB  - Covering a building envelope with vegetation provides a solution capable of mitigating the urban heat island phenomenon and its impact on the energy consumption of buildings. Simulation tools to assess the efﬁciency of such a solution are lacking, especially for green walls. The present research aims to offer a hydrothermal model of green walls and green roofs for implementation in the urban microclimate simulation software SOLENE-Microclimate. To this end, a fast, efﬁcient coupled heatemass transfer model has been developed. Simulation results are compared with experimental data obtained from the LEEA Laboratory in Geneva for three green wall samples. Aside from the level of uncertainty found for the evapotranspiration calculation, these results conﬁrm that the model accurately characterizes the temperature evolution of all three prototypes. Results also show good correlation between measured and simulated temperatures. The model is indeed able to reproduce water stress and characterize various types of living walls.
DA  - 2014/03//
PY  - 2014
DO  - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.12.012
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 73
SP  - 187
EP  - 197
J2  - Building and Environment
LA  - en
SN  - 03601323
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360132313003685
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:53
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort
AU  - Perini, Katia
AU  - Magliocco, Adriano
T2  - Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
AB  - This paper shows the effects of several variables, which co-cause the Urban Heat Island effect on temperature distribution and outdoor thermal comfort (by using the Predicted Mean Vote, PMV) on dense urban environments. The study was conducted by means of a three-dimensional microclimate model, ENVI-met 3.1, which forecasts the microclimatic changes within urban environments. The effects of building density (% of built area) and canyon effect (building height) on potential temperature, mean radiant temperature, and Predicted Mean Vote distribution are quantiﬁed. The inﬂuence of several types of green areas (vegetation on the ground and on roofs) on temperature mitigation and on comfort improvements is investigated for different atmospheric conditions and latitudes in a Mediterranean climate. The research quantiﬁes the effects of the variables investigated on temperature distributions and in determining outdoor comfort conditions. Vegetation on the ground and on roofs mitigates summer temperatures, decreases the indoor cooling load demand, and improves outdoor comfort. The results of the study demonstrate that density and height of buildings in a city area inﬂuence potential temperature, mean radiant temperature, and Predicted Mean Vote distribution; for most of the cases examined higher density causes higher temperatures and with taller buildings vegetation has higher cooling effects. Considering the cooling effect of vegetation, a difference can be noticed depending on the amount of green areas and vegetation type. The results of this study show also that vegetation is more effective with higher temperatures and lower relative humidity values in mitigating potential temperatures, mean radiant temperatures, and PMV and in decreasing the cooling load demand.
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
DO  - 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.003
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 13
IS  - 3
SP  - 495
EP  - 506
J2  - Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
LA  - en
SN  - 16188667
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1618866714000296
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:31:56
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - FÜR LAND- UND FORSTWIRTSCHAFT, UMWELT UND WASSERWIRTSCHAFT Stubenring 1, 1010 Wien www.bmlfuw.gv.at
AU  - Steinbacher, Katharina
AU  - Ressel, Verena
AU  - Ressel, Verena
AU  - Wachau, Mostviertel-
AU  - Pock, Gerhard
AU  - Haslinger, Markus
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 358
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Review on urban vegetation and particle air pollution – Deposition and dispersion
AU  - Janhäll, Sara
T2  - Atmospheric Environment
AB  - Urban vegetation affects air quality through inﬂuencing pollutant deposition and dispersion. Both processes are described by many existing models and experiments, on-site and in wind tunnels, focussing e.g. on urban street canyons and crossings or vegetation barriers adjacent to trafﬁc sources. There is an urgent need for well-structured experimental data, including detailed empirical descriptions of parameters that are not the explicit focus of the study.
DA  - 2015/03//
PY  - 2015
DO  - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.052
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 105
SP  - 130
EP  - 137
J2  - Atmospheric Environment
LA  - en
SN  - 13522310
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231015000758
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:01
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A critical analysis of factors affecting photovoltaic-green roof performance
AU  - Lamnatou, Chr.
AU  - Chemisana, D.
T2  - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
AB  - Photovoltaic (PV)-green roofs combine PVs with green roofs, are a new tendency in the building sector and they provide additional beneﬁts (in comparison with the simple green roofs) such as in situ production of electricity. The present study is a critical review about multiple factors which are related with PV-green rooﬁng systems. Representative investigations from the literature are presented along with critical comments. The studies reveal that plant/PV interaction results in PV output increase depending on parameters such as plant species, climatic conditions, evapotranspiration, albedo, etc. Furthermore, by comparing a PV-green roof with a PV-gravel one from environmental point of view, it can be seen that the PV-green system, on a long-term basis, compensates its additional impact due to its higher production of electricity. Moreover, in the frame of the present study, a systematic classiﬁcation of Mediterranean plant species in terms of their appropriateness for PV-green roofs is also conducted. The results reveal that PV output increase which is provided by PV-green roofs depends on several factors and among the studied plant species, Sedum clavatum shows the best interaction with the PVs and the building. Experimental results and ﬁndings about the environmental proﬁle of PV-green roofs are also presented and critically discussed. Conclusively, PV-green rooﬁng systems are promising, especially for warm climates.
DA  - 2015/03//
PY  - 2015
DO  - 10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.048
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 43
SP  - 264
EP  - 280
J2  - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
LA  - en
SN  - 13640321
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032114009794
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:05
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review
AU  - Gascon, Mireia
AU  - Triguero-Mas, Margarita
AU  - Martínez, David
AU  - Dadvand, Payam
AU  - Rojas-Rueda, David
AU  - Plasència, Antoni
AU  - Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.
T2  - Environment International
AB  - Background: A number of studies have associated natural outdoor environments with reduced mortality but there is no systematic review synthesizing the evidence.
Objectives: We aimed to systematically review the available evidence on the association between long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces and mortality in adults, and make recommendations for further research. As a secondary aim, we also conducted meta-analyses to explore the magnitude of and heterogeneity in the risk estimates.
Methods: Following the PRISMA statement guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analysis, two independent reviewers searched studies using keywords related to natural outdoor environments and mortality. Discussion: Our review identiﬁed twelve eligible studies conducted in North America, Europe, and Oceania with study populations ranging from 1645 up to more than 43 million individuals. These studies are heterogeneous in design, study population, green space assessment and covariate data. We found that the majority of studies show a reduction of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in areas with higher residential greenness. Evidence of a reduction of all-cause mortality is more limited, and no beneﬁts of residential greenness on lung cancer mortality are observed. There were no studies on blue spaces.
Conclusions: This review supports the hypothesis that living in areas with higher amounts of green spaces reduces mortality, mainly CVD. Further studies such as cohort studies with more and better covariate data, improved green space assessment and accounting well for socioeconomic status are needed to provide further and more complete evidence, as well as studies evaluating the beneﬁts of blue spaces.
DA  - 2016/01//
PY  - 2016
DO  - 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.013
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 86
SP  - 60
EP  - 67
J2  - Environment International
LA  - en
SN  - 01604120
ST  - Residential green spaces and mortality
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160412015300799
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:08
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Heat waves and urban heat islands in Europe: A review of relevant drivers
AU  - Ward, Kathrin
AU  - Lauf, Steffen
AU  - Kleinschmit, Birgit
AU  - Endlicher, Wilfried
T2  - Science of The Total Environment
DA  - 2016/11//
PY  - 2016
DO  - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.119
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 569-570
SP  - 527
EP  - 539
J2  - Science of The Total Environment
LA  - en
SN  - 00489697
ST  - Heat waves and urban heat islands in Europe
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969716312931
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:11
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - DIE ÖSTERREICHISCHE STRATEGIE ZUR ANPASSUNG AN DEN KLIMAWANDEL
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 440
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Designing living walls for greywater treatment
AU  - Fowdar, Harsha S.
AU  - Hatt, Belinda E.
AU  - Breen, Peter
AU  - Cook, Perran L.M.
AU  - Deletic, Ana
T2  - Water Research
AB  - Greywater is being increasingly used as an alternative water source to reduce potable water demand and to alleviate pressure on sewerage systems. This paper presents the development of a low energy and low maintenance greywater treatment technology: a living wall system, employing ornamental plants (including vines) grown in a sand ﬁlter on a side of a building to treat shower, bath, and washing basin wastewaters. The system can, at the same time, provide critical amenity and micro-climate beneﬁts to our cities. A large scale column study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, to investigate the following design and operational factors of the proposed system: plant species, saturated zone design, rest period, hydraulic loading rate and pollutant inﬂow concentration. The results indicate that the use of ornamental species (e.g. Canna lilies, Lonicera japonica, ornamental grape vine) can contribute to pollutant removal. Vegetation selection was found to be particularly important for nutrient removal. While a wider range of tested plant species was effective for nitrogen removal (>80%), phosphorus removal was more variable (À13% to 99%) over the study period, with only a few tested plants being effective - Carex appressa and Canna lilies were the best performers. It was also found that phosphorus removal can be compromised over the longer term as a result of leaching. Excellent suspended solids and organics removal efﬁciencies can be generally achieved in these systems (>80% for TSS and >90% for BOD) with plants having a relatively small impact. Columns had an acceptable inﬁltration capacity after one year of operation. When planted with effective species (e.g. Carex appressa and Canna lilies), it is expected that performance will not be signiﬁcantly affected by longer rest periods and higher pollutant concentrations in the early years of system operation. The results of this study, thus, demonstrate that innovative and aesthetically pleasing living walls can be designed for treatment of greywater at the household scale.
DA  - 2017/03//
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.018
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 110
SP  - 218
EP  - 232
J2  - Water Research
LA  - en
SN  - 00431354
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0043135416309538
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:17
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity
AU  - Gunawardena, K.R.
AU  - Wells, M.J.
AU  - Kershaw, T.
T2  - Science of The Total Environment
AB  - It has long been recognised that cities exhibit their own microclimate and are typically warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This ‘mesoscale’ inﬂuence is known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect and results largely from modiﬁcation of surface properties leading to greater absorption of solar radiation, reduced convective cooling and lower water evaporation rates. Cities typically contain less vegetation and bodies of water than rural areas, and existing green and bluespace is often under threat from increasing population densities. This paper presents a meta-analysis of the key ways in which green and bluespace affect both urban canopy- and boundary-layer temperatures, examined from the perspectives of city-planning, urban climatology and climate science. The analysis suggests that the evapotranspiration-based cooling inﬂuence of both green and bluespace is primarily relevant for urban canopy-layer conditions, and that tree-dominated greenspace offers the greatest heat stress relief when it is most needed. However, the magnitude and transport of cooling experienced depends on size, spread, and geometry of greenspaces, with some solitary large parks found to offer minimal boundarylayer cooling. Contribution to cooling at the scale of the urban boundary-layer climate is attributed mainly to greenspace increasing surface roughness and thereby improving convection efﬁciency rather than evaporation. Although bluespace cooling and transport during the day can be substantial, nocturnal warming is highlighted as likely when conditions are most oppressive. However, when both features are employed together they can offer many synergistic ecosystem beneﬁts including cooling. The ways in which green and bluespace infrastructure is applied in future urban growth strategies, particularly in countries expected to experience rapid urbanisation, warrants greater consideration in urban planning policy to mitigate the adverse effects of the UHI and enhance climate resilience.
DA  - 2017/04//
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 584-585
SP  - 1040
EP  - 1055
J2  - Science of The Total Environment
LA  - en
SN  - 00489697
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969717301754
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:21
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Filtermaterialprüfung: Anwendung der ÖNORM B 2506 Teil 3 für das hochrangige Straßennetz
AU  - Haile, Tadele Measho
AU  - Fürhacker, Maria
T2  - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
AB  - Street runoff can be contaminated with organic and inorganic substances, and therefore have to be treated before being inﬁltrated in the underground. The contaminations are from tires, vehicles, roads, precipitation, wet and dry deposition, road maintenance work or are generated by exhaust gas products. The state of the art of cleaning before inﬁltration into the underground is described in the ÖWAV-Regelblatt 45 and ÖNORM B 2506 Parts 1 & 2, with the help of soil ﬁlters or “technical soil ﬁlters” (ÖNORM) and “technical ﬁlters” (ÖWAV-RB 45). The testing methods and performance criteria for such ﬁlters have been deﬁned in ÖNORM B 2506 Part 3. Since both the ÖNORM B 2506 Parts 1 & 2 and the ÖWAV-RB 45 have exempted the high-ranking roads, this article explains the background of ÖNORM B2506 Part 3 and its applicability for run-off treatment of highranking roads. It has been shown that due to the strict test conditions and test criteria chosen in ÖNORM B 2506-3, the testing of the technical ﬁlter materials is from a scientiﬁc point of view also suitable, to meet the requirements for roads with high annual average daily trafﬁc (AADT). It should be pointed out that the testing methods according to ÖNORM B 2506-3 was designed for inﬁltration into the underground.
DA  - 2017/12//
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1007/s00506-017-0427-7
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 69
IS  - 11-12
SP  - 495
EP  - 502
J2  - Österr Wasser- und Abfallw
LA  - de
SN  - 0945-358X, 1613-7566
ST  - Filtermaterialprüfung
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00506-017-0427-7
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:24
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A conceptual framework for studying urban green spaces effects on health
AU  - Zhang, Liqing
AU  - Tan, Puay Yok
AU  - Diehl, Jessica A
T2  - Journal of Urban Ecology
AB  - There is growing evidence that urban green space (UGS) can promote human health, but our research suggests there is still inadequate knowledge to direct planning and design of UGS for improved health outcomes. Given the urgency brought about by global urban health challenges, future research should progress from those that merely document the evidence of UGS beneﬁts on health, to those that directly inform UGS planning and design. To guide such research, a holistic framework that clariﬁes the multiple determinants of health, multiple cause-effect pathways between UGS and health, and methodological challenges is needed. Through a review of 70 studies published between 2001 and 2015 across 40 cities and a review of current frameworks on the impacts of UGS on health, we developed a framework centered on the concept of ‘dose–response’. Dose refers to the exposure to certain UGS provision, and response refers to health outcomes arising from the exposure. There may be dose thresholds beyond which health response increases or even decreases. We also identiﬁed a range of moderators and mediators which can be used to explain the causal mechanisms leading to health responses. Using this framework, we identiﬁed four research needs, which are focused on improving methods measuring quantitative and qualitative attributes of UGS and health responses, the need to evaluate the multiple pathways in which UGS lead to improved health, the need to recognize scale effects on outcomes of studies, and the need to consider disservices from UGS and evaluate net beneﬁts rather than positive beneﬁts alone.
DA  - 2017/01/01/
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1093/jue/jux015
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
LA  - en
SN  - 2058-5543
UR  - http://academic.oup.com/jue/article/doi/10.1093/jue/jux015/4748792
Y2  - 2021/03/29/08:32:29
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer special report: gesundheit, demographie und klimawandel.
AU  - Austrian Panel on Climate Change
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - de
PB  - Austrian Academy of Science
SN  - 978-3-7001-8429-4 978-3-7001-8427-0
ST  - Österreichischer special report
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Gesundheitsziele für Österreich
T2  - Gesundheitsportal
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/gesundheitsleistungen/gesundheitsfoerderung/gesundheitsziele
Y2  - 2021/03/30/08:31:38
L2  - https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/gesundheitsleistungen/gesundheitsfoerderung/gesundheitsziele
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Startseite | Alpconv
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.alpconv.org/de/startseite/
Y2  - 2021/03/30/08:31:46
L2  - https://www.alpconv.org/de/startseite/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Hitzeschutzplan Kärnten - Themen A-Z - Land Kärnten
UR  - https://www.ktn.gv.at/Themen-AZ/Details?thema=32&subthema=39&detail=472
Y2  - 2021/03/30/08:46:51
L2  - https://www.ktn.gv.at/Themen-AZ/Details?thema=32&subthema=39&detail=472
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Offizielle Hitzewarnung des Landes Niederösterreich
AU  - Chwojkac, Von
T2  - 144 Notruf Niederösterreich
AB  - Hitzeperioden waren in Österreich bislang eher die Ausnahme. Untersuchungen gehen jedoch davon aus, dass bereits im „Katastrophensommer 2003“ in Europa (v.a. in Frankreich) bis zu 70.000 Menschen a…
DA  - 2016/05/01/T07:44:20+00:00
PY  - 2016
LA  - de-DE
UR  - https://notrufnoe.com/offizielle-hitzewarnung-des-landes-niederoesterreich/
Y2  - 2021/03/30/08:51:32
L2  - https://notrufnoe.com/offizielle-hitzewarnung-des-landes-niederoesterreich/
ER  - 

TY  - NEWS
TI  - As Extreme Heat Becomes New Normal in Europe, Governments Scramble to Respond
AU  - Peltier, Elian
T2  - The New York Times
AB  - Heat records were smashed across much of Europe this week, leaving officials searching for short- and longer-term solutions to help people endure temperatures soaring over 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
DA  - 2019/07/26/
PY  - 2019
DP  - NYTimes.com
LA  - en-US
SE  - World
SN  - 0362-4331
UR  - https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/world/europe/france-europe-extreme-heat.html
Y2  - 2021/03/30/08:52:15
L2  - https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/world/europe/france-europe-extreme-heat.html
KW  - Europe
KW  - France
KW  - Germany
KW  - Global Warming
KW  - Great Britain
KW  - Italy
KW  - Macron, Emmanuel (1977- )
KW  - Salvini, Matteo
KW  - Temperature
KW  - Weather
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Hitze: Hier finden Sie Abkühlung in der Stadt
T2  - Stadt Bern
LA  - de
M3  - Inhaltsseite
ST  - Hitze
UR  - https://www.bern.ch/themen/gesundheit-alter-und-soziales/gesundheit-und-hitze/schattenkarte
Y2  - 2021/03/30/08:55:52
L2  - https://www.bern.ch/themen/gesundheit-alter-und-soziales/gesundheit-und-hitze/schattenkarte
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Bevölkerungsprognosen
UR  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:02:06
L2  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Report on excess mortality in Europe during summer 2003
AU  - Robine, JM
AU  - Cheung, SL
AU  - Roy, S Le
AB  - Everyone undoubtedly remembers the 15,000 additional deaths in France caused by the heat wave in August 2003, yet no‐one knows the total number of victims at European scale. For this reason, the excess mortality cumulated during summer 2003 has recently been assessed at the request of the European Union. The study covers sixteen countries.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 15
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003
AU  - Robine, Jean-Marie
AU  - Cheung, Siu Lan K.
AU  - Le Roy, Sophie
AU  - Van Oyen, Herman
AU  - Griffiths, Clare
AU  - Michel, Jean-Pierre
AU  - Herrmann, François Richard
T2  - Comptes Rendus Biologies
AB  - Daily numbers of deaths at a regional level were collected in 16 European countries. Summer mortality was analyzed for the reference period 1998–2002 and for 2003. More than 70,000 additional deaths occurred in Europe during the summer 2003. Major distortions occurred in the age distribution of the deaths, but no harvesting effect was observed in the months following August 2003. Global warming constitutes a new health threat in an aged Europe that may be difﬁcult to detect at the country level, depending on its size. Centralizing the count of daily deaths on an operational geographical scale constitutes a priority for Public Health in Europe. To cite this article: J.-M. Robine et al., C. R. Biologies 331 (2008).
DA  - 2008/02//
PY  - 2008
DO  - 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 331
IS  - 2
SP  - 171
EP  - 178
J2  - Comptes Rendus Biologies
LA  - en
SN  - 16310691
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1631069107003770
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:24:34
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Heat-health action plans: guidance
AU  - Matthies, Franziska
AU  - World Health Organization
AU  - Regional Office for Europe
AU  - European Commission
CY  - Copenhagen
DA  - 2008///
PY  - 2008
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - en
PB  - WHO Regional Office for Europe
SN  - 978-92-890-7191-8
ST  - Heat-health action plans
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels: Welche neuen Infektionskrankheiten und gesundheitlichen Probleme sind zu erwarten?
AU  - Stark, K.
AU  - Niedrig, M.
AU  - Biederbick, W.
AU  - Merkert, H.
AU  - Hacker, J.
T2  - Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
DA  - 2009/07//
PY  - 2009
DO  - 10.1007/s00103-009-0874-9
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 52
IS  - 7
SP  - 699
EP  - 714
J2  - Bundesgesundheitsbl.
LA  - de
SN  - 1436-9990, 1437-1588
ST  - Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00103-009-0874-9
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:24:41
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - RTehseaerchimpact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: results from the EuroHEAT project
AU  - D'Ippoliti, Daniela
AU  - Michelozzi, Paola
AU  - Marino, Claudia
AU  - Kirchmayer, Ursula
AU  - Analitis, Antonis
AU  - Medina-Ramón, Mercedes
AU  - Paldy, Anna
AU  - Atkinson, Richard
AU  - Kovats, Sari
AU  - Bisanti, Luigi
AU  - Schneider, Alexandra
AU  - Lefranc, Agnès
AU  - Iñiguez, Carmen
AU  - Perucci, Carlo A
AB  - Background: The present study aimed at developing a standardized heat wave definition to estimate and compare the impact on mortality by gender, age and death causes in Europe during summers 1990-2004 and 2003, separately, accounting for heat wave duration and intensity.
Methods: Heat waves were defined considering both maximum apparent temperature and minimum temperature and classified by intensity, duration and timing during summer. The effect was estimated as percent increase in daily mortality during heat wave days compared to non heat wave days in people over 65 years. City specific and pooled estimates by gender, age and cause of death were calculated.
Results: The effect of heat waves showed great geographical heterogeneity among cities. Considering all years, except 2003, the increase in mortality during heat wave days ranged from + 7.6% in Munich to + 33.6% in Milan. The increase was up to 3-times greater during episodes of long duration and high intensity. Pooled results showed a greater impact in Mediterranean (+ 21.8% for total mortality) than in North Continental (+ 12.4%) cities. The highest effect was observed for respiratory diseases and among women aged 75-84 years. In 2003 the highest impact was observed in cities where heat wave episode was characterized by unusual meteorological conditions.
Conclusions: Climate change scenarios indicate that extreme events are expected to increase in the future even in regions where heat waves are not frequent. Considering our results prevention programs should specifically target the elderly, women and those suffering from chronic respiratory disorders, thus reducing the impact on mortality.
DA  - 2010///
PY  - 2010
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 9
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Managing the health effects of climate change
AU  - Costello, Anthony
AU  - Abbas, Mustafa
AU  - Allen, Adriana
AU  - Ball, Sarah
AU  - Bell, Sarah
AU  - Bellamy, Richard
AU  - Friel, Sharon
AU  - Groce, Nora
AU  - Johnson, Anne
AU  - Kett, Maria
AU  - Lee, Maria
AU  - Levy, Caren
AU  - Maslin, Mark
AU  - McCoy, David
AU  - McGuire, Bill
AU  - Montgomery, Hugh
AU  - Napier, David
AU  - Pagel, Christina
AU  - Patel, Jinesh
AU  - de Oliveira, Jose Antonio Puppim
AU  - Redclift, Nanneke
AU  - Rees, Hannah
AU  - Rogger, Daniel
AU  - Scott, Joanne
AU  - Stephenson, Judith
AU  - Twigg, John
AU  - Wolff, Jonathan
AU  - Patterson, Craig
T2  - The Lancet
DA  - 2009/05//
PY  - 2009
DO  - 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60935-1
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 373
IS  - 9676
SP  - 1693
EP  - 1733
J2  - The Lancet
LA  - de
SN  - 01406736
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609609351
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:24:45
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Hitzeaktionspläne in Europa: Strategien zur Bekämpfung gesundheitlicher Folgen von Extremwetterereignissen
AU  - Grewe, H.A.
AU  - Blättner, B.
T2  - Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
DA  - 2011/08//
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1007/s11553-010-0290-x
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
SP  - 158
EP  - 163
J2  - Praev Gesundheitsf
LA  - de
SN  - 1861-6755, 1861-6763
ST  - Hitzeaktionspläne in Europa
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11553-010-0290-x
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:24:49
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =: Austrian assessment report 2014 (AAR14)
A3  - Austrian Panel on Climate Change
A3  - Kromp-Kolb, Helga
CN  - QC903.2.A9 A97 2014
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
DP  - Library of Congress ISBN
SP  - 1096
LA  - de
PB  - Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
SN  - 978-3-7001-7699-2
ST  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =
KW  - Austria
KW  - Climatic changes
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Gesundheit des Menschen
AU  - Haas, Willi
AU  - Weisz, Ulli
AU  - Maier, Philipp
AU  - Scholz, Fabian
AU  - Themeßl, Matthias
AU  - Wolf, Angelika
AU  - Kriechbaum, Michael
AU  - Pech, Michael
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 2
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Klimaänderung 2013/2014: Zusammenfassungen für politische Entscheidungsträger: Beiträge der Arbeitsgruppen I, II und III zum fünften Sachstandsbericht des Zwischenstaatlichen Ausschusses für Klimaveränderung (IPCC)
A3  - IPCC
A3  - ProClim, Forum für Klima und Global Change
A3  - Umweltbundesamt
A4  - Neu, Urs
CY  - Bonn
DA  - 2016///
PY  - 2016
DP  - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN
SP  - 1
LA  - de
PB  - Deutsche IPCC-Koordinierungsstelle
SN  - 978-3-89100-048-9
ST  - Klimaänderung 2013/2014
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Changes in Susceptibility to Heat During the Summer: A Multicountry Analysis
AU  - Gasparrini, Antonio
AU  - Guo, Yuming
AU  - Hashizume, Masahiro
AU  - Lavigne, Eric
AU  - Tobias, Aurelio
AU  - Zanobetti, Antonella
AU  - Schwartz, Joel D.
AU  - Leone, Michela
AU  - Michelozzi, Paola
AU  - Kan, Haidong
AU  - Tong, Shilu
AU  - Honda, Yasushi
AU  - Kim, Ho
AU  - Armstrong, Ben G.
T2  - American Journal of Epidemiology
DA  - 2016/06/01/
PY  - 2016
DO  - 10.1093/aje/kwv260
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 183
IS  - 11
SP  - 1027
EP  - 1036
J2  - Am. J. Epidemiol.
LA  - en
SN  - 0002-9262, 1476-6256
ST  - Changes in Susceptibility to Heat During the Summer
UR  - https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aje/kwv260
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:24:59
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Wiener Hitzeratgeber
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 35
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Heatwaves and health guidance on warning-system development
AU  - McGregor, G. R
AU  - Bessemoulin, P
AU  - WMO
CY  - Genf
DA  - 2015///
PY  - 2015
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - en
PB  - World Meteorological Organization
SN  - 978-92-63-11142-5
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen Radetzkystraße 2, 1030 Wien www.bmgf.gv.at
AU  - Arrouas, Magdalena
AU  - Ditto, Mag Manfred
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 8
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Handlungsempfehlungen für die Erstellung von Hitzeaktionsplänen zum Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit
AU  - Bund/Länder Ad-hoc Arbeitsgruppe Gesundheitliche Anpassung an die Folgen
des Klimawandels (GAK)
T2  - Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
DA  - 2017/06//
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1007/s00103-017-2554-5
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 60
IS  - 6
SP  - 662
EP  - 672
J2  - Bundesgesundheitsbl
LA  - de
SN  - 1436-9990, 1437-1588
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00103-017-2554-5
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:25:10
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Steirischer Hitzeschutzplan & Evaluation des Hitzewarnsystems
AU  - Pollhammer, Mag Christian
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 33
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Healthy environment, healthy lives: how the environment influences health and well being in Europe.
AU  - European Environment Agency.
CY  - LU
DA  - 2020///
PY  - 2020
DP  - DOI.org (CSL JSON)
LA  - en
PB  - Publications Office
ST  - Healthy environment, healthy lives
UR  - https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2800/53670
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:25:17
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Heat waves: risks and responses
AU  - Koppe, Christina
AU  - Kovats, Sari
AU  - Jendritzky, Gerd
AU  - Menne, B
AU  - Breuer, David
AU  - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
AU  - European Commission
AU  - Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
AU  - Deutscher Wetterdienst
CY  - Copenhagen
DA  - 2004///
PY  - 2004
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - en
PB  - Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization
SN  - 978-92-890-1094-8
ST  - Heat waves
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Mortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic
AU  - Kysel�, Jan
T2  - International Journal of Biometeorology
AB  - The aims of this study were to assess impacts of hot summer periods on mortality in the Czech Republic and to quantify the size of the short-term displacement effect which resulted in lower than expected mortality after heat waves. The analysis covered the period 1982–2000 when several extraordinarily hot summers occurred in central Europe. Daily total all-cause mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the entire population of the Czech Republic (approximately 10 million inhabitants) were examined. The daily death counts were standardized to account for the long-term decline in mortality and the seasonal and weekly cycles. Heat-related mortality is better expressed if 1-day lag after temperature is considered compared to the unlagged relationship. With the 1-day lag, both excess total mortality and excess CVD mortality were positive during all 17 heat waves, and in 14 (12) heat waves the increase in total (CVD) mortality was statistically significant (P=0.05). The mean relative rise in total mortality during heat waves was 13%. The response was greater in females than males and similar regardless of whether total or CVD mortality was used. The largest relative increases, exceeding 20% in both total and CVD mortality, were associated with heat waves which occurred in early summer (the first half of July 1984 and June 1994). The mortality displacement effect played an important role since mortality tended to be lower than expected after hot periods. The mean net mortality change due to heat waves was estimated to be about a 1% increase in the number of deaths. The large relative increases during some heat waves were particularly noteworthy since the study (in contrast to most analyses of the heat stress/mortality relationship) was not restricted to an urban area and/or an elderly population.
DA  - 2004/11//
PY  - 2004
DO  - 10.1007/s00484-004-0218-2
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 49
IS  - 2
SP  - 91
EP  - 97
J2  - Int J Biometeorol
LA  - en
SN  - 0020-7128, 1432-1254
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00484-004-0218-2
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:25:25
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Startseite | Alpconv
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.alpconv.org/de/startseite/
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:26:26
L2  - https://www.alpconv.org/de/startseite/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Gesundheitsziele für Österreich
T2  - Gesundheitsportal
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/gesundheitsleistungen/gesundheitsfoerderung/gesundheitsziele
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:26:36
L2  - https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/gesundheitsleistungen/gesundheitsfoerderung/gesundheitsziele
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Hitzeschutzplan Kärnten - Themen A-Z - Land Kärnten
UR  - https://www.ktn.gv.at/Themen-AZ/Details?thema=32&subthema=39&detail=472
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:26:51
L2  - https://www.ktn.gv.at/Themen-AZ/Details?thema=32&subthema=39&detail=472
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Offizielle Hitzewarnung des Landes Niederösterreich – 144 Notruf Niederösterreich
UR  - https://notrufnoe.com/offizielle-hitzewarnung-des-landes-niederoesterreich/
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:03
L2  - https://notrufnoe.com/offizielle-hitzewarnung-des-landes-niederoesterreich/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Hitze-Mortalitätsmonitoring
UR  - https://www.ages.at/themen/umwelt/informationen-zu-hitze/hitze-mortalitaetsmonitoring/
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:14
L2  - https://www.ages.at/themen/umwelt/informationen-zu-hitze/hitze-mortalitaetsmonitoring/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Hitze: Hier finden Sie Abkühlung in der Stadt
T2  - Stadt Bern
LA  - de
M3  - Inhaltsseite
ST  - Hitze
UR  - https://www.bern.ch/themen/gesundheit-alter-und-soziales/gesundheit-und-hitze/schattenkarte
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:27
L2  - https://www.bern.ch/themen/gesundheit-alter-und-soziales/gesundheit-und-hitze/schattenkarte
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Bevölkerungsprognosen
UR  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:36
L2  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Bevölkerungsprognosen
UR  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:37
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Bevölkerungsprognosen
UR  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:38
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Bevölkerungsprognosen
UR  - https://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/demographische_prognosen/bevoelkerungsprognosen/index.html
Y2  - 2021/03/30/09:27:38
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Human biometeorological evaluation of heat-related mortality in Vienna
AU  - Matzarakis, Andreas
AU  - Muthers, Stefan
AU  - Koch, Elisabeth
T2  - Theoretical and Applied Climatology
AB  - The relationship between heat stress and mortality in the federal state of Vienna (Austria) was analyzed from 1970 to 2007. Long-term trends of mortality data and short-term adaptation to heat stress were considered by two complex approaches. The evaluation is based on the human biometeorological parameter, physiologically equivalent temperature. The results revealed a significant impact of heat stress on the human health, with a significantly higher sensitivity on women compared to men. Additionally, higher risks of deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were found. During the long period of 38 years, some significant decreases of the sensitivity were found, especially in the medium heat stress levels. This could indicate active processes of long-term adaptation to the increasing heat stress.
DA  - 2011/08//
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1007/s00704-010-0372-x
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 105
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 1
EP  - 10
J2  - Theor Appl Climatol
LA  - en
SN  - 0177-798X, 1434-4483
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00704-010-0372-x
Y2  - 2021/03/30/18:05:55
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =: Austrian assessment report 2014 (AAR14)
A3  - Austrian Panel on Climate Change
A3  - Kromp-Kolb, Helga
CN  - QC903.2.A9 A97 2014
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
DP  - Library of Congress ISBN
SP  - 1096
LA  - de
PB  - Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
SN  - 978-3-7001-7699-2
ST  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =
KW  - Austria
KW  - Climatic changes
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer special report: gesundheit, demographie und klimawandel.
AU  - Austrian Panel on Climate Change
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - de
PB  - Austrian Academy of Science
SN  - 978-3-7001-8429-4 978-3-7001-8427-0
ST  - Österreichischer special report
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Thermal conditions during heat waves of a mid-European metropolis under consideration of climate change, urban development scenarios and resilience measures for the mid‑21st century
AU  - Trimmel, Heidelinde
AU  - Weihs, Philipp
AU  - Faroux, Stéphanie
AU  - Formayer, Herbert
AU  - Hamer, Paul
AU  - Hasel, Kristofer
AU  - Laimighofer, Johannes
AU  - Leidinger, David
AU  - Masson, Valéry
AU  - Nadeem, Imran
AU  - Oswald, Sandro M.
AU  - Revesz, Michael
AU  - Schoetter, Robert
T2  - Meteorologische Zeitschrift
AB  - In this study we produce two urban development scenarios estimating potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning building construction, and we simulate their inﬂuence on air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort. We select two heat waves representative for present and future conditions of the mid 21st century and simulations are run with the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB) coupled online and ofﬂine to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K. The daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2–4 K. Changes caused by urban growth or densiﬁcation mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort locally where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur signiﬁcantly in the central districts. A combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature achieved by changes in urban parameters of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaptation measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, measures to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures. This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required.
DA  - 2019/01/01/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1127/metz/2019/0966
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
SP  - 91938
J2  - metz
LA  - en
SN  - 0941-2948
UR  - http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/metz/detail/prepub/91938/Thermal_conditions_during_heat_waves_of_a_mid_Euro?af=crossref
Y2  - 2021/03/30/18:06:08
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Agenda 2030 für nachhaltige Entwicklung in Österreich – SDG‑Indikatorenbericht
AU  - Wegscheider‑Pichler, Alexandra
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 166
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Bundesgesetz über Maßnahmen zur Vorbeugung und Beseitigung von Katastrophenschäden (Katastrophenfondsgesetz 1996 - KatFG 1996)
AU  - Sturmlechner, Christian
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 6
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
UR  - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=EN
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:15:21
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - ContentElementPageController/
LA  - de-DE
UR  - ContentElementPageController/
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:15:57
L2  - https://www.eu-umweltbuero.at/inhalt/eu-kommission-oesterreichs-klimaplaene-hoechst-unzureichend
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - 2030 climate & energy framework
AU  - Anonymous
T2  - Climate Action - European Commission
AB  - 2030 climate & energy framework
DA  - 2016/11/23/T07:50:51+01:00
PY  - 2016
LA  - en
M3  - Text
UR  - https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:18:43
L2  - https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Klimapolitik und erneuerbare Energien haben trotz COVID-19 weiterhin hohen Stellenwert für die österreichische Bevölkerung – Universität Klagenfurt
UR  - https://www.aau.at/blog/klimapolitik-und-erneuerbare-energien-haben-trotz-covid-19-weiterhin-hohen-stellenwert-fuer-die-oesterreichische-bevoelkerung/
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:21:14
L2  - https://www.aau.at/blog/klimapolitik-und-erneuerbare-energien-haben-trotz-covid-19-weiterhin-hohen-stellenwert-fuer-die-oesterreichische-bevoelkerung/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Regierungssitzung 3 - Klimaschutz: Regierung legt Zwischenbericht zur Klimaagenda vor - Land Kärnten
UR  - https://www.ktn.gv.at/Service/News?nid=30991
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:30:36
L2  - https://www.ktn.gv.at/Service/News?nid=30991
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Klimaneutralität bis 2040 kostet jährlich vier Milliarden Euro - Umwelt, Landwirtschaft & Klima - derStandard.at › Wirtschaft
UR  - https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000113826478/klimaneutralitaet-bis-2040-kostet-jaehrlich-vier-milliarden-euro
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:39:57
L2  - https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000113826478/klimaneutralitaet-bis-2040-kostet-jaehrlich-vier-milliarden-euro
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Country Index // Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative // University of Notre Dame
UR  - https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:43:41
L2  - https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Land Oberösterreich - Klimaschutz in Oberösterreich
T2  - Land Oberösterreich
AB  - Das Pariser Übereinkommen zielt auf eine Begrenzung der globalen Erderwärmung auf deutlich unter zwei Grad Celsius, möglichst 1,5 Grad Celsius, gegenüber vorindustriellen Werten ab. Dies erfordert einen raschen weltweiten Umbau der Energiesysteme weg von fossilen hin zu erneuerbaren Energieträgern wie Sonnenenergie, Biomasse, Wasserkraft und Wind. Der Beitrag von Österreich bzw. Oberösterreich ist im Rahmen der EU-Klimapolitik abgestimmt, welche eine „Klimaneutralität 2050“ vorsieht.
LA  - de
UR  - https://www.land-oberoesterreich.gv.at
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:48:14
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Austria: CO2 Country Profile - Our World in Data
UR  - https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/austria?country=~AUT
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:49:00
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Land Salzburg - Klima- und Energiestrategie SALZBURG 2050
UR  - https://www.salzburg.gv.at/themen/umwelt/salzburg2050
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:54:42
L2  - https://www.salzburg.gv.at/themen/umwelt/salzburg2050
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Das zahnlose Klimaschutzgesetz novellieren!
T2  - DER STANDARD
AB  - Vorschläge für ein neues Rahmengesetz, das die Weichen für eine klimapolitische Wende in Österreich stellen könnte
LA  - de-AT
UR  - https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000111634979/das-zahnlose-klimaschutzgesetz-novellieren
Y2  - 2021/03/31/15:56:00
L2  - https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000111634979/das-zahnlose-klimaschutzgesetz-novellieren
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Umweltbundesamt - Österreich erreicht nationale Klimaziele - Wiener Zeitung Online
UR  - https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/wirtschaft/oesterreich/2062208-Oesterreich-erreicht-nationale-Klimaziele.html
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:08:47
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Thermal conditions during heat waves of a mid-European metropolis under consideration of climate change, urban development scenarios and resilience measures for the mid‑21st century
AU  - Trimmel, Heidelinde
AU  - Weihs, Philipp
AU  - Faroux, Stéphanie
AU  - Formayer, Herbert
AU  - Hamer, Paul
AU  - Hasel, Kristofer
AU  - Laimighofer, Johannes
AU  - Leidinger, David
AU  - Masson, Valéry
AU  - Nadeem, Imran
AU  - Oswald, Sandro M.
AU  - Revesz, Michael
AU  - Schoetter, Robert
T2  - Meteorologische Zeitschrift
AB  - In this study we produce two urban development scenarios estimating potential urban sprawl and optimized development concerning building construction, and we simulate their inﬂuence on air temperature, surface temperatures and human thermal comfort. We select two heat waves representative for present and future conditions of the mid 21st century and simulations are run with the Town Energy Balance Model (TEB) coupled online and ofﬂine to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Global and regional climate change under the RCP8.5 scenario causes an increase of daily maximum air temperature in Vienna by 7 K. The daily minimum air temperature will increase by 2–4 K. Changes caused by urban growth or densiﬁcation mainly affect air temperature and human thermal comfort locally where new urbanisation takes place and does not occur signiﬁcantly in the central districts. A combination of near zero-energy standards and increasing albedo of building materials on the city scale accomplishes a maximum reduction of urban canyon temperature achieved by changes in urban parameters of 0.9 K for the minima and 0.2 K for the maxima. Local scale changes of different adaptation measures show that insulation of buildings alone increases the maximum wall surface temperatures by more than 10 K or the maximum mean radiant temperature (MRT) in the canyon by 5 K. Therefore, measures to reduce MRT within the urban canyons like tree shade are needed to complement the proposed measures. This study concludes that the rising air temperatures expected by climate change puts an unprecedented heat burden on Viennese inhabitants, which cannot easily be reduced by measures concerning buildings within the city itself. Additionally, measures such as planting trees to provide shade, regional water sensitive planning and global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce temperature extremes are required.
DA  - 2019/01/01/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1127/metz/2019/0966
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
SP  - 91938
J2  - metz
LA  - en
SN  - 0941-2948
UR  - http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/metz/detail/prepub/91938/Thermal_conditions_during_heat_waves_of_a_mid_Euro?af=crossref
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:14:23
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Analysing interactions among Sustainable Development Goals with Integrated Assessment Models
AU  - van Soest, Heleen L.
AU  - van Vuuren, Detlef P.
AU  - Hilaire, Jérôme
AU  - Minx, Jan C.
AU  - Harmsen, Mathijs J.H.M.
AU  - Krey, Volker
AU  - Popp, Alexander
AU  - Riahi, Keywan
AU  - Luderer, Gunnar
T2  - Global Transitions
AB  - To achieve all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, it is necessary to understand how they interact with each other. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) represent many humaneenvironment interactions and can inform policymakers about the synergies and trade-offs involved in meeting multiple goals simultaneously. We analyse how IAMs, originally developed to study interactions among energy, the economy, climate, and land, can contribute to a wider analysis of the SDGs in order to inform integrated policies. We compare the key interactions identiﬁed among the SDGs in an expert survey, with their current and planned representation in models as identiﬁed in a survey among modellers. We also use text mining to reveal past practices by extracting the themes discussed in the IAM literature, linking them to the SDGs, and identifying the interactions among them, thus corroborating our previous results. This combination of methods allowed us to discuss the role of modelling in informing policy coherence and stimulate discussions on future research. The analysis shows that IAMs cover the SDGs related to climate because of their design. It also shows that most IAMs cover several other areas that are related to resource use and the Earth system as well. Some other dimensions of the 2030 Agenda are also covered, but socio-political and equality goals, and others related to human development and governance, are not well represented. Some of these are difﬁcult to capture in models. Therefore, it is necessary to facilitate a better representation of heterogeneity (greater geographical and sectoral detail) by using different types of models (e.g. national and global) and linking different disciplines (especially social sciences) together. Planned developments include increased coverage of human development goals and contribute to policy coherence.
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1016/j.glt.2019.10.004
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 1
SP  - 210
EP  - 225
J2  - Global Transitions
LA  - en
SN  - 25897918
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589791819300179
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:14:28
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Aus Verantwortung für Österreich. – Regierungsprogramm 2020–2024
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 232
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Towards understanding interactions between Sustainable Development Goals: the role of environment–human linkages
AU  - Scharlemann, Jörn P. W.
AU  - Brock, Rebecca C.
AU  - Balfour, Nicholas
AU  - Brown, Claire
AU  - Burgess, Neil D.
AU  - Guth, Miriam K.
AU  - Ingram, Daniel J.
AU  - Lane, Richard
AU  - Martin, Juliette G. C.
AU  - Wicander, Sylvia
AU  - Kapos, Valerie
T2  - Sustainability Science
AB  - Only 10 years remain to achieve all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) globally, so there is a growing need to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of action by targeting multiple SDGs. The SDGs were conceived as an ‘indivisible whole’, but interactions between SDGs need to be better understood. Several previous assessments have begun to explore interactions including synergies and possible conflicts between the SDGs, and differ widely in their conclusions. Although some highlight the role of the more environmentally-focused SDGs in underpinning sustainable development, none specifically focuses on environment–human linkages. Assessing interactions between SDGs, and the influence of environment on them can make an important contribution to informing decisions in 2020 and beyond. Here, we review previous assessments of interactions among SDGs, apply an influence matrix to assess pairwise interactions between all SDGs, and show how viewing these from the perspective of environment–human linkages can influence the outcome. Environment, and environment–human linkages, influence most interactions between SDGs. Our action-focused assessment enables decision makers to focus environmental management to have the greatest impacts and to identify opportunities to build on synergies and reduce trade-offs between particular SDGs. It may enable sectoral decision makers to seek support from environment managers for achieving their goals. We explore cross-cutting issues and the relevance and potential application of our approach in supporting decision making for progress to achieve the SDGs.
DA  - 2020/11//
PY  - 2020
DO  - 10.1007/s11625-020-00799-6
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 15
IS  - 6
SP  - 1573
EP  - 1584
J2  - Sustain Sci
LA  - en
SN  - 1862-4065, 1862-4057
ST  - Towards understanding interactions between Sustainable Development Goals
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11625-020-00799-6
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:14:39
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Agenda 2030 für nachhaltige Entwicklung in Österreich – SDG‑Indikatorenbericht
AU  - Wegscheider‑Pichler, Alexandra
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 166
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - The emissions gap report 2020
AU  - United Nations Environment Programme
DA  - 2020///
PY  - 2020
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - en
SN  - 978-92-807-3812-4
UR  - https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:14:59
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Human biometeorological evaluation of heat-related mortality in Vienna
AU  - Matzarakis, Andreas
AU  - Muthers, Stefan
AU  - Koch, Elisabeth
T2  - Theoretical and Applied Climatology
AB  - The relationship between heat stress and mortality in the federal state of Vienna (Austria) was analyzed from 1970 to 2007. Long-term trends of mortality data and short-term adaptation to heat stress were considered by two complex approaches. The evaluation is based on the human biometeorological parameter, physiologically equivalent temperature. The results revealed a significant impact of heat stress on the human health, with a significantly higher sensitivity on women compared to men. Additionally, higher risks of deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were found. During the long period of 38 years, some significant decreases of the sensitivity were found, especially in the medium heat stress levels. This could indicate active processes of long-term adaptation to the increasing heat stress.
DA  - 2011/08//
PY  - 2011
DO  - 10.1007/s00704-010-0372-x
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 105
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 1
EP  - 10
J2  - Theor Appl Climatol
LA  - en
SN  - 0177-798X, 1434-4483
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00704-010-0372-x
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:15:03
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Innovative climate policy advice: Case studies from Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK
AU  - Reinecke, Sabine
AU  - Hermann, Andrea Tony
AU  - Bauer, Anja
AU  - Pregernig, Michael
AU  - Hogl, Karl
AU  - Pistorius, Till
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 119
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =: Austrian assessment report 2014 (AAR14)
A3  - Austrian Panel on Climate Change
A3  - Kromp-Kolb, Helga
CN  - QC903.2.A9 A97 2014
CY  - Wien
DA  - 2014///
PY  - 2014
DP  - Library of Congress ISBN
SP  - 1096
LA  - de
PB  - Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
SN  - 978-3-7001-7699-2
ST  - Österreichischer Sachstandsbericht Klimawandel 2014 =
KW  - Austria
KW  - Climatic changes
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Climate change 2014: synthesis report
A3  - Pachauri, R. K.
A3  - Mayer, Leo
A3  - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
CY  - Geneva, Switzerland
DA  - 2015///
PY  - 2015
DP  - Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund ISBN
SP  - 151
LA  - en
PB  - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
SN  - 978-92-9169-143-2
ST  - Climate change 2014
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A Comparison of Energy Transition Governance in Germany, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom
AU  - Laes, Erik
AU  - Gorissen, Leen
AU  - Nevens, Frank
T2  - Sustainability
AB  - This paper reviews and analyzes the challenges of energy transition governance towards a low-carbon society as a political achievement. The main research question is how specific “transition governance approaches” (as advocated by transition theory) can be embedded/anchored in the policy-making logics and practices. We analyze three country cases, known for their path-breaking efforts in the area: Germany (due to its pioneering role in the development and diffusion of renewable energy technologies), the Netherlands (due to its pioneering role in launching the transition management framework), and the United Kingdom (due to its pioneering role in adopting a long-term legislative commitment to a low-carbon future). The paper identifies best governance practices and remaining challenges in the following areas: (i) connecting long-term visions with short- and mid-term action; (ii) innovation (technological as well as social); (iii) integration (of multiple objectives and policy areas and levels); (iv) societal engagement; and (v) learning/reflexivity.
DA  - 2014/02/27/
PY  - 2014
DO  - 10.3390/su6031129
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
SP  - 1129
EP  - 1152
J2  - Sustainability
LA  - en
SN  - 2071-1050
UR  - http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/6/3/1129
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:15:13
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production
AU  - Burke, Marshall
AU  - Hsiang, Solomon M.
AU  - Miguel, Edward
T2  - Nature
DA  - 2015/11//
PY  - 2015
DO  - 10.1038/nature15725
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 527
IS  - 7577
SP  - 235
EP  - 239
J2  - Nature
LA  - en
SN  - 0028-0836, 1476-4687
UR  - http://www.nature.com/articles/nature15725
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:15:18
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - BESCHLUSS  (EU)  2016/  1841  DES  RATES  -  vom  5.  Oktober  2016  -  über  den  Abschluss  des  im  Rahmen  des  Rahmenübereinkommens  der  Vereinten  Nationen  über  Klimaänderungen  geschlossenen  Übereinkommens  von  Paris  im  Namen  der  Europäischen  Union
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 3
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Low Carbon Development Strategy in Österreich
AU  - Omann, Dr Ines
AU  - Seebauer, Dr Sebastian
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 49
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - DIE ÖSTERREICHISCHE STRATEGIE ZUR ANPASSUNG AN DEN KLIMAWANDEL
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 440
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Die österreichische Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 154
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Emission budgets and pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 °C
AU  - Millar, Richard J.
AU  - Fuglestvedt, Jan S.
AU  - Friedlingstein, Pierre
AU  - Rogelj, Joeri
AU  - Grubb, Michael J.
AU  - Matthews, H. Damon
AU  - Skeie, Ragnhild B.
AU  - Forster, Piers M.
AU  - Frame, David J.
AU  - Allen, Myles R.
T2  - Nature Geoscience
DA  - 2017/10/01/
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1038/ngeo3031
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 10
IS  - 10
SP  - 741
EP  - 747
J2  - Nature Geosci
LA  - en
SN  - 1752-0894, 1752-0908
UR  - http://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo3031
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:15:36
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global exposure and vulnerability to multi-sector development and climate change hotspots
AU  - Byers, Edward
AU  - Gidden, Matthew
AU  - Leclère, David
AU  - Balkovic, Juraj
AU  - Burek, Peter
AU  - Ebi, Kristie
AU  - Greve, Peter
AU  - Grey, David
AU  - Havlik, Petr
AU  - Hillers, Astrid
AU  - Johnson, Nils
AU  - Kahil, Taher
AU  - Krey, Volker
AU  - Langan, Simon
AU  - Nakicenovic, Nebjosa
AU  - Novak, Robert
AU  - Obersteiner, Michael
AU  - Pachauri, Shonali
AU  - Palazzo, Amanda
AU  - Parkinson, Simon
AU  - Rao, Narasimha D
AU  - Rogelj, Joeri
AU  - Satoh, Yusuke
AU  - Wada, Yoshihide
AU  - Willaarts, Barbara
AU  - Riahi, Keywan
T2  - Environmental Research Letters
AB  - Understanding the interplay between multiple climate change risks and socioeconomic development is increasingly required to inform effective actions to manage these risks and pursue sustainable development. We calculate a set of 14 impact indicators at different levels of global mean temperature (GMT) change and socioeconomic development covering water, energy and land sectors from an ensemble of global climate, integrated assessment and impact models. The analysis includes changes in drought intensity and water stress index, cooling demand change and heat event exposure, habitat degradation and crop yield, amongst others. To investigate exposure to multi-sector climate impacts, these are combined with gridded socioeconomic projections of population and those ‘vulnerable to poverty’ from three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) (income <$10/day, currently 4.2 billion people). We show that global exposure to multi-sector risks approximately doubles between 1.5 ◦C and 2 ◦C GMT change, doubles again with 3 ◦C GMT change and is ∼6x between the best and worst cases (SSP1/1.5 ◦C vs SSP3/3 ◦C, 0.8–4.7bi). For populations vulnerable to poverty, the exposure is an order of magnitude greater (8–32x) in the high poverty and inequality scenarios (SSP3) compared to sustainable socioeconomic development (SSP1). Whilst 85%–95% of global exposure falls to Asian and African regions, they have 91%–98% of the exposed and vulnerable population (depending on SSP/GMT combination), approximately half of which in South Asia. In higher warming scenarios, African regions have growing proportion of the global exposed and vulnerable population, ranging from 7%–17% at 1.5 ◦C, doubling to 14%–30% at 2 ◦C and again to 27%–51% at 3 ◦C. Finally, beyond 2 ◦C and at higher risk thresholds, the world’s poorest are disproportionately impacted, particularly in cases (SSP3) of high inequality in Africa and southern Asia. Sustainable development that reduces poverty, mitigates emissions and meets targets in the water, energy and land sectors has the potential for order-of-magnitude scale reductions in multi-sector climate risk for the most vulnerable.
DA  - 2018/05/01/
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1088/1748-9326/aabf45
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 13
IS  - 5
SP  - 055012
J2  - Environ. Res. Lett.
LA  - en
SN  - 1748-9326
UR  - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf45
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:15:40
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Mapping interactions between the sustainable development goals: lessons learned and ways forward
AU  - Nilsson, Måns
AU  - Chisholm, Elinor
AU  - Griggs, David
AU  - Howden-Chapman, Philippa
AU  - McCollum, David
AU  - Messerli, Peter
AU  - Neumann, Barbara
AU  - Stevance, Anne-Sophie
AU  - Visbeck, Martin
AU  - Stafford-Smith, Mark
T2  - Sustainability Science
AB  - Pursuing integrated research and decision-making to advance action on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) fundamentally depends on understanding interactions between the SDGs, both negative ones (‘‘trade-offs’’) and positive ones (‘‘co-beneﬁts’’). This quest, triggered by the 2030 Agenda, has however pointed to a gap in current research and policy analysis regarding how to think systematically about interactions across the SDGs. This paper synthesizes experiences and insights from the application of a new conceptual framework for mapping and assessing SDG interactions using a deﬁned typology and characterization approach. Drawing on results from a major international research study applied to the SDGs on health, energy and the ocean, it analyses how interactions depend on key factors such as geographical context, resource endowments, time horizon and governance. The paper discusses the future potential, barriers and opportunities for applying the approach in scientiﬁc research, in policy making and in bridging the two through a global SDG Interactions Knowledge Platform as a key mechanism for assembling, systematizing and aggregating knowledge on interactions.
DA  - 2018/11//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1007/s11625-018-0604-z
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 13
IS  - 6
SP  - 1489
EP  - 1503
J2  - Sustain Sci
LA  - en
SN  - 1862-4065, 1862-4057
ST  - Mapping interactions between the sustainable development goals
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11625-018-0604-z
Y2  - 2021/03/31/16:15:47
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Fortschrittsbericht 2019
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 21
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - CONF
TI  - [No title found]
T2  - Ref-NEKP
A2  - Commission for Interdisciplinary Ecological Studies (KIOES)
C1  - Wien
C3  - Referenzplan als Grundlage für einen wissenschaftlich fundierten und mit den Pariser Klimazielen in Einklang stehenden Nationalen Energie- und Klimaplan für Österreich (Ref-NEKP) - Executive Summary
DA  - 2020///
PY  - 2020
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
LA  - de
PB  - Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
ER  - 

TY  - ELEC
TI  - Verteilungswirkungen einer CO2-Steuer auf Haushaltsebene
AB  - Webseite des Österreichischen Parlaments.
LA  - de, de
UR  - https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/BUDG/ANFRAGEN/VERTEILUNGSWIRKUNGEN/index.shtml
Y2  - 2021/04/19/08:52:04
L2  - https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/BUDG/ANFRAGEN/VERTEILUNGSWIRKUNGEN/index.shtml
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Why the social cost of carbon will always be disputed
AU  - Pezzey, John C V
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 12
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Policy design for the Anthropocene
AU  - Sterner, Thomas
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
VL  - 2
SP  - 8
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019
AU  - World Bank Group
DA  - 2019/06/06/
PY  - 2019
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
LA  - en
PB  - Washington, DC: World Bank
SN  - 978-1-4648-1435-8
UR  - http://hdl.handle.net/10986/31755
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:07:59
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The European Union Emissions Trading System reduced CO <sub>2</sub> emissions despite low prices
AU  - Bayer, Patrick
AU  - Aklin, Michaël
T2  - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
AB  - International carbon markets are an appealing and increasingly popular tool to regulate carbon emissions. By putting a price on carbon, carbon markets reshape incentives faced by firms and reduce the value of emissions. How effective are carbon markets? Observers have tended to infer their effectiveness from market prices. The general belief is that a carbon market needs a high price in order to reduce emissions. As a result, many observers remain skeptical of initiatives such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), whose price remained low (compared to the social cost of carbon). In this paper, we assess whether the EU ETS reduced
              
                
                  
                    
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              emissions despite low prices. We motivate our study by documenting that a carbon market can be effective if it is a credible institution that can plausibly become more stringent in the future. In such a case, firms might cut emissions even though market prices are low. In fact, low prices can be a signal that the demand for carbon permits weakens. Thus, low prices are compatible with successful carbon markets. To assess whether the EU ETS reduced carbon emissions even as permits were cheap, we estimate counterfactual carbon emissions using an original sectoral emissions dataset. We find that the EU ETS saved about 1.2 billion tons of
              
                
                  
                    
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                      O
                    
                    
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              between 2008 and 2016 (3.8%) relative to a world without carbon markets, or almost half of what EU governments promised to reduce under their Kyoto Protocol commitments. Emission reductions in sectors covered under the EU ETS were higher.
DA  - 2020/04/21/
PY  - 2020
DO  - 10.1073/pnas.1918128117
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 117
IS  - 16
SP  - 8804
EP  - 8812
J2  - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
LA  - en
SN  - 0027-8424, 1091-6490
UR  - http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1918128117
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:08:10
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Die Auswirkungen von klimapolitischen Maßnahmen auf den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt
AU  - Großmann, Dr
AU  - Hinterberger, Dr
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 133
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Opinion: Why carbon pricing is not sufficient to mitigate climate change—and how “sustainability transition policy” can help
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 5
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Fixing long-term price paths for fossil energy – the optimal incentive for limiting global warming
AU  - Schulmeister, Stephan
AB  - Neither a gradually rising carbon tax nor emission trading schemes can ensure that the costs of emitting greenhouse gases, in particular CO2, will steadily rise faster than the general price level. If, e.g., global fossil energy prices decline faster than a carbon tax or the emission permit price rises, then the final good and its use become cheaper. Since the prices of fossil energy as well as CO2 emission permit prices belong to the most unstable prices in the global economy, carbon taxes and trading schemes cannot anchor the long-term expectation that the effective emission costs for firms and households will rise continuously. Such an expectation, however, is a prerequisite for steadily growing investment in energy efficiency and/or renewable energy because the profits from such investments consist of the saved fossil energy costs (“opportunity profits”).
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 19
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Environmental taxation and the double dividend: A reader's guide
AU  - Goulder, Lawrence H
AB  - There has been considerable debate as to whether the revenue-neutral substitution of environmental taxes for ordinary income taxes might offer a double dividend: not only (1) improve the environment but also (2) reduce certain costs of the tax system. This paper articulates differentnotions of double dividend and examines the theoretical and empirical evidence for each. It also connects the double-dividendissue with principles of optimal environmental taxation in a second-best setting. A weak double-dividend claim--that returning tax revenues through cuts in distortionary taxes leads to cost savings relative to the case where revenues are returned lump sum--is easily defended on theoretical grounds and (thankfully) receives wide support from numerical simulations. The stronger versions contend that revenueneutral swaps of environmental taxes for ordinary distortionary taxes involve zero or negative gross costs. Theoretical analyses and numerical results tend to cast doubt on the strong double-dividend claim, although the theoretical case is not air-tight and the numerical evidence is mixed.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 27
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Revenue recycling of a CO2 tax: Results from a general equilibrium model for Switzerland
AU  - Felder, Stefan
AU  - van Nieuwkoop, Renger
T2  - Annals of Operations Research
AB  - This paper combines a recent proposal by the Swiss government for a CO2 tax with a policy that uses the tax revenues to lower the pre-existing marginal labor income tax rates, and examines the efficiency and distribution effects of such a revenue recycling policy. The investigation, based on a large-scale general equilibrium model, contrary to other studies, indicates that an environmental tax reform involves negative gross cost, that is, increases welfare even when environmental benefits are not accounted for. The simulation results further show that the adverse distributional effects of a pure CO2 tax are neutralized or even reversed when tax revenues finance cuts of existing taxes.
DA  - 1996/06//
PY  - 1996
DO  - 10.1007/BF02209614
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 68
IS  - 2
SP  - 233
EP  - 265
J2  - Ann Oper Res
LA  - en
SN  - 0254-5330, 1572-9338
ST  - Revenue recycling of a CO2 tax
UR  - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02209614
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:08:51
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction on the Austrian Economy
AU  - Kratena, Kurt
AU  - Schleicher, Stefan
T2  - Economic Systems Research
AB  - A linked econometric input-output (10) model of the Austrian economy with a n energy block is used in this study to assess the sectoral effects of carbon dioxide emissions reduction. The energy block and the other commodities are linked by a partitioned I 0 model. Energy demand is described using aggregate energy demand equations, by activities and subdemand systems of the translog typefor differentfuel types. The conversion of energy is modelled using a n I 0 model of the energy sector. Measures for carbon dioxide reduction from detailed expert studies are introduced in the energy model and in the econometric model. Theprimary impacts are on energy demand, fuel shares and investment in new energy technologies. The simulation results of the partitioned I 0 model show different impacts on gross output, G D P and employment.
DA  - 1999/09//
PY  - 1999
DO  - 10.1080/09535319900000017
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
SP  - 245
EP  - 261
J2  - Economic Systems Research
LA  - en
SN  - 0953-5314, 1469-5758
UR  - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09535319900000017
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:09:02
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Environmental tax reform: efficiency and political feasibility
AU  - Felder, Stefan
AU  - Schleiniger, Reto
T2  - Ecological Economics
AB  - Although market-based environmental measures like uniform CO2 taxes reach a given standard at minimal cost, they do not prevail in real world policies. An efﬁciency oriented environmental policy fails, as it involves a redistribution of pollution rights, resulting in a strong and generally effective opposition of the groups that forego economic rents. The present paper analyzes the tradeoff between efﬁciency and political feasibility of several CO2 tax and reimbursement schemes, using a computable general equilibrium model of Switzerland. The simulation results indicate that a policy combining a uniform CO2 tax with differentiated labor subsidies preventing intersectoral redistribution is a better solution for the tradeoff than the presently existing tax schemes in various countries. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
DA  - 2002/08//
PY  - 2002
DO  - 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00109-X
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 42
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 107
EP  - 116
J2  - Ecological Economics
LA  - en
SN  - 09218009
ST  - Environmental tax reform
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092180090200109X
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:09:14
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway: do carbon taxes work?
AU  - Bruvoll, Annegrete
AU  - Larsen, Bodil Merethe
T2  - Energy Policy
AB  - During the last decade, Norway has carried out an ambitious climate policy. The main policy tool is a relatively high carbon tax, which was implemented already in 1991. Data for the development in CO2 emissions since then provide a unique opportunity to evaluate carbon taxes as a policy tool. To reveal the driving forces behind the changes in the three most important climate gases, CO2, methane and N2O in the period 1990–1999, we decompose the actually observed emissions changes, and use an applied general equilibrium simulation to look into the speciﬁc effect of carbon taxes. Although total emissions have increased, we ﬁnd a signiﬁcant reduction in emissions per unit of GDP over the period due to reduced energy intensity, changes in the energy mix and reduced process emissions. Despite considerable taxes and price increases for some fuel-types, the carbon tax effect has been modest. While the partial effect from lower energy intensity and energy mix changes was a reduction in CO2 emissions of 14 percent, the carbon taxes contributed to only 2 percent reduction. This relatively small effect relates to extensive tax exemptions and relatively inelastic demand in the sectors in which the tax is actually implemented.
DA  - 2004/03//
PY  - 2004
DO  - 10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00151-4
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 32
IS  - 4
SP  - 493
EP  - 505
J2  - Energy Policy
LA  - en
SN  - 03014215
ST  - Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421503001514
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:09:32
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Wem nützt die Entfernungspauschale?
AU  - Bach, Stefan
AU  - Kloas, Jutta
AU  - Kuhfeld, Hartmut
T2  - Informationen zur Raumentwicklung
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 9
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: A General Equilibrium Approach with Micro-Data for Households
AU  - Rausch, Sebastian
AU  - Metcalf, Gilbert E
AU  - Reilly, John M
AB  - Many policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions have at their core efforts to put a price on carbon emissions. Carbon pricing impacts households both by raising the cost of carbon intensive products and by changing factor prices. A complete analysis requires taking both effects into account. The impact of carbon pricing is determined by heterogeneity in household spending patterns across income groups as well as heterogeneity in factor income patterns across income groups. It is also affected by precise formulation of the policy (how is the revenue from carbon pricing distributed) as well as the treatment of other government policies (e.g. the treatment of transfer payments). What is often neglected in analyses of policy is the heterogeneity of impacts across households even within income or regional groups. In this paper, we incorporate 15,588 households from the U.S. Consumer and Expenditure Survey data as individual agents in a comparative-static general equilibrium framework. These households are represented within the MIT USREP model, a detailed general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. In particular, we categorize households by full household income (factor income as well as transfer income) and apply various measures of lifetime income to distinguish households that are temporarily low-income (e.g., retired households drawing down their ﬁnancial assets) from permanently low-income households. We also provide detailed within-group distributional measures of burden impacts from various policy scenarios.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 38
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - BOOK
TI  - Verkehr fair steuern
AU  - Verkehrsclub Österreich
AU  - Forschungsinstitut
DA  - 2011///
PY  - 2011
DP  - Open WorldCat
LA  - de
SN  - 978-3-901204-69-2
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - British Columbia’s revenue-neutral carbon tax: A review of the latest “grand experiment” in environmental policy
AU  - Murray, Brian
AU  - Rivers, Nicholas
T2  - Energy Policy
AB  - In 2008, British Columbia implemented the ﬁrst comprehensive and substantial carbon tax in North America. By 2012, the tax had reached a level of C$30/t CO2, and it covers about three-quarters of all greenhouse gas emissions in the province. This paper reviews existing evidence on the effect of the tax on greenhouse emissions, the economy, and the distribution of income, and provides new evidence on public perceptions of the tax. Empirical and simulation models suggest that the tax has reduced emissions in the province by between 5% and 15% since being implemented. At the same time, models show that the tax has had negligible effects on the aggregate economy, despite some evidence that certain emissions-intensive sectors face challenges. Studies differ on the effects of the policy on the distribution of income, however all studies agree that the effects are relatively small in this dimension. Finally, polling data shows that the tax was initially opposed by the majority of the public, but that three years postimplementation, the public generally supported the carbon tax.
DA  - 2015/11//
PY  - 2015
DO  - 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.011
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 86
SP  - 674
EP  - 683
J2  - Energy Policy
LA  - en
SN  - 03014215
ST  - British Columbia’s revenue-neutral carbon tax
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421515300550
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:09:52
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Carbon Pricing in Practice: A Review of the Evidence
AU  - Narassimhan, Easwaran
AU  - Gallagher, Kelly S
AU  - Koester, Stefan
AU  - Alejo, Julio Rivera
AB  - This paper analyzes carbon pricing policies in fifteen regions (EU, Switzerland, Ireland, Norway, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and California in the U.S., British Columbia and Québec in Canada, Mexico, Chile, New Zealand, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and pilot schemes in China) that have implemented an emissions trading scheme (ETS), a carbon tax or a hybrid of both. The paper synthesizes key findings and knowledge gaps on what is working, what isn’t and why when it comes to implementing carbon pricing policies. Institutional learning, administrative prudence, appropriate carbon revenue management, and stakeholder engagement are identified as key ingredients for a successful pricing regime. Recent implementation of ETS in regions including California, Québec and South Korea indicates significant institutional learning from prior systems, such as the EU ETS, with these regions implementing robust administrative and regulatory structures suitable for handling unique national/sub national opportunities and constraints. Cases show that carbon tax, in addition to being a standalone policy, may also serve as a good first step towards building an emissions inventory and administrative capacity necessary for countries interested in adopting an ETS in the future. Cases also show that there is potential for a “double dividend” for emissions reductions even with a modest carbon price, provided the policy increases in stringency over time and a portion of the revenue is reinvested in other emission-reduction activities. Knowledge gaps exist in understanding the interaction of pricing instruments with other climate policy instruments and how governments manage these policies to achieve optimum emissions reductions.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 52
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Use and Misuse of Models for Climate Policy
AU  - Pindyck, Robert S.
T2  - Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
DA  - 2017/01/01/
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1093/reep/rew012
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
SP  - 100
EP  - 114
J2  - Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
LA  - en
SN  - 1750-6816, 1750-6824
UR  - https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1093/reep/rew012
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:10:05
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Jobs and climate policy: Evidence from British Columbia's revenue-neutral carbon tax
AU  - Yamazaki, Akio
T2  - Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
AB  - This paper examines the employment impact of British Columbia’s revenue-neutral carbon tax implemented in 2008. While all industries appear to beneﬁt from the redistributed tax revenues, the most carbon-intensive and trade-sensitive industries see employment fall with the tax, while clean service industries see employment rise. By aggregating across industries I ﬁnd the BC carbon tax generated, on average, a small but statistically signiﬁcant 0.74 percent annual increases in employment over the 2007-2013 period. This paper provides initial evidence showing how a revenue-neutral carbon tax may not adversely affect employment.
DA  - 2017/05//
PY  - 2017
DO  - 10.1016/j.jeem.2017.03.003
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 83
SP  - 197
EP  - 216
J2  - Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
LA  - en
SN  - 00950696
ST  - Jobs and climate policy
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095069617301870
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:10:15
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Do Carbon Taxes Kill Jobs? Firm-Level Evidence from British Columbia
AU  - Azevedo, Deven
AU  - Wolff, Hendrik
AU  - Yamazaki, Akio
AB  - This paper investigates the employment impacts of British Columbia’s revenue-neutral carbon tax. We develop a revised approach to implementing the synthetic control method to ﬁrmlevel employment data, allowing us to estimate heterogeneous impacts across industries. We ﬁnd that the employment effects vary across sectors, speciﬁcally small service ﬁrms see their employment increase, while employment of larger energy intensive and trade intensive manufacturing ﬁrms decreases. These results provide new evidence for the “job-shifting hypothesis” of the revenue neutral tax. Tax cuts increased the purchasing power of low income households beneﬁting locally operating businesses (such as restaurants, massage or yoga studios) at the expense of the more internationally-exposed larger manufacturing ﬁrms. In contrast to previous papers, we ﬁnd that the aggregate employment was unaffected by the BC policy.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 48
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Environmental taxation and the double dividend hypothesis in CGE modelling literature: A critical review
AU  - Freire-González, Jaume
T2  - Journal of Policy Modeling
AB  - Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling is a ﬂexible and open way to model the economic systems that allow practitioners to assess the impacts of different policies or external shocks over an economic system. There is some empirical literature dedicated to test the double dividend hypothesis of an environmental tax reform using CGE models. This hypothesis claims that is possible to obtain an improvement of both environmental and economic conditions by imposing an environmental tax and recycling revenues obtained to reduce other pre-existing taxes. This research provides a comprehensive review of this literature including a statistical and a meta-regression analysis. 69 different simulations from 40 studies have been analyzed. 55% of simulations have achieved a double dividend, concluding that although the environmental dividend is almost always achieved, the economic dividend still remains an ambiguous question that needs further research.
DA  - 2018/01//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.11.002
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 40
IS  - 1
SP  - 194
EP  - 223
J2  - Journal of Policy Modeling
LA  - en
SN  - 01618938
ST  - Environmental taxation and the double dividend hypothesis in CGE modelling literature
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161893817301205
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:10:28
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies
AU  - Grubler, Arnulf
AU  - Wilson, Charlie
AU  - Bento, Nuno
AU  - Boza-Kiss, Benigna
AU  - Krey, Volker
AU  - McCollum, David L.
AU  - Rao, Narasimha D.
AU  - Riahi, Keywan
AU  - Rogelj, Joeri
AU  - De Stercke, Simon
AU  - Cullen, Jonathan
AU  - Frank, Stefan
AU  - Fricko, Oliver
AU  - Guo, Fei
AU  - Gidden, Matt
AU  - Havlík, Petr
AU  - Huppmann, Daniel
AU  - Kiesewetter, Gregor
AU  - Rafaj, Peter
AU  - Schoepp, Wolfgang
AU  - Valin, Hugo
T2  - Nature Energy
DA  - 2018/06//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 3
IS  - 6
SP  - 515
EP  - 527
J2  - Nat Energy
LA  - en
SN  - 2058-7546
UR  - http://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-018-0172-6
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:10:42
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Making carbon pricing work for citizens
AU  - Klenert, David
T2  - Nature Climate Change
DA  - 2018///
PY  - 2018
DP  - Zotero
VL  - 8
SP  - 9
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The impact of CO2 taxation on Swiss households’ heating demand
AU  - Ott, Laurent
AU  - Weber, Sylvain
AB  - This paper investigates the impacts of the Swiss CO2 levy on households’ heating demand. Using a diﬀerence-in-diﬀerences approach combined with inverse probability of treatment weighting, we test whether the 2016 carbon tax rate increase had a short-term impact on Swiss households’ heating consumption and propensity to renovate. Micro-level data from the 2016 and 2017 waves of the Swiss Household Energy Demand Survey (SHEDS) are used to estimate the models. In both cases, no statistically signiﬁcant eﬀect can be detected across a variety of speciﬁcations. Even though further research is needed to investigate possible long-run impacts, our ﬁndings question the relevance of this policy instrument under its current form to lower households’ greenhouse gas emissions. Additional measures might be implemented to improve its eﬃciency.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 26
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Case against Carbon Prices
AU  - Patt, Anthony
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 5
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C
AU  - Rogelj, Joeri
T2  - Nature Climate Change
DA  - 2018///
PY  - 2018
DP  - Zotero
VL  - 8
SP  - 9
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Dekarbonisierung und Carbon Management für Österreich
AU  - Schleicher, Stefan
AU  - Steininger, Karl
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 68
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Carbon pricing and deep decarbonisation
AU  - Tvinnereim, Endre
AU  - Mehling, Michael
T2  - Energy Policy
AB  - Experts frequently point to carbon pricing as the most cost-eﬀective tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Empirical studies show that carbon pricing can successfully incentivise incremental emissions reductions. But meeting temperature targets within deﬁned timelines as agreed under the Paris Agreement requires more than incremental improvements: it requires achieving net zero emissions within a few decades. To date, there is little evidence that carbon pricing has produced deep emission reductions, even at high prices. While much steeper carbon prices may deliver greater abatement, political economy constraints render their feasibility doubtful. An approach with multiple instruments, including technology mandates and targeted support for innovation, is indispensable to avoid path dependencies and lock-in of long-lived, high-carbon assets. We argue that carbon pricing serves several important purposes in such an instrument mix, but also that the global commitment to deep decarbonisation requires acknowledging the vital role of instruments other than carbon pricing.
DA  - 2018/10//
PY  - 2018
DO  - 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.020
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 121
SP  - 185
EP  - 189
J2  - Energy Policy
LA  - en
SN  - 03014215
UR  - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421518304063
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:11:52
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions: Sweden as a Case Study
AU  - Andersson, Julius J.
T2  - American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
AB  - This quasi-experimental study is the first to find a significant causal effect of carbon taxes on emissions, empirically analyzing the implementation of a carbon tax and a value-added tax on transport fuel in Sweden. After implementation, carbon dioxide emissions from transport declined almost 11 percent, with the largest share due to the carbon tax alone, relative to a synthetic control unit constructed from a comparable group of OECD countries. Furthermore, the carbon tax elasticity of demand for gasoline is three times larger than the price elasticity. Policy evaluations of carbon taxes, using price elasticities to simulate emission reductions, may thus significantly underestimate their true effect. (JEL H23, L91, Q54, Q58)
DA  - 2019/11/01/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.1257/pol.20170144
DP  - DOI.org (Crossref)
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
SP  - 1
EP  - 30
J2  - American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
LA  - en
SN  - 1945-7731, 1945-774X
ST  - Carbon Taxes and CO2 Emissions
UR  - https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20170144
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:12:00
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - The distributional effects of a carbon tax and its impact on fuel poverty_ A microsimulation study in the French context
AU  - Berry, Audrey
T2  - Energy Policy
AB  - This paper studies the distributional effects of France's recently introduced carbon tax. Using a microsimulation model built on a representative sample of the French population from 2012, it simulates the taxes levied on each household's consumption of energy for housing and transport. Without revenue recycling, the carbon tax is regressive and increases fuel poverty. From a policy perspective, this finding indicates that the question of fuel poverty cannot be ignored in the quest for a fair ecological transition. It proposes that some of the revenues from the carbon tax should be redistributed to households. Different designs of cash transfer to support households are then compared. The results show that the inequities of the carbon tax could be offset at reasonable cost relative to total carbon tax revenues. However, adjusting the design of cash transfers to criteria other than income level does not diminish the cost of compensating households. The benefits of finely adjusting cash transfers may therefore be somewhat limited. Most notably, the results show that targeting revenue recycling at low-income households would help to reduce fuel poverty substantially. This study therefore indicates that carbon taxation actually provides an opportunity to finance ambitious policies to fight fuel poverty.
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 14
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Die Gelbwesten-Proteste: Eine (Fehler-)Analyse der französischen CO2-Preispolitik
AU  - Gagnebin, Murielle
AU  - Graichen, Dr Patrick
AU  - Lenck, Thorsten
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 18
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Energy system changes in 1.5 °C, well below 2 °C and 2 °C scenarios
AU  - Gambhir, Ajay
T2  - Energy Strategy Reviews
AB  - Meeting the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts towards 1.5 °C is likely to require more rapid and fundamental energy system changes than the previously-agreed 2 °C target. Here we assess over 200 integrated assessment model scenarios which achieve 2 °C and well-below 2 °C targets, drawn from the IPCC's fifth assessment report database combined with a set of 1.5 °C scenarios produced in recent years. We specifically assess differences in a range of near-term indicators describing CO2 emissions reductions pathways, changes in primary energy and final energy across the economy's major sectors, in addition to more detailed metrics around the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), negative emissions, low-carbon electricity and hydrogen.
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 12
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Austria’s Path to a Climate-Friendly Society and Economy—Contributions of an Environmental Tax Reform
AU  - Goers, Sebastian
AU  - Schneider, Friedrich
T2  - Modern Economy
AB  - In the present study, we explore an environmental tax reform for Austria as an instrument to achieve the main objectives of the current Austrian Climate and Energy Strategy #mission2030. Our concept aims at a dual objective of reducing CO2-eq emissions, while simultaneously further triggering innovation processes of the Austrian industry, resulting in a transfer of benefits to society. The focused measures at the national level to achieve climate protection comprise an increase of the mineral oil tax and the introduction of CO2-eq taxation for non-EU-ETS sectors. These taxes create revenues which are recycled through 1) reductions of non-wage labor costs for companies, 2) compensation transfers for private households of low- and middle-income groups, 3) investment in research and innovation for industry and 4) investments in key technologies to advance #mission2030, such as alternative propulsion systems (electric, H2), and the use of biomethane for space heating and thermal renovation. Results of simulations for the period 2020 to 2025 via a macro-sectoral model display the potential for multiple dividends if the revenues are reused this way. Furthermore, besides offering significant reductions of CO2e emissions, the proposed reform triggers positive impacts on GDP, employment, and private consumption, thereby ensuring social compatibility.
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 16
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - CO2 taxes, equity and the double dividend – Macroeconomic model simulations for Austria
AU  - Kirchner, Mathias
T2  - Energy Policy
AB  - This paper investigates the impacts of CO2 tax schemes on CO2 emissions, equity and macroeconomic indicators in Austria with the macroeconomic model DYNK[AUT]. Our scenarios focus on non-ETS CO2 emissions and comprise different tax rates and revenue recycling options (lower labor taxes, lower VAT and lump sum payments). The short-term comparative scenario analysis indicates that CO2 taxes without recycling lead to significant CO2 emission reductions at moderate economic costs. Equity impacts on households depend on the indicator used but can be regressive without recycling. Most recycling schemes can achieve a double dividend, i.e. emission reductions and increases in GDP. Lump sum payments are less efficient than reducing the VAT or labor taxes. Equity impacts are progressive with lump sum payments, rather proportional with lower VAT and regressive with lower labor taxes. A combination of recycling schemes and/or a restriction of lump sum payments to lower income households can minimize the trade-off between equity and efficiency. Our simulations suggest that well-designed CO2 tax schemes could be a crucial and socially acceptable element within a comprehensive policy package to achieve GHG emission targets for non-ETS sectors in Austria.
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 20
LA  - en
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Policy Brief: Fragen und Fakten zur Bepreisung von Treibhausgasemissionen
AU  - Köppl, Angela
AU  - Schleicher, Stefan
AU  - Schratzenstaller, Margit
DP  - Zotero
SP  - 30
LA  - de
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Antworten auf zentrale Fragen zur Einführung von CO2-Preisen. Gestaltungsoptionen und ihre Auswirkungen für den schnellen Übergang in die klimafreundliche Gesellschaft.
AU  - Mattauch, Linus
AU  - Creutzig, Felix
AU  - aus dem Moore, Nils
AU  - Franks, Max
AU  - Funke, Franziska
AU  - Jakob, Michael
AU  - Sager, Lutz
AU  - Schwarz, Moritz
AU  - Voß, Achim
AU  - Beck, Marie-Luise
AU  - Daub, Claus-Heinrich
AU  - Drupp, Moritz
AU  - Ekardt, Felix
AU  - Hagedorn, Gregor
AU  - Kirchner, Mathias
AU  - Kruse, Tobias
AU  - Loew, Thomas
AU  - Neuhoff, Karsten
AU  - Neuweg, Isabella
AU  - Peterson, Sonja
AU  - Roesti, Matthias
AU  - Schneider, Gerhard
AU  - Schmidt, Robert
AU  - Schwarze, Reimund
AU  - Siegmeier, Jan
AU  - Thalmann, Philippe
AU  - Wallacher, Johannes
AB  - Publiziert als Diskussionsbeiträge der Scientists for Future 2 (43 pp). Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte am 19. Aug. 2019, die geringfügige Revision 1.1 am 22. Aug. 2019. <strong>Einleitung: </strong>Klimaschutz hat für die Bürgerinnen und Bürger eine sehr hohe Priorität. Dies zeigt sich nicht nur regelmäßig in Befragungen, sondern auch durch die politische Bewegung „Fridays for Future“ bzw. „Klimastreik“. Dennoch bleiben die Anstrengungen, Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren, unzureichend. Ein wesentlicher Grund für das Missverhältnis von Überzeugung und kollektivem Handeln liegt darin, dass Treibhausgase, insbesondere in Deutschland und Österreich, keinen angemessenen Preis haben. Klimaschädigendes Verhalten ist häufig zu preiswert, klimaschonende Alternativen sind meist finanziell wenig attraktiv. Das gilt für alle: Unternehmen, Bürgerinnen, Bürger und die öffentliche Hand. Da im Pariser Klimaabkommen 2015 vereinbart wurde, den Temperaturanstieg deutlich unter 2°C zu halten und Anstrengungen zu unternehmen, den Temperaturanstieg auf 1.5°C zu begrenzen, ist der für weitere Treibhausgase verbleibende Platz in der Atmosphäre sehr knapp. Knappe Güter sollten in einer Marktwirtschaft teuer sein – ansonsten kommt es zu einem Marktversagen. Treibhausgase sind jedoch bisher nicht angemessen bepreist. Derzeit wird in Deutschland daher kontrovers diskutiert, ob und wie CO2-Emissionen einen höheren Preis bekommen können. Dabei werden die Formen einer CO2-Steuer, einer Erweiterung des europäischen Emissionshandels oder Mischformen und Varianten dieser Instrumente erwogen. Mit der nachfolgenden Zusammenstellung einiger in der Öffentlichkeit häufig diskutierter Fragen bereiten wir den Stand der Forschung für Interessierte auf. Der Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung („Wirtschaftsweise“) hat in seinem Sondergutachten vom 12. Juli 2019 höhere CO<sub>2</sub>-Preise in Deutschland empfohlen. Er stellt fest, dass „die aktuelle Debatte die historische Chance [bietet...], die deutsche Klimapolitik [...] auf ein System umzustellen, in dessen Zentrum die Bepreisung von Treibhausgasen steht.“ Weitere Gutachten des Deutschen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), des Forum-Ökologisch Soziale Marktwirtschaft (FÖS), des Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC Berlin), des Instituts für Makroökonomie und Konjunkturforschung (IMK) der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, des RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats beim Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie und der Leopoldina vom Juli 2019 untersuchen Möglichkeiten, in Deutschland höhere CO<sub>2</sub>-Preise einzuführen. Die folgenden Ausführungen sollen allen Interessierten eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Einordnung des gegenwärtigen Forschungsstandes und der daran anknüpfenden Handlungsoptionen rund um das Thema der CO<sub>2</sub>-Bepreisung bieten. Sie erklären, warum Ökonominnen und Ökonomen CO<sub>2</sub>-Preise als das kostengünstigste Mittel für mehr Klimaschutz erachten. Es wird dargestellt, dass sich CO<sub>2</sub>-Preise unter anderem in Großbritannien, Kalifornien, Schweden und der Schweiz bewährt haben, und diskutiert, welche Höhe für die CO<sub>2</sub>-Preise im Verlauf der kommenden Jahre und Jahrzehnte angemessen sind. Die beiden grundsätzlichen Möglichkeiten zur Einführung von CO<sub>2</sub>-Preisen über eine Steuer oder einen Emissionshandel sowie Mischformen werden vorgestellt. Zudem wird beantwortet, ob CO<sub>2</sub>-Preise gerecht sind, wie sie sozial ausgewogen gestaltet werden können und warum etwaige negative Auswirkungen auf die wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der deutschsprachigen Länder sehr überschaubar sein dürften. Darüber hinaus wird die öffentliche Wahrnehmung von CO<sub>2</sub>-Preisen behandelt. Es wird erläutert, warum der CO<sub>2</sub>-Preis eine zentrale Bedeutung für die Klimapolitik besitzt, ergänzende umweltpolitische Maßnahmen aber nicht überflüssig macht.
DA  - 2019/08/22/
PY  - 2019
DO  - 10.5281/ZENODO.3371150
DP  - DOI.org (Datacite)
LA  - de
UR  - https://zenodo.org/record/3371150
Y2  - 2021/04/19/09:13:16
N1  - <h2>Other</h2>
In 2020 wurde ein überarbeitete Version 2.0 unter doi:10.5281/zenodo.3644498 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3644498) veröffentlicht.
KW  - CO2; CO2-Taxation; Climate Change
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Can a Green Tax Reform Entail Employment Double Dividend in European and non-European Countries? A Survey of the Empirical Evidence
AU  - Maxim, Maruf Rahman
AU  - Zander, Kerstin
AB  - This paper synthesises the simulation studies concerning green tax reform (GTR) and employment double dividend (EDD) in European and nonEuropean countries. The studies included investigate the effect of GTR on employment. We compared the simulation results between European and non-European countries to understand the impact of study region and our findings are fivefold. First, the simulation results suggest that GTR-driven EDD is observed in both European and non-European countries, but the average effect on employment in European countries (0.67%) is significantly greater than in non-European countries (0.18%). Second, optimal tax and tax revenue recycling policies in European and non-European countries for EDD are not identical. Reducing employers’ social security contributions (SSC) has the potential to generate EDD in both countries. However, a reduction in value added tax has the highest average effect on employment in European countries (1.62%), which negatively affects employment in non-European countries (−0.02%). Third, a reduction in personal income tax as a tax recycling method creates a marginally average employment dividend in non-European countries (0.16%) but is counterproductive in European countries (−0.15%). Fourth, other taxes, which predominantly represent mixed taxes, exhibit the highest EDD potential in both European (1.01%) and non-European (0.46%) countries. Finally, employment dividend diminishes over time, but a weak quadratic pattern has been observed that reveals an accelerating effect on employment in the long term. These reflections should be considered before employing GTR in non-European countries in order to yield EDD.
DA  - 2019///
PY  - 2019
DP  - Zotero
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
SP  - 11
LA  - en
ER  -