TY - BOOK TI - Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption. A special Report of Working groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC A3 - Field, C. B. A3 - Barros, V. A3 - Stocker, T.F. A3 - Qin, D. A3 - Dokken, D.J. A3 - Ebi, K.L. A3 - Mastrandrea, M.D. A3 - Mach, K.J. A3 - Plattner, G.-K. A3 - Allen, S.K. A3 - Tignor, M. CN - QC903 .M355 2012 CY - Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 582 PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-1-107-02506-6 ST - Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption UR - http://ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/images/uploads/SREX-All_FINAL.pdf KW - Climatic changes KW - Climate change mitigation KW - global warming KW - ecology KW - Disasters KW - Science / Environmental Science KW - Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology & Climatology KW - Business & Economics / Development / Sustainable Development KW - Nature / Ecology KW - climates KW - Futurism KW - RISK MANAGEMENT ER - TY - JOUR TI - The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment AU - Moss, Richard H. AU - Edmonds, Jae A. AU - Hibbard, Kathy A. AU - Manning, Martin R. AU - Rose, Steven K. AU - van Vuuren, Detlef P. AU - Carter, Timothy R. AU - Emori, Seita AU - Kainuma, Mikiko AU - Kram, Tom AU - Meehl, Gerald A. AU - Mitchell, John F. B. AU - Nakicenovic, Nebojsa AU - Riahi, Keywan AU - Smith, Steven J. AU - Stouffer, Ronald J. AU - Thomson, Allison M. AU - Weyant, John P. AU - Wilbanks, Thomas J. T2 - Nature AB - Advances in the science and observation of climate change are providing a clearer understanding of the inherent variability of Earth’s climate system and its likely response to human and natural influences. The implications of climate change for the environment and society will depend not only on the response of the Earth system to changes in radiative forcings, but also on how humankind responds through changes in technology, economies, lifestyle and policy. Extensive uncertainties exist in future forcings of and responses to climate change, necessitating the use of scenarios of the future to explore the potential consequences of different response options. To date, such scenarios have not adequately examined crucial possibilities, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, and have relied on research processes that slowed the exchange of information among physical, biological and social scientists. Here we describe a new process for creating plausible scenarios to investigate some of the most challenging and important questions about climate change confronting the global community. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1038/nature08823 DP - www.nature.com VL - 463 IS - 7282 SP - 747 EP - 756 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7282/abs/nature08823.html Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:35:11 KW - Climate change KW - ecology KW - immunology KW - evolution KW - developmental biology KW - science KW - earth science KW - environmental science KW - astronomy KW - astrophysics KW - biochemistry KW - bioinformatics KW - biology KW - biotechnology KW - cancer KW - cell cycle KW - cell signalling KW - computational biology KW - development KW - DNA KW - drug discovery KW - evolutionary biology KW - functional genomics KW - genetics KW - genomics KW - geophysics KW - interdisciplinary science KW - life KW - marine biology KW - materials science KW - medical research KW - medicine KW - metabolomics KW - molecular biology KW - molecular interactions KW - nanotechnology KW - Nature KW - neurobiology KW - neuroscience KW - palaeobiology KW - pharmacology KW - physics KW - proteomics KW - quantum physics KW - RNA KW - science news KW - science policy KW - signal transduction KW - structural biology KW - systems biology KW - transcriptomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability AU - Adger, W. Neil T2 - Global Environmental Change DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Google Scholar VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 268 EP - 281 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000422 Y2 - 2013/09/01/08:07:22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Values and Behavior: Strength and Structure of Relations AU - Bardi, Anat AU - Schwartz, Shalom H. T2 - Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin AB - Three studies address unresolved issues in value-behavior relations. Does the full range of different values relate to common, recurrent behaviors? Which values relate more strongly to behavior than others? Do relations among different values and behaviors exhibit a meaningful overall structure? If so, how to explain this? We find that stimulation and tradition values relate strongly to the behaviors that express them; hedonism, power, universalism, and self-direction values relate moderately; and security, conformity, achievement, and benevolence values relate only marginally. Additional findings suggest that these differences in value-behavior relations may stem from normative pressures to perform certain behaviors. Such findings imply that values motivate behavior, but the relation between values and behaviors is partly obscured by norms. Relations among behaviors, among values, and jointly among values and behavior exhibit a similar structure. The motivational conflicts and congruities postulated by the theory of values can account for this shared structure. DA - 2003/10/01/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1177/0146167203254602 DP - psp.sagepub.com VL - 29 IS - 10 SP - 1207 EP - 1220 J2 - Pers Soc Psychol Bull LA - en SN - 0146-1672, 1552-7433 ST - Values and Behavior UR - http://psp.sagepub.com/content/29/10/1207 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - behavior KW - values ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Trans-European Transport Network Environmental Policy Integration in the European Union AU - Richardson, Tim T2 - European Urban and Regional Studies AB - This article critically examines the integration of environmental policy in the European Union (EU), focusing on the development of Policy Guidelines for the trans-European transport network. Key events are charted by which the integration of environmental concerns came to hinge on a single contested issue-the adoption of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The success of SEA in achieving environmental-policy integration is evaluated. An important aspect of this approach is to explore how the hegemonic discourses in the EU shape the policy process, and condition the success or failure of environmental integration. The article reflects on current debates about ecological modernization in the EU, arguing that the institutional learning model is inappropriate, and suggesting that understanding ecological modernization as cultural politics may bring a clearer understanding of the constructed nature of environmental-policy integration. DA - 1997/10/01/ PY - 1997 DO - 10.1177/096977649700400403 DP - eur.sagepub.com VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 333 EP - 346 J2 - European Urban and Regional Studies LA - en SN - 0969-7764, 1461-7145 UR - http://eur.sagepub.com/content/4/4/333 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:30:46 ER - TY - JOUR TI - International Institutions and Environmental Policy: International environmental agreements: Incentives and political economy AU - Carraro, Carlo AU - Siniscalco, Domenico T2 - European Economic Review AB - International environmental agreements are increasingly important in a globalised economy. Beyond their specific interest, these agreements are also important in the context of coalition formation theory. Given the incentives to free ride, associated to the environment as a public good and to the presence of spillovers, the profitability and the optimality of environmental agreements are separated from their stability (i.e. self-enforcement): hence, a whole set of political economy issues. This paper reviews the recent advances in this area. In particular, it discusses mechanisms and strategies aimed at offsetting the incentives to free ride and increasing welfare, such as transfers, issue linkages, threats and multiple agreements. The main results show that partial coalitions and multiple agreements tend to prevail among subsets of players, and that agreements among all players are most unlikely to exist. The design of the agreements, moreover, can be crucial in determining the number of signatory countries. DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 DO - 10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00118-9 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 42 IS - 3–5 SP - 561 EP - 572 J2 - European Economic Review SN - 0014-2921 ST - International Institutions and Environmental Policy UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292197001189 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Coalitions KW - environment KW - Games KW - International agreements KW - Political economy ER - TY - BOOK TI - Environment and Statecraft : The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making AU - Barrett, Scott AB - Environmental problems like global climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion can only be remedied if states cooperate with one another. But sovereign states usually care only about their own interests. So states must somehow restructure the incentives to make cooperation pay. This is what treaties are meant to do. A few treaties, such as the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, succeed. Most, however, fail to alter the state behaviour appreciably. This book develops a theory that explains both the successes and the failures. In particular, the book explains when treaties are needed, why some work better than others, and how treaty design can be improved. The best treaties strategically manipulate the incentives states have to exploit the environment, and the theory developed in this book shows how treaties can do this. The theory integrates a number of disciplines, including economics, political science, international law, negotiation analysis, and game theory. It also offers a coherent and consistent approach. The essential assumption is that treaties be self-enforcing-that is, individually rational, collectively rational, and fair. The book applies the theory to a number of environmental problems. It provides information on more than three hundred treaties, and analyses a number of case studies in detail. These include depletion of the ozone layer, whaling, pollution of the Rhine, acid rain, over-fishing, pollution of the oceans, and global climate change. The essential lesson of the book is that treaties should not just tell countries what to do. Treaties must make it in the interests of countries to behave differently. That is, they must restructure the underlying game. Most importantly, they must create incentives for states to participate in a treaty and for parties to comply. DA - 2003/01/09/ PY - 2003 DP - Google Books SP - 460 LA - en PB - Oxford University Press SN - 978-0-19-153144-6 ST - Environment and Statecraft KW - Business & Economics / Development / Sustainable Development KW - Business & Economics / Economics / General KW - Law / International ER - TY - JOUR TI - Vulnerability: a meta-analysis of definitions and methodologies. A clarification by formalisation AU - Wolf, S. AU - Hinkel, J. AU - Ionescu, C. AU - Hofman, M. AU - Bisaro, S. AU - Linke, D. AU - Klein, R. J. T. T2 - Global Environmental Change, under review DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Google Scholar ST - Vulnerability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Exploring the feasibility of low stabilization targets AU - Knopf, Brigitte AU - Luderer, Gunnar AU - Edenhofer, Ottmar T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change DA - 2011/07// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1002/wcc.124 DP - CrossRef VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 617 EP - 626 SN - 17577780 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/wcc.124 Y2 - 2013/09/05/12:25:46 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Editing out unsustainable behavior AU - Maniates, M. T2 - State of the World 2010. Transforming cultures A2 - Assadourian, Erik A2 - Amadeo, Mona A2 - Starke, Linda A2 - Worldwatch Institute (Washington, D.C.) CY - London DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat SP - 119 EP - 129 LA - English PB - Norton SN - 978-0-393-33726-6 0-393-33726-X UR - http://blogs.worldwatch.org/transformingcultures/contents/ Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Vulnerability to climate change: a quantitative approach AU - Moss, Richard H. AU - Brenkert, Antoinette L. AU - Malone, Elizabeth L. CY - United States of Americ DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DP - Google Scholar M3 - Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. Under Contract DE - AC06 - 76RLO 1830 SN - PNNL - SA - 33642 ST - Vulnerability to climate change UR - http://www.globalchange.umd.edu/data/publications/Vulnerability_to_Climate_Change.PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Border adjustment for European emissions trading: Competitiveness and carbon leakage AU - Kuik, Onno AU - Hofkes, Marjan T2 - Energy Policy AB - Unilateral or sub-global policies to combat climate change are potentially sensitive to free-riding and carbon leakage. One way of dealing with carbon leakage and competitiveness is the imposition of border adjustment measures for competing imports, for example in the form of the obligation to importers of goods to purchase and surrender emissions allowances to the authorities when importing. In this paper, we explore some implications of border adjustment measures in the EU ETS, for sectors that might be subject to carbon leakage. We examine the implications of two variants of these measures on the competitiveness of these sectors and on the global environment with the help of a multi-sector, multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the global economy. Our calculations suggest that border adjustment might reduce the sectoral rate of leakage of the iron and steel industry rather forcefully, but that the reduction would be less for the mineral products sector, including cement. The reduction of the overall or macro rate of leakage would be modest. So, from an environmental point of view border tax adjustments would not be a very effective policy measure, but might mainly be justified by considerations of sectoral competitiveness. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.048 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1741 EP - 1748 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - Border adjustment for European emissions trading UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509008982 Y2 - 2013/09/05/12:28:34 KW - Border adjustment KW - Carbon leakage KW - Climate change policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases AU - Tversky, Amos AU - Kahneman, Daniel T2 - Science AB - This article described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: (i) representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B; (ii) availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development; and (iii) adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available. These heuristics are highly economical and usually effective, but they lead to systematic and predictable errors. A better understanding of these heuristics and of the biases to which they lead could improve judgements and decisions in situations of uncertainty. DA - 1974/09/27/ PY - 1974 DO - 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 185 IS - 4157 SP - 1124 EP - 1131 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ST - Judgment under Uncertainty UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/185/4157/1124 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:44:27 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Transdisciplinary knowledge integration: cases from integrated assessment and vulnerability assessment AU - Hinkel, Jochen DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - Google Scholar PB - Wageningen Universiteit ST - Transdisciplinary knowledge integration UR - http://www.pik-potsdam.de/research/transdisciplinary-concepts-and-methods/archiv/projects/project-archive/favaia/pubs/hinkel-knowledge-integration.pdf Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:43:07 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the costs of adaptation to climate change: A review of the UNFCCC and other recent estimates – overview of conclusions AU - Parry, Martin AU - Arnell, Nigel AU - Berry, Pam AU - Dodman, David AU - Fankhauser, Samuel AU - Hope, Chris AU - Kovats, Sari AU - Nicholls, Robert AU - Satterthwaite, David AU - Tiffin, Richard AU - Wheeler, Tim CY - London DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 116 PB - Imperial Collede London, Graham Institute for Climate Change UR - http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Document&id=3895&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=gsdrc&utm_source=newsfeed Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Believing is seeing: laypeople's views of future socio-economic and climate change in England and in Italy AU - Lorenzoni, Irene AU - Hulme, Mike T2 - Public Understanding of Science DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Scholar VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 383 EP - 400 ST - Believing is seeing UR - http://pus.sagepub.com/content/18/4/383.short Y2 - 2013/09/05/12:52:11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Economics of Decarbonization. Report of the RECIPE project AU - Edenhofer, Ottmar AU - Carraro, Carlo AU - Hourcade, Jean-Charles AU - Neuhoff, K. AU - Luderer, G. AU - Flachsland, C. AU - Jakob, M. AU - Popp, A. AU - Steckel, J. AU - Strohschein, J. T2 - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Scholar ER - TY - RPRT TI - Optimal Emission Pricing in the Presence of International Spillovers: Decomposing Leakage and Terms-of-Trade Motives AU - Böhringer, Christoph AU - Lange, Andreas AU - Rutherford, Thomas F. AB - Carbon control policies in OECD countries commonly differentiate emission prices in favor of energy-intensive industries. While leakage provides a efficiency argument for differential emission pricing, the latter may be a disguised beggar-thy-neighbor policy to exploit terms of trade. Using an optimal tax framework, we propose a method to decompose the leakage motive and the terms-of-trade motive for emission price differentiation. We illustrate our method with a quantitative impact assessment of unilateral climate policies for the U.S. and EU economies. We conclude in these instances that complex optimal emission price differentiation does not substantially reduce the overall economic costs of carbon abatement compared with a simple rule of uniform emission pricing. DA - 2010/04// PY - 2010 DP - National Bureau of Economic Research M3 - Working Paper PB - National Bureau of Economic Research SN - 15899 ST - Optimal Emission Pricing in the Presence of International Spillovers UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/w15899 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Self-Enforcing International Environmental Agreements AU - Barrett, Scott T2 - Oxford Economic Papers AB - Effective management of international environmental resources requires cooperation, and in practice cooperation is usually codified in international environmental agreements (IEAs). The essential feature of IEAs is that they cannot be enforced by a third party. This paper explores the properties of self-enforcing IEAs using two models. In one, the number of signatories, the terms of the agreement, and the actions of nonsignatories are determined jointly. In the other, the IEA is modeled as an infinitely repeated game, but one which is renegotiation-proof. Both models indicate that IEAs can do little to improve on the noncooperative outcome when the number of countries that share the resource is large. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society. DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 DP - RePEc - IDEAS VL - 46 SP - 878 EP - 94 UR - http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/oxecpp/v46y1994i0p878-94.html Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - An architecture for government action on adaptation to climate change. An editorial comment AU - Smith, Joel B. AU - Vogel, Jason M. AU - Iii, John E. Cromwell T2 - Climatic Change AB - An architecture of government adaptation programs is presented. Components include leadership, institutional organization, stakeholder involvement, climate change information, appropriate use of decision analysis techniques, explicit consideration of barriers to adaptation, funding for adaptation, technology development and diffusion, and adaptation research. This architecture is a useful heuristic for identifying, evaluating, and reevaluating the needs of decision makers as they improve management of climate-sensitive resources in a changing environment. DA - 2009/07/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1007/s10584-009-9623-1 DP - link.springer.com VL - 95 IS - 1-2 SP - 53 EP - 61 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-009-9623-1 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:37:16 KW - Meteorology/Climatology ER - TY - RPRT TI - Jugend und die Zukunft der Welt. Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Umfrage in Deutschland und Österreich „Jugend und Nachhaltigkeit“. AU - Boecker, M.C. CY - Gütersloh / Wien DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 18 PB - Bertelsmann Stiftung, Bundesministerium für Europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten, tns emnid UR - http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/bst/de/media/xcms_bst_dms_29232_29233_2.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical and economic consequences of climate change in Europe AU - Ciscar, Juan-Carlos AU - Iglesias, Ana AU - Feyen, Luc AU - Szabó, László AU - Regemorter, Denise Van AU - Amelung, Bas AU - Nicholls, Robert AU - Watkiss, Paul AU - Christensen, Ole B. AU - Dankers, Rutger AU - Garrote, Luis AU - Goodess, Clare M. AU - Hunt, Alistair AU - Moreno, Alvaro AU - Richards, Julie AU - Soria, Antonio T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Quantitative estimates of the economic damages of climate change usually are based on aggregate relationships linking average temperature change to loss in gross domestic product (GDP). However, there is a clear need for further detail in the regional and sectoral dimensions of impact assessments to design and prioritize adaptation strategies. New developments in regional climate modeling and physical-impact modeling in Europe allow a better exploration of those dimensions. This article quantifies the potential consequences of climate change in Europe in four market impact categories (agriculture, river floods, coastal areas, and tourism) and one nonmarket impact (human health). The methodology integrates a set of coherent, high-resolution climate change projections and physical models into an economic modeling framework. We find that if the climate of the 2080s were to occur today, the annual loss in household welfare in the European Union (EU) resulting from the four market impacts would range between 0.2–1%. If the welfare loss is assumed to be constant over time, climate change may halve the EU's annual welfare growth. Scenarios with warmer temperatures and a higher rise in sea level result in more severe economic damage. However, the results show that there are large variations across European regions. Southern Europe, the British Isles, and Central Europe North appear most sensitive to climate change. Northern Europe, on the other hand, is the only region with net economic benefits, driven mainly by the positive effects on agriculture. Coastal systems, agriculture, and river flooding are the most important of the four market impacts assessed. DA - 2011/02/15/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1011612108 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 108 IS - 7 SP - 2678 EP - 2683 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/108/7/2678 Y2 - 2013/09/05/08:44:32 KW - climate adaptation policy KW - climate impact and adaptation assessment KW - computable general equilibrium KW - integrated assessment model ER - TY - JOUR TI - The effectiveness of anti-leakage policies in the European Union: results for Austria AU - Bednar-Friedl, Birgit AU - Kulmer, Veronika AU - Schinko, Thomas T2 - Empirica AB - With the third trading period of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) starting in 2013, the system of allocating emission allowances will significantly change: In contrast to the previous two trading periods, auctioning of the allowances should now be the rule rather than the exception. Accompanying this policy change, concerns over competitiveness of energy intensive, trade exposed sectors as well as over limited environmental effectiveness via the channel of carbon leakage, have regained prominence. In this paper, we thus explore the impacts of potential EU policies to counter losses in international competitiveness and carbon leakage from the perspective of Austria. Based on numerical simulations with a computable general equilibrium model, we evaluate three policy options: an input subsidy for carbon allowances (thus reflecting the planned partially free allocation mechanism in the third EU ETS phase), a subsidy for domestic production, and an export rebate based on sectoral CO2 costs. Our results show that each policy has the potential to support domestic production in exposed sectors relative to a full auctioning scenario and thus increase competitiveness. However, none is imperatively effective at reducing Austria’s net carbon emissions: while the carbon trade balance is improved and hence leakage declines, the tradability of emission permits within the EU ETS allows CO2 emissions from Austria’s ETS output to increase. A cost benefit analysis indicates that the two policies promoting domestic output and exports are more cost effective than the CO2 input subsidy. DA - 2012/05/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s10663-012-9186-7 DP - link.springer.com VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 233 EP - 260 J2 - Empirica LA - en SN - 0340-8744, 1573-6911 ST - The effectiveness of anti-leakage policies in the European Union UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10663-012-9186-7 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - computable general equilibrium KW - Q54 KW - Carbon leakage KW - Emissions trading KW - Anti-leakage policy KW - C68 KW - Econometrics KW - European Integration KW - Grandfathering KW - H23 KW - Industrial Organization KW - International competitiveness KW - International Economics KW - Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics KW - Public Finance & Economics KW - Q56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do We Need Better Predictions to Adapt to a Changing Climate? AU - Dessai, Suraje AU - Hulme, Mike AU - Lempert, Robert AU - Pielke, Roger T2 - Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union AB - Many scientists have called for a substantial new investment in climate modeling to increase the accuracy, precision, and reliability of climate predictions. Such investments are often justified by asserting that failure to improve predictions will prevent society from adapting successfully to changing climate. This Forum questions these claims, suggests limits to predictability, and argues that society can (and indeed must) make effective adaptation decisions in the absence of accurate and precise climate predictions. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1029/2009EO130003 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 90 IS - 13 SP - 111 EP - 112 LA - en SN - 2324-9250 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009EO130003/abstract Y2 - 2013/09/05/09:55:27 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Hazards of Indicators: Insights from the Environmental Vulnerability Index AU - Barnett, Jon AU - Lambert, Simon AU - Fry, Ian T2 - Annals of the Association of American Geographers AB - Since the early 1990s a number of projects have developed indexes to measure vulnerability to environmental change. This article investigates the key conceptual and methodological problems associated with such indexes. It examines in detail an index that explicitly addresses environmental change as an issue of vulnerability, the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) developed by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). This examination offers some broader lessons for indicator-based projects, all of which require a simple model of complex and uncertain social-ecological systems, and entail difficult choices about the selection, standardization, weighting, and aggregation of indicators selected to represent important aspects of those systems. We conclude that indexes of vulnerability to environmental change cannot hope to be meaningful when applied to large-scale systems, and so should focus on smaller scales of analysis. We argue that they should not be used as the basis for disbursing funds, comparing countries, or for measuring the performance of countries in environmental management. We also argue that vulnerability is a context-specific rather than a generic condition. Finally, we suggest that because vulnerability is about values at risk, there should be more input from a broader array of people when indexes are being developed and tested. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1080/00045600701734315 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 102 EP - 119 SN - 0004-5608 ST - The Hazards of Indicators UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045600701734315 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - nternational Dimensions of Climate Change. Report 1.3: Ethical, Social and Behavioral Impacts of Climate Change. AU - Christie, Ian AU - Jackson, Tim AU - Rawies, Kate CY - UK DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 59 M3 - Commissioned as part of the UK Government’s Foresight Project on the International Dimensions of Climate Change PB - Government Office for Science UR - http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/foresight/docs/international-dimensions/11-1018-ethical-social-behavioural-impacts-of-climate-change.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface AU - Hinkel, Jochen T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - The issue of “measuring” climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity by means of indicators divides policy and academic communities. While policy increasingly demands such indicators an increasing body of literature criticises them. This misfit results from a twofold confusion. First, there is confusion about what vulnerability indicators are and which arguments are available for building them. Second, there is confusion about the kinds of policy problems to be solved by means of indicators. This paper addresses both sources of confusion. It first develops a rigorous conceptual framework for vulnerability indicators and applies it to review the scientific arguments available for building climate change vulnerability indicators. Then, it opposes this availability with the following six diverse types of problems that vulnerability indicators are meant to address according to the literature: (i) identification of mitigation targets; (ii) identification of vulnerable people, communities, regions, etc.; (iii) raising awareness; (iv) allocation of adaptation funds; (v) monitoring of adaptation policy; and (vi) conducting scientific research. It is found that vulnerability indicators are only appropriate for addressing the second type of problem but only at local scales, when systems can be narrowly defined and inductive arguments can be built. For the other five types of problems, either vulnerability is not the adequate concept or vulnerability indicators are not the adequate methodology. I conclude that both the policy and academic communities should collaboratively attempt to use a more specific terminology for speaking about the problems addressed and the methodologies applied. The one-size-fits-all vulnerability label is not sufficient. Speaking of “measuring” vulnerability is particularly misleading, as this is impossible and raises false expectations. DA - 2011/02// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 198 EP - 208 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 ST - “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity” UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378010000750 Y2 - 2013/11/20/14:53:18 KW - Adaptive capacity KW - Vulnerability KW - Assessment KW - Index KW - Indicator ER - TY - RPRT TI - 100% Renewable electricity: a roadmap to 2050 for Europe and North Africa AU - PwC AU - PIK AU - IIASA AU - ECF AB - This report was written by a team comprising individuals from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the European Climate Forum (ECF). During the development of the report, the authors were provided with information and comments from a wide range of individuals working in the renewable energy industry and other experts. These individuals are too numerous to mention, however the project team would like to thank all of them for their support and input throughout the writing of this report. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Google Scholar SP - 144 LA - English PB - PriceWaterhouseCoopers ST - 100% Renewable electricity UR - http://www.pwc.co.uk/en_UK/uk/assets/pdf/100-percent-renewable-electricity.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/19/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Views of the frontiers in climate change adaptation economics AU - Downing, Thomas E. T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change AB - The shift from framing climate change adaptation as vulnerability–impacts to adaptation pathways is also a shift from a predict-and-provide approaches to understanding dynamic processes. Studies of the economics of adaptation relying only on the comparative statics of reference and climate impacts scenarios ignore the more challenging frontier of representing decision processes and uncertainty. The logic of the shift to dynamic-pathway approaches is widely accepted in principal. Effective analytical tools are only beginning to appear. Further case studies are required to explore the matrix of uncertainty in future climate conditions against the range of metrics for valuing impacts in decision processes. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:161–170. doi: 10.1002/wcc.157For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1002/wcc.157 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 161 EP - 170 LA - en SN - 1757-7799 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.157/abstract Y2 - 2013/09/05/09:57:20 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing the Vulnerability of Social-Environmental Systems AU - Eakin, Hallie AU - Luers, Amy Lynd T2 - Annual Review of Environment and Resources DA - 2006/11// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144352 DP - CrossRef VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - 365 EP - 394 SN - 1543-5938, 1545-2050 UR - http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144352 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:24:25 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Socio-economic futures in climate change impact assessment: using scenarios as ‘learning machines’ AU - Berkhout, Frans AU - Hertin, Julia AU - Jordan, Andrew T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Climate impact assessment needs to take account of two interrelated processes: socio-economic change and climate change. To date, future change in socio-economic systems has not been sufficiently integrated with an analysis of climate change impacts. Participative and synthetic scenario approaches offer a means for dealing with critical issues of indeterminacy, innovation, reflexivity and framing in analysing change in socio-economic systems, paving the way for a coherent way of handling of socio-economic futures in impact assessment. We argue that scenarios represent heuristic tools that encourage social learning in climate impact assessment. The advantages and disadvantages of a scenario-based approach are explored using examples from regional climate impact assessment in the UK. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00006-7 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 83 EP - 95 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 ST - Socio-economic futures in climate change impact assessment UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378002000067 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Climate change KW - impact assessment KW - Organisational learning KW - Socio-economic scenarios ER - TY - JOUR TI - Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials AU - Jacobson, Mark Z. AU - Delucchi, Mark A. T2 - Energy Policy DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 1154 EP - 1169 ST - Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510008645 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:47:04 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis AU - Bergek, Anna AU - Jacobsson, Staffan AU - Carlsson, Bo AU - Lindmark, Sven AU - Rickne, Annika T2 - Research Policy AB - Various researchers and policy analysts have made empirical studies of innovation systems in order to understand their current structure and trace their dynamics. However, policy makers often experience difficulties in extracting practical guidelines from studies of this kind. In this paper, we operationalize our previous work on a functional approach to analyzing innovation system dynamics into a practical scheme of analysis for policy makers. The scheme is based on previous literature and our own experience in developing and applying functional thinking. It can be used by policy makers not only to identify the key policy issues but also to set policy goals. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.respol.2007.12.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 407 EP - 429 J2 - Research Policy SN - 0048-7333 ST - Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004873330700248X Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Policy KW - Dynamics KW - Functional analysis KW - Innovation system ER - TY - CONF TI - Barriers and guidelines in adaptation policy making: Taking stock, analyzing congruence and providing guidance AU - Clar, Christoph AU - Prutsch, Andrea AU - Steurer, Reinhard T2 - International symposium on ‘The Governance of Adaptation’ C1 - Amsterdam, Netherlands DA - 2012/03/22/23 PY - 2012 SP - 31 UR - http://www.adaptgov.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Clar-Barriers-guidelinesinadaptation-policy-A86-Tscience.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Burden sharing: distributing burdens or sharing efforts AU - Haug, Constanze AU - Jordan, Andrew T2 - Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Google Scholar SP - 83 EP - 102 ST - Burden sharing ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technological feasibility and costs of achieving a 50 % reduction of global GHG emissions by 2050: mid- and long-term perspectives AU - Akashi, Osamu AU - Hanaoka, Tatsuya T2 - Sustainability Science AB - In this article we examine the technological feasibility of the global target of reducing GHG emissions to 50 % of the 1990 level by the year 2050. We also perform a detailed analysis of the contribution of low-carbon technologies to GHG emission reduction over mid- and long-term timeframes, and evaluate the required technological cost. For the analysis we use AIM/Enduse[Global], a techno-economic model for climate change mitigation policy assessment. The results show that a 50 % GHG emission reduction target is technically achievable. Yet achieving the target will require substantial emission mitigation efforts. The GHG emission reduction rate from the reference scenario stands at 23 % in 2020 and 73 % in 2050. The marginal abatement cost to achieve these emission reductions reaches $150/tCO2-eq in 2020 and $600/tCO2-eq in 2050. Renewable energy, fuel switching, and efficiency improvement in power generation account for 45 % of the total GHG emission reduction in 2020. Non-energy sectors, namely, fugitive emission, waste management, agriculture, and F-gases, account for 25 % of the total GHG emission reduction in 2020. CCS, solar power generation, wind power generation, biomass power generation, and biofuel together account for 64 % of the total GHG emission reduction in 2050. Additional investment in GHG abatement technologies for achieving the target reaches US 6.0 trillion by 2020 and US 73 trillion by 2050. This corresponds to 0.7 and 1.8 % of the world GDP, respectively, in the same periods. Non-Annex I regions account for 55 % of the total additional investment by 2050. In a sectoral breakdown, the power generation and transport sectors account for 56 and 30 % of the total additional investment by 2050, respectively. DA - 2012/07/01/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s11625-012-0166-4 DP - link.springer.com VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 139 EP - 156 J2 - Sustain Sci LA - en SN - 1862-4065, 1862-4057 ST - Technological feasibility and costs of achieving a 50 % reduction of global GHG emissions by 2050 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-012-0166-4 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Climate change KW - Sustainable Development KW - Public Health/Gesundheitswesen KW - Environmental Economics KW - Environmental Management KW - 2020 KW - 2050 KW - Cost KW - Emission reduction KW - Landscape Ecology KW - Technology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indicators on economic risk from global climate change AU - Grossmann, Wolf D. AU - Steininger, Karl AU - Grossmann, Iris AU - Magaard, Lorenz T2 - Environmental science & technology DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Scholar VL - 43 IS - 16 SP - 6421 EP - 6426 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es8035797 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:37:08 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mitigation implications of midcentury targets that preserve long-term climate policy options AU - O’Neill, Brian C. AU - Riahi, Keywan AU - Keppo, Ilkka T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Midcentury targets have been proposed as a guide to climate change policy that can link long-term goals to shorter-term actions. However no explicit mitigation analyses have been carried out of the relationship between midcentury conditions and longer-term outcomes. Here we use an integrated assessment modeling framework with a detailed representation of the energy sector to examine the dependence of climate change outcomes in 2100 on emissions levels, atmospheric concentrations, and technology characteristics in 2050. We find that midcentury conditions are crucial determinants of longer-term climate outcomes, and we identify feasibility thresholds describing conditions that must be met by midcentury to keep particular long-term options open. For example, to preserve the technical feasibility of a 50% likelihood of keeping global average temperature at < 2 °C above preindustrial in 2100, global emissions must be reduced by about 20% below 2000 levels by 2050. Results are sensitive to several assumptions, including the nature of future socio-economic development. In a scenario with high demand for energy and land, being below 2 °C with 50% likelihood requires a 50% reduction in emissions below 2000 levels by 2050, which is only barely feasible with known technologies in that scenario. Results suggest that a greater focus on midcentury targets could facilitate the development of policies that preserve potentially desirable long-term options. DA - 2010/01/19/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0903797106 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 107 IS - 3 SP - 1011 EP - 1016 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/107/3/1011 Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:41:50 KW - Climate change KW - mitigation KW - emission target KW - integrated assessment ER - TY - RPRT TI - Recent Polling on Public Perce ptions of Climate Change, April 2006-2007 AU - EESI T2 - Climate Change Fact Sheet CY - Washington D.C. DA - 2007/05// PY - 2007 PB - Environmental and Energy Study Institute UR - http://www.eesi.org/files/Climate%20Polling%20Fact%20Sheet_5.4.07.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon for Use in U.S. Federal Rulemakings: A Summary and Interpretation AU - Greenstone, Michael AU - Kopits, Elizabeth AU - Wolverton, Ann AB - The United States Government recently concluded a year-long process to develop a range of values representing the monetized damages associated with an incremental increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, commonly referred to as the social cost of carbon (SCC). These values are currently used in benefit-cost analyses to assess potential federal regulations. For 2010, the central value of the SCC is $21 per ton of CO2 emissions and sensitivity analyses are to be conducted at $5, $35, and $65 (2007$). This paper summarizes the methodology and process used to develop the SCC values, complemented with our own commentary about how the SCC can be used to inform regulatory decisions and areas where further research would be particularly useful. DA - 2011/03// PY - 2011 DP - National Bureau of Economic Research M3 - Working Paper PB - National Bureau of Economic Research SN - 16913 ST - Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon for Use in U.S. Federal Rulemakings UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/w16913 Y2 - 2013/09/05/08:51:13 ER - TY - JOUR TI - When do increasing carbon taxes accelerate global warming? A note on the green paradox AU - Edenhofer, Ottmar AU - Kalkuhl, Matthias T2 - Energy Policy DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 2208 EP - 2212 ST - When do increasing carbon taxes accelerate global warming? UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511000309 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:27:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Towards a formal framework of vulnerability to climate change AU - Ionescu, Cezar AU - Klein, Richard JT AU - Hinkel, Jochen AU - Kumar, KS Kavi AU - Klein, Rupert T2 - Environmental Modeling & Assessment DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Scholar VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10666-008-9179-x Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:45:12 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The history of the global climate change regime AU - Bodansky, D. T2 - International relations and global climate change A2 - Luterbacher, Urs A2 - Sprinz, Detlef F. T3 - Global environmental accords series CN - QC981.8.C5 I58 2001 CY - Cambridge, Mass DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DP - Library of Congress ISBN PB - MIT Press SN - 0-262-12240-5 KW - Climatic changes KW - Government policy KW - Global environmental change ER - TY - JOUR TI - Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions AU - Moser, Susanne C. T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change AB - Since anthropogenic climate change first emerged on the public agenda in the mid-to-late 1980s, public communication of climate change and—more recently—the question of how to communicate it most effectively have witnessed a steep rise. This paper synthesizes what is known, presumed, and still unknown about how to effectively communicate this problem. An introductory historical overview of climate change communication is followed by a discussion of the challenges that communicators face in trying to convey the issue (invisibility of causes, distant impacts, lack of immediacy and direct experience of the impacts, lack of gratification for taking mitigative actions, disbelief in human's global influence, complexity and uncertainty, inadequate signals indicating the need for change, perceptual limits and self-interest). The core of the paper focuses on key aspects of the communication process (purpose and scope of the communication, audience, framing, messages, messengers, modes and channels of communication, and assessing the outcomes and effectiveness of a communication). These elements are placed in relationship to several contextual factors that affect the communication process. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on climate change communication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/wcc.11 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 53 LA - en SN - 1757-7799 ST - Communicating climate change UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.11/abstract Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:09:54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy, industry and politics: Energy, vested interests, and long-term economic growth and development AU - Moe, Espen T2 - Energy AB - The article seeks to explicate a link between energy and long-term economic growth and development. While in many ways intuitive, attempts at sketching theoretical frameworks explicating this link have been few and simplistic, typically limited to technology and economics. This article emphasizes the importance of politics as well, fostering a symbiosis between the dominant industries of a historical epoch and the energy system that enabled them to flourish. The framework combines Joseph Schumpeter and Mancur Olson, emphasizing 1) the importance of structural economic change for long-term growth and development and 2) vested interests. The framework yields one theoretical proposition: In order to rise, states must prevent vested interests from blocking structural change. States that are unable to do this will get locked into yesterday's technologies, industries and energy systems, effectively consigning themselves to stagnation and decline. A brief empirical section provides historical data from 6 historical epochs (including present-day renewables) over a period of 250 years to demonstrate the usefulness of the approach. While no exhaustive test, the data suggests that countries that have prevented vested interests from blocking change have been far more successful in fostering a symbiosis between energy and industry than those countries that have not. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2009.12.026 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 1730 EP - 1740 J2 - Energy SN - 0360-5442 ST - Energy, industry and politics UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544209005465 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:09:04 KW - Energy and growth KW - Energy-industry symbiosis KW - Joseph Schumpeter KW - Mancur Olson KW - Structural economic change KW - Vested interests ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aggregate economic measures of climate change damages: explaining the differences and implications AU - Watkiss, Paul T2 - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change AB - The aggregate economic measures of damage from climate change have been a focus of attention for several decades, but have become the subject of particular interest and debate in recent years. They are usually reported in a number of different ways: as equivalent costs of global or national economic product in a future period or for a future temperature; as a present value where all future costs are discounted back to a point in time; or as the incremental damage that can be attributed to a marginal increase in emissions, known as the social cost of carbon. This article outlines these aggregate economic measures and assesses the key assumptions and inputs in the estimates, and how these influence the aggregated results. Finally, it discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the estimates and their potential role and applicability for policy. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 356–372 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.111For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1002/wcc.111 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 356 EP - 372 LA - en SN - 1757-7799 ST - Aggregate economic measures of climate change damages UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.111/abstract Y2 - 2013/09/05/08:00:59 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementing Europe's climate targets at the regional level AU - Wolkinger, Brigitte AU - Steininger, Karl W. AU - Damm, Andrea AU - Schleicher, Stefan AU - Tuerk, Andreas AU - Grossman, Wolf AU - Tatzber, Florian AU - Steiner, Daniel T2 - Climate Policy AB - Having agreed upon a binding emissions reduction path by 2020, the EU plays a leading role in international climate policy. The EU currently pursues a dual approach through an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) at the EU level and also via national targets in sectors not covered by the ETS. The latter include the buildings sector, transportation, agriculture, and waste. Emissions from these sectors are mainly subject to policies at provincial and local levels. A method is presented for elaborating and implementing a long-term climate policy process up to 2030 for the regional (provincial) level. Building on regional GHG inventory data, a set of indicators for each sector is developed in order to arrive at a target path consistent with the deduced regional GHG reduction requirement. Policy measures and their implementation are then settled subsequent to this process. Quantitative regional targets are found to be a prerequisite for the formation of regional climate policy as they increase participant responsibility and commitment. A five-step process of stakeholder participation ensures effective implementation of regional climate action plans. Insights from an exemplary European region are drawn upon, and policy issues are discussed in both quantitative and institutional terms. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1080/14693062.2012.669096 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 667 EP - 689 SN - 1469-3062 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2012.669096 Y2 - 2013/09/05/09:32:55 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change AU - Grothmann, Torsten AU - Patt, Anthony T2 - Global Environmental Change DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002 DP - Google Scholar VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 199 EP - 213 ST - Adaptive capacity and human cognition UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937800500004X Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:38:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen AU - UNFCCC DA - 1992/// PY - 1992 SP - 25 LA - Deutsch UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/convger.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review AU - Stern, N. AB - There is now clear scientific evidence that emissions from economic activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy, are causing changes to the Earth's climate. A sound understanding of the economics of climate change is needed in order to underpin an effective global response to this challenge. The Stern Review is an independent, rigourous and comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects of this crucial issue. It has been conducted by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the UK Government Economic Service, and a former Chief Economist of the World Bank. The Economics of Climate Change will be invaluable for all students of the economics and policy implications of climate change, and economists, scientists and policy makers involved in all aspects of climate change. DA - 2007/01/04/ PY - 2007 DP - Google Books SP - 645 LA - en PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-521-70080-1 ST - The Economics of Climate Change KW - Economic aspects KW - Climatic changes KW - Science / Global Warming & Climate Change KW - Science / Environmental Science KW - Environmental policy KW - Government policy KW - Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology & Climatology KW - Business & Economics / Economics / General KW - Great Britain ER - TY - JOUR TI - A safe operating space for humanity AU - Rockström, Johan AU - Steffen, Will AU - Noone, Kevin AU - Persson, Åsa AU - Chapin, F. Stuart AU - Lambin, Eric F. AU - Lenton, Timothy M. AU - Scheffer, Marten AU - Folke, Carl AU - Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim AU - Nykvist, Björn AU - de Wit, Cynthia A. AU - Hughes, Terry AU - van der Leeuw, Sander AU - Rodhe, Henning AU - Sörlin, Sverker AU - Snyder, Peter K. AU - Costanza, Robert AU - Svedin, Uno AU - Falkenmark, Malin AU - Karlberg, Louise AU - Corell, Robert W. AU - Fabry, Victoria J. AU - Hansen, James AU - Walker, Brian AU - Liverman, Diana AU - Richardson, Katherine AU - Crutzen, Paul AU - Foley, Jonathan A. T2 - Nature AB - Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmental change, argue Johan Rockström and colleagues. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1038/461472a DP - www.nature.com VL - 461 IS - 7263 SP - 472 EP - 475 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:31:48 KW - Climate change KW - ecology KW - immunology KW - evolution KW - developmental biology KW - science KW - earth science KW - environmental science KW - astronomy KW - astrophysics KW - biochemistry KW - bioinformatics KW - biology KW - biotechnology KW - cancer KW - cell cycle KW - cell signalling KW - computational biology KW - development KW - DNA KW - drug discovery KW - evolutionary biology KW - functional genomics KW - genetics KW - genomics KW - geophysics KW - interdisciplinary science KW - life KW - marine biology KW - materials science KW - medical research KW - medicine KW - metabolomics KW - molecular biology KW - molecular interactions KW - nanotechnology KW - Nature KW - neurobiology KW - neuroscience KW - palaeobiology KW - pharmacology KW - physics KW - proteomics KW - quantum physics KW - RNA KW - science news KW - science policy KW - signal transduction KW - structural biology KW - systems biology KW - transcriptomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Identifying Countries That Are Particularly Vulnerable to the Adverse Effects of Climate Change: An Academic or Political Challenge AU - Klein, Richard J. T. T2 - Carbon & Climate Law Review DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - 2009 J2 - Carbon & Climate L. Rev. ST - Identifying Countries That Are Particularly Vulnerable to the Adverse Effects of Climate Change UR - http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cclr3&id=302&div=&collection=journals ER - TY - BOOK TI - Voice and Choice: Opening the Door to Environmental Democracy. AU - Foti, J. AU - de Silva, L. AU - McGray, H. AU - Shaffer, L. AU - Talbot, J. AU - Werksman, J. A3 - Mock, Greg A3 - Livernash, Bob CY - Washington, DC DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 138 PB - World Resource Institute SN - 978-1-56973-687-6 UR - http://pdf.wri.org/voice_and_choice.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The elusive quest for technology-neutral policies AU - Azar, Christian AU - Sandén, Björn A. T2 - Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions AB - It is often argued that policies to address climate change should be technology neutral. In this paper we address when and to what extent technology neutrality is warranted, and find that it is often an elusive objective that neither can nor should be prioritized as the main guiding principle. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.eist.2011.03.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 135 EP - 139 J2 - Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions SN - 2210-4224 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210422411000098 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - climate policy KW - Cap-and-trade KW - Carbon taxes KW - Technology neutrality KW - Technology policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - Year in review—EROI or energy return on (energy) invested AU - Murphy, David J. AU - Hall, Charles A. S. T2 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences AB - There have been five foremost empirical efforts regarding energy return on investment (EROI) analysis over the past few years, including the topics of: (1) whether corn ethanol is a net energy yielder; (2) a summary of the state of EROI for most major fuel types; (3) alternative applications of EROI, such as energy return on water invested (EROWI); (4) the relation between EROI and the economy; and (5) an attempt to calculate the minimum EROI for a sustainable society. This paper offers a review of these five main areas of interest and provides a history of the development of EROI as well as a review of some of the various definitions of EROI and how they apply to EROI analyses. The paper concludes by listing numerous areas of improvement that are needed within EROI research. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05282.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 1185 IS - 1 SP - 102 EP - 118 LA - en SN - 1749-6632 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05282.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:13:30 KW - EROI KW - net energy KW - peak oil ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do increases in energy efficiency improve environmental quality and sustainability? AU - Hanley, Nick AU - McGregor, Peter G. AU - Swales, J. Kim AU - Turner, Karen T2 - Ecological Economics DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Scholar VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 692 EP - 709 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800908002589 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:39:18 ER - TY - BOOK TI - The economics of global environmental change: international cooperation for sustainability A3 - Cogoy, Mario A3 - Steininer, Karl W. CY - Celtenham DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Google Scholar SP - 277 PB - Edward Elgar Publishing ST - The economics of global environmental change UR - http://www.amazon.com/Economics-Global-Environmental-Change-Sustainability/dp/1847200095 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:16:04 ER - TY - JOUR TI - International climate policy architectures: Overview of the EMF 22 International Scenarios AU - Clarke, Leon AU - Edmonds, Jae AU - Krey, Volker AU - Richels, Richard AU - Rose, Steven AU - Tavoni, Massimo T2 - Energy Economics AB - This paper presents an overview of the study design for, and the results of, the EMF 22 International Scenarios. The EMF 22 International Scenarios engaged ten of the world's leading integrated assessment (IA) models to focus on the combined implications of three factors integral to international climate negotiations: (1) the long-term climate-related target, expressed in this study in terms of the CO2-equivalent (CO2-e) concentration associated with the GHGs regulated under the Kyoto Protocol, (2) whether or not this target can be temporarily exceeded prior to 2100 (“overshoot”) allowing for greater near-term flexibility, and (3) the nature of international participation in emissions mitigation. The EMF 22 International Scenarios are based on combinations of these dimensions, embodied in ten specific climate-action cases that all modeling groups in the study attempted to represent. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.eneco.2009.10.013 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 31, Supplement 2 SP - S64 EP - S81 J2 - Energy Economics SN - 0140-9883 ST - International climate policy architectures UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988309001960 Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:14:03 KW - Climate change KW - stabilization KW - Scenarios KW - International Participation KW - Overshoot ER - TY - JOUR TI - Output-based allocation of emissions permits for mitigating tax and trade interactions AU - Fischer, Carolyn AU - Fox, Alan K. T2 - Land Economics DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Google Scholar VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 575 EP - 599 UR - http://le.uwpress.org/content/83/4/575.short Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:31:48 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C AU - Meinshausen, Malte AU - Meinshausen, Nicolai AU - Hare, William AU - Raper, Sarah C. B. AU - Frieler, Katja AU - Knutti, Reto AU - Frame, David J. AU - Allen, Myles R. T2 - Nature AB - More than 100 countries have adopted a global warming limit of 2 °C or below (relative to pre-industrial levels) as a guiding principle for mitigation efforts to reduce climate change risks, impacts and damages. However, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions corresponding to a specified maximum warming are poorly known owing to uncertainties in the carbon cycle and the climate response. Here we provide a comprehensive probabilistic analysis aimed at quantifying GHG emission budgets for the 2000–50 period that would limit warming throughout the twenty-first century to below 2 °C, based on a combination of published distributions of climate system properties and observational constraints. We show that, for the chosen class of emission scenarios, both cumulative emissions up to 2050 and emission levels in 2050 are robust indicators of the probability that twenty-first century warming will not exceed 2 °C relative to pre-industrial temperatures. Limiting cumulative CO2 emissions over 2000–50 to 1,000 Gt CO2 yields a 25% probability of warming exceeding 2 °C—and a limit of 1,440 Gt CO2 yields a 50% probability—given a representative estimate of the distribution of climate system properties. As known 2000–06 CO2 emissions were ~234 Gt CO2, less than half the proven economically recoverable oil, gas and coal reserves can still be emitted up to 2050 to achieve such a goal. Recent G8 Communiqués envisage halved global GHG emissions by 2050, for which we estimate a 12–45% probability of exceeding 2 °C—assuming 1990 as emission base year and a range of published climate sensitivity distributions. Emissions levels in 2020 are a less robust indicator, but for the scenarios considered, the probability of exceeding 2 °C rises to 53–87% if global GHG emissions are still more than 25% above 2000 levels in 2020. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1038/nature08017 DP - www.nature.com VL - 458 IS - 7242 SP - 1158 EP - 1162 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7242/full/nature08017.html Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:34:16 KW - Climate change KW - ecology KW - immunology KW - evolution KW - developmental biology KW - science KW - earth science KW - environmental science KW - astronomy KW - astrophysics KW - biochemistry KW - bioinformatics KW - biology KW - biotechnology KW - cancer KW - cell cycle KW - cell signalling KW - computational biology KW - development KW - DNA KW - drug discovery KW - evolutionary biology KW - functional genomics KW - genetics KW - genomics KW - geophysics KW - interdisciplinary science KW - life KW - marine biology KW - materials science KW - medical research KW - medicine KW - metabolomics KW - molecular biology KW - molecular interactions KW - nanotechnology KW - Nature KW - neurobiology KW - neuroscience KW - palaeobiology KW - pharmacology KW - physics KW - proteomics KW - quantum physics KW - RNA KW - science news KW - science policy KW - signal transduction KW - structural biology KW - systems biology KW - transcriptomics ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategien für Energie-Technologie-Investitionen und langfristige Anforderung zur Emissionsreduktion (EISERN) AU - Müller, Andreas AU - Redl, Christian AU - Haas, Reinhard AU - Türk, Andreas AU - Liebmann, Lukas AU - Steininger, Karl W. AU - Brezina, Tanja AU - Mayerthaler, Anna AU - Schopf, Josef AU - Werner, Andreas AU - Kreuzer, Daniel AU - Steiner, Armin AU - Mollay, Ursula AU - Neugebauer, Wolfgang CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SP - 255 M3 - Projektendberich PB - klima + energiefonds UR - http://www.eeg.tuwien.ac.at/eeg.tuwien.ac.at_pages/research/projects_detail.php?id=255 Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity AU - Adger, W. N. AU - Agrawal, S. AU - Mirza, M. M. W. AU - Conde, C. AU - O'Brien, K. L. AU - Pulhin, J. AU - Pulwarty, R. AU - Smit, B. AU - Takahashi, K. T2 - Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 - Parry, M. L. A2 - Canziani, O. F. A2 - Palutikof, J. P. A2 - Hanson, C. E. A2 - van der Linden, P. J. CY - Cambridge DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk SP - 719 EP - 743 PB - Cambridge University Press UR - https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/25215/ Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Do Values Subjectively Define the Limits to Climate Change Adaptation? AU - O'Brien T2 - Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance A2 - Adger, W. Neil A2 - Lorenzoni, Irene A2 - O'Brien, Karen L. AB - Adapting to climate change is a critical problem facing humanity. This involves reconsidering our lifestyles, and is linked to our actions as individuals, societies and governments. This book presents the latest science and social science research on whether the world can adapt to climate change. Written by experts, both academics and practitioners, it examines the risks to ecosystems, demonstrating how values, culture and the constraining forces of governance act as barriers to action. As a state-of-the-art review of science and a holistic assessment of adaptation options, it is essential reading for those concerned with responses to climate change, especially researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and graduate students. Significant features include historical, contemporary, and future insights into adaptation to climate change; coverage of adaptation issues from different perspectives: climate science, hydrology, engineering, ecology, economics, human geography, anthropology and political science; and contributions from leading researchers and practitioners from around the world. An interview with Neil Adger on adapting to climate change: DA - 2009/06/25/ PY - 2009 DP - Google Books LA - en PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-521-76485-8 KW - Science / Global Warming & Climate Change KW - Science / Environmental Science KW - Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology & Climatology KW - Political Science / General KW - Political Science / Public Policy / Environmental Policy KW - Business & Economics / Environmental Economics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Regional versus global cooperation for climate control AU - Asheim, Geir B. AU - Froyn, Camilla Bretteville AU - Hovi, Jon AU - Menz, Fredric C. T2 - Journal of Environmental Economics and Management AB - This paper considers whether international environmental public goods provision, such as mitigation of climate change, is better dealt with through regional cooperation than through a global treaty. Previous research suggests that, at best, a global environmental treaty will achieve very little. At worst, it will fail to enter into force. Using a simple dynamic game-theoretic model, with weakly renegotiation-proof equilibrium as solution concept, we demonstrate that two agreements can sustain a larger number of cooperating parties than a single global treaty. The model provides upper and lower bounds on the number of parties under each type of regime. It is shown that a regime with two agreements can Pareto dominate a regime based on a single global treaty. We conclude that regional cooperation might be a good alternative–or supplement–to global environmental agreements. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1016/j.jeem.2005.04.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 93 EP - 109 J2 - Journal of Environmental Economics and Management SN - 0095-0696 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095069605000598 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Climate change KW - International environmental agreements KW - Non-cooperative game theory KW - Public goods KW - Regional cooperation KW - The Kyoto Protocol KW - Weak renegotiation proofness ER - TY - BOOK TI - Capitalism as If the World Matters AU - Porritt, Jonathon AB - When first published, Capitalism as if the World Matters, by one of the leading ?eco-warriors? of our time, shocked a generation of both environmentalists and business people. Jonathon Porritt brushed aside their artificial battle lines with a powerful argument that the only way to save the world from environmental catastrophe is to embrace a new type of capitalism, and to do it quickly. In this substantially revised and updated edition, Porritt extends his powerful and controversial argument by providing fresh evidence and suggesting new actions. New content includes in-depth coverage of the USA, with case studies examining the role of huge American corporations such as Wal-Mart and General Electric, plus a close look at China and the global impact this economic giant may have in the 21st century. This is a must-read for everyone who has a stake in the future of the world, from business executives to environmental activists, from community leaders to the politicians with their hands on the levers of power. Published with Forum for the Future DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Google Books SP - 385 LA - en PB - Earthscan SN - 978-1-84407-193-7 KW - Business & Economics / Management KW - Business & Economics / Development / Sustainable Development KW - Business & Economics / Environmental Economics KW - Business & Economics / International / General KW - Political Science / Globalization ER - TY - RPRT TI - Public attitudes and behavior about climate change: what shapes them and how to influence them AU - Patchen, Martin DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Google Scholar ST - Public attitudes and behavior about climate change UR - http://www.purdue.edu/discoverypark/climate/publications/index.php ER - TY - THES TI - Climate Protection Policy in Federal Countries: Vertical Coordination between Federation and States in Austria, Germany and Switzerland AU - Warnstoff, Jürgen CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SP - 140 LA - English M3 - Diplomarbeit PB - Universität für Bodenkultur, Institut für Wald-, Umwelt- und Ressourcenpolitik UR - https://zidapps.boku.ac.at/abstracts/oe_list.php?paID=3&paSID=9159&paSF=-1&paCF=0&paLIST=0&language_id=DE Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Developing Credible Vulnerability Indicators for Climate Adaptation Policy Assessment AU - Eriksen, S. H. AU - Kelly, P. M. T2 - Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change DA - 2006/05/20/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1007/s11027-006-3460-6 DP - CrossRef VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 495 EP - 524 SN - 1381-2386, 1573-1596 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11027-006-3460-6 Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:30:08 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Implementing EU emissions trading: success or failure? AU - Skjærseth, Jon Birger AU - Wettestad, Jørgen T2 - International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics AB - This article assesses and explains the implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS). It argues that implementation in terms of ambitiousness has been only moderately successful so far, but significant differences between the Member States are also observed. Similarities and differences are then explained within a multi-level governance approach emphasizing the need to search for explanations at national, EU, and global levels. The EU ETS case shows that the multi-level governance approach can be as relevant for understanding implementation as for explaining policy-making. In addition to factors located at the national level, the decentralized nature of the EU scheme itself is important for understanding how the system works in practice. At the global level, the link to the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol is particularly important for determining how well the EU ETS will perform in the future. DA - 2008/09/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10784-008-9068-4 DP - link.springer.com VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 275 EP - 290 J2 - Int Environ Agreements LA - en SN - 1567-9764, 1573-1553 ST - Implementing EU emissions trading UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-008-9068-4 Y2 - 2013/09/05/09:36:42 KW - Environmental Economics KW - Environmental Management KW - Nature Conservation KW - Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice KW - Emissions trading KW - EU climate policy KW - EU emissions trading scheme KW - Kyoto Protocol implementation KW - Multi-level governance KW - Political Science ER - TY - JOUR TI - An alternative to a global climate deal may be unfolding before our eyes AU - Lilliestam, Johan AU - Battaglini, Antonella AU - Finlay, Charlotte AU - Fürstenwerth, Daniel AU - Patt, Anthony AU - Schellekens, Gus AU - Schmidt, Peter T2 - Climate and Development DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1080/17565529.2012.658273 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 4 SN - 1756-5529 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2012.658273 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - ClimReg—Bundeslandspezifische Technologieszenarien als Entscheidungsgrundlage für eine zukunftsfähige Energienutzung AU - Steininger, K. AU - Amon, B. AU - Damm, A. AU - Grossmann, W. AU - Heimrath, R. AU - Hörtenhuber, S. AU - Kurzmann, R. AU - Lauer, M. AU - Prettenthaler, F. AU - Steiner, D. T2 - Final report, Vienna DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Google Scholar UR - http://wegcenter.uni-graz.at/de/forschen/forschungsgruppe-econclim/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Indicators and their use: information for decision-making AU - Gallopin, Gilberto Carlos T2 - SCOPE—Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment International Council of Scientific Unions DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 DP - Google Scholar VL - 58 SP - 13 EP - 27 ST - Indicators and their use UR - http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope58/contch01.html Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - National and Sectoral GHG Mitigation Potential AU - Clapp, Christa AU - Karousakis, Katia AU - Buchner, Barbara AU - Chateau, Jean AB - Determining comparability of effort between mitigation actions and targets proposed by different countries is an ongoing issue for international climate negotiations. A number of indicators have been proposed to reflect comparability of effort and differences in national circumstances; key amongst these are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (per capita), GDP per capita, as well as GHG mitigation potential. This paper focuses on mitigation potential to provide a comparative assessment between six OECD member economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. GHG mitigation potential is defined to be the level of GHG emission reductions that could be realised, relative to the projected emission baseline in a given year, for a given carbon price. Data for the selected countries were obtained across the time horizon of 2005-2050 from a total of 19 models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies. The paper examines the implications of model structure, and assesses how baseline scenarios vary between the models, before analysing the GHG mitigation potential estimates. GHG mitigation potential is compared for carbon prices of USD 20, 50 and 100/tCO2e. For an assumed carbon price of USD 50/tCO2e, mitigation potential in Japan is estimated to be relatively lower than for the other five economies, ranging from 5-20% emission reduction from baseline in 2020. Although noticeably fewer models report data for Mexico at this price level, the models show deeper potential reductions in the range of 25-37% at the same carbon price. Mitigation potential estimates for Australia, Canada and the US show a wider range of 14-39% reduction relative to 2020 baselines. The EU shows a relatively tighter range of 16-29% emission reductions to 2020. The results of this study show greater emission reduction potentials in the year 2050 than in the year 2020 across the six economies examined, reflecting structural and technical changes that occur over time, including the availability of carbon capture and storage from 2030. In general, the paper finds closer agreement across the models for mitigation potential in 2020 than for later years, reflecting greater uncertainty as projections extend into the future. CY - Paris DA - 2009/11/01/ PY - 2009 DP - OECD LA - en M3 - OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers PB - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development UR - http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/workingpaper/5k453xgpqp9w-en Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:13:07 KW - Climate change KW - greenhouse gas KW - baselines KW - comparability KW - mitigation potential ER - TY - RPRT TI - Summary Report: A Meeting to Assess Public Attitudes about Climate Change. AU - Bowman, T. CY - Silver Spring, Maryland DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 21 PB - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communications UR - http://www.climatechangecommunication.org/images/files/Report_on_Pub_Attitudes_About_CC%204_08.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Driving meaningful adaptation action through an adaptation market mechanism. AU - Butzengeiger-Geyer, Sonja AU - Köhler, Michel AU - Michaelowa, Axel CY - Lysaker, Norway DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 M3 - FNI Climate Policy Perspectives 3 PB - Fridtjof Nansen Institute UR - http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/FNI-Climate-Policy-Perspectives-3.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Comparing carbon capture and storage (CCS) with concentrating solar power (CSP): Potentials, costs, risks, and barriers AU - Lilliestam, Johan AU - Bielicki, Jeffrey M. AU - Patt, Anthony G. T2 - Energy Policy AB - Coal power coupled with Carbon [Dioxide] Capture and Storage (CCS), and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies are often included in the portfolio of climate change mitigation options intended to decarbonize electricity systems. Both of these technologies can provide baseload electricity, are in early stages of maturity, and have benefits, costs, and obstacles. We compare and contrast CCS applied to coal-fired power plants with CSP. At present, both technologies are more expensive than existing electricity-generating options, but costs should decrease with large-scale deployment, especially in the case of CSP. For CCS, technological challenges still remain, storage risks must be clarified, and regulatory and legal uncertainties remain. For CSP, current challenges include electricity transmission and business models for a rapid and extensive expansion of high-voltage transmission lines. The need for international cooperation may impede CSP expansion in Europe. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.020 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 47 SP - 447 EP - 455 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - Comparing carbon capture and storage (CCS) with concentrating solar power (CSP) UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512004326 Y2 - 2013/09/05/12:29:56 KW - Carbon dioxide capture and storage KW - Concentrating solar power KW - Electricity sector decarbonization ER - TY - JOUR TI - A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation AU - Moser, Susanne C. AU - Ekstrom, Julia A. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - This article presents a systematic framework to identify barriers that may impede the process of adaptation to climate change. The framework targets the process of planned adaptation and focuses on potentially challenging but malleable barriers. Three key sets of components create the architecture for the framework. First, a staged depiction of an idealized, rational approach to adaptation decision-making makes up the process component. Second, a set of interconnected structural elements includes the actors, the larger context in which they function (e.g., governance), and the object on which they act (the system of concern that is exposed to climate change). At each of these stages, we ask (i) what could impede the adaptation process and (ii) how do the actors, context, and system of concern contribute to the barrier. To facilitate the identification of barriers, we provide a series of diagnostic questions. Third, the framework is completed by a simple matrix to help locate points of intervention to overcome a given barrier. It provides a systematic starting point for answering critical questions about how to support climate change adaptation at all levels of decision-making. DA - 2010/12/21/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1007887107 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 107 IS - 51 SP - 22026 EP - 22031 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/107/51/22026 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:11:04 KW - adapting KW - decision process KW - social-ecological system ER - TY - JOUR TI - The greenhouse effect: the fallacies in the energy efficiency solution AU - Brookes, Len T2 - Energy Policy AB - The view that widespread improvements in energy efficiency can by themselves do anything to halt the build-up of greenhouse gases around the globe is fundamentally unsound. It is based on the same fallacies that underlie the claim that energy savings from improving efficiency can substitute for new energy supply. The paper by Keepin and Kats1 claiming that, per tonne of coal not burned, improvements in energy efficiency are more cost-effective than substituting nuclear for coal-fired power is therefore an irrelevancy as far as this debate is concerned. Reductions is energy intensity of output that are not damaging to the economy are associated with increases, not decreases, in energy demand at the macroeconomic level. Even within the boundaries of their own flawed approach, their attempt2 to refute the critique of their thesis made by Jones3 was little more than misdirected grape shot with no discernable connected thread of argument. DA - 1990/// PY - 1990 DO - 10.1016/0301-4215(90)90145-T DP - ScienceDirect VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 199 EP - 201 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - The greenhouse effect UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030142159090145T Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Energy efficiency KW - Economic Productivity KW - Greenhouse warming ER - TY - JOUR TI - Public policies against global warming: a supply side approach AU - Sinn, Hans-Werner T2 - International Tax and Public Finance AB - The countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol have pledged to limit global warming by reducing the demand for fossil fuels. But what about supply? If suppliers do not react, demand reductions by a subset of countries are ineffective. They simply depress the world price of carbon and induce the environmental sinners to consume what the Kyoto countries have economized on. Even worse, if suppliers feel threatened by a gradual greening of economic policies in the Kyoto countries that would damage their future prices; they will extract their stocks more rapidly, thus accelerating global warming. The paper discusses the remaining policy options against global warming from an intertemporal supply-side perspective. DA - 2008/08/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10797-008-9082-z DP - link.springer.com VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 360 EP - 394 J2 - Int Tax Public Finance LA - en SN - 0927-5940, 1573-6970 ST - Public policies against global warming UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10797-008-9082-z Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:36:22 KW - global warming KW - Q54 KW - Carbon taxes KW - H23 KW - Public Finance & Economics KW - Business Taxation KW - Finance /Banking KW - Kyoto Protocol KW - O13 KW - Q32 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energiearmut: Stand der Forschung, nationale Programme und regionale Modellprojekte in Deutschland, Österreich und Großbritannien AU - Kopatz, Michael AU - Spitzer, Markus AU - Christanell, Anja DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - www.econstor.eu LA - ger PB - Wuppertal papers SN - 184 ST - Energiearmut UR - http://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/49310 Y2 - 2013/09/05/12:27:31 KW - Österreich KW - Armut KW - Armutspolitik KW - Deutschland KW - Energiekonsum KW - Energiesparen KW - Großbritannien KW - Working Paper ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are We Consuming Too Much? AU - Arrow, Kenneth AU - Dasgupta, Partha AU - Goulder, Lawrence AU - Daily, Gretchen AU - Ehrlich, Paul AU - Heal, Geoffrey AU - Levin, Simon AU - Mäler, Karl-Göran AU - Schneider, Stephen AU - Starrett, David AU - Walker, Brian T2 - Journal of Economic Perspectives DA - 2004/09// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1257/0895330042162377 DP - CrossRef VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 147 EP - 172 SN - 0895-3309 UR - http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/0895330042162377 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Are we adapting to climate change? AU - Berrang-Ford, Lea AU - Ford, James D. AU - Paterson, Jaclyn T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - Human systems will have to adapt to climate change. Understanding of the magnitude of the adaptation challenge at a global scale, however, is incomplete, constrained by a limited understanding of if and how adaptation is taking place. Here we develop and apply a methodology to track and characterize adaptation action; we apply these methods to the peer-reviewed, English-language literature. Our results challenge a number of common assumptions about adaptation while supporting others: (1) Considerable research on adaptation has been conducted yet the majority of studies report on vulnerability assessments and natural systems (or intentions to act), not adaptation actions. (2) Climate change is rarely the sole or primary motivator for adaptation action. (3) Extreme events are important adaptation stimuli across regions. (4) Proactive adaptation is the most commonly reported adaptive response, particularly in developed nations. (5) Adaptation action is more frequently reported in developed nations, with middle income countries underrepresented and low-income regions dominated by reports from a small number of countries. (6) There is limited reporting on adaptations being developed to take advantage of climate change or focusing on women, elderly, or children. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 33 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378010000968 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Climate change KW - Global adaptation KW - Indicators KW - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC KW - Systematic review ER - TY - JOUR TI - Addressing competitiveness and leakage concerns in climate policy: An analysis of border adjustment measures in the US and the EU AU - van Asselt, Harro AU - Brewer, Thomas T2 - Energy Policy AB - The implementation of climate policies in the US and EU in light of uncertainties about future international climate policy has shifted attention to two interrelated concerns, namely competitiveness and carbon leakage. Although various policy measures are available to address these concerns, there has been much discussion about one such measure in particular: the use of offsetting measures at the border. This article compares policy discussions in the US and the EU on how to address competitiveness and carbon leakage concerns, with a focus on the role of import-related border adjustment measures. It analyses the kinds of measures that so far have been put forward with a view to addressing competitiveness and carbon leakage; compares the approaches to the problems in the US and the EU; and provides a preliminary discussion of international cooperation on border adjustment measures. It concludes that two kinds of cooperation are needed between the EU and the US – not only cooperation through formal international negotiations, but also cooperation through international learning processes, in which the EU and the US learn from each other about design and implementation issues as they develop their respective cap-and-trade systems. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.08.061 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 42 EP - 51 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - Addressing competitiveness and leakage concerns in climate policy UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509006399 Y2 - 2013/09/05/18:14:09 KW - climate policy KW - Carbon leakage KW - Competitiveness ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change policy, market structure, and carbon leakage AU - Babiker, Mustafa H. T2 - Journal of International Economics AB - The 1997 Kyoto Protocol on climate change obliges the industrialized countries to initiate the international effort of abating anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. If such an initiative is to be taken, the associated competitive effects may lead to significant relocation of developed countries' energy-intensive production. This paper examines this issue. I adopt an oligopolistic structure combined with increasing returns to scale production technologies to represent the strategic interaction among the firms producing energy-intensive products. This representation is then embedded within a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model, which in turn is used for quantifying these relocational effects. The results suggest that significant relocation of energy-intensive industries away from the OECD may occur, depending on the type of market structure, with leakage rates as high as 130%, in which case GHG control policies in the industrialized countries actually lead to higher global emissions. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.01.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 421 EP - 445 J2 - Journal of International Economics SN - 0022-1996 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022199604000467 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - CGE model KW - Energy-intensive KW - Leakage KW - Market structure KW - Oligopoly ER - TY - CHAP TI - The house is both empty and sad: Social Vulnerability, Environmental Disturbance, Economic Change and the Irish Potato Famine AU - Fraser, Evan T2 - Assessing vulnerability to global environmental change: making research useful for adaptation decision making and policy A2 - Patt, Anthony G. A2 - Schröter, Dagmar A2 - Klein, Richard J.T. A2 - de la Vega-Leinert, Anne A2 - Leemans, Rik CN - GE149 .A88 2009 CY - Abingdon DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 27 EP - 40 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group SN - 978-1-84407-697-0 KW - Environmental policy KW - Global environmental change KW - Environmental risk assessment ER - TY - CHAP TI - Vulnerability research and assessment to support adaptation and mitigation: Common themes from the diversity of approaches AU - Patt, A. AU - Schröter, D. AU - de la Vega-Leinert, A.C. AU - Klein, R.J.T. T2 - Assessing Vulnerability to Global Environmental A2 - Patt, A. A2 - Schröter, D. A2 - Klein, R.J.T. A2 - de la Vega-Leinert, A.C. CY - London, UK DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - Earthscan SN - 978-1-84407-697-0 UR - http://www.iiasa.ac.at/publication/more_XC-08-019.php ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effective climate-energy solutions, escape routes and peak oil AU - van den Bergh, Jeroen C.J.M. T2 - Energy Policy AB - Many well-intended climate-energy strategies are ineffective in the absence of serious environmental regulation. This holds, among others, for direct support of clean energy, voluntary energy conservation, technical standards on a limited set of products, unilateral stringent carbon pricing, and awaiting peak oil as a climate strategy. All of these suffer from “escape routes” that indirectly increase CO2 emissions and thus make the original strategy ineffective. On the other hand, environmental regulation alone may lead to a myopia-bias, stimulating early dominance of cost-effective technologies and a focus on incremental innovations associated with such technologies rather than on radical innovations. Although adopting a partial viewpoint keeps the analysis simple, we urgently need a more inclusive systems perspective on climate solutions. This will allow the formulation of an effective climate policy package that addresses the various escape routes. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.022 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 46 SP - 530 EP - 536 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512003229 Y2 - 2013/09/05/18:16:04 KW - Carbon leakage KW - CO2 rebound KW - Green paradox ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Economic Effects of Border Measures in Subglobal Climate Agreements AU - Babiker, Mustafa H. AU - Rutherford, Thomas F. T2 - The Energy Journal AB - The Kyoto agreement as originally drafted sought to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions through policy measures by most industrialized countries. It now seems likely that the agreement will be ratified and implemented without the participation of the United States. Any emissions abatement policies which have a measurable reduction in global emissions will induce changes in the terms of trade and comparative advantage and competitiveness To the extent that aggressive policies are undertaken to reduce CO2 emissions, there are likely to be strong calls in the Kyoto coalition for greenhouse-gas related border adjustment measures. This paper uses a multi-region, multi-commodity static general equilibrium model to quantify and assess the implications of such policies. DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DP - RePEc - IDEAS VL - Volume 26 IS - Number 4 SP - 99 EP - 126 UR - http://ideas.repec.org/a/aen/journl/2005v26-04-a06.html Y2 - 2013/09/05/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon leakage from unilateral Environmental Tax Reforms in Europe, 1995–2005 AU - Barker, Terry AU - Junankar, Sudhir AU - Pollitt, Hector AU - Summerton, Philip T2 - Energy Policy AB - Studies of the effects of the Kyoto Protocol have shown carbon leakage (typically from tax and permit schemes with lump-sum revenues recycling) to be in the range of 5–20% using static Computable General Equilibrium models. However, in practice, researchers have found that carbon leakage from the implementation of the EU ETS is unlikely to be substantial because transport costs, local market conditions, product variety and incomplete information all tend to favour local production. This study investigates potential carbon leakage from six EU Member States (MSs) that implemented Environmental Tax Reform (ETRs) unilaterally over the period 1995–2005. The study uses the large-scale multisectoral integrated energy–environment–economy (E3) model of 27 European countries, energy–environment–economy model of Europe (E3ME), to undertake a dynamic comparative analysis to assess any carbon leakage effects over the longer term 1995–2012. A counterfactual Reference case is constructed, assuming that the six countries did not introduce ETRs; then alternative scenarios are developed to assess the effects of the ETRs, including effects on CO2 emissions for the EU25 economies. Most MSs recorded a reduction in CO2 emissions when comparing the Baseline case to the Reference case. The results show that carbon leakage is very small and in some cases negative, due to technological spillover effects. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.021 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 35 IS - 12 SP - 6281 EP - 6292 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421507002509 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Carbon leakage KW - Environmental Tax Reform KW - Tax policies ER - TY - ELEC TI - Klimaschutzgesetz verbessert Kooperation zwischen Bund und Ländern. Parlamentskorrespondenz Nr. 918/2011 AU - Parlament T2 - Republik Österreich Parlament DA - 2011/10/11/ PY - 2011 UR - http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/PR/JAHR_2011/PK0918/index.shtml Y2 - 2013/11/18/08:22:18 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Resource revolution: meeting the world’s energy, materials, food, and water needs AU - Dobbs, R. AU - Oppenheim, J. AU - Thompson, F. AU - Brinkman, M. AU - Zornes, M. T2 - McKinsey Sustainability & Resource Productivity Practice DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 228 LA - English PB - McKinsey Global Institute UR - http://www.mckinsey.com/features/resource_revolution Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - A critique of Jacobson and Delucchi's proposals for a world renewable energy supply AU - Trainer, Ted T2 - Energy Policy AB - Jacobson and Delucchi have recently put forward a detailed case in support of the claim that renewable energy sources can meet total world energy demand. The following argument is that this proposal is unsatisfactory, primarily because it does not deal effectively with the problems set by the variability of renewable energy sources, and also because its analysis of investment costs is inadequate. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.037 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 44 SP - 476 EP - 481 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511007269 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:41:38 KW - Intermittency KW - Limits to growth KW - Renewable energy ER - TY - JOUR TI - The marginal damage costs of carbon dioxide emissions: an assessment of the uncertainties AU - Tol, Richard S. J. T2 - Energy Policy AB - One hundred and three estimates of the marginal damage costs of carbon dioxide emissions were gathered from 28 published studies and combined to form a probability density function. The uncertainty is strongly right-skewed. If all studies are combined, the mode is $2/tC, the median $14/tC, the mean $93/tC, and the 95 percentile $350/tC. Studies with a lower discount rate have higher estimates and much greater uncertainties. Similarly, studies that use equity weighing, have higher estimates and larger uncertainties. Interestingly, studies that are peer-reviewed have lower estimates and smaller uncertainties. Using standard assumptions about discounting and aggregation, the marginal damage costs of carbon dioxide emissions are unlikely to exceed $50/tC, and probably much smaller. DA - 2005/11// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.04.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 33 IS - 16 SP - 2064 EP - 2074 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - The marginal damage costs of carbon dioxide emissions UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421504001028 Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:42:48 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421504001028/pdfft?md5=defd3f48f1c3799982352f46b4382eef&pid=1-s2.0-S0301421504001028-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421504001028 KW - Climate change KW - Carbon Dioxide KW - Marginal damage costs ER - TY - RPRT TI - Sweden facing climate change – threats and opportunities. AU - Swedish Commission on Climate and Vulnerability CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 M3 - Final report from the Swedish Commission on Climate and Vulnerability, Swedish Government Official Reports SN - SOU 2007:60 UR - http://www.government.se/sb/d/574/a/96002 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nachhaltigkeit regieren. Eine Bilanz zu Governance-Prinzipien und -Praktiken. AU - Steurer, R. AU - Trattnigg, R. CY - München DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Oekom ER - TY - JOUR TI - How much land-based greenhouse gas mitigation can be achieved without compromising food security and environmental goals? AU - Smith, Pete AU - Haberl, Helmut AU - Popp, Alexander AU - Erb, Karl-heinz AU - Lauk, Christian AU - Harper, Richard AU - Tubiello, Francesco N. AU - de Siqueira Pinto, Alexandre AU - Jafari, Mostafa AU - Sohi, Saran AU - Masera, Omar AU - Böttcher, Hannes AU - Berndes, Göran AU - Bustamante, Mercedes AU - Ahammad, Helal AU - Clark, Harry AU - Dong, Hongmin AU - Elsiddig, Elnour A. AU - Mbow, Cheikh AU - Ravindranath, Nijavalli H. AU - Rice, Charles W. AU - Robledo Abad, Carmenza AU - Romanovskaya, Anna AU - Sperling, Frank AU - Herrero, Mario AU - House, Joanna I. AU - Rose, Steven T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Feeding 9–10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well-being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply- and demand-side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade-offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand-side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply-side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand-side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand-side measures offer a greater potential (1.5–15.6 Gt CO2-eq. yr−1) in meeting both challenges than do supply-side measures (1.5–4.3 Gt CO2-eq. yr−1 at carbon prices between 20 and 100 US$ tCO2-eq. yr−1), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply-side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand-side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever. DA - 2013/08/01/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/gcb.12160 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - 2285 EP - 2302 J2 - Glob Change Biol LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12160/abstract Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:39:41 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/gcb.12160/asset/gcb12160.pdf?v=1&t=htid5y86&s=f8090e7b357cd9d6a68458aae9b4ed037794020a L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12160/abstract KW - Agriculture KW - Forestry KW - Climate KW - mitigation KW - Ecosystem services KW - AFOLU KW - food security KW - GHG ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rethinking adaptation for a 4°C world AU - Smith, Mark Stafford AU - Horrocks, Lisa AU - Harvey, Alex AU - Hamilton, Clive T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences AB - With weakening prospects of prompt mitigation, it is increasingly likely that the world will experience 4°C and more of global warming. In such a world, adaptation decisions that have long lead times or that have implications playing out over many decades become more uncertain and complex. Adapting to global warming of 4°C cannot be seen as a mere extrapolation of adaptation to 2°C; it will be a more substantial, continuous and transformative process. However, a variety of psychological, social and institutional barriers to adaptation are exacerbated by uncertainty and long timeframes, with the danger of immobilizing decision-makers. In this paper, we show how complexity and uncertainty can be reduced by a systematic approach to categorizing the interactions between decision lifetime, the type of uncertainty in the relevant drivers of change and the nature of adaptation response options. We synthesize a number of issues previously raised in the literature to link the categories of interactions to a variety of risk-management strategies and tactics. Such application could help to break down some barriers to adaptation and both simplify and better target adaptation decision-making. The approach needs to be tested and adopted rapidly. DA - 2011/01/13/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1098/rsta.2010.0277 DP - rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org VL - 369 IS - 1934 SP - 196 EP - 216 J2 - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A LA - en SN - 1364-503X, 1471-2962 UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/196 Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:39:11 L1 - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/196.full.pdf L2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21115520 L2 - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/196.full KW - Climate change KW - Risk management KW - Adaptation KW - uncertainty KW - complexity KW - decision-making ER - TY - RPRT TI - Lehren aus der Vergangenheit. Expertise für das WBGU-Hauptgutachten „Welt im Wandel: Gesellschaftsvertrag für eine Große Transformation“ AU - Sieferle, R.P. CY - Berlin DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 UR - http://www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/templates/dateien/veroeffentlichungen/hauptgutachten/jg2011/wbgu_jg2011_Expertise_Sieferle.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Das Ende der Fläche. Zum gesellschaftlichen Stoffwechsel der Industrialisierung AU - Sieferle, R.P. AU - Krausmann, F. AU - Schandl, H. AU - Winiwarter, V. CY - Köln DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 PB - Böhlau Verlag SN - 978-3-412-31805-5 3-412-31805-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Beyond case studies: Barriers to energy efficiency in commerce and the services sector AU - Schleich, Joachim AU - Gruber, Edelgard T2 - Energy Economics AB - No abstract is available for this item. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - RePEc - IDEAS VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 449 EP - 464 ST - Beyond case studies UR - http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v30y2008i2p449-464.html Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:32:48 L2 - http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v30y2008i2p449-464.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bundesgesetz zur Einhaltung von Höchstmengen von Treibhausgasemissionen und zur Erarbeitung von wirksamen Maßnahmen zum Klimaschutz (Klimaschutzgesetz – KSG), Wien. AU - Republik Österreich CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 PB - Bundeskanzleramt Österreich UR - http://www.bka.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=32965 Y2 - 2013/11/19/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Challenges and Trade-Offs in Corporate Innovation for Climate Change AU - Pinkse, Jonatan AU - Kolk, Ans AB - The international debate on addressing global climate change increasingly points at the role that companies can play by using their innovative capacity. However, up till now companies have been rather cautious in taking decisive steps in facilitating an innovation-based transition towards a low-carbon economy. This paper conceptually explores some key challenges related to innovating for climate change, in the broader context of technological change, complementary capability development and sociotechnical systems to point at trade-offs to be made by companies. We adopt a firm-level perspective to discuss a) how companies strike a balance between further development and deployment of emissions-reducing technologies, in view of the fact that there is no ‘silver bullet’ solution for climate change yet; b) how and in what way low-carbon solutions are brought to the market, by targeting consumers in either mainstream markets or niche markets; c) to what extent the success or failure of climate change innovations depends on companies’ bargaining power and willingness to cooperate with others. The paper shows how several industry and firm-specific factors - technological dynamism, complementarity between new technologies and existing assets, and ownership of specialized assets for commercialization - influence how companies strike a balance between the different trade-offs and deal with the uncertainty created by the current ‘climate policy deadlock’. CY - Rochester, NY DA - 2009/11/17/ PY - 2009 DP - papers.ssrn.com M3 - SSRN Scholarly Paper PB - Social Science Research Network SN - ID 1507946 UR - http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1507946 Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:30:36 L2 - http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1507946 KW - Climate change KW - Capabilities KW - Corporate Strategy KW - Innovation KW - Sociotechnical System KW - Technology Management ER - TY - RPRT TI - Technical Summary. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, AU - Parry, M.L. AU - Canziani, O.F. AU - Palutikof, J.P. AU - Co-Authors A2 - Parry, M.L. A2 - Canziani, O.F. A2 - Palutikof, J.P. A2 - van der Linden, P.J. A2 - Hanson, C.E. CY - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies AU - Pacala, S. AU - Socolow, R. T2 - Science AB - Humanity already possesses the fundamental scientific, technical, and industrial know-how to solve the carbon and climate problem for the next half-century. A portfolio of technologies now exists to meet the world's energy needs over the next 50 years and limit atmospheric CO2 to a trajectory that avoids a doubling of the preindustrial concentration. Every element in this portfolio has passed beyond the laboratory bench and demonstration project; many are already implemented somewhere at full industrial scale. Although no element is a credible candidate for doing the entire job (or even half the job) by itself, the portfolio as a whole is large enough that not every element has to be used. DA - 2004/08/13/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1126/science.1100103 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 305 IS - 5686 SP - 968 EP - 972 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ST - Stabilization Wedges UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5686/968 Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:26:29 L1 - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5686/968.full.pdf L2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310891 L2 - https://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5686/968.full ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Kyoto Agreement: Regional and Sectoral Contributions to the Carbon Leakage AU - Paltsev, Sergey V. T2 - Energy Journal DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 53 EP - 79 ST - The Kyoto Agreement L2 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247923514_The_Kyoto_Agreement_Regional_and_Sectoral_Contributions_to_the_Carbon_Leakage ER - TY - JOUR TI - To Tax or Not to Tax: Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming AU - Nordhaus, William D. T2 - Review of Environmental Economics and Policy AB - This study reviews different approaches to the political and economic control of global public goods such as global warming. It compares quantity-oriented control mechanisms like the Kyoto Protocol with price-type control mechanisms such as internationally harmonized carbon taxes. The analysis focuses on such issues as the relationship to ultimate targets, performance under conditions of uncertainty, volatility of induced carbon prices, the inefficiencies of taxation and regulation, potential for corruption and accounting finagling, and ease of implementation. It concludes that price-type approaches such as carbon taxes have major advantages for slowing global warming. DA - 2007b PY - 2007b DO - 10.1093/reep/rem008 DP - reep.oxfordjournals.org VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 26 EP - 44 J2 - Rev Environ Econ Policy LA - en SN - 1750-6816, 1750-6824 ST - To Tax or Not to Tax UR - http://reep.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/26 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:22:36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change AU - Nordhaus, William D T2 - Journal of Economic Literature DA - 2007a PY - 2007a DO - 10.1257/jel.45.3.686 DP - CrossRef VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 686 EP - 702 SN - 0022-0515 UR - http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/abs/10.1257/jel.45.3.686 Y2 - 2013/09/05/13:21:20 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Social learning about climate adaptation: global and local perspectives, SEI Working Paper AU - Nilsson, A.E. AU - Gerger Swartling, A. CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - SEI UR - http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Policy-institutions/social_learning_wp_091112.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reforming Subsidies for Fossil Fuel Consumption: Killing Several Birds with One Stone. AU - McLure, C.E. Jr. CY - Atlanta DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 M3 - International Center fo Public Policy Working Paper 13-12 PB - Georgia State University, Atlanta ER - TY - JOUR TI - Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: low-carbon electricity generation AU - Markandya, Anil AU - Armstrong, Ben G AU - Hales, Simon AU - Chiabai, Aline AU - Criqui, Patrick AU - Mima, Silvana AU - Tonne, Cathryn AU - Wilkinson, Paul T2 - The Lancet DA - 2009/12// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61715-3 DP - CrossRef VL - 374 IS - 9706 SP - 2006 EP - 2015 LA - en SN - 01406736 ST - Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions UR - http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)61715-3/abstract Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:20:01 L2 - http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)61715-3/abstract ER - TY - RPRT TI - From impacts to adaptation: Canada in a changing climate 2007 AU - Lemmen, D. AU - Warren, F. AU - Lacroix, J. AU - Bush, E. CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - Government of Canada UR - https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/environment/impacts-adaptation/assessments/10031 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Assessing the effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading System. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 126 AU - Laing, T. AU - Sato, M. AU - Grubb, M. AU - Comberti, C. CY - Grantham Institute on Climate Change and the Environment DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 M3 - Working Paper SN - 126 UR - http://www.cccep.ac.uk/Publications/Working-papers/Papers/120-129/WP126-effectiveness-eu-emissions-trading-system.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ableitung von prioritären Maßnahmen zur Adaption des Energiesystems an den Klimawandel. AU - Kranzl, L. AU - Formayer, H. AU - Haas, R. AU - Kalt, G. AU - Manfred, L. AU - Müller, A. AU - Nachtnebel, H.P. AU - Redl, C. AU - Schörghuber, S. AU - Seidl, R. AU - Stanzel, P. CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 M3 - Endbericht im Rahmen der Programmlinie: Energie der Zukunft ER - TY - CONF TI - Reduktionspotential und Sektoraufteilung der Treibhausgase. Bewertung der Maßnahmen für CRF-Sektoren AU - Köppl, Angela AU - Reinsberger, K. AU - Schleicher Stefan AU - Ibesich Nikolaus AU - Krutzler Thomas AU - Lichtblau Günther AU - Schneider Jürgen AU - Storch Alexander AU - Wiesenberger Herbert AB - Das seit November 2011 geltende Klimaschutzgesetz sieht eine Aufteilung der Höchstmengen von Treibhausgasen auf Sektoren für Verpflichtungszeiträume ab dem Jahr 2013 vor. Die vorliegende Analyse der Effekte von Maßnahmenpaketen bezüglich der Reduktionspotentiale von einzelnen Sektoren soll den dafür erforderlichen Entscheidungsprozess unterstützen. Die Maßnahmen bzw. Maßnahmenpakete wurden bezüglich ihrer Auswirkungen auf Energiedienstleistungen, Energieproduktivität und Energiemix beurteilt. Dabei wurden drei Umsetzungsstrategien abgeschätzt, die sich in ihrem Ambitionsniveau unterscheiden: Strategie 1 politikfortführend mit zusätzlichen Maßnahmen, Strategie 2 strukturverändernd mit mittelfristigen Perspektiven, Strategie 3 technologieforcierend mit langfristigen Perspektiven. Diese Einstufungen berücksichtigen neben den beobachtbaren Trends die im Maßnahmenkatalog diskutierten Kriterien der Umsetzbarkeit bezüglich Akzeptanz in Politik und Bevölkerung, Finanzierung und Investitionsbedarf sowie Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit wider. Die quantitative Bewertung der Maßnahmenpakete geht von einer Laufzeit von rund zehn Jahren und einem sofortigen Umsetzungsbeginn aus. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - www.wifo.ac.at LA - Deutsch PB - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Wien UR - http://www.wifo.ac.at/jart/prj3/wifo/main.jart?content-id=1298017551022&publikation_id=44541&detail-view=yes Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:38:20 KW - Konjunktur KW - Prognose ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energy Transition 2012\2020\2050: Strategies for the Transition to Low Energy and Low Emission Structures AU - Köppl, A. AU - Kettner, C. AU - Kletzan-Slamanig, D. AU - Schnitzer, H. AU - Titz, M. AU - Damm, A. AU - Steininger, K. AU - Wolkinger, B. AU - Artner, H. AU - Karner, A. CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar PB - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung UR - http://energytransition.wifo.ac.at/ Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Economic implications of mandated efficiency in standards for household appliances AU - Khazoom, J. Daniel T2 - The Energy Journal DA - 1980/// PY - 1980 DP - Google Scholar VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 21 EP - 40 UR - http://ideas.repec.org/a/aen/journl/1980v01-04-a02.html Y2 - 2013/09/05/11:52:11 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Restructuring the Austrian Energy System: An Extended Technology Wedges Approach. AU - Kettner, Claudia AU - Kletzan-Slamanig, Daniela AU - Köppl, Angela AU - Schleicher, S. AU - Damm, A. AU - Steininger, K.W. AU - Wolkinger, B. AU - Schnitzer, H. AU - Titz, M. AU - Artner, H. AU - Karner, A. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 M3 - WIFO Working Papers PB - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung SN - 385/2011 UR - http://test.wifo.ac.at/publikationen?detail-view=yes&publikation_id=46299 Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - The EU Emission Trading Scheme. Sectoral Allocation Patterns and the effects of the economic crisis AU - Kettner, Claudia AU - Kletzan-Slamanig, Daniela AU - Köppl, Angela AB - The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that covers emitters from industry and energy supply representing 40 percent of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions is the biggest implementation of a cap-and-trade scheme worldwide. In this paper, we analyse sectoral allocation caps focusing on three emission intensive sectors ("power and heat", "cement and lime", "pulp and paper"), assess the development of emissions and discuss the main drivers for emissions in these sectors since the start of the EU ETS. Our analysis of allocation patterns shows that "power and heat" is the only sector permanently facing a stringent cap. The disaggregated analysis of the development of CO2 emissions also reveals pronounced sectoral disparities, which points at differences in the availability of emission abatement options. The data for cement and lime production show changes in CO2 intensity pointing at an increased import of clinker. For paper and pulp production and for power and heat generation improvements in emission intensities and to a lesser extent energy intensities can be observed, reflecting the role of fuel shifts in short-term emission reductions DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 23 M3 - WIFO Working Papers PB - Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung SN - 408/2011 UR - http://test.wifo.ac.at/publikationen?detail-view=yes&publikation_id=46299 Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - ELEC TI - Ji/CDM-Programm AU - JI/CDM-Programm DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 UR - http://www.publicconsulting.at/kpc/de/home/carbonmanagement/jicdmprogramm/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interpreting trade-related CO2 emission transfers AU - Jakob, Michael AU - Marschinski, Robert T2 - Nature Climate Change DA - 2012/09/23/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1630 DP - CrossRef VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 23 SN - 1758-678X, 1758-6798 UR - http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n1/fig_tab/nclimate1630_ft.html Y2 - 2014/04/02/08:04:01 L2 - http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n1/fig_tab/nclimate1630_ft.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Egulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866 AU - Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government UR - http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/social_cost_of_carbon_for_ria_2013_update.pdf. ER - TY - RPRT TI - Technical Support Document: Social Cost of Carbon for Egulatory Impact Analysis Under Executive Order 12866 AU - Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government UR - http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/for-agencies/Social-Cost-of-Carbon-for-RIA.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - World Energy Outlook 2012 AU - IEA (International Energy Agency) CY - Paris DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - OECD/IEA UR - http://site.ebrary.com/id/10626970 Y2 - 2013/11/18/05:19:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Turn down the Heat - Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided. AU - IBRD T2 - A Report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - World Bank Publications UR - http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf.IEA. 2012. World Energy Outlook. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Accessed December 21. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/serial/20725302 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Policy Directions to 2050: A Business Contribution to the Dialogues on Cooperative Action (Energy & Climate Focus Area) AU - Held, S. AU - Lauvergeon, A. AU - Reiten, E. CY - Geneva DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - World Business Council for Sustainable Development ER - TY - JOUR TI - National-scale Assessment of Current and Future Flood Risk in England and Wales AU - Hall, Jim W. AU - Sayers, Paul B. AU - Dawson, Richard J. T2 - Natural Hazards AB - In recent years, through the availability of remotely sensed data and other national datasets, it has become possible to conduct national-scale flood risk assessment in England and Wales. The results of this type of risk analysis can be used to inform policy-making and prioritisation of resources for flood management. It can form the starting point for more detailed strategic and local-scale flood risk assessments. The national-scale risk assessment methodology outlined in this paper makes use of information on the location, standard of protection and condition of flood defences in England and Wales, together with datasets of floodplain extent, topography, occupancy and asset values. The flood risk assessment was applied to all of England and Wales in 2002 at which point the expected annual damage from flooding was estimated to be approximately £1 billion. This figure is comparable with records of recent flood damage. The methodology has subsequently been applied to examine the effects of climate and socio-economic change 50 and 80 years in the future. The analysis predicts increasing flood risk unless current flood management policies, practices and investment levels are changed – up to 20-fold increase in real terms economic risk by the 2080s in the scenario with highest economic growth. The increase is attributable primarily to a combination of climate change (in particular sea level rise and increasing precipitation in parts of the UK) and increasing economic vulnerability. DA - 2005/09/01/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1007/s11069-004-4546-7 DP - link.springer.com VL - 36 IS - 1-2 SP - 147 EP - 164 J2 - Nat Hazards LA - en SN - 0921-030X, 1573-0840 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-004-4546-7 Y2 - 2014/04/02/07:45:07 L2 - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11069-004-4546-7#page-1 KW - Climate change KW - Environmental Management KW - Geophysics/Geodesy KW - Civil Engineering KW - Hydrogeology KW - Geotechnical Engineering KW - flood defence reliability KW - flood risk KW - socio-economic scenarios ER - TY - JOUR TI - Technology Innovation and Climate Change Policy: an overview of issues and options AU - Grubb, Michael T2 - KEIO Economic Studies DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 41 IS - 2 SP - 103 EP - 132 ST - Technology Innovation and Climate Change Policy L2 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241271055_Technology_Innovation_and_Climate_Change_Policy_an_overview_of_issues_and_options ER - TY - BOOK TI - A perfect moral storm: the ethical tragedy of climate change AU - Gardiner, Stephen Mark CY - New York DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Oxford University Press SN - 0-19-998514-6 978-0-19-998514-2 ST - A perfect moral storm L2 - http://www.amazon.com/Perfect-Moral-Storm-Ethical-Environmental/dp/0199985146 ER - TY - ELEC TI - Leaders' statement: The Pittsburgh Summit AU - G-20 Leaders T2 - The Pittsburgh Summit 2009 DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 ST - The Pittsburgh Summit 2009, 24-25 September 2009 UR - http://www.pittsburghsummit.gov/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Foresight. Future Flodding. Scientific Summary: Volumes I and II. AU - Evans, E. AU - Ashley, R. AU - Hall, J. AU - Penning-Rowsell, E. AU - Saul, A. AU - Sayers, P. AU - Thorne, C. AU - Watkinson, A. CY - London DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 PB - Office of Science and Technology UR - http://www.bis.gov.uk/foresight/our-work/projects/published-projects/flood-and-coastal-defence/project-outputs/volume-1, http://www.bis.gov.uk/foresight/our-work/projects/published-projects/flood-and-coastal-defence/project-outputs/volume-2 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ökostrombericht 2012, Bericht der Energie-Control Austria gemäß §52 Abs 1 Ökostromgesetz AU - Energie-Control Austria CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Energie-Control Austria UR - http://www.e-control.at/portal/page/portal/medienbibliothek/oeko-energie/dokumente/pdfs/Oekostrombericht%202012_Finale%20Version_03122012.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mitteilung der Kommission an der Europäische Parlament, den Rat, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen. Eine EU-Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2013/216 endg UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mitteilung der Kommission an der Europäische Parlament, den Rat, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen. Energiefahrplan 2050 AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2011c PY - 2011c PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2011/885 endg UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mitteilung der Kommission an der Europäische Parlament, den Rat, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen. Fahrplan für den Übergang zu einer wettbewerbsfähigen CO2-armen Wirtschaft bis 2050 AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2011b PY - 2011b PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2011/112 endg UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mitteilung der Kommission an der Europäische Parlament, den Rat, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen. Fahrplan für ein ressourcenschonendes Europa AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2011a PY - 2011a SP - 25 PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2011/571endg UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mitteilung der Kommission an der Europäische Parlament, den Rat, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen. 20 und 20 bis 2020 Chancen Europas im Klimawandel AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2008/30 endg UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Grünbuch der Kommission an den Rat, das Europäische Parlament, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen. Anpassung an den Klimawandel in Europa - Optionen für Maßnahmen der EU AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2007/345 endg Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - ELEC TI - European Environment Information and Observation Network - Eionet AU - EEA DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 UR - http://www.eionet.europa.eu/ Y2 - 2013/11/18/04:59:29 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Adaptation costs for climate change-related cases of diarrhoeal disease, malnutrition, and malaria in 2030 AU - Ebi, Kristie L T2 - Globalization and Health AB - Background Climate change has begun to negatively affect human health, with larger burdens projected in the future as weather patterns continue to change. The climate change-related health consequences of diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition, and malaria are projected to pose the largest risks to future populations. Limited work has been done to estimate the costs of adapting to these additional health burdens. Methods The costs of treating diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition (stunting and wasting only), and malaria in 2030 were estimated under three climate scenarios using (1) the current numbers of cases; (2) the projected relative risks of these diseases in 2030; and (3) current treatment costs. The analysis assumed that the number of annual cases and costs of treatment would remain constant. There was limited consideration of socioeconomic development. Results Under a scenario assuming emissions reductions resulting in stabilization at 750 ppm CO2 equivalent in 2210, the costs of treating diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition, and malaria in 2030 were estimated to be $4 to 12 billion. This is almost as much as current total annual overseas development assistance for health. Conclusion The investment needs in the health sector to address climate-sensitive health outcomes are large. Additional human and financial resources will be needed to prevent and control the projected increased burden of health outcomes due to climate change. DA - 2008/09/19/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1186/1744-8603-4-9 DP - PubMed Central VL - 4 SP - 9 J2 - Global Health SN - 1744-8603 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556651/ Y2 - 2014/04/02/07:10:03 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556651/pdf/1744-8603-4-9.pdf L2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556651/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Social Cost of Carbon: A Closer Look at Uncertainty AU - Downing, Thomas E. AU - Anthoff, D. AU - Butterfield, R. AU - Ceronsky, M. AU - Grubb, M.J. AU - Guo, J. AU - Hepburn, C.J. AU - Hope, C.W. AU - Hunt, A. AU - Li, A. AU - Markandya, A. AU - Moss, S. AU - Nyong, A. AU - Tol, R.S.J. AU - Watkiss, P. CY - London DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 DP - Wiley Online Library LA - en PB - Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs UR - http://cdn.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/51381/social-cost-carbon-closer-look-uncertainty.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies AU - Delucchi, Mark A. AU - Jacobson, Mark Z. T2 - Energy Policy AB - This is Part II of two papers evaluating the feasibility of providing all energy for all purposes (electric power, transportation, and heating/cooling), everywhere in the world, from wind, water, and the sun (WWS). In Part I, we described the prominent renewable energy plans that have been proposed and discussed the characteristics of WWS energy systems, the global demand for and availability of WWS energy, quantities and areas required for WWS infrastructure, and supplies of critical materials. Here, we discuss methods of addressing the variability of WWS energy to ensure that power supply reliably matches demand (including interconnecting geographically dispersed resources, using hydroelectricity, using demand-response management, storing electric power on site, over-sizing peak generation capacity and producing hydrogen with the excess, storing electric power in vehicle batteries, and forecasting weather to project energy supplies), the economics of WWS generation and transmission, the economics of WWS use in transportation, and policy measures needed to enhance the viability of a WWS system. We find that the cost of energy in a 100% WWS will be similar to the cost today. We conclude that barriers to a 100% conversion to WWS power worldwide are primarily social and political, not technological or even economic. DA - 2011/03// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.045 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 1170 EP - 1190 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510008694 Y2 - 2014/04/02/07:04:43 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510008694/pdfft?md5=71fe0e2bc1d6af47f10ed0c0fbeadd26&pid=1-s2.0-S0301421510008694-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510008694 KW - Solar power KW - Water power KW - Wind power ER - TY - RPRT TI - Working together with water. A living land builds for its future. Findings of the Deltacomissie 2008 AU - Delta Comission CY - Netherlands DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - Google Scholar PB - Delta Comission ER - TY - JOUR TI - Why do governments subsidize gasoline consumption? An empirical analysis of global gasoline prices, 2002–2009 AU - Cheon, Andrew AU - Urpelainen, Johannes AU - Lackner, Maureen T2 - Energy Policy AB - Governments spend hundreds of billions of dollars annually to subsidize the consumption of fossil fuels without understanding the environmental and economic problems this practice creates. To shed light on these problems, we examine the case of gasoline subsidies using data on gasoline prices in 137 countries for the years 2002–2009. It is useful to study gasoline pricing because gasoline is the most important transportation fuel, and there are data for many countries for the time period of investigation. We find that major oil producers subsidize gasoline consumption by artificially reducing prices; countries with weak institutional capacity also seem to subsidize gasoline, but the effects are weaker. These results suggest that policy interventions to improve institutional capacity could help developing countries in particular reduce their fossil fuel subsidies. DA - 2013/05// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.075 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 56 SP - 382 EP - 390 J2 - Energy Policy SN - 0301-4215 ST - Why do governments subsidize gasoline consumption? UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512011421 Y2 - 2014/04/02/07:00:31 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512011421/pdfft?md5=0c0034d9aace77073c8edda996e45299&pid=1-s2.0-S0301421512011421-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512011421 KW - Governance KW - Fossil fuel subsidies KW - Gasoline prices ER - TY - JOUR TI - Environmental tax reform: does it work? A survey of the empirical evidence AU - Bosquet, Benoı̂t T2 - Ecological Economics AB - Environmental tax reform is the process of shifting the tax burden from employment, income and investment, to pollution, resource depletion and waste. Can environmental tax reform produce a double dividend — help the environment without hurting the economy? This paper reviews the practical experience and available modeling studies. It concludes that when environmental tax revenues are used to reduce payroll taxes, and if wage-price inflation is prevented, significant reductions in pollution, small gains in employment, and marginal gains or losses in production are likely in the short to medium term, while investments fall back and prices increase. Results are less certain in the long term. They might be more positive if models selected welfare instead of production indicators for the second dividend, and if several important variables, such as wage rigidities and the feedback of environmental quality on production, were factored into simulations. DA - 2000/07// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00173-7 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 32 J2 - Ecological Economics SN - 0921-8009 ST - Environmental tax reform UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800900001737 Y2 - 2014/04/02/06:59:36 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800900001737/pdfft?md5=873f201c3598fd200f479387acd8b0de&pid=1-s2.0-S0921800900001737-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800900001737 KW - Double dividend KW - Environmental tax reform KW - Modeling studies ER - TY - RPRT TI - Entwurf. Die österreichische Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klima-wandel, Teil 2 – AKTIONSPLAN. Handlungsempfehlungen für die Umsetzung AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2012b PY - 2012b SP - 398 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft UR - http://www.lebensministerium.at/dms/lmat/umwelt/klimaschutz/klimapolitik_national/anpassungsstrategie/strategie-aussendung/Entwurf-Anpassungsstrategie_Aktionsplan_14-12-2011.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Die österreichische Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel, Teil 1: Kontext AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2012a PY - 2012a SP - 126 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft UR - http://www.lebensministerium.at/dms/lmat/umwelt/klimaschutz/klimapolitik_national/anpassungsstrategie/strategie-aussendung/Entwurf-Anpassungsstrategie-Kontext_14-12-2011.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategie Österreichs zur Erreichung des Kyoto-Ziels. Vorlage zur Annahme durch den Ministerrat am 18.06.2002. AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Richtlinien für das österreichische JI/CDM-Programm AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2007a PY - 2007a DP - Google Scholar SP - 103 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Europe adapts to climate change: Comparing National Adaptation Strategies AU - Biesbroek, G. Robbert AU - Swart, Rob J. AU - Carter, Timothy R. AU - Cowan, Caroline AU - Henrichs, Thomas AU - Mela, Hanna AU - Morecroft, Michael D. AU - Rey, Daniela T2 - Global Environmental Change T3 - Governance, Complexity and Resilience AB - For the last two decades, European climate policy has focused almost exclusively on mitigation of climate change. It was only well after the turn of the century, with impacts of climate change increasingly being observed, that adaptation was added to the policy agenda and EU Member States started to develop National Adaptation Strategies (NASs). This paper reviews seven National Adaptation Strategies that were either formally adopted or under development by Member States at the end of 2008. The strategies are analysed under the following six themes. Firstly, the factors motivating and facilitating the development of a national adaptation strategy. Secondly, the scientific and technical support needed for the development and implementation of such a strategy. Thirdly, the role of the strategy in information, communication and awareness-raising of the adaptation issue. Fourthly, new or existing forms of multi-level governance to implement the proposed actions. Fifthly, how the strategy addresses integration and coordination with other policy domains. Finally, how the strategy suggests the implementation and how the strategy is evaluated. The paper notes that the role of National Adaptation Strategies in the wider governance of adaptation differs between countries but clearly benchmarks a new political commitment to adaptation at national policy levels. However, we also find that in most cases approaches for implementing and evaluating the strategies are yet to be defined. The paper concludes that even though the strategies show great resemblance in terms of topics, methods and approaches, there are many institutional challenges, including multi-level governance and policy integration issues, which can act as considerable barriers in future policy implementation. DA - 2010/08// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.03.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 440 EP - 450 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 ST - Europe adapts to climate change UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378010000269 Y2 - 2014/04/02/06:52:35 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378010000269/pdfft?md5=8fae41e325876c9d94d2600e4acfbede&pid=1-s2.0-S0959378010000269-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378010000269 KW - Climate change KW - Europe KW - Adaptation KW - Governance KW - National Adaptation Strategies ER - TY - JOUR TI - The Governance of Climate Change Adaptation in 10 OECD Countries: Challenges and Approaches AU - Bauer, Anja AU - Feichtinger, Judith AU - Steurer, Reinhard T2 - Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning AB - Although the public governance of climate change adaptation gained increasing attention among both policy-makers and researchers in recent years, it is still largely unclear how governments aim to develop and implement adaptation policies. This paper takes stock of respective institutional innovations at the national level in 10 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. It first introduces four challenges that are key in the context of climate adaptation policy-making, that is, (i) how to better integrate adaptation policies horizontally across policy sectors and (ii) vertically across jurisdictional levels, (iii) how to integrate knowledge, and (iv) how to involve non-state stakeholders in adaptation policy-making. Based on a desk research and semi-structured interviews, this paper then highlights a variety of institutional innovations (here referred to as governance approaches) that the selected governments employ to address these four challenges. Overall, it is shown that most of these approaches are restricted to soft, voluntary ways of coordination and steering that often address more than one of the four challenges at a time and that national adaptation strategies usually mark the centrepiece of adaptation governance around which other governance approaches emerge. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1080/1523908X.2012.707406 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 279 EP - 304 SN - 1523-908X ST - The Governance of Climate Change Adaptation in 10 OECD Countries UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1523908X.2012.707406 Y2 - 2014/04/02/06:48:59 L1 - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1523908X.2012.707406 L2 - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1523908X.2012.707406#.Uzuy16KhEeU ER - TY - RPRT TI - GHG Projections and Assessment of Policies and Measures in Austria. Reporting under Decision 280/2004/EC. 15th March 2011 AU - Anderl, Michael AU - Braun, Matthias AU - Böhmer, Siegmund AU - Gössl, Michael AU - Köther, Traute AU - Krutzler, Thomas AU - Lampert, Christoph AU - Pazdernik, Katja AU - Purzner, Maria AU - Poupa, Stephan AU - Sporer, Melanie AU - Storch, Alexander AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Wiesenberger, Herbert AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Zethner, Gerhard CY - Wien DA - 2011b PY - 2011b SP - 187 LA - English M3 - 0331 PB - Umweltbundesamt Wien UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0331.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change AU - Adger, W. Neil T2 - Economic Geography DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DP - link.springer.com VL - 79 SP - 387 EP - 404 LA - en UR - http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30032945?uid=3737528&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21103912775473 Y2 - 2013/09/05/ KW - Sociology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts and adaptation to climate change in European economies AU - Aaheim, Asbjørn AU - Amundsen, Helene AU - Dokken, Therese AU - Wei, Taoyuan T2 - Global Environmental Change AB - This paper evaluates the impacts of climate change to European economies under an increase in global mean temperature at +2 °C and +4 °C. It is based on a summary of conclusions from available studies of how climate change may affect various sectors of the economies in different countries. We apply a macroeconomic general equilibrium model, which integrates impacts of climate change on different activities of the economies. Agents adapt by responding to the changes in market conditions following the climatic changes, thus bringing consistency between economic behaviour and adaptation to climate change. Europe is divided into 85 sub-regions in order to capture climate variability and variations in vulnerabilities within countries. We find that the impacts in the +2 °C are moderate throughout Europe, with positive impacts on GDP in some sub-regions and negative impacts down to 0.1 per cent per year in others. At +4 °C, GDP is negatively affected throughout Europe, and most substantially in the southern parts, where it falls by up to 0.7 per cent per year in some sub-regions. We also find that climate change causes differentiations in wages across Europe, which may cause migration from southern parts of Europe to northern parts, especially to the Nordic countries. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.06.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 959 EP - 968 J2 - Global Environmental Change SN - 0959-3780 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012000672 Y2 - 2014/04/01/12:14:19 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012000672/pdfft?md5=bb8bb6695fbbd07f991124a3ee6b9b0a&pid=1-s2.0-S0959378012000672-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378012000672 KW - Adaptation KW - Impacts of climate change KW - Macroeconomic analysis ER - TY - RPRT TI - Tracing the decline of EU GHG emissions. Impacts of structural changes of the energy system and economic activity. Policy Brief. AU - Schleicher, St. CY - Graz DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Schleicher, Stefan P. (2014). Tracing the decline of EU GHG emissions. Impacts of structural changes of the energy system and economic act Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, Graz. ER - TY - RPRT TI - Report on the twenty-second meeting of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (No. FCCC/SBI/201/27). Held in Doha from 26 November to 1 December. AU - UNFCCC DA - 2012e PY - 2012e PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/sbi/eng/27.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen AU - United Nations DA - 1992/// PY - 1992 UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/convger.pdf ER - TY - ELEC TI - Österreich beschließt bundesweites Klimaschutzgesetz- Ab 2012 verbindliche CO2-Einsparziele AU - respACT T2 - respACT austria DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 LA - de UR - http://www.trigos.at/site/themen/archiv/article/5494.html Y2 - 2014/04/18/10:46:27 KW - rderung gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung von und in Unternehmen KW - Verein zur Fö ER - TY - RPRT TI - Investment and Financial Flows to Address Climate Change. AU - UNFCCC CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2007b PY - 2007b PB - Climate Change Secretariat UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/financial_flows.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Decision 7/CP.17. Work programme on loss and damage ( No. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.2) AU - UNFCCC DA - 2011b PY - 2011b PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a02.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Decision 12/CP.17. Guidance on systems for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected and modalities relating to forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels as referred to in decision 1/CP.16 AU - UNFCCC DA - 2011a PY - 2011a SP - 63 LA - English PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties SN - FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.2 UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a02.pdf#page=16. Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Synthesis report on efforts undertaken to assess the costs and benefits of adaptation options, and views on lessons learned, good practices, gaps and needs (No. FCCC/SBSTA/2010/3) AU - UNFCCC DA - 2010c PY - 2010c PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/sbsta/eng/03.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Potential costs and benefits of adaptation options: A review of existing literature AU - UNFCCC DA - 2010b PY - 2010b SP - 83 LA - English M3 - Technical Paper PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties SN - FCCC/TP/2009/2/Rev.1 UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/tp/02r01.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - ELEC TI - Meetings AU - UNFCCC DA - 2012d PY - 2012d UR - http://unfccc.int/meetings/items/6240.php ER - TY - RPRT TI - Draft decision -/CMP.7. Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol at its sixteenth session AU - UNFCCC DA - 2012a PY - 2012a SP - 9 M3 - Advance unedited version PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties UR - http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/durban_nov_2011/decisions/application/pdf/awgkp_outcome.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Seventeenth Session, Held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011 - Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its seventeenth session (No. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1) AU - UNFCCC DA - 2012b PY - 2012b PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a02.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ten guiding principles for good adaptation to climate change - enabling cross-sectoral, inter-regional, multi-level and multi-actor coordination AU - Prutsch, Andrea AU - Grothmann, T. AU - Schauser, I. AU - McCallum, S. CY - Vienna PB - Umweltbundesamt ER - TY - BOOK TI - Towards a climate-proof Netherlands: Summary routeplanner. Centrum National Research Programme Climate changes Spatial Planning, Living with Water AU - Klimaat en Ruimte DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 36 PB - Habiforum and CURNET SN - 13 978-90-376-0504-4 UR - http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpromise.klimaatvoorruimte.nl%2Fpro1%2Fpublications%2Fshow_publication.asp%3Fdocumentid%3D657%26GUID%3D4507e506-abc4-49e4-b0b6-4c75516ae8f2&ei=RyBMU4_GEqaa1AWiq4H4Aw&usg=AFQjCNFpSYa3ACy2_c5T8pdMcyoTuEHZdg ER - TY - MANSCPT TI - The EU Emission Trading Scheme. Sectoral Allocation Patterns and Factors Determining Emission Changes AU - Kettner, Claudia AU - Kletzan-Slamanig, Daniela AU - Köppl, Angela AB - The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that covers emitters from industry and energy supply representing 40 percent of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions is the biggest implementation of a cap-and-trade scheme worldwide. In this paper, we analyse sectoral allocation caps focusing on three emission intensive sectors ("power and heat", "cement and lime", "pulp and paper"), assess the development of emissions and discuss the main drivers for emissions in these sectors since the start of the EU ETS. Our analysis of allocation patterns shows that "power and heat" is the only sector permanently facing a stringent cap. The disaggregated analysis of the development of CO2 emissions also reveals pronounced sectoral disparities, which points at differences in the availability of emission abatement options. The data for cement and lime production show changes in CO2 intensity pointing at an increased import of clinker. For paper and pulp production and for power and heat generation improvements in emission intensities and to a lesser extent energy intensities can be observed, reflecting the role of fuel shifts in short-term emission reductions. DA - 2013/02// PY - 2013 DP - www.wifo.ac.at LA - Englisch M3 - manuscript UR - http://www.wifo.ac.at/publikationen/working_papers?detail-view=yes&publikation_id=46299 Y2 - 2014/04/18/09:58:35 KW - allocation caps KW - decomposition analysis KW - EU Emission Trading Scheme ER - TY - BOOK TI - Technical Summary. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC A3 - Parry, M.L. A3 - Canziani, O.F. A3 - Palutikoff, J.P. A3 - van der Linden, P.J. A3 - Hanson, C.E. A3 - Parry, M.L. A3 - Canziani, O.F. A3 - Palutikof, J.P. CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 2007b PY - 2007b SP - 23-78 PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ts.html Y2 - 2013/11/18/ KW - Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology & Climatology KW - Political Science / Public Policy / Environmental Policy ER - TY - JOUR TI - DECISIONS ADOPTED JOINTLY BY THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL. DECISION No 406/2009/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020 AU - European Parliament AU - European Council T2 - Official Journal of the European Union DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - L 140/136 SP - 13 UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0136:0148:EN:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Commission staff working document. Impact Assessment accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council,the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050. AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brussels DA - 2011e PY - 2011e SP - 32 LA - English PB - European Commission - Directory-General for Mobility SN - SEC(2011) 288 final UR - http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy2020/roadmap/doc/sec_2011_1565_part2.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Adapting to climate change: towards a European framework for action. Impact Assessment. Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the White paper. (No. SEC(2009) 387/2) AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brussels DA - 2009d PY - 2009d UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SEC:2009:0386:FIN:EN:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/08:04:30 ER - TY - STAT TI - 477. Übereinkommen zum Schutz der Alpen (Alpenkonvention) samt Anlage AU - BGBl DA - 1995/07/21/ PY - 1995 VL - NR : G P XVIII RV 1022 AB 1344 S. 150. BR: AB 4719 S. 579. SP - 67 UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1995_477_0/1995_477_0.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2013 AU - Anderl, M. AU - Bednar, W. AU - Gössl, M. AU - Haider, S. AU - Heller, Christian AU - Jobstmann, H. AU - Köther, T. AU - Lampert, C. AU - Pazdernik, K. AU - Pouper, S. AU - Rigler, E. AU - Schieder, W. AU - Schindlbacher, S. AU - Schmid, Christoph AU - Schneider, J. AU - Schmid-Ruzicka, S. AU - Seuss, K. AU - Stranner, G. AU - Storch, A. AU - Weiss, P. AU - Wiesenberger, H. AU - Winter, R. AU - Zechmeister, A. AU - Zethner, G. AU - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH CY - Wien DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 160 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - 0420 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0420.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2012 AU - Anderl, M. AU - Bednar, W. AU - Fischer, D. AU - Gössl, M. AU - Heller, Christian AU - Jobstmann, H. AU - Ibesich, N. AU - Köther, T. AU - Kuschel, V. AU - Lampert, C. AU - Neubauer, C. AU - Pazdernik, K. AU - Perl, D. AU - Poupa, S. AU - Purzner, M. AU - Riegler, E. AU - Schenk, C. AU - Schieder, W. AU - Schneider, J. AU - Seuss, K. AU - Sporer, M. AU - Schodl, B. AU - Stoiber, H. AU - Storch, A. AU - Weiss, P. AU - Wiesenberger, H. AU - Winter, R. AU - Zechmeister, A. AU - Zethner, G. AU - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH CY - Wien DA - 2012a PY - 2012a SP - 181 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - 0391 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0391.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's Annual Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2010, Submissions under Decision 280/2004/EC AU - Anderl, Michael AU - Freudenschuß, Alexandra AU - Haider, S. AU - Köther, T. AU - Kriech, M. AU - Lampert, C. AU - Pazdernik, K. AU - Poupa, S. AU - Purzner, Maria AU - Schodl, Barbara AU - Stranner, G. AU - Schwaiger, E. AU - Sporrer, Melanie AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Wieser, G. AU - Zechmeister, A. AU - Zethner, Gerhard CY - Wien DA - 2012b PY - 2012b M3 - 0361 PB - Umweltbundesamt UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/presse/lastnews/newsarchiv_2008/news080414/ Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2010 AU - Anderl, Michael AU - Bednar, Wolfgang AU - Böhmer, Siegmund AU - Gössl, Michael AU - Gugele, Bernd AU - Ibesich, Nikolaus AU - Jöbstl, Roland AU - Kuschel, Verena AU - Lampert, Christoph AU - Muik, Barbara AU - Pazdernik, Katja AU - Poupa, Stephan AU - Schachermayer, Elisabeth AU - Schneider, Jürgen AU - Seuss, Katrin AU - Sporer, Melanie AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Storchmann, Alexander AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Wiesenberger, Herbert AU - Winter, Ralf AU - Zethner, Gerhard AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Kommunalkr AU - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 170 LA - Deutsch PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - 0267 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0267.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - STAT TI - 168. Verordnung des Bundesministers für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, mit der die Kraftstoffverordnung 1999 geände rt wird AU - BGBl DA - 2009/06/03/ PY - 2009 SP - 4 SE - II UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2009_II_168/BGBLA_2009_II_168.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: towards disaster resilient societies AU - Birkmann, Jörn CN - GB5014 .M4 2006 CY - Tokyo; New York DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 524 PB - United Nations University SN - 92-808-1135-5 ST - Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards KW - Natural disaster warning systems KW - Natural disasters ER - TY - STAT TI - 149. Bundesverfassungsgesetz für ein atomfreies Österreich AU - BGBl DA - 1999/08/13/ PY - 1999 VL - NR: GP XX AB 2026 S. 179. BR: AB 6033 S. 657. SP - 1 SE - I UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1999_149_1/1999_149_1.pdf ER - TY - STAT TI - 111. Bundesgesetz, mit dem Bestimmungen auf dem Gebiet der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung neu erlassen werden (KWK-Gesetz) AU - BGBl DA - 2008/08/08/ PY - 2008 VL - NR: GP XXIII RV 554 AB 644 S. 65. BR: AB 7988 S. 759. SP - 5 SE - I UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2008_I_111/BGBLA_2008_I_111.pdf ER - TY - STAT TI - 113. Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Wärme- und Kälteleitungsausbauge setz erlassen und das Energie-Regulierungsbehördengesetz geändert wird AU - BGBl DA - 2008/08/08/ PY - 2008 VL - NR: GP XXIII IA 853/A S. 68. BR: 7984 AB 7990 S. 759. SP - 8 SE - I UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2008_I_113/BGBLA_2008_I_113.pdf ER - TY - STAT TI - 75. Bundesgesetz über die Förderung der Elektrizitätserzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energieträgern (Ökostromgesetz 2012 – ÖSG 2012) AU - BGBl DA - 2011/07/29/Teil 1 PY - 2011 VL - NR: GP XXIV RV 1223 AB 1302 S. 113. BR: 8521 AB 8532 S. 799. SP - 37 UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2011_I_75/BGBLA_2011_I_75.pdf ER - TY - STAT TI - 144. Bundesgesetz, mit dem ein Bundesgesetz über das Verbot der geologischen Speicherung von Kohlenstoffdioxid erlassen wird und das Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungsge setz 20 00, das Bundes - Umwelthaftungsgesetz, die Gewerbe ordnung 19 94 sowie das Mineralrohstoffgesetz geändert werden AU - BGBl DA - 2011/12/28/ PY - 2011 VL - NR: GP XXIV RV 1387 AB 1572 S. 137. BR: 8615 AB 8651 S. 803. SP - 5 SE - I UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2011_I_144/BGBLA_2011_I_144.pdf ER - TY - STAT TI - 251. Vereinbarung gemäß Art. 15a. B-VG zwischen dem Bund und den Ländern über Maßnahmen im Gebäudesektor zum Zweck der Reduktion des Ausstoßes an Treibhausgasen AU - BGBl DA - 2009/07/30/ PY - 2009 SP - 10 SE - II UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2009_II_251/BGBLA_2009_II_251.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - European Research Framework Programme - Research on Climate Change. Prepared for the Third World Climate Conference (WCC-3) and the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP-15) AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 356 PB - European Commission Directorate-General for Research UR - http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/pdf/cop-15.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fifth National Communication of the Austrian Federal Government in Compliance with the Obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change AU - UNFCCC AB - FIFTH NATIONAL COMMUNICATION of the Austrian Federal Government in Compliance with the Obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, according to Decisions 10/CP.13 and 4/CP.5 of the Conference of the Parties, and in Compliance with the Obligations under the Kyoto Protocol, according to Decisions 8/CMP.3 and 15/CMP.1 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol DA - 2010a PY - 2010a UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/aut_nc5.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Strategischer Leitfaden Umwelt und Entwicklung der österreichischen Entwicklungspolitik AU - BMEIA CY - Wien DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 48 PB - Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten Sektion VII – Österreichische Entwicklungs- und Ostzusammenarbeit UR - http://www.entwicklung.at/uploads/media/Strategie_Umwelt_Sept2009.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Press Release. At UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, governments take next essential step in global response to climate change AU - UNFCCC CY - Doha DA - 2012c PY - 2012c SP - 5 PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties UR - http://unfccc.int/files/press/press_releases_advisories/application/pdf/pr20120812_cop18_close.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change AU - UNFCCC DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 M3 - Protocol SN - UN Doc FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1, Dec. 10, 1997; 37 ILM 22 (1998) UR - http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/background/items/1351.php ER - TY - STAT TI - 149. Bundesgesetz: Ökostromgesetz sowie Änderung des Elektrizitätswirtschafts- und -organisationsgesetzes (ElWOG) und das Energieförderungsgesetzes 1979 (EnFG) AU - BGBl DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 SP - 22 M1 - 149 SE - I UR - https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/2002_149_1/2002_149_1.pdf ER - TY - GEN TI - Presseaussendung IP/09/628; Brüssel 23/04/2009: Kommission begrüßt Annahme des Klima- und Energiepakets AU - EK - Europäische Kommission DA - 2009c PY - 2009c LA - Deutsch UR - http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09-628_de.htm DB - Press Releases Database Y2 - 2014/04/08/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ökonomische Bewertung von Umweltschäden. Methodenkonvention zur Schätzung externer Umweltkosten. A2 - Umweltbundesamt CY - Umweltbundesamt Dessau DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Umweltbundesamt Dessau UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/oekonomische-bewertung-von-umweltschaeden-0 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Reduktionspotential und Sektoraufteilung der Treibhausgase. Bewertung der Maßnahmen für CRF-Sektoren. AU - WIFO (Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung) AU - Wegener Center für Klima und Globalen Wandel AU - Umweltbundesamt CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 UR - http://www.wifo.ac.at/publikationen?detail-view=yes&publikation_id=44541 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Energiestrukturen für 2020. Technisches Basisdokument für die österreichische Energiestrategie AU - WIFO (Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung) AU - Wegener Center für Klima und Globalen Wandel AU - Energy Economics Group - TU Wien AU - Institut für Technische Anlagen und Energiewirtschaft, TU Graz AU - Institut für Prozess- undPartikeltechnik AU - KWI ConsultantsGmbH AU - Montanuniversität Leoben, Institut für Werkstoffkund und Prüfung der Kunststoffe T2 - Monographien CY - Wien DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - WIFO UR - http://www.wifo.ac.at/publikationen?detail-view=yes&publikation_id=36983 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Assessing the potential of mutual co-effects ("Syndapt") AU - Tuerk, A. AU - Wagner, F. AU - Prettenthaler, F. AU - Steiner, D. AU - Frieden, D. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 84 M3 - SynAdapt, Endbericht SN - GZ: A760675 UR - http://www.joanneum.at/fileadmin/user_upload/RESOURCES/ENG/Synadapt_Final_October_2010.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: a special report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - Nakicenovic, Nebojsa AU - Alcamo, Joseph AU - Davis, Gerald AU - de Vries, Bert AU - Fenhann, Joergen AU - Gaffin, Stuart AU - Gregory, Kenneth AU - Grubler, Arnulf AU - Jung, Tae Yong AU - Kram, Tom AU - La Rovere, Emilio Lebre AU - Michaelis, Laurie AU - Mori, Shunsuke AU - Morita, Tsuneyuki AU - Pepper, William AU - Pitcher, Hugh M. AU - Price, Lynn AU - Riahi, Keywan AU - Roehrl, Alexander AU - Rogner, Hans-Holger AU - Sankovski, Alexei AU - Schlesinger, Michael AU - Shukla, Priyadarshi AU - Smith, Steven J. AU - Swart, Robert AU - van Rooijen, Sascha AU - Victor, Nadejda AU - Dadi, Zhou DA - 2000/10/03/ PY - 2000 DP - www.osti.gov LA - English PB - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (US), Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (US) SN - PNNL-SA-39650 ST - Special Report on Emissions Scenarios UR - http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/15009867 Y2 - 2013/09/05/07:39:14 KW - air pollution KW - climatic change KW - energy planning, policy and economy KW - environmental policy environmental molecular sciences laboratory KW - environmental sciences KW - recommendations ER - TY - BOOK TI - Global Energy Assessment (GEA) AU - GEA AB - "The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) brings together over 300 international researchers to provide an independent, scientifically based, integrated and policy-relevant analysis of current and emerging energy issues and options. It has been peer-reviewed anonymously by an additional 200 international experts. The GEA assesses the major global challenges for sustainable development and their linkages to energy; the technologies and resources available for providing energy services; future energy systems that address the major challenges; and the policies and other measures that are needed to realize transformational change toward sustainable energy futures. The GEA goes beyond existing studies on energy issues by presenting a comprehensive and integrated analysis of energy challenges, opportunities and strategies, for developing, industrialized and emerging economies. This volume is an invaluable resource for energy specialists and technologists in all sectors (academia, industry and government) as well as policymakers, development economists and practitioners in international organizations and national governments"-- CY - Cambridge; Laxenburg, Austria DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Cambridge University Press; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis SN - 978-1-107-00519-8 1-107-00519-1 978-0-521-18293-5 0-521-18293-X L2 - http://www.amazon.com/Global-Energy-Assessment-Toward-Sustainable/dp/052118293X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1396424509&sr=1-1&keywords=Global+Energy+Assessment+-+Toward+a+Sustainable+Future ER - TY - RPRT TI - Weißbuch: Fahrplan zu einem einheitlichen europäischen Verkehrsraum - Hin zu einem wettbewerbsorientierten und ressourcenschonenden Verkehrssystem. AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2011d PY - 2011d PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM/2011/144 endg UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0639:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Energy Conservation More Effective With Rebound Policy AU - van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M. T2 - Environmental and Resource Economics AB - This article sketches the problem of indirect energy use effects, also known as rebound, of energy conservation. There is widespread support for energy conservation, especially when it is voluntary, as this seems a cheap way to realize environmental and energy-climate goals. However, this overlooks the phenomenon of rebound. The topic of energy rebound has mainly attracted attention from energy analysts, but has been surprisingly neglected in environmental economics, even though economists generally are concerned with indirect or economy-wide impacts of technical change and policies. This paper presents definitions and interpretations of energy and environmental rebound, as well as four fundamental reasons for the existence of the rebound phenomenon. It further offers the most complete list of rebound pathways or mechanisms available in the literature. In addition, it discusses empirical estimates of rebound and addresses the implications of uncertainties and difficulties in assessing rebound. Suggestions are offered for strategies and public policies to contain rebound. It is advised that rebound evaluation is an essential part of environmental policy and project assessments. As opposed to earlier studies, this paper stresses the relevance of the distinction between energy conservation resulting from autonomous demand changes and from efficiency improvements in technology/equipment. In addition, it argues that rebound is especially relevant for developing countries. DA - 2011/01/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s10640-010-9396-z DP - link.springer.com VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 58 J2 - Environ Resource Econ LA - en SN - 0924-6460, 1573-1502 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640-010-9396-z Y2 - 2013/09/05/18:15:05 KW - Environmental Economics KW - Environmental Management KW - Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice KW - Backfire KW - Developing countries KW - Economic Policy KW - Economics/Management Science, general KW - Jevons’ paradox KW - Q43 KW - Q48 KW - Q54 KW - Q55 KW - Q58 KW - Rebound mechanisms KW - Relieving limits KW - Tradable permits ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Costs and Benefits of Adaptation AU - Hope, C. T2 - Assessing the Costs of Adaptation to Climate Cahnge: A Review of the UNFCCC and Other REcent Estimates A2 - Parry, M.L. A2 - Arnell, N. A2 - Berry, P. A2 - Dodman, David A2 - Frankhauser, S. A2 - Hope, C. A2 - Kovats, S. A2 - Nicholls, R. A2 - Satterthwaite, D. A2 - Tiffin, Richard A2 - Wheeler, T. CY - London DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - International Institute for Environment and Development and Grantham Institute for CLimate Change UR - http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/11501IIED.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Report of the Conference of the Parties on its eleventh session, held at Montreal from 28 November to 10 December 2005 - Addendum AU - UNFCCC DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 LA - English PB - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties UR - http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2005/cop11/eng/05a01.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/20/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Guidance document No. 24: River basin management in a changing climate. Common implementation strategy for the water framework directive 2000/60/EC. AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2009b PY - 2009b SP - 19 LA - Deutsch PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM(2009) 040 endgültig UR - https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/d/a88369ef-df4d-43b1-8c8c-306ac7c2d6e1/Guidance%20document%20n%2024%20-%20River%20Basin%20Management%20in%20a%20Changing%20Climate_FINAL.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's Sixth National Communication AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DP - Google Scholar SP - 140 PB - Federal Minitry of Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Vienna, Austria UR - http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/aut_nc6.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Green Investment Schemes: The AAU market between 2008-2012 AU - Tuerk, A. AU - Fazekas, D. AU - Schreiber, H. AU - Frieden, D. AU - Wolf, C. T2 - Climate Strategies Working Paper DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 UR - http://www.climatestrategies.org/component/reports/category/36/378.html ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzgesetz in Großbritannien: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse AU - Lebensministerium CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Lebensministerium UR - Referencing this report
IPCC, 2007:
Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assess-
ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A.
(eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp.
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. AU - IPCC CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 2007f PY - 2007f PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate Change 2013. The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. AU - IPCC CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - RPRT TI - Annex I: Glossary, Acronyms, Chemical Symbols and Prefixes. In: IPCC. 2011, IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation AU - IPCC CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - TY - CHAP TI - Zusammenfassung für politische Entscheidungsträger AU - IPCC T2 - Klimaänderung 2007: Verminderung des Klimawandels. Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe III zum Vierten Sachstandsbericht des Zwischenstaatlichen Ausschusses für Klimaänderung (IPCC) A2 - Metz, B. A2 - Davidson, O.R. A2 - Bosch, P.R. A2 - Dave, R. A2 - Meyer CY - Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. Deutsche Übersetzung durch ProClim-, österreichisches Umweltbundesamt, deutsche IPCC-Koordinationsstelle, Bern/Wien/Berlin, 2007 DA - 2007a PY - 2007a PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://proclimweb.scnat.ch/portal/ressources/353.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ N1 -
Diese Zusammenfassung für politische Entscheidungsträger sollte zitiert werden als:
IPCC 2007: Zusammenfassung für politische Entscheidungsträger. In: Klimaänderung 2007: Verminderung des Klimawandels.
Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe III zum Vierten Sachstandsbericht des Zwischenstaatlichen Ausschusses für Klimaänderung (IPCC),
B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom und
New York, USA. Deutsche Übersetzung durch ProClim-, österreichisches Umweltbundesamt, deutsche IPCC-Koordinations-

stelle, Bern/Wien/Berlin, 2007

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Weißbuch. Anpassung an den Klimawandel: Ein europäischer Aktionsrahmen AU - EK - Europäische Kommission CY - Brüssel DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 19 LA - Deutsch PB - Europäische Kommission SN - KOM(2009) 147 endgültig UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0147:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Anpassung der Klimastrategie Österreichs zur Erreichung des Kyoto-Ziels 2008-2012. Vorlage zur Annahme im Ministerrat am 21. März 2007 AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Google Scholar SP - 103 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft UR - http://www.energiestrategie.at/images/stories/pdf/18_bmlfuw_08_klimastratkyoto0812.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - ELEC TI - IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC DA - 2012b PY - 2012b UR - http://www.ipcc.ch/ Y2 - 2013/11/18/05:41:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Klimaschutzbericht 2011 AU - Anderl, M. AU - Bednar, W. AU - Gössl, Michael AU - Göttlicher, Sabine AU - Gugele, Bernd AU - Ibesich, Nikolaus AU - Jöbstl, Roland AU - Köther, Traute AU - Kuschel, Verena AU - Lampert, Christoph AU - Neubauer, Christian AU - Pazdernik, Katja AU - Poupa, Stefan AU - Purzner, Maria AU - Riegler, Elisabeth AU - Schneider, Jürgen AU - Seuss, Katrin AU - Sporer, Melanie AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Storch, Alexander AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Wiesenberger, Herbert AU - Winter, Ralf AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Zethner, Gerhard AU - Kommunalkredit Public Consulting GmbH CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar SP - 182 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - REP-0334 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0334.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - STAT TI - 106. Bundesgesetz zur Einhaltung von Höchstmengen von Treibhausgasemissionen und zur Erarbeitung von wirksamen Maßnahmen zum Klimaschutz (Klimaschutzgesetz – KSG) AU - BGBl DA - 2011/11/21/Teil 1 PY - 2011 VL - NR: GP XXIV RV 1255 AB 1456 S. 124. BR: AB 8596 S. 801 SP - 4 UR - http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2011_I_106/BGBLA_2011_I_106.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/19/ N1 -

korrekte Zitierung RIS oder BgBl Herausgeber

ER - TY - RPRT TI - Nationaler Aktionsplan für Erneuerbare Energie AU - BMWFJ CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Google Scholar PB - Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft, Familie und Jugend Y2 - 2013/11/18/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC A3 - Parry, M.L. A3 - Canziani, O.F. A3 - Palutikoff, J.P. A3 - van der Linden, P.J. A3 - Hanson, C.E. CY - United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA DA - 2007a PY - 2007a SP - 976 PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm KW - Science / Earth Sciences / Meteorology & Climatology KW - Political Science / Public Policy / Environmental Policy ER -