TY - STAT TI - Bundesverfassungsgesetz Art. 15 AU - B-VG DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 UR - http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40045741/NOR40045741.pdf ER - TY - CHAP TI - Grundwasserneubildung im Trockengebiet AU - Stenitzer, E. T2 - Schriftenreihe des Bundesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft, Band 19 CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 SP - 80 EP - 95 PB - BAW ER - TY - CHAP TI - Vegetation und Treibhausproblematik: Eine Beurteilung der Situation in Österreich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kohlenstoff-Bilanz AU - Körner, C. AU - Schilcher, B. AU - Pelaez-Riedl, S. T2 - Bestandsaufnahme anthropogene Klimaänderungen: Mögliche Auswirkungen auf Österreich - mögliche Massnahmen in Österreich; Dokumentation A2 - ÖAW CY - Wien DA - 1993/// PY - 1993 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften SN - 3-7001-2015-X 978-3-7001-2015-5 UR - http://verlag.oeaw.ac.at/Bestandsaufnahme-Anthropogene-Klimaaenderungen-Moegliche-Auswirkungen-auf-Oesterreich-moegliche-Massnahmen-in-Oesterreich Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC A3 - Houghton, J.T. A3 - Ding, Y. A3 - Griggs, D.J. A3 - Noguer, M. A3 - van der Linden, P.J. A3 - Da, X. A3 - Maskell, K. A3 - Johnson, C.A. CY - Cambridge, U.K. DA - 2001a PY - 2001a PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/ Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaption & Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AU - IPCC A3 - McCarthy, James J. A3 - Canziani, Osvaldo F. A3 - Leary, Neil A. A3 - Dokken, David J. A3 - White, Kasey S. CY - Cambridge, U.K. DA - 2001b PY - 2001b PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/ Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate Variability and Change in High Elevation Regions: Past, Present and Future AU - Diaz, Henry F. AU - Grosjean, Martin AU - Graumlich, Lisa T2 - Climatic Change AB - This special issue of Climatic Change contains a series of researchand review articles, arising from papers that were presented and discussed at a workshop held in Davos, Switzerland on 25–28 June 2001. The workshop was titled `Climate Change at High Elevation Sites: Emerging Impacts', and was convened to reprise an earlier conference on the same subject that was held in Wengen, Switzerland in 1995 (Diaz et al., 1997). The Davos meeting had as its maingoals, a discussion of the following key issues: (1) reviewing recent climatic trends in high elevation regions of the world, (2) assessing the reliability of various biological indicators as indicators of climatic change, and (3)assessing whether physical impacts of climatic change in high elevation areas are becoming evident, and to discuss a range of monitoring strategies needed to observe and to understand the nature of any changes. DA - 2003/07/01/ PY - 2003 DO - 10.1023/A:1024416227887 DP - link.springer.com VL - 59 IS - 1-2 SP - 1 EP - 4 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 ST - Climate Variability and Change in High Elevation Regions UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1024416227887 Y2 - 2014/07/13/10:16:15 KW - Meteorology/Climatology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Mountain soils under a changing climate and land-use AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Mulder, Jan AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Biogeochemistry AB - Mountain ecosystems are currently experiencing the strongest climatic warming and the largest changes in land-use during the last millennia. The impacts of these changes on soils and their roles in the cycling of carbon and nutrients are, however, largely unknown. Here, we define mountain soils as soils from mountainous areas with cool summers and cold winters and thus, soils from ecosystems that are influenced by snow and ice and where biogeochemical processes are limited by temperature. Because climatic conditions, soil properties, plant species and productivity vary at a small scale in mountains, they provide a unique natural but a seldom used laboratory to study soil processes. In this special issue, we compile different studies on soils from European mountains, reaching from the functioning of mountain soils along natural climatic gradients to responses of greenhouse gas fluxes from mountain soils to experimental warming, soil frost and changes in precipitation. DA - 2010/01/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10533-009-9386-9 DP - link.springer.com VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 5 J2 - Biogeochemistry LA - en SN - 0168-2563, 1573-515X UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10533-009-9386-9 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:42:33 KW - Alps KW - soil organic matter KW - Forest management KW - Decomposition KW - Biogeosciences KW - Ecosystems KW - Environmental Chemistry KW - Life Sciences, general KW - land-use change KW - climatic change KW - Carbon cycling KW - Snow cover KW - Soil frost KW - Winter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of climate change on soil erosion and the efficiency of soil conservation practices in Austria AU - Klik, A. AU - Eitzinger, J. T2 - The Journal of Agricultural Science DA - 2010/03/30/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1017/S0021859610000158 DP - CrossRef VL - 148 IS - 05 SP - 529 EP - 541 SN - 0021-8596, 1469-5146 UR - http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0021859610000158 Y2 - 2013/09/03/11:54:47 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Recent Plant Diversity Changes on Europe’s Mountain Summits AU - Pauli, Harald AU - Gottfried, Michael AU - Dullinger, Stefan AU - Abdaladze, Otari AU - Akhalkatsi, Maia AU - Alonso, José Luis Benito AU - Coldea, Gheorghe AU - Dick, Jan AU - Erschbamer, Brigitta AU - Calzado, Rosa Fernández AU - Ghosn, Dany AU - Holten, Jarle I. AU - Kanka, Robert AU - Kazakis, George AU - Kollár, Jozef AU - Larsson, Per AU - Moiseev, Pavel AU - Moiseev, Dmitry AU - Molau, Ulf AU - Mesa, Joaquín Molero AU - Nagy, Laszlo AU - Pelino, Giovanni AU - Puşcaş, Mihai AU - Rossi, Graziano AU - Stanisci, Angela AU - Syverhuset, Anne O. AU - Theurillat, Jean-Paul AU - Tomaselli, Marcello AU - Unterluggauer, Peter AU - Villar, Luis AU - Vittoz, Pascal AU - Grabherr, Georg T2 - Science AB - In mountainous regions, climate warming is expected to shift species’ ranges to higher altitudes. Evidence for such shifts is still mostly from revisitations of historical sites. We present recent (2001 to 2008) changes in vascular plant species richness observed in a standardized monitoring network across Europe’s major mountain ranges. Species have moved upslope on average. However, these shifts had opposite effects on the summit floras’ species richness in boreal-temperate mountain regions (+3.9 species on average) and Mediterranean mountain regions (–1.4 species), probably because recent climatic trends have decreased the availability of water in the European south. Because Mediterranean mountains are particularly rich in endemic species, a continuation of these trends might shrink the European mountain flora, despite an average increase in summit species richness across the region. DA - 2012/04/20/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1126/science.1219033 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 336 IS - 6079 SP - 353 EP - 355 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6079/353 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:24:18 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change AU - Gottfried, Michael AU - Pauli, Harald AU - Futschik, Andreas AU - Akhalkatsi, Maia AU - Barancok, Peter AU - Alonso, José Luis Benito AU - Coldea, Gheorghe AU - Dick, Jan AU - Erschbamer, Brigitta AU - Kazakis, George AU - Krajci, J. AU - Larsson, P. AU - Mallaun, M. AU - Michelsen, O. AU - Moiseev, M. AU - Moiseev, P. AU - Molau, U. AU - Merzouki, A. AU - Nagy, L. AU - Nakhutsrishvili, G. AU - Pedersen, B. AU - Pelino, G. AU - Puscas, M. AU - Rossi, G. AU - Stanisci, J.-P. AU - Theurillat AU - Tomaselli AU - Villar, L. AU - Vittoz, P. AU - Vogiatzakis, I. AU - Grabherr, G T2 - Nature Climate Change Letter DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1329 DP - Google Scholar VL - 2 SP - 111 EP - 115 UR - http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v2/n2/full/nclimate1329.html Y2 - 2013/09/03/14:04:45 KW - ecology KW - Biodiversity and ecosystems KW - biology ER - TY - JOUR TI - What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units AU - Boyd, James AU - Banzhaf, Spencer T2 - Ecological Economics AB - This paper advocates consistently defined units of account to measure the contributions of nature to human welfare. We argue that such units have to date not been defined by environmental accounting advocates and that the term “ecosystem services” is too ad hoc to be of practical use in welfare accounting. We propose a definition, rooted in economic principles, of final ecosystem service units. A goal of these units is comparability with the definition of conventional goods and services found in GDP and the other national accounts. We illustrate our definition of ecological units of account with concrete examples. We also argue that these same units of account provide an architecture for environmental performance measurement by governments, conservancies, and environmental markets. DA - 2007/08/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 63 IS - 2–3 SP - 616 EP - 626 J2 - Ecological Economics SN - 0921-8009 ST - Ecological Economics of Coastal Disasters Coastal Disasters Special Section UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800907000341 Y2 - 2013/08/27/14:11:17 KW - ecosystem services KW - Environmental accounting KW - Index theory KW - Nonmarket valuation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: Climate change or land abandonment? AU - Gehrig-Fasel, Jacqueline AU - Guisan, Antoine AU - Zimmermann, Niklaus E. T2 - Journal of Vegetation Science AB - Questions: Did the forest area in the Swiss Alps increase between 1985 and 1997? Does the forest expansion near the tree line represent an invasion into abandoned grasslands (ingrowth) or a true upward shift of the local tree line? What land cover / land use classes did primarily regenerate to forest, and what forest structural types did primarily regenerate? And, what are possible drivers of forest regeneration in the tree line ecotone, climate and/or land use change?Location: Swiss Alps.Methods: Forest expansion was quantified using data from the repeated Swiss land use statistics GEOSTAT. A moving window algorithm was developed to distinguish between forest ingrowth and upward shift. To test a possible climate change influence, the resulting upward shifts were compared to a potential regional tree line.Results: A significant increase of forest cover was found between 1650 m and 2450 m. Above 1650 m, 10% of the new forest areas were identified as true upward shifts whereas 90% represented ingrowth, and we identified both land use and climate change as likely drivers. Most upward shift activities were found to occur within a band of 300 m below the potential regional tree line, indicating land use as the most likely driver. Only 4% of the upward shifts were identified to rise above the potential regional tree line, thus indicating climate change.Conclusions: Land abandonment was the most dominant driver for the establishment of new forest areas, even at the tree line ecotone. However, a small fraction of upwards shift can be attributed to the recent climate warming, a fraction that is likely to increase further if climate continues to warm, and with a longer time-span between warming and measurement of forest cover. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02571.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 571 EP - 582 LA - en SN - 1654-1103 ST - Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02571.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/09/04/07:36:33 KW - Forest cover change KW - Climatic tree line KW - Forest ingrowth KW - Land use change KW - Moving window analysis KW - Upward shift ER - TY - JOUR TI - Disturbance, geomorphic processes and recovery of wildfire slopes in North Tyrol AU - Sass, Oliver AU - Heel, Michael AU - Leistner, Iris AU - Stöger, Florence AU - Wetzel, Karl-Friedrich AU - Friedmann, Arne T2 - Earth Surface Processes and Landforms AB - Wildfires in the sub-alpine belt of the Austrian Limestone Alps sometimes cause severe vegetation and soil destruction with increased danger of secondary natural hazards such as avalanches and debris flows. Some of the affected areas remain degraded to rocky slopes even decades after the fire, raising the question as to whether the ecosystems will ever be able to recover. The mean fire interval, the duration of recovery and the role of geomorphic processes for vegetation regeneration are so far unknown. These questions were tackled in a broad research approach including investigation of historical archives to determine the frequency of historical wildfires, mapping vegetation regeneration on 20 slopes of different post-fire ages, and soil erosion measurements on two slopes. To date, > 450 historical wildfires have been located in the study area. The mean fire interval per square kilometre is c. 750 years, but can be as low as 200–500 years on south-facing slopes. Vegetation regeneration takes an extremely long time under unfavourable conditions; the typical window of disturbance is between 50 and 500 years, which is far longer than in any other wildfire study known to us. Soil erosion constantly increases in the years after the fires and the elevated intensity can be maintained for decades. A two-part vegetation regeneration model is proposed depending upon the degree of soil loss. In the case of moderate soil erosion, spreading grassland communities can slow down shrub re-colonization. In contrast, after severe soil destruction the slopes may remain degraded for a century or longer, before rather rapid regeneration occurs. The reasons are not fully understood but are probably governed by geomorphic process intensity. The interdependence of vegetation regeneration and geomorphic processes is a paradigm of ecology–geomorphology interaction, and is a unique example of a very long-lasting disturbance response caused by wildfire in a non-resilient ecosystem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1002/esp.3221 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 883 EP - 894 LA - en SN - 1096-9837 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.3221/abstract Y2 - 2013/11/13/07:26:29 KW - Erosion KW - Austrian Alps KW - wildfire KW - Wildfire KW - ecosystem disturbance KW - erosion KW - vegetation regeneration ER - TY - JOUR TI - Characterisation of forest fires in Austria AU - Vacik, Harald AU - Arndt, Natalie AU - Arpaci, Alexander AU - Koch, Valerie AU - Mueller, Mortimer AU - Gossow, Hartmut T2 - Austrian Journal of Forest Science DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Scholar VL - 128 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 31 UR - http://www.forestscience.at/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Climate Change in the Alps. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation AU - BMU CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 96 PB - Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) UR - http://www.alpconv.org/en/publications/other/Documents/klimawandel_bmu_en.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/11/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Increases in nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen-use efficiency support higher rates of temperate forest productivity under elevated CO2 AU - Finzi, Adrien C. AU - Norby, Richard J. AU - Calfapietra, Carlo AU - Gallet-Budynek, Anne AU - Gielen, Birgit AU - Holmes, William E. AU - Hoosbeek, Marcel R. AU - Iversen, Colleen M. AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Kubiske, Mark E. AU - Ledford, Joanne AU - Liberloo, Marion AU - Oren, Ram AU - Polle, Andrea AU - Pritchard, Seth AU - Zak, Donald R. AU - Schlesinger, William H. AU - Ceulemans, Reinhart T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - Forest ecosystems are important sinks for rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2. In previous research, we showed that net primary production (NPP) increased by 23 ± 2% when four experimental forests were grown under atmospheric concentrations of CO2 predicted for the latter half of this century. Because nitrogen (N) availability commonly limits forest productivity, some combination of increased N uptake from the soil and more efficient use of the N already assimilated by trees is necessary to sustain the high rates of forest NPP under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE). In this study, experimental evidence demonstrates that the uptake of N increased under elevated CO2 at the Rhinelander, Duke, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory FACE sites, yet fertilization studies at the Duke and Oak Ridge National Laboratory FACE sites showed that tree growth and forest NPP were strongly limited by N availability. By contrast, nitrogen-use efficiency increased under elevated CO2 at the POP-EUROFACE site, where fertilization studies showed that N was not limiting to tree growth. Some combination of increasing fine root production, increased rates of soil organic matter decomposition, and increased allocation of carbon (C) to mycorrhizal fungi is likely to account for greater N uptake under elevated CO2. Regardless of the specific mechanism, this analysis shows that the larger quantities of C entering the below-ground system under elevated CO2 result in greater N uptake, even in N-limited ecosystems. Biogeochemical models must be reformulated to allow C transfers below ground that result in additional N uptake under elevated CO2. DA - 2007/08/28/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0706518104 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 104 IS - 35 SP - 14014 EP - 14019 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/104/35/14014 Y2 - 2013/08/29/11:00:17 KW - Global change KW - net primary production ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of north and south exposure on weathering rates and clay mineral formation in Alpine soils AU - Egli, Markus AU - Mirabella, Aldo AU - Sartori, Giacomo AU - Zanelli, Remo AU - Bischof, Simone T2 - CATENA AB - A comparison was made between two soil climosequences on north- and south-facing slopes in northern Italy to determine the influence of slope aspect on soil processes. The climosequences span an elevational gradient ranging from moderate (1200 m a.s.l.) to high alpine (2420 m a.s.l.) climate zones on surfaces having an age of about 15 000 years. The soils were investigated with respect to organic C, oxalate and dithionite extractable Fe, Al and Si, elemental losses (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Si, Mn) and clay minerals. The stocks of soil org. C as well as of oxalate-extractable Fe and Al was greatest in the subalpine zone near the timberline. There are no clear differences in organic C content between the soils on north- and south-facing sites. Fe-oxalate and to a lesser extent Alo-stocks were, however, greater on north-facing sites, indicating that weathering is greater there. Eluviation and illuviation of Al and Fe within the soil profile, typical for podzolisation, was more distinctly expressed on the N slopes. The probability of ITM (Imogolite-type-material) formation in the soil seemed to be greater on south-facing sites. On the north-facing sites, element leaching was most intense in the subalpine zone close to the timberline while on the south-facing sites this was only the case for the base cations. The N slopes exhibited higher leaching of elements which generally indicates a higher weathering intensity. On south-facing sites, typical podzolisation processes were measurable only above 2000 m a.s.l. The development of smectites is also a reflection of the weathering intensity; smectite was discernible in the surface horizon at all sites on N slopes but the highest amount was detected in the sub-alpine climate zone. For the south-facing sites only in the alpine climate zone could smectite be detected. Higher temperatures and an increased number of freeze-thaw cycles on south-facing slopes should theoretically enhance rates of chemical weathering. This could, however, not be confirmed with our measurements. The degree of chemical weathering increases from the south- to the north-facing sites that are characterised by lower temperatures, lower evapotranspiration and consequently by a higher humidity. Although precipitation in Alpine regions is abundant, the availability and flux of water through the soil is the prime factor in weathering intensity. DA - 2006/11/15/ PY - 2006 DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2006.02.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 155 EP - 174 J2 - CATENA SN - 0341-8162 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181620600066X Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - Alps KW - climosequence KW - Elemental losses KW - Slope aspect KW - Smectite KW - Weathering ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nomenklatur und Systematik der Bodentypen Österreichs AU - Fink, J. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft DA - 1969/// PY - 1969 VL - 13 SP - 95 UR - http://archiv.onb.ac.at:8881/R/V6533KRG5NA383EXX4AC2VEGSKEH5EFUFG5RK73R7KDNIRF8XA-01231?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000014&set_number=000226&base=GEN01-ANL02 Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - The formation and characteristics of splash following raindrop impact on soil AU - Ghadir, H. AU - Payne, D. T2 - Journal of Soil Science AB - Splash droplet characteristics were studied using cine-photography and a simple droplet collection method. Two sizes of falling drop, two heights of fall and a number of target materials including soil, sand, water and rotating sandpaper were used. For a 6 mm drop falling at near terminal velocity about 5000 splash droplets were collected ranging in size from 10 um to more than 3 mm in diameter. The amount of soil material carried by splash droplets was much less in the presence of surface water and increased with the size of water stable aggregates. The energy and momentum balance showed a higher proportion of impact energy and momentum in the resulting splash droplets as the impact energy increased. This suggests that kinetic energy is not a reliable indicator of the erosivity of rain drops. DA - 1988/// PY - 1988 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1988.tb01240.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - 563 EP - 575 LA - en SN - 1365-2389 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1988.tb01240.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:38:56 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of north and south exposure on organic matter in high Alpine soils AU - Egli, Markus AU - Sartori, Giacomo AU - Mirabella, Aldo AU - Favilli, Filippo AU - Giaccai, Daniele AU - Delbos, Evelyne T2 - Geoderma AB - The present work focuses on the subalpine range of the Italian Alps to determine the influence of aspect and consequently climate on soil humus properties and chemistry. This was done by comparing soils developing in north- and south-facing sites on siliceous parent material. The soils were investigated with respect to the total organic C and N content, C and N contents of organic matter (OM) density fractions and of labile (oxidised by H2O2) and stable (H2O2-resistant) fractions. Further characterisation of OM and the different fractions was performed with Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Diffuse Scattering (SEM/EDS) and radiocarbon dating. The soils at north-facing slopes had a higher OM content. Density measurements and the H2O2 fractionation proved that this higher content was primarily due to a more pronounced accumulation of weakly degraded, labile organic materials when compared to the south-facing slopes. Independent of the sites, a large part of OM (around 50% of OM) was fixed in the densest fraction (> 2 g/cm3) which correlated well with the abundance of the H2O2-resistant fraction. The 14C ages of the latter were up to 17,000 years, reflecting the presence of stable, refractory OM and the effectiveness of organo-mineral interactions in protecting OM from decay. Podzolisation has been more intense at north-facing sites. Due to the accumulation of weakly degraded OM, eluviation of Fe and Al is strongly enhanced. High-mountain ecosystems like the Alps are very sensitive to changing environmental conditions such as global warming. Especially at cooler sites, the obtained results suggest that a warmer climate, and thus more favourable conditions for biological activity, will lead in the short- to mid-term to an increased loss of accumulated, weakly degraded OM. DA - 2009/02/15/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.11.027 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 149 IS - 1–2 SP - 124 EP - 136 J2 - Geoderma SN - 0016-7061 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706108003467 Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - climate KW - Alps KW - soil organic matter KW - Density fractions KW - Labile OM KW - Stable OM ER - TY - JOUR TI - Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property AU - Schmidt, Michael W. I. AU - Torn, Margaret S. AU - Abiven, Samuel AU - Dittmar, Thorsten AU - Guggenberger, Georg AU - Janssens, Ivan A. AU - Kleber, Markus AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid AU - Lehmann, Johannes AU - Manning, David A. C. AU - Nannipieri, Paolo AU - Rasse, Daniel P. AU - Weiner, Steve AU - Trumbore, Susan E. T2 - Nature AB - Globally, soil organic matter (SOM) contains more than three times as much carbon as either the atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation. Yet it remains largely unknown why some SOM persists for millennia whereas other SOM decomposes readily—and this limits our ability to predict how soils will respond to climate change. Recent analytical and experimental advances have demonstrated that molecular structure alone does not control SOM stability: in fact, environmental and biological controls predominate. Here we propose ways to include this understanding in a new generation of experiments and soil carbon models, thereby improving predictions of the SOM response to global warming. DA - 2011/10/06/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1038/nature10386 DP - www.nature.com VL - 478 IS - 7367 SP - 49 EP - 56 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7367/abs/nature10386.html Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:14:48 KW - Climate science KW - earth science KW - environmental science KW - Geology and geophysics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Stickstoffdüngerwirkung bei unterschiedlicher Wasserversorgung. AU - Dersch, G. T2 - Blick ins Land DA - 1994/// PY - 1994 VL - 2 SP - 20 EP - 21 UR - http://www.blickinsland.at/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Systematische Gliederung der Böden Österreichs – Österreichische Bodensystematik 2000. AU - Nestroy, O. AU - Danneberg, O.H. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Geszl, A. AU - Hager, H. AU - Herzberger, E. AU - Kilian, W. AU - Nelhiebl, P. AU - Pecina, E. AU - Pehamberger, A. AU - Schneider, W. AU - Wagner, J. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft A3 - Nestroy, O. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 ET - 1. Auflage M1 - 60 UR - http://www.bodeninfo.net/index.php?article_id=119 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of anthropogenic and environmental factors on the occurrence of shallow landslides in an alpine catchment (Urseren Valley, Switzerland) AU - Meusburger, K. AU - Alewell, C. T2 - Natural Hazards and Earth System Science AB - Changes in climate and land use pose a risk to stability of alpine soils, but the direction and magnitude of the impact is still discussed controversially with respect to the various alpine regions. In this study, we explicitly consider the influence of dynamic human-induced changes on the occurrence of landslides in addition to natural factors. Our hypothesis was that if changes in land use and climate have a significant influence on the occurrence of landslides we would see a trend in the incidence of landslides over time. We chose the Urseren Valley in the Central Swiss Alps as investigation site because the valley is dramatically affected by landslides and the land use history is well documented. Maps of several environmental factors were used to analyse the spatial landslide pattern. In order to explain the causation of the temporal variation, time-series (45 years) of precipitation characteristics, cattle stocking and pasture maps were compared to a series of seven landslide investigation maps between 1959 and 2004. We found that the area affected by landslides increased by 92% from 1959 to 2004. Even though catchment characteristics like geology and slope largely explain the spatial variation in landslide susceptibility (68%), this cannot explain the temporal trend in landslide activity. The increase in stocking numbers and the increased intensity of torrential rain events had most likely an influence on landslide incidence. In addition, our data and interviews with farmers pointed to the importance of management practice. DA - 2008/05// PY - 2008 DP - HAL Archives Ouvertes VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 509 EP - 520 LA - Anglais UR - http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00299525 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:33:57 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Fünfter Umweltkontrollbericht 1998 AU - Umweltbundesamt DA - 1998/// PY - 1998 PB - Umweltbundesamt UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltsituation/umweltkontrollbericht/ukb1998/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - La siccita dell’estate 2003 causa di disseccamenti del pino silvestre in val d’Isarco. Forest Observer 2/3: 89-144. AU - Minerbi, S. AU - Cescatti, A. AU - Cherubini, P. AU - Hellrigl, K. AU - Markart, G. AU - Saurer, M. AU - Mutinelli, C. T2 - Forest Observer DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 VL - 2/3 SP - 89 EP - 144 UR - www.provinz.bz.it/land/ Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of the Nmin soil test in fertilizer recommendations and environment protection in Austria. AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Robier, J. AU - Springer AU - Übleis AU - Dersch, G. T2 - Nawozy i Nawożenie (Fertilisers and Fertilization) AB - Nmin soil tests are included in the fertilizer recommendations in Austria to adjust N fertilizer amounts. Based thereon field experiments are carried out in different Austrian provinces (e.g. Styria, Upper and Lower Austria) to take into account regional differences. N fertilization that considers the actual mineral N status in spring is proved to provide optimal N supply to the crops without a decrease of yields. Nmin analyses after the harvest may evaluate if N fertilization measures have been conducted properly. Additionally, in late autumn Nmin analyses indicate the risk for N losses to surface and ground waters. This can also be demonstrated in field experiments that investigate the effects of different agricultural management (tillage, organic and mineral N fertilization) on the Nmin status at different times. Especially in catchment areas sensitive to nitrate leaching Nmin monitoring areas have been established in some Austrian provinces. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - CABI - CAB Abstracts IS - 37 SP - 17 EP - 31 J2 - Nawozy i Nawożenie (Fertilisers and Fertilization) LA - English UR - http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103160194.html;jsessionid=7AD233489DF1446DE683930DD85D96AB DB - CABDirect2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil microbial community structure in European forests in relation to forest type and atmospheric nitrogen deposition AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Michel, Kerstin AU - Pfeffer, Michael T2 - Plant and Soil DA - 2010/08/14/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s11104-010-0528-6 DP - CrossRef VL - 343 IS - 1-2 SP - 37 EP - 50 SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11104-010-0528-6 Y2 - 2013/08/26/14:10:16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Der Bodenwasserhaushalt als Steuerungsgröße für die Grundwasserneubildung. AU - Stenitzer, E. T2 - Wasserwirtschaftliche Fachtage „Grundwassersanierung flächenhafter Nitratbelastung“, Petzenkirchen, 24.-25.4.1991. Sonderausgabe - Der Förderungsdienst DA - 1991/// PY - 1991 SP - 63 EP - 72 UR - http://www.baw-ikt.at/cms/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=1066 Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Aerobic and anaerobic microbial activities in the foreland of a receding glacier AU - Hofmann, Katrin AU - Reitschuler, Christoph AU - Illmer, Paul T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - The foreland soils of a receding glacier were investigated for both aerobic and anaerobic microbial activities. Estimation of microbial biomass via substrate induced respiration, and determination of dehydrogenase activity, dimethylsulfoxide reduction and ammonification were performed to describe soil microflora and its activity. These parameters distinctly increased along the chronosequence from the youngest to the oldest soil. Additionally, these properties showed remarkably higher values in the samples collected at the end of the growing season indicating distinct seasonal changes. The determination of methane emission by the three soils incubated at 10, 37 and 50 °C clearly pointed to higher methanogenic activities within the thermophilic temperature range. Our results also show that water saturation in order to simulate spring snow melt led to increased emissions of methane due to reduced oxygen availability. Methane release was generally low in the primary soil, slightly increased as soil formation proceeded and in all soils was distinctly higher at the end of the growing season. Potential methane consumption also increased along the foreland and during the year. Overall methanotrophic activity greatly exceeded methanogenic activity, and the net CH4 consumption distinctly increased along the chronosequence. DA - 2013/02// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.08.019 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 57 SP - 418 EP - 426 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003807171200332X Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:53:10 KW - Chronosequence KW - Glacier foreland soils KW - Methane emission KW - Methane oxidation KW - Microbial biomass KW - Primary succession KW - seasonality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Annual methane uptake by temperate semiarid steppes as regulated by stocking rates, aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability AU - Chen, Weiwei AU - Wolf, Benjamin AU - Zheng, Xunhua AU - Yao, Zhisheng AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus AU - Brüggemann, Nicolas AU - Liu, Chunyan AU - Han, Shenghui AU - Han, Xingguo T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Overgrazing-induced degradation of temperate semiarid steppes may affect the soil sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). However, previous studies have primarily focused on the growing season and on single grazing patterns. Thus, the response of annual CH4 uptake by steppes compared with various grazing practices is uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing on the annual CH4 uptake by two typical Eurasian semiarid steppes (the Stipa grandis steppe and the Leymus chinensis steppe) located in Inner Mongolia, China. The CH4 fluxes were measured year-round using static chambers and gas chromatography at 12 field sites that differed primarily in grazing intensities. Our results indicated that steppe soils were CH4 sinks throughout the year. The annual CH4 uptake correlated with stocking rates, whereas the seasonality of CH4 uptake was primarily dominated by temperature. The annual CH4 uptake at all sites averaged 3.7±0.7 kg C ha−1 yr−1 (range: 2.3–4.5), where approximately 35% (range: 23–40%) occurred during the nongrowing season. Light-to-moderate grazing (stocking rate≤1 sheep ha−1 yr−1) did not significantly change the annual CH4 uptake compared with ungrazed steppes, but heavy grazing reduced annual CH4 uptake significantly (by 24–31%, P<0.05). These findings imply that easing the pressure of heavily grazed steppes (e.g. moving to light or moderate stocking rates) would help restore steppe soil sinks for atmospheric CH4. The empirical equations based on the significant relationships between annual CH4 uptake and stocking rates, aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability (P<0.01) could provide simple approaches for the estimation of regional CH4 uptake by temperate semiarid steppes. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02444.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - 2803 EP - 2816 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02444.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - Grazing KW - Inner Mongolia KW - methane KW - semiarid grassland KW - stocking rate KW - uptake ER - TY - CHAP TI - The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies. AU - Sutton, M.A. AU - Howard, C.M. AU - Erisman, J.W. AU - Bealey, W.J. AU - Billen, G. AU - Bleeker, A. AU - Bouwman, A.F. AU - Grennfelt, P. AU - van Grinsven, H. AU - Grizzetti, B. T2 - The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives A2 - Sutton, Mark A. A2 - Howard, Clare M. A2 - Erisman, Jan Willem A2 - Grinzetti, Bruna A2 - van Grinsven, Hans A2 - Grennfelt, Peringe A2 - Bleeker, Albert A2 - Billen, Gilles DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 82 EP - 96 PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-1-107-00612-6 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation AU - Körner, Christian T2 - Oecologia AB - In this review I first compile data for the worldwide position of climate-driven alpine treelines. Causes for treeline formation are then discussed with a global perspective. Available evidence suggests a combination of a general thermal boundary for tree growth, with regionally variable “modulatory” forces, including the presence of certain taxa. Much of the explanatory evidence found in the literature relates to these modulatory aspects at regional scales, whereas no good explanations emerged for the more fundamental global pattern related to temperature per se, on which this review is focused. I hypothesize that the life form “tree” is limited at treeline altitudes by the potential investment, rather than production, of assimilates (growth as such, rather than photosynthesis or the carbon balance, being limited). In shoots coupled to a cold atmosphere, meristem activity is suggested to be limited for much of the time, especially at night. By reducing soil heat flux during the growing season the forest canopy negatively affects root zone temperature. The lower threshold temperature for tissue growth and development appears to be higher than 3°C and lower than 10°C, possibly in the 5.5–7.5°C range, most commonly associated with seasonal means of air temperature at treeline positions. The physiological and developmental mechanisms responsible have yet to be analyzed. Root zone temperature, though largely unknown, is likely to be most critical. DA - 1998/07/01/ PY - 1998 DO - 10.1007/s004420050540 DP - link.springer.com VL - 115 IS - 4 SP - 445 EP - 459 J2 - Oecologia LA - en SN - 0029-8549, 1432-1939 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004420050540 Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:06:51 KW - developmental biology KW - Forest KW - High altitude KW - Key words Climate KW - Timberline ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe AU - Freibauer, Annette AU - Rounsevell, Mark D.A AU - Smith, Pete AU - Verhagen, Jan T2 - Geoderma DA - 2004/09// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.021 DP - CrossRef VL - 122 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 SN - 00167061 UR - http://pisces.boku.ac.at/han/bokusummon/boku.summon.serialssolutions.com/document/show?id=FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c2701-7f44c74aadae2afb2c31e999dfd9a79dabe3ffd47010dd746aa6db67f165bbb41&s.q=Carbon+sequestration+in+the+agricultural+soils+of+Europe Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:27:36 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Warming prevents the elevated CO2-induced reduction in available soil nitrogen in a temperate, perennial grassland AU - Hovenden, Mark J. AU - Newton, P. C. D. AU - Carran, R. A. AU - Theobald, P. AU - Wills, K. E. AU - Vander Schoor, J. K. AU - Williams, A. L. AU - Osanai, Y. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) has the potential to stimulate ecosystem productivity and sink strength, reducing the effects of carbon (C) emissions on climate. In terrestrial ecosystems, increasing [CO2] can reduce soil nitrogen (N) availability to plants, preventing the stimulation of ecosystem C assimilation; a process known as progressive N limitation. Using ion exchange membranes to assess the availability of dissolved organic N, ammonium and nitrate, we found that CO2 enrichment in an Australian, temperate, perennial grassland did not increase plant productivity, but did reduce soil N availability, mostly by reducing nitrate availability. Importantly, the addition of 2 °C warming prevented this effect while warming without CO2 enrichment did not significantly affect N availability. These findings indicate that warming could play an important role in the impact of [CO2] on ecosystem N cycling, potentially overturning CO2-induced effects in some ecosystems. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01558.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 1018 EP - 1024 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01558.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:55:05 KW - warming KW - elevated CO2 KW - biogeochemistry KW - FACE KW - progressive nitrogen limitation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon losses due to soil warming: Do autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration respond equally? AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Global warming has the potential to increase soil respiration (RS), one of the major fluxes in the global carbon (C) cycle. RS consists of an autotrophic (RA) and a heterotrophic (RH) component. We combined a soil warming experiment with a trenching experiment to assess how RS, RA, and RH are affected. The experiment was conducted in a mature forest dominated by Norway spruce. The site is located in the Austrian Alps on dolomitic bedrock. We warmed the soil of undisturbed and trenched plots by means of heating cables 4 °C above ambient during the snow-free seasons of 2005 and 2006. Soil warming increased the CO2 efflux from control plots (RS) by ∼45% during 2005 and ∼47% during 2006. The CO2 efflux from trenched plots (RH) increased by ∼39% during 2005 and ∼45% during 2006. Similar responses of RS and RH indicated that the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of RS responded equally to the temperature increase. Thirty-five to forty percent or 1 t C ha−1 yr−1 of the overall annual increase in RS (2.8 t C ha−1 yr−1) was autotrophic. The remaining, heterotrophic part of soil respiration (1.8 t C ha−1 yr−1), represented the warming-induced C loss from the soil. The autotrophic component showed a distinct seasonal pattern. Contribution of RA to RS was highest during summer. Seasonally derived Q10 values reflected this pattern and were correspondingly high (5.3–9.3). The autotrophic CO2 efflux increase due to the 4 °C warming implied a Q10 of 2.9. Hence, seasonally derived Q10 of RA did not solely reflect the seasonal soil temperature development. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01757.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 901 EP - 913 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 ST - Carbon losses due to soil warming UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01757.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:17:12 KW - carbon KW - autotrophic soil respiration KW - Forest KW - heterotrophic soil respiration KW - Q10 KW - soil warming KW - temperature sensitivity ER - TY - CHAP TI - Austria AU - Strauss, Peter AU - Klaghofer, Eduard T2 - Soil Erosion in Europe A2 - Boardman, John A2 - Poesen, Jean AB - This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * General Environmental Conditions * Amounts of Soil Erosion by Water – Means and Extremes * Areas Affected by Water Erosion * Areas Affected by Wind Erosion * Erosion Control Measures * Legislative Background * References DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Wiley Online Library SP - 205 EP - 212 LA - en PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd SN - 978-0-470-85920-9 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0470859202.ch17/summary Y2 - 2013/11/17/04:01:28 KW - Europe KW - Soil erosion KW - alpine region landslide threat KW - Austrian programme for a sustainable agriculture (ÖPUL) KW - Austrian soil protection laws KW - erosion control measures KW - European soil database (ESB) KW - land management in onsite erosion risk KW - land use accelerating water soil erosion KW - sandy area wind erosion problem KW - wind erosion protection measures ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic-matter stocks and characteristics along an Alpine elevation gradient AU - Djukic, Ika AU - Zehetner, Franz AU - Tatzber, Michael AU - Gerzabek, Martin H. T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - Mountain regions are known to be especially vulnerable to climatic changes; however, information on the climate sensitivity of alpine ecosystems is still scarce to date. In this study, we investigate the impacts of climate and vegetation composition on soil organic-matter (SOM) stocks and characteristics along an elevation gradient (900 to 1900 m asl) in the Austrian Limestone Alps. The soils classified as Leptic Histosols, i.e., organic soils directly overlying the calcareous bedrock. Soil organic-carbon stocks (SOC; mean ± standard deviation) to bedrock increased in the low-elevation forest sites from 19 ± 3 kg m–2 (900 m asl) to 31 ± 3 kg m–2 (1300 m asl), reached a maximum (38 ± 5 kg m–2) in the shrubland at 1500 m asl, but decreased again in the high-elevation grassland sites (26 ± 3 kg m–2 at 1700 m asl and 13 ± 3 kg m–2 at 1900 m asl). Thermogravimetic measurements and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggest that the upper soil layers were dominated by more labile organic compounds, whereas more persistent materials increased with depth. Along the studied climosequence, the aliphatic FTIR band (2920 cm–1) was lower in the low-elevation forest sites compared to the high-elevation grassland sites. Most other FTIR bands did not change with altitude, but were related to specific site conditions, such as vegetation composition and associated differences in soil pH. Our results demonstrate that differences in SOM stocks and characteristics are not consistently related to variations in climatic conditions along the studied elevation gradient, but are strongly affected by the vegetation composition, their C input and litter quality. This, in turn, is expected to shift in response to climate change. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200900027 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 173 IS - 1 SP - 30 EP - 38 LA - en SN - 1522-2624 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.200900027/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - calorimetry KW - carbon stocks KW - climosequence KW - forest floor KW - FTIR KW - litter layer KW - thermogravimetry ER - TY - BOOK TI - Verdunstung in Bezug zu Landnutzung, Bewuchs und Boden AU - ATV-DVWK T2 - ATV-DVWK-Regelwerk AB - Die im Merkblatt vorgestellten Methodiken verfolgen das Ziel, grundlegende Fragen der Verdunstungsermittlung zu klären, die im Zusammenhang mit Landnutzungsänderungen zu berücksichtigen sind. Hierzu gehören beispielsweise Stillegung von Ackerflächen, Aufforsten mit verschiedenen Baumbeständen, wassersparende Maßnahmen beim Anbau verschiedener landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen und bei der Gestaltung der Fruchtfolge, Beeinflussung des Wasserhaushaltes eines Gebietes durch bestimmte Formen der Landnutzung und der Oberflächengestalt natürlicher Pflanzendecken, bzw. Bauwerke aller Art. Mit dem Merkblatt wird auch ein mathematisches Modell zur Auswertung von Lysimeterdaten in Hinsicht auf Gebietsverdunstung unter unterschiedlichen Boden-, Bewuchs- und Landnutzungssystemen empfohlen. CY - Hennef DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Open WorldCat SP - 144 LA - German M1 - Merkblatt. 504 PB - Ges. zur Förderung der Abwassertechnik e.V. SN - 3-936514-03-8 978-3-936514-03-2 UR - http://www.dwa.de/dwa/shop/shop.nsf/Produktanzeige?openform&produktid=P-DWAA-785JW8 ER - TY - JOUR TI - How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils? AU - Marschner, Bernd AU - Brodowski, Sonja AU - Dreves, Alexander AU - Gleixner, Gerd AU - Gude, Antje AU - Grootes, Pieter M. AU - Hamer, Ute AU - Heim, Alexander AU - Jandl, Gerald AU - Ji, Rong AU - Kaiser, Klaus AU - Kalbitz, Karsten AU - Kramer, Christiane AU - Leinweber, Peter AU - Rethemeyer, Janet AU - Schäffer, Andreas AU - Schmidt, Michael W. I. AU - Schwark, Lorenz AU - Wiesenberg, Guido L. B. T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - Traditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the formation of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a critical overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long-term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Methodologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specific compounds may also be caused by other stabilization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fossil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water-extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved organic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 µm), indicating physico-chemical stabilization. Compound-specific analysis of 13C : 12C ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3-C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40–50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turnover of pyrolysis products seemed to be much longer, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low 14C concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short-term (60 d) and a long-term (2 y) incubation experiment. This degradation was enhanced, when glucose was supplied as an easily available microbial substrate. Similarly, SOM mineralization in many soils generally increased after addition of carbohydrates, amino acids, or simple organic acids, thus indicating that stability may also be caused by substrate limitations. It is concluded that the presented results do not provide much evidence that the selective preservation of recalcitrant primary biogenic compounds is a major SOM-stabilization mechanism. Old SOM fractions with slow turnover rates were generally only found in association with soil minerals. The only not mineral-associated SOM components that may be persistent in soils appear to be black and fossil C. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200700049 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 171 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 110 LA - en SN - 1522-2624 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.200700049/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:39:34 KW - review KW - 13C : 12C ratio KW - 14C age KW - black carbon KW - DOM KW - lignin KW - lipids KW - molecular turnover KW - SOM fractions KW - stabilization mechanism ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil compaction in cropping systems: A review of the nature, causes and possible solutions AU - Hamza, M.A. AU - Anderson, W.K. T2 - Soil and Tillage Research AB - Soil compaction is one of the major problems facing modern agriculture. Overuse of machinery, intensive cropping, short crop rotations, intensive grazing and inappropriate soil management leads to compaction. Soil compaction occurs in a wide range of soils and climates. It is exacerbated by low soil organic matter content and use of tillage or grazing at high soil moisture content. Soil compaction increases soil strength and decreases soil physical fertility through decreasing storage and supply of water and nutrients, which leads to additional fertiliser requirement and increasing production cost. A detrimental sequence then occurs of reduced plant growth leading to lower inputs of fresh organic matter to the soil, reduced nutrient recycling and mineralisation, reduced activities of micro-organisms, and increased wear and tear on cultivation machinery. This paper reviews the work related to soil compaction, concentrating on research that has been published in the last 15 years. We discuss the nature and causes of soil compaction and the possible solutions suggested in the literature. Several approaches have been suggested to address the soil compaction problem, which should be applied according to the soil, environment and farming system. The following practical techniques have emerged on how to avoid, delay or prevent soil compaction: (a) reducing pressure on soil either by decreasing axle load and/or increasing the contact area of wheels with the soil; (b) working soil and allowing grazing at optimal soil moisture; (c) reducing the number of passes by farm machinery and the intensity and frequency of grazing; (d) confining traffic to certain areas of the field (controlled traffic); (e) increasing soil organic matter through retention of crop and pasture residues; (f) removing soil compaction by deep ripping in the presence of an aggregating agent; (g) crop rotations that include plants with deep, strong taproots; (h) maintenance of an appropriate base saturation ratio and complete nutrition to meet crop requirements to help the soil/crop system to resist harmful external stresses. DA - 2005/06// PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 121 EP - 145 J2 - Soil and Tillage Research SN - 0167-1987 ST - Soil compaction in cropping systems UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198704001849 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:43:29 KW - Soil compaction KW - Animal grazing KW - Axle load KW - controlled traffic KW - Deep ripping KW - Gypsum KW - No-tillage KW - Plant roots ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate change impacts on freshwater wetland habitats AU - Dawson, Terry P. AU - Berry, Pam M. AU - Kampa, E. T2 - Journal for Nature Conservation AB - Wetland ecosystems are important habitats for flora and fauna and hence are of national and international importance for conservation. Wetlands can be defined as areas of high groundwater environments that are characterised by permanent (shallow water bodies) or temporary inundation, or soils having hydric properties. They provide a number of critical ecological functions, including the regulation of water regimes, and support a significant percentage of the world's biodiversity that have adapted to life in saturated conditions. Wetland ecosystems depend on water levels and therefore climate change, especially changes in precipitation, is likely to have a significant impact on these habitats and associated species. A modelling assessment of water balance was undertaken for the UK and Ireland using current and future climate scenarios. Results showed that water availability could increase in winter across the whole region, and northwest Ireland and northwest Scotland could have a small increase in water availability in the summer. Other regions would experience little change or have decreased water availability during the summer months; this being most severe in southeast England. A local-scale study of a wetland habitat in East Anglia indicated that significant seasonal stresses could occur due to climate change and the associated lowering of water levels. DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DO - 10.1078/1617-1381-00031 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 30 J2 - Journal for Nature Conservation SN - 1617-1381 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138104700321 Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - water balance KW - Site-specific wetland model KW - Upwood Meadows ER - TY - RPRT TI - Anpassung von Waldböden an sich ändernde Klimabedingungen. AU - Kitzler, B. AU - Stingl, V. AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. AU - De Brujin, A. AU - Kiese, R. AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SN - Endbericht zu StartClim2008.G. Teilbericht von StartClim2008 UR - http://www.austroclim.at/fileadmin/user_upload/reports/StCl08G.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bodenkunde in Stichworten AU - Blum, Winfried E. H CY - Berlin [u.a.] DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Gebr.-Borntraeger-Verl.-Buchhandl. SN - 978-3-443-03117-6 3-443-03117-X ER - TY - JOUR TI - No rapid soil carbon loss after a windthrow event in the High Tatra AU - Don, Axel AU - Bärwolff, Manuela AU - Kalbitz, Karsten AU - Andruschkewitsch, Rouven AU - Jungkunst, Hermann F. AU - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - Windthrows are among the most important disturbances of forest ecosystems in Europe, with expected increasing frequency due to climate change. However, surprisingly little is known about soil carbon dynamics after windthrow mainly due to missing field assessments. After a large windthrow event in the High Tatra Mountains in 2004 three soil monitoring plots were established, one at a non-harvested windthrow left for natural succession, one at a harvested windthrow and one at a reference forest site which remained unaffected by the storm event. No loss in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks was detected at the two windthrow sites with three inventories over the 3.5 years after the storm event. However, shifts within the organic layers and the mineral soil toward more decomposed organic matter were found. Increasing C/N ratios at the harvested windthrow site indicate that newly established herbaceous vegetation compensated the decline in tree litter input. At the non-harvested windthrow site a flush of needle litter from broken trees helped to sustain SOC stocks. In contrast, SOC stocks at the reference forest increased by 2.2 Mg ha−1 year−1 with major SOC stock accumulation in the forest floor. An assessment of the sample size required to detect future SOC changes revealed that at the windthrow sites a similar sample size is required as in the undisturbed reference forest. Small scale heterogeneity was at such a level that paired sampling did not significantly reduce the number of required samples. However, the separation of forest floor layers and mineral soil was a major obstacle for efficient forest soil carbon monitoring. The required number of soil samples could be decreased by 45% with a simultaneous sampling of forest floor and upper mineral soil, leading to more reliable SOC inventories. DA - 2012/07/15/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 276 SP - 239 EP - 246 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112712002186 Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - disturbance KW - forest floor KW - Minimum detectable difference KW - Organic layer KW - Soil organic carbon KW - Windthrow ER - TY - JOUR TI - Oberflächenabfluss bei Starkregen – Abflussbildung auf Wald-, Weide- und Feuchtflächen (am Beispiel des oberen Einzugsgebietes der Schesa – Bürserberg, Vorarlberg) AU - Markart, G. AU - Kohl, B. AU - Zanetti, P. T2 - Centralblatt für das gesamte Forstwesen DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 VL - 114 IS - (2-3) SP - 123 EP - 144 UR - http://193.170.148.70:3001/PSI/redirect.psi&pageid=1384581931.156250&sessid=1d2d-0109-105d-0423&index=39&f_showitem=&fil_select=TIT& Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Decomposition of European beech and Black pine foliar litter along an Alpine elevation gradient: Mass loss and molecular characteristics AU - Duboc, O. AU - Zehetner, F. AU - Djukic, I. AU - Tatzber, M. AU - Berger, T.W. AU - Gerzabek, M.H. T2 - Geoderma AB - Litter decomposition is an important process in global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of climate on litter decomposition along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate Alpine region, and to characterize the decompositional stages of the litter material with Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR). Foliar litter of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Black pine (Pinus nigra) was incubated in litterbags during two years in the Hochschwab massif of the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria. Six incubation sites were selected following an altitudinal/climatic transect from 1900 to 900 meters above sea level (m asl), with soil properties (carbon:nitrogen—C:N ratios and pH) being strongly influenced by vegetation. The results indicated that the climatic gradient played only a secondary role for decomposition rates. First year mass loss of both litter types was positively related to soil C:N ratio, which was the major explanatory variable in multiple regression analysis. For second year mass loss, soil pH appeared to be a determinant factor, while altitude was the least related parameter. The FT-MIR spectra of the remaining litter did not follow typical patterns of decomposing organic matter (OM) in forest litter horizons. A strong increase of most band areas—particularly those at 1515, 1420, 1270, and 1230 cm− 1—suggested the accumulation of lignin in the remaining litter. We conclude that the effect of climate on litter mass loss can be offset by differences in soil parameters, possibly through related soil microbial populations. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.018 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 189–190 SP - 522 EP - 531 J2 - Geoderma SN - 0016-7061 ST - Decomposition of European beech and Black pine foliar litter along an Alpine elevation gradient UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706112002534 Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - climate KW - climosequence KW - FT-MIR KW - Litter decomposition KW - Litterbags ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bodenschutzrecht im Kontext der europäischen Bodenschutzstrategie. AU - Norer, R. CY - Wien-Graz, Austria DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 PB - NWV Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, UR - http://www.unilu.ch/deu/publications_new.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Über den Einfluss des Bodenwasserhaushaltes auf den Pflanzenertrag in Trockengebieten – eine Modelluntersuchung AU - Stenitzer, E. T2 - Abfallwirtschaft DA - 1986/// PY - 1986 VL - 6 SP - 245 EP - 254 UR - http://www.baw-ikt.at/cms/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=723 Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impacts of increased biomass use on soil sustainability in Austria. AU - Katzensteiner, K. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Nemestothy, K. T2 - Proceedings of the Workshop W6.1 Forest bioenergy and soil sustainability at EUROSOIL Congress 2012, Bari, Italy A2 - Helmisaari, H.-S. A2 - Vanguelova, E. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 40 EP - 44 UR - http://www.oecd.org/tad/crp/Forest-Bioenergy-Soil-Sustainability_Proceedings.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Breaking the Sod: Humankind, History, and Soil AU - McNeill, J. R. AU - Winiwarter, Verena T2 - Science AB - For most of history, few things have mattered more to human communities than their relations with soil, because soil provided most of their food and nutrients. Accordingly, some of the earliest written documents were agricultural manuals intended to organize, preserve, and impart soil knowledge. Indeed, ancient civilizations often worshipped the soil as the foundry of life itself. For the past century or two, nothing has mattered more for soils than their relations with human communities, because human action inadvertently ratcheted up rates of soil erosion and, both intentionally and unintentionally, rerouted nutrient flows. DA - 2004/11/06/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1126/science.1099893 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 304 IS - 5677 SP - 1627 EP - 1629 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 ST - Breaking the Sod UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/304/5677/1627 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:38:16 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Grassland soils – properties and functions. AU - Bohner, A. T2 - Local land & soil news DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 42/43 SP - 7 EP - 9 UR - http://www.bodenbuendnis.org/en/local-land-soil-news/ Y2 - 2013/11/14/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Soil Carbon Dynamics: An Integrated Methodology AU - Kutsch, Werner L. AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Heinemeyer, Andreas AB - Carbon stored in soils represents the largest terrestrial carbon pool and factors affecting this will be vital in the understanding of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This book provides an integrated view on measuring and modeling soil carbon dynamics. Based on a broad range of in-depth contributions by leading scientists it gives an overview of current research concepts, developments and outlooks and introduces cutting-edge methodologies, ranging from questions of appropriate measurement design to the potential application of stable isotopes and molecular tools. It includes a standardised soil CO2 efflux protocol, aimed at data consistency and inter-site comparability and thus underpins a regional and global understanding of soil carbon dynamics. This book provides an important reference work for students and scientists interested in many aspects of soil ecology and biogeochemical cycles, policy makers, carbon traders and others concerned with the global carbon cycle. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Google Books SP - 301 LA - en PB - Cambridge University Press SN - 978-0-521-86561-6 ST - Soil Carbon Dynamics KW - Business & Economics / Industries / General KW - Science / Life Sciences / Ecology KW - Nature / Natural Resources KW - Science / Environmental Science KW - Science / Life Sciences / Horticulture KW - Technology & Engineering / Agriculture / Agronomy / Soil Science KW - Technology & Engineering / Agriculture / Forestry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Carbon sequestration AU - Lal, Rattan T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 VL - 363 IS - 1492 SP - 815 EP - 830 J2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences SN - 0962-8436 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sloughing of cap cells and carbon exudation from maize seedling roots in compacted sand AU - Iijima, Morio AU - Griffiths, Bryan AU - Bengough, A. Glyn T2 - New Phytologist AB - Sloughing of root cap cells and exudation of mucilage plays an important role in the penetration of compacted soils by roots. For the first time we have quantified the rate of sloughing of root cap cells in an abrasive growth medium that was compacted to create mechanical impedance to root growth. The number of maize (Zea mays) root cap cells sloughed into sand increased as a result of compaction, from 1930 to 3220 d−1 per primary root. This represented a 12-fold increase in the number of cells sloughed per mm root extension (from 60 to >700). We estimated that the whole of the cap surface area was covered with detached cells in compacted sand, compared with c. 7% of the surface area in loose sand. This lubricating layer of sloughed cells and mucilage probably decreases frictional resistance to soil penetration. The total carbon deposited by the root was estimated at c. 110 μg g−1 sand d−1. Sloughed cells accounted for <10% of the total carbon, the vast majority of carbon being contained in mucilage exudates. DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DO - 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00595.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 145 IS - 3 SP - 477 EP - 482 LA - en SN - 1469-8137 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00595.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:57:02 KW - border cells KW - exudate KW - mechanical impedance KW - mucilage KW - Rhizodeposition KW - root elongation KW - Soil compaction KW - Zea mays ER - TY - JOUR TI - Efficiency of nitrification inhibitor DMPP to reduce nitrous oxide emissions under different temperature and moisture conditions AU - Menéndez, Sergio AU - Barrena, Iskander AU - Setien, Igor AU - González-Murua, Carmen AU - Estavillo, José María T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - Agricultural intensification has led to the use of very high inputs of nitrogen fertilizers into cultivated land. As a consequence of this, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have increased significantly. Nowadays, the challenge is to mitigate these emissions in order to reduce global warming. Addition of nitrification inhibitors (NI) to fertilizers can reduce the losses of N2O to the atmosphere, but field studies have shown that their efficiency varies depending greatly on the environmental conditions. Soil water content and temperature are key factors controlling N2O emissions from soils and they seem to be also key parameters responsible for the variation in nitrification inhibitors efficiency. We present a laboratory study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazol phosphate (DMPP) at three different temperatures (10, 15 and 20 °C) and three soil water contents (40%, 60% and 80% of WFPS) on N2O emissions following the application of 1.2 mg N kg−1 dry soil (equivalent to 140 kg N ha−1). Also the CO2 and CH4 emissions were followed to see the possible side effects of DMPP on the overall microbial activities. Nitrogen was applied either as ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) or as ENTEC 26 (ASN + DMPP). The application of ENTEC 26 was effective reducing N2O losses up to the levels of an unfertilized control treatment in all conditions. Nevertheless, the percentage of reduction induced by DMPP in the ENTEC treatment with respect to the ASN varied from 3% to 45% depending on temperature and soil water content conditions. At 40% of WFPS, when nitrification is expected to be the main process producing N2O, the increase of N2O emissions in ASN together with temperature provoked an increase in DMPP efficiency reducing these emissions from 17% up to 42%. Contrarily, at 80% of WFPS, when denitrification is expected to be the main source of N2O, emissions after ASN application decreased with temperature, which induced a decrease from 45% to 23% in the efficiency of DMPP reducing N2O losses. Overall, the results obtained in this study suggest that DMPP performance regarding N2O emissions reduction would be the best in cold and wet conditions. Neither CO2 emissions nor CH4 emissions were affected by the use of DMPP at the different soil water contents and temperatures. DA - 2012/10// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.026 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 53 SP - 82 EP - 89 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071712001745 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:36:18 KW - 3,4-Dimethylpyrazol phosphate (DMPP) KW - Carbon dioxide (CO2) KW - Methane (CH4) KW - Nitrification inhibitor KW - Nitrous oxide (N2O) KW - Water filled pore space (WFPS) ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unterirdische Wärmeinsel in Oberhausen. Untersuchung subterraner Wärme- und Energieflüsse in verschiedenen Klimatopen. AU - Kuttler, W. AU - Püllen, H. AU - Dütemeyer, D. AU - Barlag, A.-B. T2 - dynaklim-Publikationen DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 23 UR - http://dynaklim.ahu.de/dynaklim/index/wissensmanagement/publikationen/dynaklim_Publikationen-2012.html Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Automated Extraction of Shallow Erosion Areas Based on Multi-Temporal Ortho-Imagery AU - Wiegand, Christoph AU - Rutzinger, Martin AU - Heinrich, Kati AU - Geitner, Clemens T2 - Remote Sensing DA - 2013/05/13/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.3390/rs5052292 DP - CrossRef VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 2292 EP - 2307 SN - 2072-4292 UR - http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/5/5/2292 Y2 - 2013/11/17/05:04:56 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Soil Biota, Soil Health and Global Change AU - Mele, P. M. T2 - Soil Health and Climate Change A2 - Singh, Bhupinder Pal A2 - Cowie, Annette L. A2 - Chan, K. Yin T3 - Soil Biology AB - The management of soil health under various global change scenarios requires clear iteration of the links between soil health and soil biota and the elucidation of the multitude of ways in which soil biota contributes to and is impacted by global change. Because of the enormity of the topic, the major focus of this chapter will be on the most functionally and structurally diverse component of the soil biota, the micro-organisms. It details how various members of the soil microbial community produce and consume greenhouse gases and in turn how these communities are impacted by elevated CO2 and temperature. It also highlights how emergent biotechnologies will assist in identifying the key microbial players involved in critical ecosystem processes, and how global change scenarios are likely to impact on the underpinning microbial communities. Knowledge of soil microbial functional responses will inform land-use and soil management strategies as part of a global effort to adapt to global change. DA - 2011/01/01/ PY - 2011 DP - link.springer.com SP - 155 EP - 177 LA - en PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 978-3-642-20255-1 978-3-642-20256-8 UR - http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-20256-8_8 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:36:55 KW - Climate change KW - Agriculture KW - Soil Science & Conservation ER - TY - JOUR TI - Distribution of High Bacterial Taxa Across the Chronosequence of Two Alpine Glacier Forelands AU - Philippot, Laurent AU - Tscherko, Dagmar AU - Bru, David AU - Kandeler, Ellen T2 - Microbial Ecology AB - Little is known about the changes in abundance of microbial taxa in relation to the chronosequence of receding glaciers. This study investigated how the abundances of ten bacterial phyla or classes varied along successional gradients in two glaciers, Ödenwinkelkees and Rotmoosferner, in the central Alps. Quantitative PCR was used to estimate the abundance of the different bacterial taxa in extended glacier chronosequences, including 10- to 160-year-old successional stages, the surface of the glacier, and a fully established soil. Actinobacteria (15–30%) was the dominant group within the chronosequences. Several taxa showed significant differences in the number of taxa-specific 16S rRNA gene copies per nanogram of DNA and/or in the ratio of taxa-specific to the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies (i.e., the relative abundance of the different taxa within the bacterial community) between the established soils or the glacier surface and the 10- to 160-year-old successional stages. A significantly higher proportion of Βetaproteobacteria (20%) was observed on the surface of both glaciers. However, no differences were observed between the 10- to 160-year-old successional stages in the number of taxa-specific 16S rRNA gene copies per nanogram of DNA or in the ratio of taxa-specific to the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies for the different taxa. Nevertheless, when the relative abundance data from all the studied taxa were combined and analyzed altogether, most of the sites could be distinguished from one other. This indicates that the overall composition of the bacterial community was more affected than the abundance of the targeted taxa by changes in environmental conditions along the chronosequences. DA - 2011/02/01/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s00248-010-9754-y DP - link.springer.com VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 303 EP - 312 J2 - Microb Ecol LA - en SN - 0095-3628, 1432-184X UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00248-010-9754-y Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:23:28 KW - Geoecology/Natural Processes KW - Nature Conservation KW - ecology KW - Microbiology KW - Microbial Ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Predicting Effects of Temperature Increase on the Water Balance of Beech Forest – An Application of the ‘KAUSHA’ Model AU - Herbst, Mathias AU - Hörmann, Georg T2 - Climatic Change AB - The water balance model ‘KAUSHA’ (Halldin, 1989) was applied to a 100-year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest in northern Germany. Overall, a satisfying agreement between modelled evapotranspiration values and independent micrometeorological measurements (Bowen ratio energy balance method) could be observed, although for rainy days KAUSHA showed a tendency to overestimate evapotranspiration. The model was used to predict the effects of a climate warming on the water budgets of the forest. It is shown that a temperature increase of 2°C due to a rising CO2 content of the atmosphere will not change the yearly totals of evapotranspiration significantly, but could have serious effects on the soil water balance during the vegetation period. Because under climate change conditions a higher amount of the available soil water has already been evaporated in winter and spring, soil water content will limit the transpiration of the trees from July to September much more strongly. Therefore, the yield of beech forest might also suffer from drought effects. It can be concluded that a better knowledge of the seasonal distribution of rainfall under climate change conditions is indispensable for predicting effects of rising temperatures and CO2 concentrations on ecosystems. DA - 1998/12/01/ PY - 1998 DO - 10.1023/A:1005322327635 DP - link.springer.com VL - 40 IS - 3-4 SP - 683 EP - 698 J2 - Climatic Change LA - en SN - 0165-0009, 1573-1480 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1005322327635 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:50:29 KW - Meteorology/Climatology ER - TY - CONF TI - Abschätzung der Auswirkung von Neuaufforstungen im Marchfeld auf die Grundwasserneubildung AU - Stenitzer, E. T2 - 9. Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung C1 - Irdning C3 - Gebietsbilanzen bei unterschiedlicher Landnutzung DA - 2001//24/25.4 PY - 2001 SP - 93 EP - 96 PB - Bundesanstalt für Alpenländische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein UR - http://www.baw-ikt.at/cms/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=79 Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shift in soil–plant nitrogen dynamics of an alpine–nival ecotone AU - Huber, Edith AU - Wanek, Wolfgang AU - Gottfried, Michael AU - Pauli, Harald AU - Schweiger, Peter AU - Arndt, Stefan K. AU - Reiter, Karl AU - Richter, Andreas T2 - Plant and Soil AB - We investigated the nitrogen (N) dynamics of an alpine–nival ecotone on Mt. Schrankogel, Tyrol, Austria, in relation to temperature. Natural abundance of 15N was used as a tool to elucidate differences in N cycling along an altitudinal transect ranging from 2,906 to 3,079 m, corresponding to a gradient in mean annual temperature of 2.4 °C. The amount of total soil N, of plant available N and soil C/N ratio decreased significantly with increasing altitude, whereas soil pH increased. Soil δ 15N decreased with increasing altitude from +2.2 to −2.1‰ and δ 15N of plant tissues (roots and leaves) decreased from −3.7 to −5.5‰. The large shift in soil δ 15N of 4.3‰ from the lowest to the highest site suggested substantial differences in N cycling in alpine and nival ecosystems in the alpine nival ecotone investigated. We concluded that N cycling at the alpine–nival ecotone is likely to be controlled by various factors: temperature, soil age and development, atmospheric N deposition and plant competition. Our results furthermore demonstrate that the alpine–nival ecotone may serve as a sensitive indicator of global change. DA - 2007/12/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1007/s11104-007-9422-2 DP - link.springer.com VL - 301 IS - 1-2 SP - 65 EP - 76 J2 - Plant Soil LA - en SN - 0032-079X, 1573-5036 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11104-007-9422-2 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:55:54 KW - Climate change KW - Plant Physiology KW - Plant Sciences KW - Temperature KW - ecology KW - High mountains KW - Mineralization KW - nitrification KW - Radiocarbon KW - Soil Science & Conservation KW - stable isotopes ER - TY - THES TI - Climate Change Impacts on Soils of the Austrian Limestone Alps. AU - Djukic, I. CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 M3 - Dissertation PB - Universität für Bodenkultur, Institut für Bodenforschung UR - http://permalink.obvsg.at/bok/AC07811091 Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - An integrative approach of organic matter stabilization in temperate soils: Linking chemistry, physics, and biology AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid AU - Ekschmitt, Klemens AU - Flessa, Heinz AU - Guggenberger, Georg AU - Matzner, Egbert AU - Marschner, Bernd AU - von Lützow, Margit T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - With this topical issue, we present the work of the Priority Program 1090 of the German Research Foundation (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG”): “Soils as a source and sink for CO2 – mechanisms and regulation of organic matter stabilisation in soils”. This introduction gives an overview on the sites investigated and the major research approaches, including a glossary of major terms used in the field of soil organic matter research. We point out the advantages of integration of data from a broad field of different soil-science disciplines and the progress achieved by application and combination of new analytical methods describing the quality and turnover of soil organic matter. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200700215 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 171 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 13 LA - en SN - 1522-2624 ST - An integrative approach of organic matter stabilization in temperate soils UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.200700215/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:05:41 KW - editorial KW - organic matter KW - SPP 1090 KW - stabilization ER - TY - JOUR TI - Dynamic disequilibrium of the terrestrial carbon cycle under global change AU - Luo, Yiqi AU - Weng, Ensheng T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - In this review, we propose a new framework, dynamic disequilibrium of the carbon cycles, to assess future land carbon-sink dynamics. The framework recognizes internal ecosystem processes that drive the carbon cycle toward equilibrium, such as donor pool-dominated transfer; and external forces that create disequilibrium, such as disturbances and global change. Dynamic disequilibrium within one disturbance–recovery episode causes temporal changes in the carbon source and sink at yearly and decadal scales, but has no impacts on longer-term carbon sequestration unless disturbance regimes shift. Such shifts can result in long-term regional carbon loss or gain and be quantified by stochastic statistics for use in prognostic modeling. If the regime shifts result in ecosystem state changes in regions with large carbon reserves at risk, the global carbon cycle might be destabilized. DA - 2011/02// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2010.11.003 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 96 EP - 104 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534710002661 Y2 - 2013/08/27/14:22:24 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrous Oxide Emission and Methane Consumption Following Compaction of Forest Soils AU - Teepe, Robert AU - Brumme, Rainer AU - Beese, Friedrich AU - Ludwig, Bernard T2 - Soil Science Society of America Journal DA - 2004/03/01/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.2136/sssaj2004.6050 DP - dl.sciencesocieties.org VL - 68 IS - 2 SP - 605 EP - 611 LA - en SN - 1435-0661 UR - https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/68/2/605 Y2 - 2013/08/26/14:54:05 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage AU - Kirschbaum, Miko U.F. T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - One of the key questions in climate change research relates to the future dynamics of the large amount of C that is currently stored in soil organic matter. Will the amount of C in this pool increase or decrease with global warming? The future trend in amounts of soil organic C will depend on the relative temperature sensitivities of net primary productivity and soil organic matter decomposition rate. Equations for the temperature dependence of net primary productivity have been widely used, but the temperature dependence of decomposition rate is less clear. The literature was surveyed to obtain the temperature dependencies of soil respiration and N dynamics reported in different studies. Only laboratory-based measurements were used to avoid confounding effects with differences in litter input rates, litter quality, soil moisture or other environmental factors. A considerable range of values has been reported, with the greatest relative sensitivity of decomposition processes to temperature having been observed at low temperatures. A relationship fitted to the literature data indicated that the rate of decomposition increases with temperature at 0°C with a Q10 of almost 8. The temperature sensitivity of organic matter decomposition decreases with increasing temperature, indicated by the Q10 decreasing with temperature to be about 4.5 at 10°C and 2.5 at 20°C. At low temperatures, the temperature sensitivity of decomposition was consequently much greater than the temperature sensitivity of net primary productivity, whereas the temperature sensitivities became more similar at higher temperatures. The much higher temperature sensitivity of decomposition than for net primary productivity has important implications for the store of soil organic C in the soil. The data suggest that a 1°C increase in temperature could ultimately lead to a loss of over 10% of soil organic C in regions of the world with an annual mean temperature of 5°C, whereas the same temperature increase would lead to a loss of only 3% of soil organic C for a soil at 30°C. These differences are even greater in absolute amounts as cooler soils contain greater amounts of soil organic C. This analysis supports the conclusion of previous studies which indicated that soil organic C contents may decrease greatly with global warming and thereby provide a positive feed-back in the global C cycle. DA - 1995/06// PY - 1995 DO - 10.1016/0038-0717(94)00242-S DP - ScienceDirect VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 753 EP - 760 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003807179400242S Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:02:11 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil properties and charcoal dynamics of burnt soils in the Tyrolean Limestone Alps AU - Kloss, Stefanie AU - Sass, Oliver AU - Geitner, Clemens AU - Prietzel, Jörg T2 - CATENA AB - We investigated soil samples of four burnt slopes in the Tyrolean Limestone Alps of varying age after fire (wildfires occurred in 2003, 1962, 1946, and in 1250 AD) as well as of the surrounding soils that were not affected by combustion. Charcoal content of the O and A horizons was determined as well as pH, soil organic matter content and C/N ratio. The results showed a background value of charcoal in all soils with a dominance of charcoal in the O horizon of the youngest burnt slope (2003). With vegetation and soil recovery, charcoal concentrations decreased and zones of maximum charcoal accumulation shifted further down in the soil profile. Soil organic matter contents significantly decreased on burnt slopes, which is due to vegetation combustion, long-term vegetation changes and intensified erosion. However, in the long-term, re-accumulation occurs due to the recovery of vegetation. Soil pH increased by combustion and was further modified by an altered vegetation composition. C/N ratios remained largely stable, with the soil N content reacting more sensitive to combustion. The results demonstrate that Alpine regions react sensitively to wildfires due to the steep slope angle, which causes not only short-term but also long-term modification in vegetation composition and erosion. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2012.07.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 99 SP - 75 EP - 82 J2 - CATENA SN - 0341-8162 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181621200152X Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:05:04 KW - soil organic matter KW - Wildfire KW - Alpine regions KW - C/N ratio KW - Charcoal KW - pH ER - TY - JOUR TI - Borkenkäfer-Kalamität 2010: Schäden weiterhin sehr hoch AU - Steyrer, Gottfried AU - Krehan, Hannes T2 - Forstschutz Aktuell DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 52 SP - 10 EP - 13 UR - http://bfw.ac.at/db/bfwcms.web?dok=8851 Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Quantification of organic carbon pools for Austria’s agricultural soils using a soil information system AU - Gerzabek, M. H. AU - Strebl, F. AU - Tulipan, M. AU - Schwarz, S. T2 - Canadian Journal of Soil Science DA - 2005/09// PY - 2005 DO - 10.4141/S04-083 DP - CrossRef VL - 85 IS - Special Issue SP - 491 EP - 498 SN - 0008-4271, 1918-1841 UR - http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/abs/10.4141/S04-083 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:37:22 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bodeninformationen in Österreich – Aktueller Stand und Ausblick AU - Schwarz, S. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Aichberger, K. AU - Baumgarten, A. AU - Blum, W.E.H. AU - Danneberg AU - Glatzel, G. AU - Huber, S. AU - Kilian, W. AU - Klaghofer, W. AU - Nestroy, O. AU - Pehamberger, A. AU - Wagner, J. AU - Gerzabek, M. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft A2 - ÖGB DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 VL - 62 SP - 185 EP - 219 SN - 0029-893-X UR - http://archiv.onb.ac.at:8881/R/SBVIL7XHC19X2EVDX4ML893S9E2GX7K9YFB94FFES46XD458AN-01932?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000061&set_number=000227&base=GEN01-ANL02 Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rhizodeposition of Mucilage, Root Border Cells, Carbon and Water under Combined Soil Physical Stresses in Zea mays L. AU - Somasundaram, Sutharsan AU - Rao, Theertham P. AU - Tatsumi, Jiro AU - Iijima, Morio T2 - Plant Production Science AB - We investigated the effects of combined soil physical stresses of compaction and drought on the production of fully hydrated mucilage (mucilage) and root border cells (RBCs) in maize. The exudation of carbon and water were also estimated using stable isotopes of 13C and deuterated water (D2O) under same soil conditions. As plant age progressed during seedling stage, mucilage production increased, however, RBCs release did not. Soil compaction increased the release of D2O, RBCs, and production of mucilage which implies the function of roots to reduce mechanical impedance during root penetration. Drying stress increased only carbon release, but reduced the others. This indicates that RBCs adhere more strongly to the root cap due to drying of mucilage, and water release may be reduced to save the water loss. The highest rhizodeposition of mucilage, RBCs and D2O were occurred under wet compact soil condition, however, that of carbon occurred under dry compact soil condition. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - J-Stage VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 443 EP - 448 UR - https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pps/12/4/12_4_443/_article KW - Rhizodeposition KW - Soil compaction KW - Drought KW - Crushed cells KW - Deuterium KW - Maize KW - Root exudation ER - TY - BOOK TI - Südtirols Almen im Wandel: ökologische Folgen von Landnutzungsänderungen AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike AU - Cernusca, Alexander CY - Bozen DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 SP - 266 PB - Europäische Akademie Bozen UR - http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/publications/PublicationDetails.aspx?pubId=0018864&type=Q ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ergebnisse des IBP-Projekts „Zwergstrauchheide Patscherkofel". . Wien, Austria. AU - Larcher, W. T2 - Sitzungsberichte der Österr. Akademie der Wissenschaften CY - Wien, Austria DA - 1977/// PY - 1977 VL - 186 NV - 6. bis 10. Heft PB - Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathem.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Growing season extended in Europe AU - Menzel, Annette AU - Fabian, Peter T2 - Nature AB - Changes in phenology (seasonal plant and animal activity driven by environmental factors) from year to year may be a sensitive and easily observable indicator of changes in the biosphere. We have analysed data from more than 30 years of observation in Europe, and found that spring events, such as leaf unfolding, have advanced by 6 days, whereas autumn events, such as leaf colouring, have been delayed by 4.8 days. This means that the average annual growing season has lengthened by 10.8 days since the early 1960s. These shifts can be attributed to changes in air temperature. DA - 1999/02/25/ PY - 1999 DO - 10.1038/17709 DP - www.nature.com VL - 397 IS - 6721 SP - 659 EP - 659 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6721/abs/397659a0.html Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:34:37 KW - Climate change KW - ecology KW - immunology KW - evolution KW - developmental biology KW - science KW - earth science KW - environmental science KW - astronomy KW - astrophysics KW - biochemistry KW - bioinformatics KW - biology KW - biotechnology KW - cancer KW - cell cycle KW - cell signalling KW - computational biology KW - development KW - DNA KW - drug discovery KW - evolutionary biology KW - functional genomics KW - genetics KW - genomics KW - geophysics KW - interdisciplinary science KW - life KW - marine biology KW - materials science KW - medical research KW - medicine KW - metabolomics KW - molecular biology KW - molecular interactions KW - nanotechnology KW - Nature KW - neurobiology KW - neuroscience KW - palaeobiology KW - pharmacology KW - physics KW - proteomics KW - quantum physics KW - RNA KW - science news KW - science policy KW - signal transduction KW - structural biology KW - systems biology KW - transcriptomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Short-term responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to experimental soil warming at the Swiss alpine treeline AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Martin, Melissa AU - Rixen, Christian AU - Rusch, Silvan AU - Bebi, Peter AU - Zürcher, Alois AU - Siegwolf, Rolf T. W. AU - Wipf, Sonja AU - Escape, Christophe AU - Roy, Jacques AU - Hättenschwiler, Stephan T2 - Biogeochemistry AB - Climatic warming will probably have particularly large impacts on carbon fluxes in high altitude and latitude ecosystems due to their great stocks of labile soil C and high temperature sensitivity. At the alpine treeline, we experimentally warmed undisturbed soils by 4 K for one growing season with heating cables at the soil surface and measured the response of net C uptake by plants, of soil respiration, and of leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Soil warming increased soil CO2 effluxes instantaneously and throughout the whole vegetation period (+45%; +120 g C m y−1). In contrast, DOC leaching showed a negligible response of a 5% increase (NS). Annual C uptake of new shoots was not significantly affected by elevated soil temperatures, with a 17, 12, and 14% increase for larch, pine, and dwarf shrubs, respectively, resulting in an overall increase in net C uptake by plants of 20–40 g C m−2y−1. The Q 10 of 3.0 measured for soil respiration did not change compared to a 3-year period before the warming treatment started, suggesting little impact of warming-induced lower soil moisture (−15% relative decrease) or increased soil C losses. The fraction of recent plant-derived C in soil respired CO2 from warmed soils was smaller than that from control soils (25 vs. 40% of total C respired), which implies that the warming-induced increase in soil CO2 efflux resulted mainly from mineralization of older SOM rather than from stimulated root respiration. In summary, one season of 4 K soil warming, representative of hot years, led to C losses from the studied alpine treeline ecosystem by increasing SOM decomposition more than C gains through plant growth. DA - 2010/01/01/ PY - 2010 DO - 10.1007/s10533-009-9297-9 DP - link.springer.com VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 19 J2 - Biogeochemistry LA - en SN - 0168-2563, 1573-515X UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10533-009-9297-9 Y2 - 2013/08/27/14:35:26 KW - Climate change KW - Temperature KW - soil organic matter KW - stable isotopes KW - Biogeosciences KW - carbon KW - Dissolved organic carbon KW - Ecosystems KW - Environmental Chemistry KW - Life Sciences, general KW - soil respiration KW - Treeline ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of slurry application technique on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils AU - Velthof, G.L. AU - Mosquera, J. T2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment AB - Direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fertilized soils are generally estimated using emission factors. However, the emission factors for N2O emission of applied slurry are not well quantified. The effect of slurry application technique on N2O emission was quantified in field experiments in the Netherlands in order to derive N2O emission factors for (shallow) injected and surface-applied cattle and pig slurries. Fluxes of N2O were measured using a closed flux chamber technique and a photo-acoustic infra-red gasmonitor. Fluxes of N2O were measured 64–83 times on grassland on sandy and clay soils and maize land on sandy soil, in the period 2007–2009. There were large differences in total N2O emission between the years, and differences between treatments were not consistent over the years and sites. The average emission factor of all treatments and years (n = 35) was 0.9% of the N applied, which is close to the default IPCC emission factor of 1%. However, the range in emission was large, i.e. from −0.2% to 7.0%. The average emission factor for grassland was 1.7% of the N applied for calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), 0.4% for shallow injected cattle slurry, and 0.1% for surface-applied cattle slurry. For maize land, the average emission factor for CAN was 0.1% of the N applied, for injected cattle slurry 0.9% and for surface-applied cattle slurry 0.4%. The emission factors for pig slurry applied to maize land were higher than for cattle slurry; 3.6% for injected pig slurry and 0.9% for surface-applied pig slurry. Increasing the N application rate on maize land resulted in higher emission factors for CAN, injected cattle slurry, and injected pig slurry. Concluding, on both grassland and maize land (shallow) injection of slurry increased the average emission factor of N2O in comparison to surface application. Differentiation of N2O emission factors which takes specific factors into account, such as N type and rate and application technique, can improve the quantification of N2O emission from agricultural soils and is needed to derive most efficient options for mitigation. DA - 2011/01/30/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.017 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 140 IS - 1–2 SP - 298 EP - 308 J2 - Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment SN - 0167-8809 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880910003440 Y2 - 2013/08/26/14:42:58 KW - Nitrous oxide KW - Application techniques KW - Calcium ammonium nitrate KW - Cattle slurry KW - Emission factor KW - Grassland KW - Injection KW - Maize land KW - Pig slurry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming AU - Knorr, W. AU - Prentice, I. C. AU - House, J. I. AU - Holland, E. A. T2 - Nature AB - The sensitivity of soil carbon to warming is a major uncertainty in projections of carbon dioxide concentration and climate. Experimental studies overwhelmingly indicate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition at higher temperatures, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils. However, recent findings have been cited as evidence against increased soil carbon emissions in a warmer world. In soil warming experiments, the initially increased carbon dioxide efflux returns to pre-warming rates within one to three years, and apparent carbon pool turnover times are insensitive to temperature. It has already been suggested that the apparent lack of temperature dependence could be an artefact due to neglecting the extreme heterogeneity of soil carbon, but no explicit model has yet been presented that can reconcile all the above findings. Here we present a simple three-pool model that partitions SOC into components with different intrinsic turnover rates. Using this model, we show that the results of all the soil-warming experiments are compatible with long-term temperature sensitivity of SOC turnover: they can be explained by rapid depletion of labile SOC combined with the negligible response of non-labile SOC on experimental timescales. Furthermore, we present evidence that non-labile SOC is more sensitive to temperature than labile SOC, implying that the long-term positive feedback of soil decomposition in a warming world may be even stronger than predicted by global models. DA - 2005/01/20/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1038/nature03226 DP - www.nature.com VL - 433 IS - 7023 SP - 298 EP - 301 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7023/abs/nature03226.html Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:25:17 KW - Climate change KW - ecology KW - immunology KW - evolution KW - developmental biology KW - science KW - earth science KW - environmental science KW - astronomy KW - astrophysics KW - biochemistry KW - bioinformatics KW - biology KW - biotechnology KW - cancer KW - cell cycle KW - cell signalling KW - computational biology KW - development KW - DNA KW - drug discovery KW - evolutionary biology KW - functional genomics KW - genetics KW - genomics KW - geophysics KW - interdisciplinary science KW - life KW - marine biology KW - materials science KW - medical research KW - medicine KW - metabolomics KW - molecular biology KW - molecular interactions KW - nanotechnology KW - Nature KW - neurobiology KW - neuroscience KW - palaeobiology KW - pharmacology KW - physics KW - proteomics KW - quantum physics KW - RNA KW - science news KW - science policy KW - signal transduction KW - structural biology KW - systems biology KW - transcriptomics ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does photosynthesis affect grassland soil-respired CO2 and its carbon isotope composition on a diurnal timescale? AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Schmitt, Michael AU - Siegwolf, Rolf AU - Richter, Andreas AU - Brüggemann, Nicolas T2 - New Phytologist AB - * • Soil respiration is the largest flux of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. Here, we tested the hypothesis that photosynthesis affects the diurnal pattern of grassland soil-respired CO2 and its C isotope composition (δ13CSR). * • A combined shading and pulse-labelling experiment was carried out in a mountain grassland. δ13CSR was monitored at a high time resolution with a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer. * • In unlabelled plots a diurnal pattern of δ13CSR was observed, which was not explained by soil temperature, moisture or flux rates and contained a component that was also independent of assimilate supply. In labelled plots δ13CSR reflected a rapid transfer and respiratory use of freshly plant-assimilated C and a diurnal shift in the predominant respiratory C source from recent (i.e. at least 1 d old) to fresh (i.e. photoassimilates produced on the same day). * • We conclude that in grasslands the plant-derived substrates used for soil respiratory processes vary during the day, and that photosynthesis provides an important and immediate C source. These findings indicate a tight coupling in the plant–soil system and the importance of plant metabolism for soil CO2 fluxes. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02755.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 182 IS - 2 SP - 451 EP - 460 LA - en SN - 1469-8137 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02755.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/27/13:31:05 KW - soil respiration KW - assimilate supply KW - mountain grassland KW - plant–soil carbon (C) transfer KW - pulse labelling KW - tunable diode laser KW - δ13C ER - TY - JOUR TI - Microbial communities and activities in alpine and subalpine soils AU - Margesin, Rosa AU - Jud, Melanie AU - Tscherko, Dagmar AU - Schinner, Franz T2 - FEMS Microbiology Ecology AB - Soil samples were collected along two slopes (south and north) at subalpine (1500–1900 m, under closed vegetation, up to the forest line) and alpine altitudes (2300–2530, under scattered vegetation, above the forest line) in the Grossglockner mountain area (Austrian central Alps). Soils were analyzed for a number of properties, including physical and chemical soil properties, microbial activity and microbial communities that were investigated using culture-dependent (viable heterotrophic bacteria) and culture-independent methods (phospholipid fatty acid analysis, FISH). Alpine soils were characterized by significantly (P<0.01) colder climate conditions, i.e. lower mean annual air and soil temperatures, more frost and ice days and higher precipitation, compared with subalpine soils. Microbial activity (soil dehydrogenase activity) decreased with altitude; however, dehydrogenase activity was better adapted to cold in alpine soils compared with subalpine soils, as shown by the lower apparent optimum temperature for activity (30 vs. 37 °C) and the significantly (P<0.01–0.001) higher relative activity in the low-temperature range. With increasing altitude, i.e. in alpine soils, a significant (P<0.05–0.01) increase in the relative amount of culturable psychrophilic heterotrophic bacteria, in the relative amount of the fungal population and in the relative amount of Gram-negative bacteria was found, which indicates shifts in microbial community composition with altitude. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00620.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 208 EP - 218 LA - en SN - 1574-6941 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00620.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/27/14:21:35 KW - FISH KW - alpine soils KW - dehydrogenase activity KW - PLFA KW - psychrophiles KW - subalpine ER - TY - JOUR TI - Do global change experiments overestimate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems? AU - Leuzinger, Sebastian AU - Luo, Yiqi AU - Beier, Claus AU - Dieleman, Wouter AU - Vicca, Sara AU - Körner, Christian T2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution AB - In recent decades, many climate manipulation experiments have investigated biosphere responses to global change. These experiments typically examined effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, warming or drought (driver variables) on ecosystem processes such as the carbon and water cycle (response variables). Because experiments are inevitably constrained in the number of driver variables tested simultaneously, as well as in time and space, a key question is how results are scaled up to predict net ecosystem responses. In this review, we argue that there might be a general trend for the magnitude of the responses to decline with higher-order interactions, longer time periods and larger spatial scales. This means that on average, both positive and negative global change impacts on the biosphere might be dampened more than previously assumed. DA - 2011/05// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.tree.2011.02.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 236 EP - 241 J2 - Trends in Ecology & Evolution SN - 0169-5347 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534711000681 Y2 - 2013/08/27/14:30:04 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Pflanzenernährung und Düngung: 164 Tabellen AU - Schilling, Günther CY - Stuttgart DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Ulmer SN - 3-8252-8189-2 978-3-8252-8189-2 3-8001-2736-9 978-3-8001-2736-8 ST - Pflanzenernährung und Düngung ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of fire-induced water repellency on soil aggregate stability, splash erosion, and saturated hydraulic conductivity for different size fractions AU - Fox, D. M. AU - Darboux, F. AU - Carrega, P. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Forest fires can alter several soil properties influencing soil erosion and runoff processes in addition to removing all or part of the vegetative cover. These include organic matter content, aggregate stability and water repellency. Soil erodibility and saturated hydraulic conductivity depend on these properties and their response varies according to aggregate size. The objective of the study was to investigate how forest fires affect key soil properties and determine the potential impact of these on runoff and erosion processes. The A horizon of an acidic sandy loam was collected and subjected to a pine litter fire. The burned and control soil samples were separated into 4 size fractions: bulk (<5·0 mm), < 0·4, 0·4–2·0, and 2·0–5·0 mm. Organic matter (OM), aggregate stability mean weight diameter (MWD), and water drop penetration time (WDPT) were measured for each size class. Each size fraction sample was subjected to 0·5 h of simulated rainfall (55 mm h−1) for splash erosion measurements. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements were performed on the same samples. Burning the litter decreased soil OM content but increased MWD and WDPT. Splash erosion increased greatly for the bulk and < 0·4 mm samples. MWD increased for the 0·4–2·0 and 2·0–5·0 mm size fractions despite a loss in OM and clay content in the burned soil. A surface crust never formed on the water repellent fine fraction leaving plenty of non-cohesive material available for soil detachment. Increased water repellency reduced K for all size fractions. The data support the need for a specific soil erodibility index for post-forest fire soils. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1002/hyp.6758 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 21 IS - 17 SP - 2377 EP - 2384 LA - en SN - 1099-1085 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.6758/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:12:08 KW - soil erosion KW - aggregate stability KW - forest fire KW - saturated hydraulic conductivity KW - water repellency ER - TY - JOUR TI - Tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nutrient availability in a long-term field experiment in Austria AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Dersch, G. AU - Hösch, J. AU - Baumgarten, A. T2 - Die Bodenkultur DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 47 EP - 58 UR - http://www.boku.ac.at/diebodenkultur/volltexte/band-58/heft-1-4/spiegel.pdf ER - TY - GEN TI - Folgen des Klimawandels für die Land- und Forstwirtschaft AU - Chmielewski, F.M. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 UR - http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/miscellanies/klimawandel-28044/75/PDF/75.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Communities and ecosystems: linking the aboveground and belowground components AU - Wardle, David A. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 VL - 34 PB - Princeton University Press SN - 0-691-07487-9 ER - TY - JOUR TI - A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming AU - Rustad, L. AU - Campbell, J. AU - Marion, G. AU - Norby, R. AU - Mitchell, M. AU - Hartley, A. AU - Cornelissen, J. AU - Gurevitch, J. AU - GCTE-NEWS T2 - Oecologia AB - Climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions is predicted to raise the mean global temperature by 1.0–3.5°C in the next 50–100 years. The direct and indirect effects of this potential increase in temperature on terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem processes are likely to be complex and highly varied in time and space. The Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme has recently launched a Network of Ecosystem Warming Studies, the goals of which are to integrate and foster research on ecosystem-level effects of rising temperature. In this paper, we use meta-analysis to synthesize data on the response of soil respiration, net N mineralization, and aboveground plant productivity to experimental ecosystem warming at 32 research sites representing four broadly defined biomes, including high (latitude or altitude) tundra, low tundra, grassland, and forest. Warming methods included electrical heat-resistance ground cables, greenhouses, vented and unvented field chambers, overhead infrared lamps, and passive night-time warming. Although results from individual sites showed considerable variation in response to warming, results from the meta-analysis showed that, across all sites and years, 2–9 years of experimental warming in the range 0.3–6.0°C significantly increased soil respiration rates by 20% (with a 95% confidence interval of 18–22%), net N mineralization rates by 46% (with a 95% confidence interval of 30–64%), and plant productivity by 19% (with a 95% confidence interval of 15–23%). The response of soil respiration to warming was generally larger in forested ecosystems compared to low tundra and grassland ecosystems, and the response of plant productivity was generally larger in low tundra ecosystems than in forest and grassland ecosystems. With the exception of aboveground plant productivity, which showed a greater positive response to warming in colder ecosystems, the magnitude of the response of these three processes to experimental warming was not generally significantly related to the geographic, climatic, or environmental variables evaluated in this analysis. This underscores the need to understand the relative importance of specific factors (such as temperature, moisture, site quality, vegetation type, successional status, land-use history, etc.) at different spatial and temporal scales, and suggests that we should be cautious in "scaling up" responses from the plot and site level to the landscape and biome level. Overall, ecosystem-warming experiments are shown to provide valuable insights on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated temperature. DA - 2001/02/01/ PY - 2001 DO - 10.1007/s004420000544 DP - link.springer.com VL - 126 IS - 4 SP - 543 EP - 562 J2 - Oecologia LA - en SN - 0029-8549, 1432-1939 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004420000544 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:19:53 KW - Global warming Meta-analysis Soil respiration Nitrogen mineralization Plant productivity ER - TY - CHAP TI - Soils – Heterogeneous at a Microscale. AU - Stöhr, Dieter T2 - Trees at their Upper Limit A2 - Wieser, G. A2 - Tausz, M. CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 37 EP - 56 PB - Springer SN - 1-4020-5073-9 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Systematische Gliederung der Böden Österreichs: Österreichische Bodensystematik 2000 in der revidierten Fassung von 2011 AU - Nestroy, O. AU - Aust, G. AU - Blum, W.E.H. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Hager, H. AU - Herzberger, E. AU - Kilian, W. AU - Nelhiebel, P. AU - Ortner, G. AU - Pecina, E. AU - Pehamberger, A. AU - Schneider, W. AU - Wagner, J. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DP - Google Books SP - 96 LA - de M1 - 79 PB - Österr. Bodenkundliche Ges. ST - Systematische Gliederung der Böden Österreichs UR - http://oebg.boku.ac.at/index.php?article_id=78&clang=0 ER - TY - SLIDE TI - Climatic change in the Alps: perspectives and impacts. T2 - Adaptation to the Impacts of Climate Change in the European Alps A2 - Beniston, M. CY - Wengen, Schweiz DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 M3 - Beitrag zum Workshop UR - http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/37805798.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/14/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Palaeoecology of Quaternary periglacial environments during OIS-2 in the forefields of the Salzach Glacier (Upper Austria) AU - Starnberger, Reinhard AU - Terhorst, Birgit AU - Rähle, Wolfgang AU - Peticzka, Robert AU - Haas, Jean Nicolas T2 - Quaternary International AB - Palaeopedological, sedimentological and palaeoecological investigations were carried out on the Pleniglacial loess deposits of Duttendorf (Austria) in the area of the Pleistocene Salzach glacier. Detailed insights into the past climate, topography and vegetation, especially during the Oxygen Isotopic Stage 2 (OIS 2), were obtained. According to the results it seems that alluvial processes played a more important role for the genesis of the loess deposits during the late glacial maximum (LGM) than previously assumed. The pollen record, plant macro-remains and malaco-fauna yield the occurrence of hygrophilous taxa as well as of water plants. By consequence, the sediment can be regarded as alluvial loess. Furthermore, the results show that the landscape corresponded not only to a cold and dry loess steppe environment, but was also partly influenced by humid conditions and that probably even (small) water bodies may have existed. DA - 2009/04/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.06.011 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 198 IS - 1–2 SP - 51 EP - 61 J2 - Quaternary International SN - 1040-6182 ST - Loess in the Danube Region and Surrounding Loess Provinces: The Marsigli Memorial Volume UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618208001894 Y2 - 2013/08/26/15:47:43 KW - Austria KW - Quaternary KW - Carpology KW - Loess/paleosol sequence KW - Palaeoecology KW - Palynology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Flachgründiger Abtrag auf Wiesen- und Weideflächen in den Alpen (Blaiken) – Wissensstand, Datenbasis und Forschungsbedarf AU - Wiegand, Christoph AU - Geitner, Clemens T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1553/moegg152s130 DP - CrossRef VL - 152 SP - 130 EP - 162 SN - 0029-9138, 0029-9138 UR - http://www.austriaca.at/???arp=0x002ac6c7 Y2 - 2013/08/26/14:20:14 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Erfassung und Bewertung der Sickerwasserquantität und -qualität im Pilotprojekt zur Grundwassersanierung in Oberösterreich. AU - Murer, E. T2 - Schriftenreihe des Bundesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 VL - 16 SP - 28 UR - http://www.baw-ikt.at/cms/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=86&Itemid=210 Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Chapter I: Endangered Soils: A long-term view of the natural and social ramifications of biomass production in agriculture and forestry. AU - Winiwarter, V. AU - Gerzabek, M.H. AU - Baumgarten, A. AU - Blum, W.E.H. AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K. AU - Cushman, G. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Feller, C. AU - Fiebig, M. AU - Frossard, E. AU - Haberl, H. AU - Huber, S. AU - Kandeler, E. AU - Katzensteiner, K. AU - Kaul, K. AU - Krausmann, F. AU - Langthaler, E. AU - Showers, K. AU - Spiegel, H. AU - Winiwarter, W. T2 - Challenge of Sustaining Soils: Natural and Social Ramifications of Biomass Production in a Changing World A2 - Winiwarter, Verena A2 - Gerzabek, Martin H T3 - Interdisciplinary Perspectives A3 - Bruckmann, V. A3 - Bruckmüller, E. A3 - Gerzabek, M.H. A3 - Glatzel, G. A3 - Popp, M. A3 - Winiwarter, V. AB - "In this book, soils are put centre stage in the debate about global climate change and biomass production, which influences considerably the evaluation of sustainable options for the future"-- CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Austrian Academy of Sciences Press SN - 978-3-7001-7212-3 3-7001-7212-5 SV - 1 ER - TY - RPRT TI - 22. und 23. August 2005 - Analyse von Hochwasser- und Rutschungsereignissen in ausgewählten Gemeinden Vorarlbergs. AU - Markart, G. AU - Perzl, F. AU - Kohl, B. AU - Luzian, R. AU - Kleemayr, K. AU - Ess, B. AU - Mayerl, J. CY - Wien-Klosterneuburg DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 52 M3 - BFW Dokumentation PB - Schrifetnreihe des Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft SN - 5 UR - http://bfw.ac.at/030/pdf/bfw-dok_5.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Establishing a European GCTE Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET) AU - Smith, Pete AU - Powlson, David AU - Glendining, Margaret T2 - Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models A2 - Powlson, David S. A2 - Smith, Pete A2 - Smith, Jo U. T3 - NATO ASI Series AB - Soil organic matter (SOM) is recognised as being of critical importance as a source and sink of carbon in the biosphere. As a result, research into predicting the effects of global environmental change on soil organic matter has been identified as a high priority within the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) programme of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The objectives of GCTE Task 3.3.1., “Soil Organic Matter” require that a global network of SOM modellers and experimenters be established. This global soil organic matter network (SOMNET) will comprise a number of regional networks, one of which will be the European GCTE SOMNET. The European GCTE SOMNET will provide a forum soil organic matter researchers to share models and datasets, and will establish a database system will comprise a central metadata database linked via the World-Wide-Web to many other European databases containing quality-controlled data in standard format. The data from long-term experiments that exits in Europe that could be made available by the European GCTE SOMNET is estimated to have cost, in 1989 terms, nearly $ 140,000,000 to collect. In this paper we describe the progress so far made in establishing the European GCTE SOMNET and outline some of the activities planned for the next few years to build the European SOM network and its associated database system. DA - 1996/01/01/ PY - 1996 DP - link.springer.com SP - 81 EP - 97 LA - en PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg SN - 978-3-642-64692-8 978-3-642-61094-3 UR - http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-61094-3_7 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:01:17 KW - Agriculture KW - Meteorology/Climatology KW - Geoecology/Natural Processes KW - Nature Conservation KW - ecology KW - Environmental Monitoring/Analysis ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on crop yield, nitrogen uptake, carbon and nitrogen balances, as well as soil organic carbon content and dynamics: results from 20 European long-term field experiments of the twenty-first century AU - Körschens, Martin AU - Albert, Erhard AU - Armbruster, Martin AU - Barkusky, Dietmar AU - Baumecker, Michael AU - Behle-Schalk, Lothar AU - Bischoff, Reiner AU - Čergan, Zoran AU - Ellmer, Frank AU - Herbst, Friedhelm AU - Hoffmann, Sandor AU - Hofmann, Bodo AU - Kismanyoky, Tamas AU - Kubat, Jaromir AU - Kunzova, Eva AU - Lopez-Fando, Christina AU - Merbach, Ines AU - Merbach, Wolfgang AU - Pardor, Maria Teresa AU - Rogasik, Jutta AU - Rühlmann, Jörg AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Schulz, Elke AU - Tajnsek, Anton AU - Toth, Zoltan AU - Wegener, Hans AU - Zorn, Wilfried T2 - Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science AB - Assembled results from 20 European long-term experiments (LTE), mainly from the first decade of the twenty-first century, are presented. The included LTEs from 17 sites are the responsibility of institutional members of the International Working Group of Long-term Experiments in the IUSS. Between the sites, average annual temperatures differ between 8.1 and 15.3°C, annual precipitation between 450 and 1400 mm, and soil clay contents between 3 and 31%. On average of 350 yield comparisons, combined mineral and organic fertilization resulted in a 6% yield benefit compared with mineral fertilization alone; in the case of winter wheat, the smallest effect was 3%, the largest effect, seen with potatoes, was 9%. All unfertilized treatments are depleted in soil organic carbon (SOC), varying between 0.36 and 2.06% SOC. The differences in SOC in unfertilized plots compared with the respective plots with combined mineral (NPK) and organic (10 t ha−1 farmyard manure) fertilization range between 0.11 and 0.72%, with an average of 0.3% (corresponding to ∼15 t ha−1). Consequently, the use of arable soils for carbon sequestration is limited and of low relevance and merely depleted soils can temporarily accumulate carbon up to their optimum C content. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1080/03650340.2012.704548 DP - Taylor and Francis+NEJM VL - 59 IS - 8 SP - 1017 EP - 1040 SN - 0365-0340 ST - Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on crop yield, nitrogen uptake, carbon and nitrogen balances, as well as soil organic carbon content and dynamics UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03650340.2012.704548 Y2 - 2013/11/16/03:48:57 ER - TY - JOUR TI - The formation of terrestrial food webs in glacier foreland: Evidence for the pivotal role of decomposer prey and intraguild predation AU - König, Tanja AU - Kaufmann, Rüdiger AU - Scheu, Stefan T2 - Pedobiologia AB - We investigated the structure of invertebrate food webs at three glacier foreland sites of an age of 2–34, ca. 60 and ca. 120 years in the European Alps at 2250–2450 m asl. The trophic structure was investigated by analyzing stable isotope ratios of 15N/14N and 13C/12C. The results suggest that the formation of terrestrial food webs during early primary succession heavily relies on prey out of the decomposer system with Collembola being most important. The diet of decomposers likely is based predominantly on allochthonous humus material blown in by wind and deposited by the retreating glacier. Irrespective of the successional stage the animal community consisted mainly of generalist predators with a number of species occurring at each of the successional stages. The results suggest that terrestrial food web formation is associated with a prolongation of food chains caused mainly by predator species switching their diet to include other predators, i.e. by intraguild predation. This suggests that generalist predators, such as cursorial spiders, carabid beetles, harvestman and centipedes, switch prey and include other predators if these are becoming more abundant, i.e. if ecosystems become more productive. Intraguild predation results in complex food webs with high linkage density which likely affects food web functioning and stability. DA - 2011/03/10/ PY - 2011 DO - 10.1016/j.pedobi.2010.12.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - 147 EP - 152 J2 - Pedobiologia SN - 0031-4056 ST - The formation of terrestrial food webs in glacier foreland UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031405611000047 Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:06:31 KW - stable isotopes KW - Araneae KW - Carabidae KW - Collembola KW - Predators KW - Succession KW - Trophic structure ER - TY - JOUR TI - On the ‘temperature sensitivity’ of soil respiration: Can we use the immeasurable to predict the unknown? AU - Subke, Jens-Arne AU - Bahn, Michael T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - The temperature dependence of soil respiration (RS) is widely used as a key characteristic of soils or organic matter fractions within soils, and in the context of global climatic change is often applied to infer likely responses of RS to warmer future conditions. However, the way in which these temperature dependencies are calculated, interpreted and implemented in ecosystem models requires careful consideration of possible artefacts and assumptions. We argue that more conceptual clarity in the reported relationships is needed to obtain meaningful meta-analyses and better constrained parameters informing ecosystem models. Our critical assessment of common methodologies shows that it is impossible to measure actual temperature response of RS, and that a range of confounding effects creates the observed apparent temperature relations reported in the literature. Thus, any measureable temperature response function will likely fail to predict effects of climate change on Rs. For improving our understanding of RS in changing environments we need a better integration of the relationships between substrate supply and the soil biota, and of their long-term responses to changes in abiotic soil conditions. This is best achieved by experiments combining isotopic techniques and ecosystem manipulations, which allow a disentangling of abiotic and biotic factors underlying the temperature response of soil CO2 efflux. DA - 2010/09// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.026 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 42 IS - 9 SP - 1653 EP - 1656 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 ST - On the ‘temperature sensitivity’ of soil respiration UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071710001999 Y2 - 2013/08/28/13:57:11 KW - soil organic matter KW - Decomposition KW - soil respiration KW - Q10 KW - Belowground carbon allocation KW - Ecosystem modelling KW - Priming effect KW - Rhizosphere KW - Soil CO2 efflux KW - Soil temperature ER - TY - BOOK TI - Soils and societies: perspectives from environmental history A3 - McNeill, J.R. A3 - Winiwarter, V. CY - Isle of Harris, UK DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - White Horse Press SN - 978-1-874267-54-6 1-874267-54-5 1-874267-52-9 978-1-874267-52-2 ST - Soils and societies ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of soil compaction on N2O emission in agricultural soil AU - Sitaula, B.K. AU - Hansen, S. AU - Sitaula, J.I.B. AU - Bakken, L.R. T2 - Chemosphere - Global Change Science AB - We have studied the effect of soil compaction on N2O fluxes in relation to gas diffusion and N fertilization in the field, and N2O release rates in laboratory incubated soil samples. The fertilization and soil compaction field experiment was established in 1985, and the gas fluxes were measured in the period from 1992 to 1994. N2O emission was higher in compacted than in uncompacted soil. This compaction effect was four times higher in the NPK-fertilized treatment compared to the unfertilized one. Soil compaction decreased gas diffusivity and this may have contributed for increased N2O emission. This increased N2O emission due to soil compaction in the field became non-significant after the compacted soil was sieved (2-mm mesh) and N2O emission rates were measured in laboratory incubations. The sieving presumably removed diffusion barriers and increased the oxygen supply compared with that under the soil compaction in field. This reversibility of field compaction effects indicates that the soil compaction does not permanently increase the biological potential for N2O production in the soil. DA - 2000/07/01/ PY - 2000 DO - 10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00040-4 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 2 IS - 3–4 SP - 367 EP - 371 J2 - Chemosphere - Global Change Science SN - 1465-9972 ST - Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465997200000404 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:02:27 KW - Nitrous oxide KW - Compaction KW - Diffusivity KW - Nitrogen fertilizer ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bodenschutzkompetenzen im österreichischen Rechtssystem AU - Raschauer, B. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft A2 - ÖGB DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 VL - 66 SP - 17 EP - 22 SN - 0029-893-X UR - http://archiv.onb.ac.at:1801/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1384613850005~869&locale=de_DE&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/singleViewer.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=10&search_terms=mitteilungen%20bodenkundlichen%20gesellschaft&adjacency=Y&application=DIGITOOL-3&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Sustainable biomass production from forests: lessons from historical experience and challenges for ecological research. AU - Katzensteiner, K. AU - Englisch, M. T2 - Centralblatt für das gesamte Forstwesen AB - Current demands for forest products, in particular for wood based bioenergy, are dramatically rising. At the same time, demands for other functions and services of forest ecosystems are gaining importance. Conflicts may arise with respect to the utilization of soils, as they are a non-renewable resource. The intention of the current paper is to highlight the impacts of forest use and other human activities from a historical perspective. Based on a review, an attempt is made to highlight important aspects of current forest soil research and to identify research gaps with respect to a sustainable management of forest soils. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DP - CABI - CAB Abstracts VL - 124 IS - 3/4 SP - 201 EP - 214 J2 - Centralblatt für das gesamte Forstwesen LA - English ST - Sustainable biomass production from forests DB - CABDirect2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence AU - Tscherko, Dagmar AU - Hammesfahr, Ute AU - Marx, Marie-Claude AU - Kandeler, Ellen T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (Corg, Nt, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G− to a more G+, and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G−, G+/G−). The activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microflora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply. DA - 2004/10// PY - 2004 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.004 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 1685 EP - 1698 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 ST - Enzymes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology and Applications UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071704001944 Y2 - 2013/08/29/09:59:41 KW - Microbial biomass KW - Primary succession KW - Rhizosphere KW - Enzyme activity KW - Fluorogenic substrate KW - Glacier foreland KW - Phospholipid fatty acids KW - Poa alpina KW - Shannon index ER - TY - JOUR TI - Die nutzbare Feldkapazität der mineralischen Böden der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche Österreichs AU - Murer, E. AU - Wagenhofer, Johannes AU - Aigner, Franz AU - Pfeffer, M. T2 - Schriftenreihe des Bundesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 20 SP - 72 EP - 78 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Physical carbon-sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability AU - Bachmann, Jörg AU - Guggenberger, Georg AU - Baumgartl, Thomas AU - Ellerbrock, Ruth H. AU - Urbanek, Emilia AU - Goebel, Marc-O. AU - Kaiser, Klaus AU - Horn, Rainer AU - Fischer, Walter R. T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - The protective impact of aggregation on microbial degradation through separation has been described frequently, especially for biotically formed aggregates. However, to date little information exists on the effects of organic-matter (OM) quantity and OM quality on physical protection, i.e., reduced degradability by microorganisms caused by physical factors. In the present paper, we hypothesize that soil wettability, which is significantly influenced by OM, may act as a key factor for OM stabilization as it controls the microbial accessibility for water, nutrients, and oxygen in three-phase systems like soil. Based on this hypothesis, the first objective is to evaluate new findings on the organization of organo-mineral complexes at the nanoscale as one of the processes creating water-repellent coatings on mineral surfaces. The second objective is to quantify the degree of alteration of coated surfaces with regard to water repellence. We introduce a recently developed trial that combines FTIR spectra with contact-angle data as the link between chemical composition of OM and the physical wetting behavior of soil particles. In addition to characterizing the wetting properties of OM coatings, we discuss the implications of water-repellent surfaces for different physical protection mechanisms of OM. For typical minerals, the OM loading on mineral surfaces is patchy, whereas OM forms nanoscaled micro-aggregates together with metal oxides and hydroxides and with layered clay minerals. Such small aggregates may efficiently stabilize OM against microbial decomposition. However, despite the patchy structure of OM coating, we observed a relation between the chemical composition of OM and wettability. A higher hydrophobicity of the OM appears to stabilize the organic C in soil, either caused by a specific reduced biodegradability of OM or indirectly caused by increased aggregate stability. In partly saturated nonaggregated soil, the specific distribution of the pore water appears to further affect the mineralization of OM as a function of wettability. We conclude that the wettability of OM, quantified by the contact angle, links the chemical structure of OM with a bundle of physical soil properties and that reduced wettability results in the stabilization of OM in soils. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200700054 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 171 IS - 1 SP - 14 EP - 26 LA - en SN - 1522-2624 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.200700054/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/27/13:29:33 KW - soil respiration KW - aggregate strength KW - C sequestration KW - contact angle KW - nanoscaled micro-aggregates KW - physical protection KW - sorption KW - wettability ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ecology and Management of Forest Soils AU - Fisher, Richard F. AU - Binkley, Dan AB - Forest soils are the foundation of the entire forest ecosystem. Not only do soil fungi and bacteria decompose dead plant material, recycling their nutrients, forest soils are also key to protecting water quality. Yet forest soils are fragile, and understanding their unique properties is essential to preserving forest ecology. This revised and updated Third Edition details the distinctive features of forest soils--the factors that set them apart from other types of soils--with an international perspective that includes a discussion of the tropical rainforest soils of Latin America and the boreal forest soils of Siberia. Separate chapters discuss the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of forest soils as well as soil organic matter, roots, and biogeochemistry. The book also touches on the practical management aspects such as nutrition management, site preparation techniques, soils for nursery and seed orchard operation, soil acidity, and techniques for sustaining and improving long-term soil productivity. DA - 2000/03/07/ PY - 2000 DP - Google Books SP - 520 LA - en PB - John Wiley & Sons SN - 978-0-471-19426-2 L2 - http://books.google.com.my/books?id=SAbMIJ_O8dMC KW - Nature / Plants / Trees KW - Technology & Engineering / Agriculture / Forestry ER - TY - JOUR TI - Interactions between above- and belowground organisms modified in climate change experiments AU - Stevnbak, Karen AU - Scherber, Christoph AU - Gladbach, David J. AU - Beier, Claus AU - Mikkelsen, Teis N. AU - Christensen, Søren T2 - Nature Climate Change AB - Climate change has been shown to affect ecosystem process rates and community composition, with direct and indirect effects on belowground food webs. In particular, altered rates of herbivory under future climate can be expected to influence above–belowground interactions. Here, we use a multifactor, field-scale climate change experiment and independently manipulate atmospheric CO2 concentration, air and soil temperature and drought in all combinations since 2005. We show that changes in these factors modify the interaction between above- and belowground organisms. We use an insect herbivore to experimentally increase aboveground herbivory in grass phytometers exposed to all eight combinations of climate change factors for three years. Aboveground herbivory increased the abundance of belowground protozoans, microbial growth and microbial nitrogen availability. Increased CO2 modified these links through a reduction in herbivory and cascading effects through the soil food web. Interactions between CO2, drought and warming can affect belowground protozoan abundance. Our findings imply that climate change affects aboveground–belowground interactions through changes in nutrient availability. DA - 2012/11// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1038/nclimate1544 DP - www.nature.com VL - 2 IS - 11 SP - 805 EP - 808 J2 - Nature Clim. Change LA - en SN - 1758-678X UR - http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v2/n11/full/nclimate1544.html Y2 - 2013/08/28/13:54:45 KW - ecology KW - Biodiversity and ecosystems KW - biology KW - Biological sciences KW - Biogeochemistry and geochemistry ER - TY - JOUR TI - In situ carbon turnover dynamics and the role of soil microorganisms therein: a climate warming study in an Alpine ecosystem AU - Djukic, Ika AU - Zehetner, Franz AU - Watzinger, Andrea AU - Horacek, Micha AU - Gerzabek, Martin H T2 - FEMS microbiology ecology AB - Litter decomposition represents one of the largest fluxes in the global terrestrial carbon cycle. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the factors governing decomposition in alpine ecosystems and how their responses to changing environmental conditions change over time. Our study area stretches over an elevation gradient of 1000 m on the Hochschwab massif in the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria. We used high-to-low elevation soil translocation to simulate the combined effects of changing climatic conditions, shifting vegetation zones, and altered snow cover regimes. In original and translocated soils, we conducted in situ decomposition experiments with maize litter and studied carbon turnover dynamics as well as temporal response patterns of the pathways of carbon during microbial decomposition over a 2-year incubation period. A simulated mean annual soil warming (through down-slope translocation) of 1.5 and 2.7 °C, respectively, resulted in a significantly accelerated turnover of added maize carbon. Changes in substrate quantity and quality in the course of the decomposition appeared to have less influence on the microbial community composition and its substrate utilization than the prevailing environmental/site conditions, to which the microbial community adapted quickly upon change. In general, microbial community composition and function significantly affected substrate decomposition rates only in the later stage of decomposition when the differentiation in substrate use among the microbial groups became more evident. Our study demonstrated that rising temperatures in alpine ecosystems may accelerate decomposition of litter carbon and also lead to a rapid adaptation of the microbial communities to the new environmental conditions. DA - 2013/01// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01449.x DP - NCBI PubMed VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 124 J2 - FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. LA - eng SN - 1574-6941 ST - In situ carbon turnover dynamics and the role of soil microorganisms therein ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil erosion from sugar beet in Central Europe in response to climate change induced seasonal precipitation variations AU - Scholz, Gerald AU - Quinton, John N. AU - Strauss, Peter T2 - CATENA AB - This study estimates the implications of projected seasonal variations in rainfall quantities caused by climate change for water erosion rates by means of a modeling case study on sugar beet cultivation in the Central European region of Upper-Austria. A modified version of the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion model was used to assess soil losses in one conventional and three conservation tillage systems. The model was employed to a climatic reference scenario (1960–89) and a climate change scenario (2070–99). Data on precipitation changes for the 2070–99 scenario were based on the IPCC SRES A2 emission scenario as simulated by the regional climate model HadRM3H. Weather data in daily time-steps, for both scenarios, were generated by the stochastic weather generator LARS WG 3.0. The HadRM3H climate change simulation did not show any significant differences in annual precipitation totals, but strong seasonal shifts of rainfall amounts between 10 and 14% were apparent. This intra-annual precipitation change resulted in a net-decrease of rainfall amounts in erosion sensitive months and an overall increase of rainfall in a period, in which the considered agricultural area proved to be less prone to erosion. The predicted annual average soil losses under climate change declined in all tillage systems by 11 to 24%, which is inside the margins of uncertainty typically attached to climate change impact studies. Annual soil erosion rates in the conventional tillage system exceeded 10 t ha− 1 a− 1 in both climate scenarios. Compared to these unsustainably high soil losses the conservation tillage systems show reduced soil erosion rates by between 49 and 87%. The study highlights the importance of seasonal changes in climatic parameters for the discussion about the impacts of global climate change on future soil erosion rates in Central Europe. The results also indicate the high potential of adaptive land-use management for climate change response strategies in the agricultural sector. DA - 2008/01/01/ PY - 2008 DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2007.04.005 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 91 EP - 105 J2 - CATENA SN - 0341-8162 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181620700063X Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:12:47 KW - Climate change KW - Precipitation KW - Conservation agriculture KW - Erosion modelling KW - soil erosion KW - Sugar beet ER - TY - JOUR TI - The hydrological impact of the mediterranean forest: a review of French research AU - Cosandey, Claude AU - Andréassian, Vazken AU - Martin, Claude AU - Didon-Lescot, J.F. AU - Lavabre, Jacques AU - Folton, Nathalie AU - Mathys, Nicolle AU - Richard, Didier T2 - Journal of Hydrology AB - Forest hydrology studies carried out in France have focused mainly on the Mediterranean part of the country. Three experimental catchment groups exist and have been monitored over a long period. Some forested catchments (Draix catchment) underwent no change during the study period, while others experienced either clear cutting (Lozère catchment) or forest fires (part of the Réal Collobrier catchments). In each case studied, the behaviour of the forested catchment was compared to that of a control catchment. Included with the experimental catchment studies are the results of research with a fundamentally different approach. The research is based on a statistical study of the interrelated development of afforestation rates and runoff characteristics for average-sized catchments (around 100 km2) in that part of the southern French Massif Central which is subject to Mediterranean rainfall conditions. The results differ considerably from one site to another, indicating the degree of complexity of the rainfall/runoff relationship. An increase in extreme flood events due to forest disturbance could by no means be confirmed in every case. A closer look at the hydrological behaviour of the catchments cleared up the apparent inconsistencies. It is mainly the contrast between bare soil and vegetated soil, rather than between forest and other types of vegetation witch is relevant in explaining the hydrological behaviour. DA - 2005/01/20/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.040 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 301 IS - 1–4 SP - 235 EP - 249 J2 - Journal of Hydrology SN - 0022-1694 ST - The hydrological impact of the mediterranean forest UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169404003257 Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - Floods KW - Annual discharge KW - Forest hydrology KW - Mediterranean climate ER - TY - CHAP TI - Subsurface Stormflow from Forested Slopes AU - Whipkey, R.Z. T2 - Measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils A2 - ASAE - Drainage Research Committee DA - 1962/// PY - 1962 DP - Google Books SP - 74 EP - 85 LA - en PB - American Society of Agricultural Engineers KW - Drainage KW - Hydraulic engineering KW - Pumping machinery KW - Soil percolation KW - Soil Permeability ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organisms and global climate change AU - Pritchard, S. G. T2 - Plant Pathology AB - Climate changes will influence soil organisms both directly (warming) and indirectly (warming and elevated CO2) via changes in quantity and quality of plant-mediated soil C inputs. Elevated atmospheric CO2 commonly stimulates flow of organic C into the soil system, increases root production and exudation, but decreases litter quality. There is little evidence that atmospheric CO2 enrichment will increase total soil organic matter content because greater C flow into soil stimulates the soil food web, often leading to equivalent increases in soil CO2 efflux. Effects of warming on C allocation belowground, on the other hand, will depend largely on the temperature optima of different plant species. Warming is likely to increase the rate of soil organic matter decomposition by stimulating soil heterotrophic respiration, although some degree of acclimatization to warming is likely. Mycorrhizal and N2-fixing relationships are generally enhanced by CO2 enrichment, but effects of warming are highly variable. Data suggest that energy flow through fungal pathways may be enhanced relative to bacterial pathways by both warming and atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Whether the shift toward fungal domination of soils will increase soilborne fungal disease occurrence in the future is still an open question. Plant heat and drought tolerance, along with resistance to pathogens in warmer and wetter soils, may be achieved, to some unknown extent, by exploitation and management of beneficial soil organisms. Further study is needed to develop a more holistic understanding of the effects of climate change on belowground processes. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02405.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 99 LA - en SN - 1365-3059 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02405.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:22:28 KW - global warming KW - biocontrol KW - elevated CO2 KW - fungal ecology KW - soil food web KW - soilborne pathogens ER - TY - JOUR TI - Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bodenbearbeitung auf Oberflächenabfluss, Bodenabtrag sowie auf Nährstoff- und Pestizidausträge AU - Klik, A. T2 - Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 DP - cat.inist.fr VL - 55 IS - 5-6 SP - 89 EP - 96 LA - ger SN - 0945-358X UR - http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14918378 Y2 - 2013/08/29/16:02:54 ER - TY - JOUR TI - BioSoil - das europäische Waldboden-Monitoring AU - Mutsch, F. AU - Leitgeb, E. T2 - BFW Praxisinformation A2 - Lackner, Ch. A2 - Neumann, M. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 VL - 20 SP - 13 EP - 15 SN - 1815-3895 UR - http://bfw.ac.at/030/pdf/1818_pi20.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - How are soil use and management reflected by soil organic matter characteristics: a spectroscopic approach AU - Gerzabek, M. H. AU - Antil, R. S. AU - Kögel-Knabner, I. AU - Knicker, H. AU - Kirchmann, H. AU - Haberhauer, G. T2 - European Journal of Soil Science AB - We studied the quantitative and qualitative changes of soil organic matter (SOM) due to different land uses (arable versus grassland) and treatments (organic manure and mineral fertilizer) within an agricultural crop rotation in a long-term field experiment, conducted since 1956 at Ultuna, Sweden, on a Eutric Cambisol. The organic carbon (OC) content of the grassland plot was 1.8 times greater than that of the similarly fertilized Ca(NO3)2 treated cropped plots. The comparison of two dispersion techniques (a low-energy sonication and a chemical dispersion which yield inherent soil aggregates) showed that increasing OC contents of the silt-sized fractions were not matched by a linear increase of silt-sized aggregates. This indicated saturation of the aggregates with OC and a limited capacity of particles to protect OC physically. Thermogravimetric analyses suggested an increase of free organic matter with increasing OC contents. Transmission FT-IR spectroscopy showed relative enrichment of carboxylic, aromatic, CH and NH groups in plots with increasing OC contents. The silt-sized fractions contained the largest SOM pool and, as revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy, were qualitatively more influenced by the plant residue versus manure input than the clay fractions. Alkyl and O-alkyl C in the silt-sized fractions amounted to 57.4% of organic carbon in the animal manure treated plots and 50–53% in the other treatments. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00794.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 485 EP - 494 LA - en SN - 1365-2389 ST - How are soil use and management reflected by soil organic matter characteristics UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00794.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:38:05 ER - TY - CHAP TI - The Nitrogen Cycle: Implications for Management, Soil Health, and Climate Change AU - Bijay-Singh T2 - Soil Health and Climate Change A2 - Singh, Bhupinder Pal A2 - Cowie, Annette L. A2 - Chan, K. Yin T3 - Soil Biology AB - It is estimated that around 170 Tg N year−1 of reactive nitrogen (N) is produced on a global basis by industry, fossil fuel burning, and biological N fixation. It is applied to land both deliberately to help produce enough food and fiber, and indirectly via atmospheric deposition as pollution. These human interventions to the N cycle, which is naturally highly conservative to loss pathways, are contributing to climate change effects, for example, by enhancing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Nitrogen-driven carbon (C) storage through increased plant growth in non-forested or agricultural systems may be modest, but increased N deposition has been shown to substantially increase carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by certain forests. Climate change drivers such as elevated CO2 and temperature can further influence the terrestrial C and N cycling and alter soil N availability, which constrains the CO2 sink capacity of earth’s biosphere. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic drivers on the terrestrial N cycle with implications for soil health and climate change. Consequences of changes in soil health parameters such as N availability, carbon sequestration, and acidification in relation to managing fertilizer N use in agro-ecosystems with the aim of increasing productivity but reducing greenhouse gas emissions have been discussed. CY - Berlin Heidelberg DA - 2011/01/01/ PY - 2011 DP - link.springer.com SP - 107 EP - 129 LA - en PB - Springer SN - 978-3-642-20255-1 978-3-642-20256-8 ST - The Nitrogen Cycle UR - http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-20256-8_6 Y2 - 2013/08/27/13:35:12 KW - Climate change KW - Agriculture KW - Soil Science & Conservation ER - TY - THES TI - Modellierung des Kohlenstoffhaushaltes in Ackerböden auf der Grundlage bodenstrukturabhängiger Umsatzprozesse AU - Kuka, Katrin DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 SP - 205 PB - UFZ-Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle UR - http://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/29201_ufzdiss_18_2005.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil respiration under climate change: prolonged summer drought offsets soil warming effects AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - Wunderlich, Steve AU - Borken, Werner AU - Kitzler, Barbara AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Climate change may considerably impact the carbon (C) dynamics and C stocks of forest soils. To assess the combined effects of warming and reduced precipitation on soil CO2 efflux, we conducted a two-way factorial manipulation experiment (4 °C soil warming + throughfall exclusion) in a temperate spruce forest from 2008 until 2010. Soil was warmed by heating cables throughout the growing seasons. Soil drought was simulated by throughfall exclusions with three 100 m2 roofs during 25 days in July/August 2008 and 2009. Soil warming permanently increased the CO2 efflux from soil, whereas throughfall exclusion led to a sharp decrease in soil CO2 efflux (45% and 50% reduction during roof installation in 2008 and 2009, respectively). In 2008, CO2 efflux did not recover after natural rewetting and remained lowered until autumn. In 2009, CO2 efflux recovered shortly after rewetting, but relapsed again for several weeks. Drought offset the increase in soil CO2 efflux by warming in 2008 (growing season CO2 efflux in t C ha−1: control: 7.1 ± 1.0; warmed: 9.5 ± 1.7; warmed + roof: 7.4 ± 0.3; roof: 5.9 ± 0.4) and in 2009 (control: 7.6 ± 0.8; warmed + roof: 8.3 ± 1.0). Throughfall exclusion mainly affected the organic layer and the top 5 cm of the mineral soil. Radiocarbon data suggest that heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration were affected to the same extent by soil warming and drying. Microbial biomass in the mineral soil (0–5 cm) was not affected by the treatments. Our results suggest that warming causes significant C losses from the soil as long as precipitation patterns remain steady at our site. If summer droughts become more severe in the future, warming induced C losses will likely be offset by reduced soil CO2 efflux during and after summer drought. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02696.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 2270 EP - 2279 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 ST - Soil respiration under climate change UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02696.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:15:50 KW - Precipitation KW - soil respiration KW - soil warming KW - 14C KW - Drought KW - roof ER - TY - JOUR TI - Methanogenic activities in alpine soils AU - Wagner, Andreas O. AU - Hofmann, Katrin AU - Prem, Eva AU - Illmer, Paul T2 - Folia Microbiologica DA - 2012/04/17/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1007/s12223-012-0145-2 DP - CrossRef VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 371 EP - 373 SN - 0015-5632, 1874-9356 UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12223-012-0145-2 Y2 - 2013/08/26/14:06:33 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil-carbon preservation through habitat constraints and biological limitations on decomposer activity AU - Ekschmitt, Klemens AU - Kandeler, Ellen AU - Poll, Christian AU - Brune, Andreas AU - Buscot, Francois AU - Friedrich, Michael AU - Gleixner, Gerd AU - Hartmann, Anton AU - Kästner, Matthias AU - Marhan, Sven AU - Miltner, Anja AU - Scheu, Stefan AU - Wolters, Volkmar T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - We review recent experimental results on the role of soil biota in stabilizing or destabilizing soil organic matter (SOM). Specifically, we analyze how the differential substrate utilization of the various decomposer organisms contributes to a decorrelation of chemical stability, residence time, and carbon (C) age of organic substrates.Along soil depth profiles, a mismatch of C allocation and abundance of decomposer organisms is consistently observed, revealing that a relevant proportion of soil C is not subjected to efficient decomposition. Results from recent field and laboratory experiments suggest that (1) bacterial utilization of labile carbon compounds is limited by short-distance transport processes and, therefore, can take place deep in the soil under conditions of effective local diffusion or convection. In contrast, (2) fungal utilization of phenolic substrates, including lignin, appears to be restricted to the upper soil layer due to the requirement for oxygen of the enzymatic reaction involved. (3) Carbon of any age is utilized by soil microorganisms, and microbial C is recycled in the microbial food web. Due to stoichiometric requirements of their metabolism, (4) soil animals tend to reduce the C concentration of SOM disproportionally, until it reaches a threshold level.The reviewed investigations provide new and quantitative evidence that different soil C pools underlie divergent biological constraints of decomposition. The specialization of decomposers towards different substrates and microhabitats leads to a relatively longer persistence of virtually all kinds of organic substrates in the nonpreferred soil spaces. We therefore propose to direct future research explicitly towards such biologically nonpreferred areas where decomposition rates are slow, or where decomposition is frequently interrupted, in order to assess the potential for long-term preservation of C in the soil. DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1002/jpln.200700051 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 171 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 35 LA - en SN - 1522-2624 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.200700051/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - accessibility KW - carbon turnover KW - recalcitrance KW - soil fauna KW - soil microflora ER - TY - JOUR TI - Kohlenstoff in Schweizer Waldböden – bei Klimaerwärmung eine potenzielle CO 2 -Quelle | Soil organic carbon in Swiss forest soils – a potential CO 2 source in a warming climate AU - Hagedorn, Frank AU - Moeri, Ana AU - Walthert, Lorenz AU - Zimmermann, Stephan T2 - Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen DA - 2010/12// PY - 2010 DO - 10.3188/szf.2010.0530 DP - CrossRef VL - 161 IS - 12 SP - 530 EP - 535 SN - 0036-7818 UR - http://szf-jfs.org/doi/abs/10.3188/szf.2010.0530 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:42:01 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Mitteilungen der Kommission an den Rat, das Europäische Parlament, den Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss sowie an den Ausschuss der Regionen – Hin zu einer spezifischen Bodenschutzstrategie AU - Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften CY - Brüssel DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 SP - 41 PB - Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften SN - KOM(2002) 179 endgültig UR - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2002:0179:FIN:DE:PDF Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Ökozonen der Erde: die ökologische Gliederung der Geosphäre AU - Schultz, Jürgen CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - UTB SN - 3-8252-1514-8 978-3-8252-1514-9 3-8001-2695-8 978-3-8001-2695-8 ST - Die Ökozonen der Erde ER - TY - JOUR TI - Which cropland greenhouse gas mitigation options give the greatest benefits in different world regions? Climate and soil-specific predictions from integrated empirical models AU - Hillier, Jonathan AU - Brentrup, Frank AU - Wattenbach, Martin AU - Walter, Christof AU - Garcia-Suarez, Tirma AU - Mila-i-Canals, Llorenç AU - Smith, Pete T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural crop production are nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions resulting from the application of mineral and organic fertilizer, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil carbon losses. Consequently, choice of fertilizer type, optimizing fertilizer application rates and timing, reducing microbial denitrification and improving soil carbon management are focus areas for mitigation. We have integrated separate models derived from global data on fertilizer-induced soil N2O emissions, soil nitrification inhibitors, and the effects of tillage and soil inputs of soil C stocks into a single model to determine optimal mitigation options as a function of soil type, climate, and fertilization rates. After Monte Carlo sampling of input variables, we aggregated the outputs according to climate, soil and fertilizer factors to consider the benefits of several possible emissions mitigation strategies, and identified the most beneficial option for each factor class on a per-hectare basis. The optimal mitigation for each soil-climate-region was then mapped to propose geographically specific optimal GHG mitigation strategies for crops with varying N requirements. The use of empirical models reduces the requirements for validation (as they are calibrated on globally or continentally observed phenomena). However, as they are relatively simple in structure, they may not be applicable for accurate site-specific prediction of GHG emissions. The value of this modelling approach is for initial screening and ranking of potential agricultural mitigation options and to explore the potential impact of regional agricultural GHG abatement policies. Given the clear association between management practice and crop productivity, it is essential to incorporate characterization of the yield effect on a given crop before recommending any mitigation practice. DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02671.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 1880 EP - 1894 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 ST - Which cropland greenhouse gas mitigation options give the greatest benefits in different world regions? UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02671.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:52:04 KW - tillage KW - climate KW - Agriculture KW - modelling KW - soil carbon KW - fertilizer KW - greenhouse gas KW - mitigation KW - Nitrous oxide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential for carbon sequestration in European soils: preliminary estimates for five scenarios using results from long-term experiments AU - Smith, Pete AU - Powlson, David AU - Glendining, Margaret AU - Smith, Jo T2 - Global Change Biology AB - One of the main options for carbon mitigation identified by the IPCC is the sequestration of carbon in soils. In this paper we use statistical relationships derived from European long-term experiments to explore the potential for carbon sequestration in soils in the European Union. We examine five scenarios, namely (a) the amendment of arable soils with animal manure, (b) the amendment of arable soils with sewage sludge, (c) the incorporation of cereal straw into the soils in which it was grown, (d) the afforestation of surplus arable land through natural woodland regeneration, and (e) extensification of agriculture through ley-arable farming. Our calculations suggest only limited potential to increase soil carbon stocks over the next century by addition of animal manure, sewage sludge or straw ( 15 Tg C y–1), but greater potential through extensification of agriculture (≈ 40 Tg C y–1) or through the afforestation of surplus arable land (≈ 50 Tg C y–1). We estimate that extensification could increase the total soil carbon stock of the European Union by 17%. Afforestation of 30% of present arable land would increase soil carbon stocks by about 8% over a century and would substitute up to 30 Tg C y–1 of fossil fuel carbon if the wood were used as biofuel. However, even the afforestation scenario, with the greatest potential for carbon mitigation, can sequester only 0.8% of annual global anthropogenic CO2-carbon. Our figures suggest that, although efforts in temperate agriculture can contribute to global carbon mitigation, the potential is small compared to that available through reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions by halting tropical and sub-tropical deforestation or by reducing fossil fuel burning. DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00055.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 67 EP - 79 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 ST - Potential for carbon sequestration in European soils UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00055.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:00:39 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Temperature sensitivity of forest soil organic matter decomposition along two elevation gradients AU - Schindlbacher, Andreas AU - de Gonzalo, Carlos AU - Díaz-Pinés, Eugenio AU - Gorría, Pilar AU - Matthews, Bradley AU - Inclán, Rosa AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie AU - Rubio, Agustín AU - Jandl, Robert T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences AB - The temperature sensitivity of the soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition along the slopes of mountain forests in Austria and Spain was analyzed. High-altitude forest soils store large quantities of organic carbon (C) and are particularly vulnerable to global warming if the decomposition of the SOM is more temperature sensitive than at lower altitude. Mineral soil and O-layer material was incubated in the laboratory at temperatures increasing from 5°C to (20°C) 25°C. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) was determined by fitting different temperature response functions to the measured CO2 efflux. Bulk soil and density fractions were analyzed for organic C and nitrogen (N) contents. C and N stocks along the elevation gradients were estimated. Q10 over the whole incubation temperature range varied between 1.5 and 2.5 but did not show any altitudinal trends for O-layer material and mineral soils along both gradients. Besides that, Q10 generally increased with decreasing soil temperatures. SOM decomposition at higher elevation forests will be more responsive to global warming because it will be affected in a more sensitive (cooler) temperature range compared to lower elevation sites. This effect was modeled by the Lloyd and Taylor function and Gaussian but not by the frequently used exponential temperature function. Both soil C and N contents increased with increasing altitude. Density fractionation showed deviating altitudinal C and N patterns of labile and recalcitrant SOM pools along the Spanish gradient. Soil C stocks along both gradients did not resemble the trend in C contents and were determined by other site-specific factors. This, and significantly low C and N contents and stocks of a site that was used as a forest pasture, indicates that both forest management and land use can play equally important roles in the development of soil C as climatic factors. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1029/2009JG001191 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 115 IS - G3 LA - en SN - 2156-2202 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009JG001191/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:16:38 KW - CO2 KW - altitude KW - soil respiration KW - Q10 KW - density fractionation ER - TY - BOOK TI - Soil Health and Climate Change AU - Singh, Bhupinder Pal AU - Cowie, Annette L. AU - Chan, K. Yin AB - Soil Health and Climate Change presents a comprehensive overview of the concept of soil health, including the significance of key soil attributes and management of soil health in conventional and emerging land use systems in the context of climate change. Starting with a review of the physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil health and their significance for monitoring the impacts of climate change, this book then focuses on describing the role of soil structure, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, respiration and biota in sustaining the basic functions of soil ecosystems, and their anticipated responses to climate change. Further topics include the management of cropping, pastoral, and forestry systems, and rehabilitated mine sites, with a focus on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change impacts. Finally, the opportunities and potential risks of organic farming, biochar and bioenergy systems, and their ability to sustain and even enhance soil health, are discussed. DA - 2011/07/24/ PY - 2011 DP - Google Books SP - 399 LA - en PB - Springer SN - 978-3-642-20256-8 KW - Science / Global Warming & Climate Change KW - Technology & Engineering / Agriculture / Agronomy / Soil Science ER - TY - CONF TI - Einfluss der landwirtschaftlichen Bewirtschaftung und des Reliefs auf den Nährstoffgehalt im Oberboden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Phosphors AU - Bohner, A. AU - Huemer, C. AU - Schaumberger, J. AU - Liebhard, P. C3 - 3. Umweltökologisches Symposium, Lehr- und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft Raumberg-Gumpenstein DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 SP - 91 EP - 100 SN - 978-3-902559-69-2 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Reactive Nitrogen and The World: 200 Years of Change AU - Galloway, James N. AU - Cowling, Ellis B. T2 - AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment DA - 2002/03// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.64 DP - CrossRef VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 64 EP - 71 SN - 0044-7447 ST - Reactive Nitrogen and The World UR - http://pisces.boku.ac.at/han/BOKUsummon/www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.64 Y2 - 2013/08/29/15:33:09 ER - TY - CHAP TI - Bodengefüge AU - Brandstetter, A. AU - Wenzel, W. T2 - Bodenschutz in Österreich A2 - Blum, W.E.H. A2 - Klaghofer, E. A2 - Köchl, A. A2 - Ruckenbauer, P. CY - Wien DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 SP - 46 EP - 54 PB - Bundesamt und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft, Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil compaction and soil management – a review AU - Batey, T. T2 - Soil Use and Management AB - Soil compaction is an important component of the land degradation syndrome which is an issue for soil management throughout the world. It is a long standing phenomenon not only associated with agriculture but also with forest harvesting, amenity land use, pipeline installation, land restoration and wildlife trampling. This review concentrates on the impact of soil compaction on practical soil management issues, an area not previously reviewed. It discusses in the context of the current situation, the causes, identification, effects and alleviation of compaction. The principal causes are when compressive forces derived from wheels, tillage machinery and from the trampling of animals, act on compressible soil. Compact soils can also be found under natural conditions without human or animal involvement. Compaction alters many soil properties and adverse effects are mostly linked to a reduction in permeability to air, water and roots. Many methods can be used to measure the changes. In practical situations, the use of visual and tactile methods directly in the field is recommended. The worst problems tend to occur when root crops and vegetables are harvested from soils at or wetter than field capacity. As discussed by a farmer, the effects on crop uniformity and quality (as well as a reduction in yield) can be marked. By contrast, rendzinas and other calcareous soils growing mainly cereals are comparatively free of compaction problems. The effect of a given level of compaction is related to both weather and climate; where soil moisture deficits are large, a restriction in root depth may have severe effects but the same level of compaction may have a negligible effect where moisture deficits are small. Topsoil compaction in sloping landscapes enhances runoff and may induce erosion particularly along wheeltracks, with consequent off-farm environmental impacts. Indirect effects of compaction include denitrification which is likely to lead to nitrogen deficiency in crops. The effects of heavy tractors and harvesters can to some extent be compensated for by a reduction in tyre pressures although there is concern that deep-seated compaction may occur. Techniques for loosening compaction up to depths of 45 cm are well established but to correct deeper problems presents difficulties. Several authors recommend that monitoring of soil physical conditions, including compaction, should be part of routine soil management. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00236.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 335 EP - 345 LA - en SN - 1475-2743 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00236.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/27/13:31:25 KW - Soil compaction KW - soil management ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ecosystem Properties and Forest Decline in Contrasting Long-Term Chronosequences AU - Wardle, David A. AU - Walker, Lawrence R. AU - Bardgett, Richard D. T2 - Science AB - During succession, ecosystem development occurs; but in the long-term absence of catastrophic disturbance, a decline phase eventually follows. We studied six long-term chronosequences, in Australia, Sweden, Alaska, Hawaii, and New Zealand; for each, the decline phase was associated with a reduction in tree basal area and an increase in the substrate nitrogen–to-phosphorus ratio, indicating increasing phosphorus limitation over time. These changes were often associated with reductions in litter decomposition rates, phosphorus release from litter, and biomass and activity of decomposer microbes. Our findings suggest that the maximal biomass phase reached during succession cannot be maintained in the long-term absence of major disturbance, and that similar patterns of decline occur in forested ecosystems spanning the tropical, temperate, and boreal zones. DA - 2004/07/23/ PY - 2004 DO - 10.1126/science.1098778 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 305 IS - 5683 SP - 509 EP - 513 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5683/509 Y2 - 2013/08/28/13:52:19 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100 AU - Sala, Osvaldo E. AU - Chapin, F. Stuart AU - Ill, Juan AU - Armesto, Juan J. AU - Berlow, Eric AU - Bloomfield, Janine AU - Dirzo, Rodolfo AU - Huber-Sanwald, Elisabeth AU - Huenneke, Laura F. AU - Jackson, Robert B. AU - Kinzig, Ann AU - Leemans, Rik AU - Lodge, David M. AU - Mooney, Harold A. AU - Oesterheld, Martı́n AU - Poff, N. LeRoy AU - Sykes, Martin T. AU - Walker, Brian H. AU - Walker, Marilyn AU - Wall, Diana H. T2 - Science AB - Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change. DA - 2000/10/03/ PY - 2000 DO - 10.1126/science.287.5459.1770 DP - www.sciencemag.org VL - 287 IS - 5459 SP - 1770 EP - 1774 J2 - Science LA - en SN - 0036-8075, 1095-9203 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/287/5459/1770 Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:18:53 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unexpected impacts of climate change on alpine vegetation AU - Cannone, Nicoletta AU - Sgorbati, Sergio AU - Guglielmin, Mauro T2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment AB - The vegetation in a high alpine site of the European Alps experienced changes in area between 1953 and 2003 as a result of climate change. Shrubs showed rapid expansion rates of 5.6% per decade at altitudes between 2400 m and 2500 m. Above 2500 m, vegetation coverage exhibited unexpected patterns of regression associated with increased precipitation and permafrost degradation. As these changes follow a sharp increase in both summer and annual temperatures after 1980, we suggest that vegetation of the alpine (2400–2800 m) and nival (above 2800 m) belts respond in a fast and flexible way, contradicting previous hypotheses that alpine and nival species appear to have a natural inertia and are able to tolerate an increase of 1–2°C in mean air temperature. DA - 2007/09/01/ PY - 2007 DO - 10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[360:UIOCCO]2.0.CO;2 DP - ESA Journals VL - 5 IS - 7 SP - 360 EP - 364 J2 - Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment SN - 1540-9295 UR - http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5%5B360:UIOCCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Y2 - 2013/12/20/13:43:04 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Future rainfall erosivity derived from large-scale climate models — methods and scenarios for a humid region AU - Sauerborn, P AU - Klein, A AU - Botschek, J AU - Skowronek, A T2 - Geoderma AB - The global greenhouse effect is expected not only to increase mean global temperatures, but also to influence characteristics of rainfall. Increased variability of precipitation and a higher amount of erosive rainfall in Middle Europe may also increase soil erosion. In this study the modified Fournier's index is used to derive future rainfall erosivity values by the use of predicted monthly rainfall amounts for elaborating an index in accordance with the universal soil loss equation. The fundamental idea is the significant correlation between this index and the erosivity factor R. Future monthly precipitation data which are required for those calculations were produced by a general circulation model and adjusted to finer scales by expanded downscaling. The results suggest an increase of rainfall erosivity for eight stations in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). DA - 1999/12// PY - 1999 DO - 10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00068-3 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 93 IS - 3–4 SP - 269 EP - 276 J2 - Geoderma SN - 0016-7061 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706199000683 Y2 - 2014/03/25/13:15:45 KW - Greenhouse Effect KW - rainfall erosivity KW - downscaling KW - general circulation models KW - rainfall variability KW - trace gas emission scenario ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing temporal soil carbon changes by means of soil inventories and a simulation model. AU - Jandl, R. AU - Mutsch, F. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Reiter, R. AU - Schindlbacher, A. AU - Ledermann, T. AU - Gschwantner, T. ER - TY - JOUR TI - Wie viel Wasser speichert der Waldboden? Abflussverhalten und Erosion. AU - Markart, G. AU - Kohl, B. T2 - BFW Praxisinformation A2 - Lackner, Ch. A2 - Leitgeb, E. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 IS - 19 SP - 25 EP - 26 UR - http://bfw.ac.at/db/bfwcms.web?dok=8004 Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbance regimes in Europe AU - Seidl, Rupert AU - Schelhaas, Mart-Jan AU - Lexer, Manfred J. T2 - Global Change Biology AB - Natural disturbances like wildfire, windthrow and insect outbreaks are critical drivers of composition, structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. They are strongly climate-sensitive, and are thus likely to be distinctly affected by climatic changes. Observations across Europe show that in recent decades, forest disturbance regimes have intensified markedly, resulting in a strong increase in damage from wind, bark beetles and wildfires. Climate change is frequently hypothesized as the main driving force behind this intensification, but changes in forest structure and composition associated with management activities such as promoting conifers and increasing standing timber volume (i.e. ‘forest change’) also strongly influence susceptibility to disturbances. Here, we show that from 1958 to 2001, forest change contributed in the same order of magnitude as climate change to the increase in disturbance damage in Europe's forests. Climate change was the main driver of the increase in area burnt, while changes in forest extent, structure and composition particularly affected the variation in wind and bark beetle damage. For all three disturbance agents, damage was most severe when conducive weather conditions and increased forest susceptibility coincided. We conclude that a continuing trend towards more disturbance-prone conditions is likely for large parts of Europe's forests, and can have strong detrimental effects on forest carbon storage and other ecosystem services. Understanding the interacting drivers of natural disturbance regimes is thus a prerequisite for climate change mitigation and adaptation in forest ecosystem management. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02452.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 17 IS - 9 SP - 2842 EP - 2852 LA - en SN - 1365-2486 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02452.x/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:11:17 KW - Climate change KW - Forest management KW - bark beetles KW - European forest ecosystems KW - natural disturbance KW - wind KW - Wildfire ER - TY - JOUR TI - Niederschlagsretention und Abflussbildung in alpinen Einzugsgebieten. AU - Markart, G. AU - Klebinder, K. AU - Kohl, B. AU - Sotier, B. T2 - Ingenieurbiologie, Mitteilungsblatt DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 VL - 3 SP - 4 EP - 13 UR - http://www.ingenieurbiologie.ch/site/index.cfm?id_art=49301&&catfile=catalog1Product&vCatPro=1826926&vsprache=DE ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate Warming and the Recent Treeline Shift in the European Alps: The Role of Geomorphological Factors in High-Altitude Sites AU - Leonelli, Giovanni AU - Pelfini, Manuela AU - Morra di Cella, Umberto AU - Garavaglia, Valentina T2 - AMBIO DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 DO - 10.1007/s13280-010-0096-2 DP - CrossRef VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 264 EP - 273 SN - 0044-7447, 1654-7209 ST - Climate Warming and the Recent Treeline Shift in the European Alps UR - http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13280-010-0096-2 Y2 - 2013/11/16/05:21:52 ER - TY - CONF TI - Einfluss einer Nutzungsintensivierung auf Wurzelmasse und Wurzelverteilung im Grünlandboden. AU - Bohner, A. AU - Herndl, M. T2 - 1. Tagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Wurzelforschung C1 - LFZ Raumberg-Gumpenstein C3 - 1. Tagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Wurzelforschung DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 35 EP - 44 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Enhanced top soil carbon stocks under organic farming AU - Gattinger, Andreas AU - Muller, Adrian AU - Haeni, Matthias AU - Skinner, Colin AU - Fliessbach, Andreas AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Mäder, Paul AU - Stolze, Matthias AU - Smith, Pete AU - Scialabba, Nadia El-Hage AU - Niggli, Urs T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences AB - It has been suggested that conversion to organic farming contributes to soil carbon sequestration, but until now a comprehensive quantitative assessment has been lacking. Therefore, datasets from 74 studies from pairwise comparisons of organic vs. nonorganic farming systems were subjected to metaanalysis to identify differences in soil organic carbon (SOC). We found significant differences and higher values for organically farmed soils of 0.18 ± 0.06% points (mean ± 95% confidence interval) for SOC concentrations, 3.50 ± 1.08 Mg C ha−1 for stocks, and 0.45 ± 0.21 Mg C ha−1 y−1 for sequestration rates compared with nonorganic management. Metaregression did not deliver clear results on drivers, but differences in external C inputs and crop rotations seemed important. Restricting the analysis to zero net input organic systems and retaining only the datasets with highest data quality (measured soil bulk densities and external C and N inputs), the mean difference in SOC stocks between the farming systems was still significant (1.98 ± 1.50 Mg C ha−1), whereas the difference in sequestration rates became insignificant (0.07 ± 0.08 Mg C ha−1 y−1). Analyzing zero net input systems for all data without this quality requirement revealed significant, positive differences in SOC concentrations and stocks (0.13 ± 0.09% points and 2.16 ± 1.65 Mg C ha−1, respectively) and insignificant differences for sequestration rates (0.27 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 y−1). The data mainly cover top soil and temperate zones, whereas only few data from tropical regions and subsoil horizons exist. Summarizing, this study shows that organic farming has the potential to accumulate soil carbon. DA - 2012/10/30/ PY - 2012 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1209429109 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 109 IS - 44 SP - 18226 EP - 18231 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/109/44/18226 Y2 - 2014/03/17/12:13:36 L1 - http://www.pnas.org/content/109/44/18226.full.pdf L2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071312 L2 - http://www.pnas.org/content/109/44/18226 KW - Climate change KW - agricultural systems KW - soil quality ER - TY - JOUR TI - Free and protected soil organic carbon dynamics respond differently to abandonment of mountain grassland AU - Meyer, S. AU - Leifeld, J. AU - Bahn, M. AU - Fuhrer, J. T2 - Biogeosciences DA - 2012b PY - 2012b DO - 10.5194/bg-9-853-2012 DP - Copernicus Online Journals VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 853 EP - 865 J2 - Biogeosciences SN - 1726-4189 UR - http://www.biogeosciences.net/9/853/2012/ Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:32:40 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Land-use change in subalpine grassland soils: Effect on particulate organic carbon fractions and aggregation AU - Meyer, Stefanie AU - Leifeld, Jens AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Fuhrer, Jürg T2 - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science AB - Abandonment of mountain grassland often changes vegetation composition and litter quantity and quality, but related effects on labile soil organic matter (SOM) are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of grassland management and abandonment on soil carbon distribution in light (< 1.6 g cm–3) particulate organic matter (POM) and aggregation along a gradient of management intensity including hay meadows, pastures, and abandoned grasslands. The reduction of management intensity is an interregional phenomenon throughout the European Alps. We therefore selected sites from two typical climate regions, namely at Stubai Valley, Austria (MAT: 3°C, MAP: 1097 mm) and Matsch Valley, Italy (MAT: 6.6°C, MAP: 527 mm), to evaluate effects of land-use change in relation to climate. Free water-floatable and free POM (wPOM, fPOM), and an occluded POM fraction (oPOM), were isolated from three water-stable aggregate size classes (2–6.3 mm, 0.25–2 mm, < 0.25 mm) using density fractionation. Aggregate mean weight diameter slightly decreased with decreasing management intensity. In contrast to absolute POM-C, fPOM-C increased in aggregates at both sites with abandonment. Because the oPOM-C was less affected by abandonment, the ratio of oPOM-C : fPOM-C shifted from > 1 to < 1 from meadow to abandoned grassland in aggregates at both sites and thus independent of climate. This suggests that in differently managed mountain grasslands free and occluded POM are functionally different SOM fractions. In bulk soil, the oPOM-C : fPOM-C ratio is better suited as an indicator for the response of SOM to management reduction in subalpine grasslands than the total soil C, absolute or relative POM-C content. DA - 2012a PY - 2012a DO - 10.1002/jpln.201100220 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 175 IS - 3 SP - 401 EP - 409 LA - en SN - 1522-2624 ST - Land-use change in subalpine grassland soils UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.201100220/abstract Y2 - 2013/08/26/16:33:05 KW - particulate organic matter KW - soil carbon KW - abandonment KW - land-use change KW - subalpine grassland ER - TY - RPRT TI - Review of existing information on the interrelation between soil and climate change (CLIMSOL) AU - European Commission DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 212 M3 - Technical Report PB - European Commission SN - 2008-048 UR - http://ec.europa.eu/environment/soil/pdf/climsoil_report_dec_2008.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/15/ N1 -
3
“S
ERVICE CONTRACT
:
R
EVIEW OF EXISTING
INFORMATION ON THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL
AND CLIMATE CHANGE
S.5 - Infos zu Autoren? Wen angeben?
René Schils, Peter Kuikman, Jari Liski, Marcel van
Oijen,
Pete Smith, Jim Webb, Jukka Alm, Zoltan Somogyi, Ja
n van
den Akker, Mike Billett, Bridget Emmett, Chris Evan
s, Marcus
Lindner, Taru Palosuo, Patricia Bellamy, Jukka Alm,
Robert
Jandl and Ronald Hiederer
ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bericht über die Überprüfung der Anwendbarkeit von Modellen zur Beurteilung der Bodenverdichtung. AU - Murer, E. CY - Petzenkirchen DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 M3 - Abschlussbericht, Projekt im Auftrag des Bundesamt für Wasserwirtschaft PB - BAW Bundesamt für Wasserwirtschaft SN - Zahl: 547-383/112/09 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde AU - Blume, Hans-Peter AU - Brümmer, Gerhard W AU - Horn, Rainer AU - Kandeler, Ellen AU - Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid AU - Kretzschmar, Ruben AU - Stahr, Karl AU - Thiele-Bruhn, Sören AU - Welp, Gerhard AU - Wilke, Berndt-Michael AU - Scheffer, Fritz AU - Schachtschabel, Paul CY - Heidelberg DA - 2010b PY - 2010b DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Spektrum Akademischer Verlag SN - 978-3-8274-2251-4 3-8274-2251-5 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Handbuch des Bodenschutzes. Bodenökologie und Bodenbelastung. Vorbeugende und abwehrende Schutzmaßnahmen T2 - Ecomed Biowissenschaften A3 - Blume, Hans-Peter A3 - Horn, R. A3 - Thiele-Bruhn, Sören CY - Weinheim, Germany DA - 2010a PY - 2010a ET - 4., überarb. Aufl. SP - 756 PB - Wiley-VCH SN - 978-3-527-32297-8 ST - Hans-Peter Blume UR - http://www.redcoon.de/K012516760-Blume-Hans-Peter-Handbuch-des-Bodenschutzes_Biologie Y2 - 2013/11/14/08:06:48 ER - TY - GEN TI - Indicators and Assessment of Soil Biodiversity/Soil Ecosystem Functioning for Farmers and Governments. Paper presented at the OECD Expert Meeting on indicators of Soil Erosion and Soil Biodiversity, 25 – 28 March 2003, Rome, Italy. AU - Bunning, Sally AU - Jiménez, Juan J DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 UR - https://community.oecd.org/streamPage.jspa?cwsDb=Soil%20Erosion%20and%20Soil%20Biodiversity%20Indicators&community=2283 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effect of permafrost on the formation of soil organic carbon pools and their physical–chemical properties in the Eastern Swiss Alps AU - Zollinger, Barbara AU - Alewell, Christine AU - Kneisel, Christof AU - Meusburger, Katrin AU - Gärtner, Holger AU - Brandová, Dagmar AU - Ivy-Ochs, Susan AU - Schmidt, Michael W. I. AU - Egli, Markus T2 - CATENA AB - Current climatic conditions and the occurrence of discontinuous and sporadic permafrost in the Alps result in a low turnover rate and therefore accumulation of organic matter (OM) in soils. Alpine soils are thus highly sensitive to global warming that potentially promotes the mineralisation of soil organic matter (SOM). This process might increase the release of CO2 to the atmosphere. Our aim was to investigate the potential effect of permafrost thawing by the analysis of the physical–chemical soil properties of permafrost versus non-permafrost sites. Specifically, we i) quantified the SOM stocks at such sites, ii) characterised SOM and its physical and chemical fractions and iii) estimated the age range of the bulk soil and stable C-fraction (radiocarbon dating). In south-eastern Switzerland, two areas above the timberline and one below the timberline (where isolated permafrost was verified) were investigated in detail. At each site, the experimental set-up consisted in the comparison of nearby soils that were either influenced or not by permafrost. The C-stocks (down to the C horizon or rock surface) did not show a significant difference between permafrost and non-permafrost soils and were in the same range of 10–15 kg/m2 in alpine (grassland) and subalpine (forest) sites. Above the timberline, the bulk SOM showed a distinct higher age at permafrost sites compared to non-permafrost sites. This higher age was even more evident in the stable C-fraction (resistant to an H2O2 treatment), where ages of up to 11 ky in permafrost soils were recorded. The highest age obtained in the stable C-fraction in non-permafrost soils was around 4 ky. Consequently, climatic conditions and the occurrence of discontinuous permafrost resulted in a very low turnover rate of SOM. At the subalpine site, the difference between permafrost and non-permafrost sites was less. At both sites (alpine and subalpine), DRIFT (Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform) was used to determine the functional groups in the bulk soil and in the stable C-fraction. In general, the stable C-fraction had a different composition compared to the bulk SOM at non-permafrost sites; this was mostly not the case at the permafrost sites. This confirms that different decomposition processes occur between permafrost and non-permafrost sites. Furthermore, permafrost sites accumulated more the low-density physical fractions of SOM that are potentially easily degradable. The obtained results suggest that a warmer climate may not necessarily lead to an increased CO2 release from SOM-degradation in permafrost soils compared to non-permafrost soils. High-alpine soils and OM furthermore integrate a multi-facetted response to the past and ongoing surrounding conditions. The melting of permafrost will most likely enhance vegetation growth, which to a certain degree will probably compensate for carbon losses on the long-term. DA - 2013/11// PY - 2013 DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.010 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 110 SP - 70 EP - 85 J2 - CATENA SN - 0341-8162 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816213001495 Y2 - 2014/03/13/10:08:18 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816213001495/pdfft?md5=d19c22d7e5630082d5e627e771baec3b&pid=1-s2.0-S0341816213001495-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816213001495 KW - Alpine soils KW - Climate KW - Radiocarbon dating KW - Stability of soil organic carbon KW - Stocks of soil organic carbon ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential effects of climate change on rainfall erosivity in the Yellow River basin in China. AU - Zhang, G.-H. AU - Nearing, M.A. AU - Liu, B.-Z. T2 - Transactions ASAE DA - 2005/// PY - 2005 VL - 48 SP - 511 EP - 517 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Rapid carbon accretion and organic matter pool stabilization in riverine floodplain soils AU - Zehetner, Franz AU - Lair, Georg J. AU - Gerzabek, Martin H. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles AB - The importance of wetlands in the global C budget has been recognized in recent years, and the high biomass productivity of riverine floodplains is widely acknowledged. However, soil C dynamics in these ecosystems are still poorly understood and rarely quantified. In this study, we quantify organic C accretion and examine changes of organic matter pools across an age gradient of riverine floodplain soils under different land uses in a warm temperate climate. We find rapid C accumulation during the initial 100 years of soil formation, with rates exceeding 100 g m−2 a−1. We show that floodplain land use strongly affects soil C sequestration and organic matter pool allocation and find that the distribution of different soil organic matter pools reaches a steady state within a few decades of soil development. Our results demonstrate that continually rejuvenated soils on riverine floodplains are strong C sinks but also show that intensive cultivation severely compromises their high C sequestration potential. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1029/2009GB003481 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - n/a EP - n/a LA - en SN - 1944-9224 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GB003481/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/13/10:04:44 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1029/2009GB003481/asset/gbc1616.pdf?v=1&t=hspvea5e&s=5ec2b1dc4069563566ad9b6182593f35fc286092 L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GB003481/abstract KW - Land use KW - Carbon sequestration KW - black carbon KW - Fluvisols KW - microbial biomass KW - soil development ER - TY - JOUR TI - Investigations into the distribution and diversity of shallow eroded areas on steep grasslands in Tyrol (Austria) AU - Wiegand, C. AU - Geitner, C. T2 - Erdkunde DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 DO - 10.3112/erdkunde.2013.04.03 VL - 67 IS - 4 SP - 325 EP - 343 UR - http://www.erdkunde.uni-bonn.de/archive/2013-1/investigations-into-the-distribution-and-diversity-of-shallow-eroded-areas-on-steep-grasslands-in-tyrol-austria ER - TY - JOUR TI - Long-term (105 years) variability in rain erosivity as derived from 10-min rainfall depth data for Ukkel (Brussels, Belgium): Implications for assessing soil erosion rates AU - Verstraeten, Gert AU - Poesen, Jean AU - Demarée, Gaston AU - Salles, Christian T2 - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres AB - A 10-min rainfall depth time series recorded at Ukkel, Brussels (Belgium) for the period 1898–2002 was used to calculate a long-term rain erosivity record. The rain erosivity factor (R factor) of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) for the period 1898–2002 equals 871 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1, based on a newly developed rain intensity–kinetic energy equation (I-KE) for central Belgium. This R value is 26% larger compared to the R factor based on the I-KE equation recommended in the RUSLE. No significant monotonic trend in annual R factor could be observed over the entire period, yet a standard normal homogeneity test showed a significantly higher R factor (+31%) for the period 1991–2002 compared to the period 1898–1990. Annual variability in R factor is very high, with a coefficient of variance of 31%. For central Belgium, rain erosivity is highest in the period May–September, which corresponds well with observed soil loss rates and the occurrence of muddy floods. Especially the period May–June is critical with respect to soil erosion. The year-to-year variability in rain erosivity for May–June shows a different temporal pattern than the annual erosivity. No statistically significant increase in rain erosivity for May–June was found, and during the last decade of the twentieth century these values are lower than average. Despite the lack of a significant trend in annual rain erosivity, average 10-year erosion rates calculated with the RUSLE have increased by 24–34% from 1903–1912 to 1993–2002 for major crops grown in central Belgium, solely as a consequence of changing rain erosivity through time. DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DO - 10.1029/2006JD007169 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 111 IS - D22 SP - n/a EP - n/a LA - en SN - 2156-2202 ST - Long-term (105 years) variability in rain erosivity as derived from 10-min rainfall depth data for Ukkel (Brussels, Belgium) UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006JD007169/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/13/10:02:37 L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006JD007169/abstract KW - trend analysis KW - rainfall erosivity KW - long-term ER - TY - JOUR TI - Drought-induced reduction in uptake of recently photosynthesized carbon by springtails and mites in alpine grassland AU - Seeber, Julia AU - Rief, Alexander AU - Richter, Andreas AU - Traugott, Michael AU - Bahn, Michael T2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry AB - We tested whether experimental summer drought affects the transfer of recently photosynthesized carbon from plants to soil mesofauna in a subalpine meadow. From day one after 13CO2 pulse-labelling of the plant canopy, roots, collembolans and mites were enriched in δ13C in control, but not in drought plots. However, as the difference in δ13C between roots and soil animals was not affected by the drought treatment, we conclude that drought affects the tight linkage between photosynthesis and soil mesofauna primarily via functional responses of plants rather than via changes in the mesofauna. DA - 2012/12// PY - 2012 DO - 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.06.009 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 55 SP - 37 EP - 39 J2 - Soil Biology and Biochemistry SN - 0038-0717 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071712002568 Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:55:43 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071712002568/pdfft?md5=04b2ab82468a9b044c2058446263b196&pid=1-s2.0-S0038071712002568-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071712002568 KW - Global change KW - Collembola KW - 13C pulse labelling KW - Acari KW - Belowground herbivory KW - Soil mesofauna ER - TY - CONF TI - Auswirkungen der Klimaänderung auf die Bodenerosion durch Wasser in Bayern bis 2050. AU - Rippel, R. AU - Stumpf, F. T2 - 5. Marktredwitzer Bodenschutztage C1 - Marktredwitz C3 - Tagungsband: Boden und Klima im Wandel DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 SP - 20 EP - 27 UR - http://www.lfl.bayern.de/mam/cms07/schwerpunkte/dateien/klimaaenderung_bodenerosion.pdf Y2 - 2014/03/13/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate extremes and the carbon cycle AU - Reichstein, Markus AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Ciais, Philippe AU - Frank, Dorothea AU - Mahecha, Miguel D. AU - Seneviratne, Sonia I. AU - Zscheischler, Jakob AU - Beer, Christian AU - Buchmann, Nina AU - Frank, David C. AU - Papale, Dario AU - Rammig, Anja AU - Smith, Pete AU - Thonicke, Kirsten AU - van der Velde, Marijn AU - Vicca, Sara AU - Walz, Ariane AU - Wattenbach, Martin T2 - Nature AB - The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to increase global terrestrial carbon uptake. But evidence is mounting that climate extremes such as droughts or storms can lead to a decrease in regional ecosystem carbon stocks and therefore have the potential to negate an expected increase in terrestrial carbon uptake. Here we explore the mechanisms and impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle, and propose a pathway to improve our understanding of present and future impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon budget. DA - 2013/08/15/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1038/nature12350 DP - www.nature.com VL - 500 IS - 7462 SP - 287 EP - 295 J2 - Nature LA - en SN - 0028-0836 UR - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7462/full/nature12350.html Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:48:18 L1 - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7462/pdf/nature12350.pdf L2 - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v500/n7462/full/nature12350.html KW - Biogeochemistry KW - Environmental sciences ER - TY - JOUR TI - Does heavier rain mean a bigger sink? AU - Reay, Dave S. T2 - Nature Reports Climate Change AB - Nature Reports: Climate Change is an online resource from Nature providing in-depth reporting, comment and analysis on climate science and its wider implications for policy, society and the economy. DA - 2007/09// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1038/climate.2007.38 DP - www.nature.com IS - 0709 SP - 54 EP - 56 LA - en UR - http://www.nature.com/climate/2007/0709/full/climate.2007.38.html Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:47:48 L1 - http://www.nature.com/climate/2007/0709/pdf/climate.2007.38.pdf L2 - http://www.nature.com/climate/2007/0709/full/climate.2007.38.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate-induced changes in erosion during the 21st century for eight U.S. locations AU - Pruski, F. F. AU - Nearing, M. A. T2 - Water Resources Research AB - Climate in the United States is expected to change during the 21st century, and soil erosion rates may be expected to change in response to changes in climate for a variety of reasons. This study was undertaken to investigate potential impacts of climate change on soil erosion by water. Erosion at eight locations in the United States was modeled using the Water Erosion Prediction Project model modified to account for the effects of atmospheric CO2 concentrations on plant growth. Simulated climate data from the U.K. Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre HadCM3 Global Circulation Model were used. The results indicated a complex set of interactions between the several factors that affect the erosion process. Direct effects of rainfall increases and decreases to runoff and erosion increases and decreases were observed but were often not dominant. One of the key factors of change in the system was the biomass production. Changes in soil moisture, atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, and solar radiation each impacted the biomass production at differing levels at the eight different sites. Different types of changes occurring at different periods of the year also complicated the response of the system. Overall, these results suggest that where precipitation increases are significant, erosion can be expected to increase. Where precipitation decreases occur, the results may be more complex due largely to interactions of plant biomass, runoff, and erosion, and either increases or decreases in overall erosion may be expected. DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 DO - 10.1029/2001WR000493 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 38 IS - 12 SP - 34 EP - 1–34-11 LA - en SN - 1944-7973 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001WR000493/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:47:09 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1029/2001WR000493/asset/wrcr9086.pdf?v=1&t=hspuroa4&s=f4c72de0d113974b5729a55998c3bd8b1fb37653 L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001WR000493/abstract KW - Climate change KW - Runoff KW - GCM KW - infiltration KW - soil conservation KW - Soil erosion ER - TY - CONF TI - Interactions of understory cover, microsite parameters and tree recruitment along a temporal and spatial disturbance gradient in the Austrian northern limestone. AU - Pröll, G. AU - Katzensteiner, K. T2 - 4th International Congress of the European Soil Science Societies Eurosoil 2012, 2-6 July 2012 C1 - Bari, Italy C3 - Book of Abstracts DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 ER - TY - STAT TI - ÖNORM L 1076 - Bodenfunktionsbewertung AU - ÖNORM DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 M1 - ÖNORM L 1076 UR - http://www.lebensministerium.at/publikationen/land/bodenfunktionsbewert.html Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Potential changes in rainfall erosivity in the U.S. with climate change during the 21st century AU - Nearing, M. A. T2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation AB - ABSTRACT: The erosive power of rainfall can be expected to change as climate changes. Such erosive changes are likely to have significant impacts on local and national soil conservation strategies. This study uses results of climate change scenarios from two coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Models to investigate the possible levels and patterns of change that might be expected over the 21st century. Results of this study suggest the potential for changes in rainfall erosivity across much of the continental United States during the coming century. The magnitude of change (positive or negative) across the country over an 80 year period averaged between 16–58%, depending upon the method used to make the predictions. Some area of the country showed increases and others showed decreases in erosivity. Spatial distributions of calculated erosivity changes indicated areas of both consistency and inconsistency between the two climate models. DA - 2001/01/07/ PY - 2001 DP - www.jswconline.org VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 229 EP - 232 J2 - Journal of Soil and Water Conservation LA - en SN - 0022-4561, 1941-3300 UR - http://www.jswconline.org/content/56/3/229 Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:44:03 L1 - http://www.jswconline.org/content/56/3/229.full.pdf L2 - http://www.jswconline.org/content/56/3/229.abstract ER - TY - JOUR TI - Impact of expected increase in precipitation intensities on soil loss—results of comparative model simulations AU - Michael, A. AU - Schmidt, J. AU - Enke, W. AU - Deutschländer, Th. AU - Malitz, G. T2 - CATENA AB - The impact of the expected climate change on the frequency and extent of soil erosion processes is hardly assessable so far. This is mainly because available models of climate change reliably produce at best mean daily precipitation data, whereas erosion is the result of extreme but short time rainfall and runoff events, normally lasting no longer than a few hours. The frequency and intensity of these extreme rainfall events are expected to increase in some regions, which could lead to increased erosion rates. Mathematical models are able to describe erosion rates under conditions of these extreme events, however, so far prognostic meteorological data necessary for the application of these models are not available. The use of a new method for the projection of meteorological time series and their extremes using global climate simulations [Enke and Spekat, 1997, Enke, 2000, Enke, 2003, Enke et al., 2005 and Enke et al., in press] permits for the first time an approximation of future soil loss. This research is based on simulated, high resolution data for extreme rainfall events in the period of 2031–2050, which reproduces the mean frequency, intensity and duration of future events with high precipitation intensities relevant to erosion within the investigated seasonal period from June to August. The simulations are performed for two exemplary sites in Saxony, based on the EROSION 2D model (Schmidt, J., 1990. A mathematical model to simulate rainfall erosion, Catena, Suppl. 19), which is a process-based soil erosion model for simulating soil erosion and deposition by water on single slopes. Simulated precipitation for the 2031–2050 time period is used to model soil loss, and results are compared to soil loss based on 20 years of measured precipitation from 1981 to 2000. The simulation results allow the impacts of climate change on erosion rates to be quantified by comparing current climate with predicted, future climate. However, expected changes in land use due to changed economic conditions are not taken into account in this analysis. DA - 2005/06/30/ PY - 2005 DO - 10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.002 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 61 IS - 2–3 SP - 155 EP - 164 J2 - CATENA SN - 0341-8162 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181620500041X Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:36:00 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181620500041X/pdfft?md5=2063f7fd43b1822922a1268986270f16&pid=1-s2.0-S034181620500041X-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S034181620500041X KW - Climate change KW - precipitation intensity KW - Soil erosion KW - Soil erosion model ER - TY - CONF TI - Impact of forest disturbance on soil respiration in organic soils on calcareous bedrock. AU - Mayer, M. AU - Katzensteiner, K. T2 - 4th International Congress of the European Soil Science Societies Eurosoil 2012, 2-6 July 2012 C1 - Bari, Italy C3 - Book of Abstracts DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 ER - TY - THES TI - Ein substratorientiertes Boden-Evolutions-Konzept für geschichtete Bodenprofile: Genese und Eigenschaften von lithologisch diskontinuierlichen Böden AU - Lorz, Carsten CY - Berlin [u.a.] DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Borntraeger ST - Relief, Boden, Paläoklima 23 L2 - http://www.amazon.de/substratorientiertes-Boden-Evolutions-Konzept-geschichtete-Bodenprofile-diskontinuierlichen/dp/3443090230 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Organic farming gives no climate change benefit through soil carbon sequestration AU - Leifeld, Jens AU - Angers, Denis A. AU - Chenu, Claire AU - Fuhrer, Jürg AU - Kätterer, Thomas AU - Powlson, David S. T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DA - 2013/12/03/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1220724110 DP - www.pnas.org VL - 110 IS - 11 SP - E984 EP - E984 J2 - PNAS LA - en SN - 0027-8424, 1091-6490 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/110/11/E984 Y2 - 2014/03/13/09:26:15 L1 - http://www.pnas.org/content/110/11/E984.full.pdf L2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23431207 L2 - http://www.pnas.org/content/110/11/E984 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Climate Change 2007: The Physical Scientific Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC AU - IPCC A3 - Houghton, J.T. A3 - Ding, Y. A3 - Griggs, D.J. A3 - Noguer, M. A3 - van der Linden, P.J. A3 - Da, X. A3 - Maskell, K. A3 - Johnson, C.A. CY - Cambridge, U.K. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Cambridge University Press UR - http://www.ipcc.ch Y2 - 2013/11/16/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories AU - IPCC A3 - Eggleston, H. S A3 - National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme A3 - Buendia, L. A3 - Ngara, T. A3 - Tanabe, K. CY - Hayama, Japan DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Institute for Global Environmental Strategies SN - 4-88788-032-4 978-4-88788-032-0 UR - http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.htm Y2 - 2013/09/24/09:41:05 ER - TY - CONF TI - Evaluation of Methods Estimating Humus Erosion after Coarse-Scale Disturbances on a Montane Mixed Forest Site in the Northern Limestone Alps AU - Hollaus, A. AU - Katzensteiner, K. AU - Mansberger, R. T2 - 4th International Congress of the european Soil Science Societies Eurosoil, 2-6 July 2012 A2 - Book of Abstracts C1 - Bari, Italy C3 - Book of Abstracts DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Climate Variation and Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Processes in a Northern Hardwood Forest AU - Groffman, Peter M. AU - Hardy, Janet P. AU - Fisk, Melany C. AU - Fahey, Timothy J. AU - Driscoll, Charles T. T2 - Ecosystems AB - We exploited the natural climate gradient in the northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) to evaluate the effects of climate variation similar to what is predicted to occur with global warming over the next 50–100 years for northeastern North America on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycle processes. Our objectives were to (1) characterize differences in soil temperature, moisture and frost associated with elevation at the HBEF and (2) evaluate variation in total soil (TSR) and microbial respiration, N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, nitrous oxide (N2O) flux, and methane (CH4) uptake along this gradient. Low elevation sites were consistently warmer (1.5–2.5°C) and drier than high elevation sites. Despite higher temperatures, low elevation plots had less snow and more soil frost than high elevation plots. Net N mineralization and nitrification were slower in warmer, low elevation plots, in both summer and winter. In summer, this pattern was driven by lower soil moisture in warmer soils and in winter the pattern was linked to less snow and more soil freezing in warmer soils. These data suggest that N cycling and supply to plants in northern hardwood ecosystems will be reduced in a warmer climate due to changes in both winter and summer conditions. TSR was consistently faster in the warmer, low elevation plots. N cycling processes appeared to be more sensitive to variation in soil moisture induced by climate variation, whereas C cycling processes appeared to be more strongly influenced by temperature. DA - 2009/09/01/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1007/s10021-009-9268-y DP - link.springer.com VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 927 EP - 943 J2 - Ecosystems LA - en SN - 1432-9840, 1435-0629 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-009-9268-y Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:20:54 L1 - http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10021-009-9268-y.pdf L2 - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10021-009-9268-y#page-1 KW - Climate change KW - Ecology KW - Plant Sciences KW - Environmental Management KW - Geoecology/Natural Processes KW - Nature Conservation KW - Zoology KW - nitrification KW - Carbon Dioxide KW - methane KW - mineralization KW - nitrous oxide ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of topography on the spatial distribution of soils: basic considerations on interdependencies and data sources with examples from the Eastern Alps AU - Geitner, Clemens AU - Tusch, Markus AU - Meißl, Gertraud AU - Kringer, Korbinian AU - Wiegand, Christoph T2 - Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues AB - Among all soil-forming factors topography plays a prominent role. Especially in mountainous regions dramatic differences in altitude trigger a multitude of morphodynamic processes which affect soil formation. But neither should indirect topographic effects be ignored. Micro-climatic conditions, the water balance and land use are also significantly codetermined by altitude, aspect and inclination thus verifiably influencing weathering, decomposition and other soil-forming processes.The present paper presents approaches for utilising topographic data to derive soil information and illustrates the potential of new, highly accurate digital terrain models based on LiDAR-data. In addition the most important sources of secondary information regarding soil formation are specified. Morphometric analyses which allow conclusions about water balance and potential morphodynamics are mentioned as well as data on vegetation, land use and quaternary unconsolidated sediments. Most Alpine soils have developed from unconsolidated parent material of various origin and structure. However, in geological maps such units are often only insufficiently differentiated for pedologic, ecologic and hydrologic questions.The effects of topography on the spatial distribution of soils are exemplified for three different topographic units: valley floors, mean-elevation areas and high-elevation areas above the timberline. In each topographic unit topography has a different significance as a soil-forming factor and different relevant interdependencies with other factors. On valley floors, soil formation is dominated by fluvial processes and the water balance in general. In mean-elevation areas, morphodynamic processes during the late-glacial and holocene periods as well as historic land use are most relevant while in regions above the timberline the small-scale variations of micro-climate and vegetation have considerable effects on soil formation.Based on these findings a set of rules could be compiled to reasonably predict the distribution of soils from secondary data sources. Such approaches of "digital soil mapping" are especially valuable in the Alpine region as information on soils is scarce and will become more and more important. Hence, the Protocol on Soil Conservation of the Alpine Convention demands research and monitoring of soils. German Unter den bodenbildenden Faktoren kommt dem Relief eine dominierende Rolle zu. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere in Gebirgsräumen, wo die hohe Reliefenergie eine Vielzahl morphodynamischer Prozesse auslöst, die entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Bodenbildung haben. Auch die indirekten Wirkungen des Reliefs dürfen nicht vernachlässigt werden. So werden beispielsweise durch Höhenlage, Exposition und Neigung das Mikroklima und der lokale Wasserhaushalt, nicht zuletzt aber auch die Landnutzung mit bestimmt, was wiederum Verwitterung, Stoffverlagerung und Humusbildung der Böden maßgeblich beeinflusst.Die vorliegenden Ausführungen zeigen, wie Reliefinformationen für die Ableitung von Bodendaten nutzbar gemacht werden können und welches Potential die seit kurzer Zeit zur Verfügung stehenden, hochauflösenden Geländemodelle, basierend auf LiDAR-Daten, dafür bieten. Zudem werden die wichtigsten Zusatzinformationen in Hinblick auf die Bodenbildung herausgearbeitet. Neben den morphometrischen Analysen, welche auch Aussagen zum Wasserhaushalt und zur potentiellen Morphodynamik ermöglichen, betrifft dies die Vegetation und die Landnutzung sowie differenzierte Informationen über die quartären Lockergesteine. Die weitaus meisten Böden der Alpen haben sich auf Lockermaterial unterschiedlicher Genese und Struktur entwickelt, welches in den geologischen Karten meist jedoch nur unzureichend differenziert ist.An konkreten Beispielen wird der Einfluss des Reliefs auf die räumliche Verteilung der Böden für drei Reliefbereiche – die Tallagen, die mittleren Höhenlagen und die Hochlagen oberhalb der Waldgrenze – auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Geländebefunde aus den Ostalpen erläutert. Dabei zeigtsich nicht nur, dass dem Relief als steuerndem Faktor eine unterschiedlich große Bedeutung in den betrachteten Landschaftseinheiten zukommt, sondern auch, welche zusätzlichen Faktoren für die Bodenentwicklung am relevantesten sind: Für die Tallagen sind dies vor allem die fluviale Dynamik und der Wasserhaushalt, für die mittleren Lagen die spätglaziale und holozäne Morphodynamik sowie die Landnutzungsgeschichte und für die Lagen oberhalb der Waldgrenze die kleinräumig wechselnden Verhält-nisse von Mikroklima und Vegetation.Auf dieser Grundlage aufbauend kann eine Regelbasis entwickelt werden, die plausible, rechnergestützte Ableitungen von Bodeneigenschaften aus Sekundärinformationen ermöglicht. Derartige Ansätze des ,,Digital Soil Mapping" sind gerade für die Alpen zu begrüßen, da Bodeninformationen hier nur sehr begrenzt vorliegen, für unterschiedliche ökologische Fragestellungen aber immer wichtiger werden. Dementsprechend ist die systematische Erhebung von Bodendaten auch in Artikel 19 des Bodenschutzprotokolls der Alpenkonvention gefordert. DA - 2011/06/01/T00:00:00 PY - 2011 DO - 10.1127/0372-8854/2011/0055S3-0055 DP - IngentaConnect VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - 127 EP - 146 J2 - Zeitschrift f??r Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues ST - Effects of topography on the spatial distribution of soils KW - Alps KW - Digital Soil Mapping KW - Digital Terrain Model KW - Soil Forming Factors KW - Soil Information KW - Unconsolidated Sediments ER - TY - JOUR TI - Forstliche Standortkartierung in Österreich. AU - Englisch, M. AU - Kilian, W. AU - Starlinger, F. T2 - Mitteilungen der Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft DA - 2001a PY - 2001a VL - 62 SP - 3 EP - 38 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Landwirtschaft im Klimawandel Auswirkungen und Anpassungsstrategien für die Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Mitteleuropa AU - Eitzinger, Josef AU - Kersebaum, K.C. AU - Formayer, H. CY - Clenze, Germany DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Agrimedia SN - 978-3-86037-378-1 3-86037-378-1 978-3-86263-049-3 3-86263-049-8 L2 - http://www.amazon.de/Landwirtschaft-Klimawandel-Auswirkungen-Anpassungsstrategien-forstwirtschaftlichen/dp/3860373781 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Down to earth: Soil degradation and sustainable development in Europe - A challenge for the 21st century — European Environment Agency (EEA) AU - EEA CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 2000/// PY - 2000 LA - en M3 - Environmental Issue Report PB - EEA SN - 16 ST - Down to earth UR - http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/Environmental_issue_series_16 Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:12:07 L2 - http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/Environmental_issue_series_16 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Environment in the European Union at the Turn of the Century AU - EEA CY - Copenhagen DA - 1999/// PY - 1999 PB - EEA (European Environment Agency) UR - http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/alps-climate-change-and-adaptation-2009 Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Nährstoffflüsse im Ackerbau bei Kompostdüngung im Vergleich mit mineralischer Düngung – Ergebnisse der Lysimeteranlage Lobau. AU - Erhardt, E. AU - Hartl, W. AU - Feichtinger, F. T2 - 10. Gumpensteiner Lysimetertagung DA - 2003//29/30.4 PY - 2003 SP - 6 PB - IKT -Institut für Kulturtechnik UR - http://www.baw-ikt.at/cms/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=79 Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Effects of agronomic practices on the soil carbon storage potential in arable farming in Austria AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Böhm, Karin T2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems AB - According to the Kyoto-Protocol for carbon dioxide mitigation the direct human induced sequestration potential of carbon in agricultural soils may in the future be included for calculating net changes in greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore we used long-term experiments on arable land in Austria differing strongly in climate and soil conditions to explore the effects of agronomic practices on changes in soil organic carbon content. Optimal mineral N fertilizer input increased the carbon stocks on an average to 2.1 t ha−1compared with no N fertilization in a 36 years period. Additional farm yard manure application (10 t ha−1 y−1) enhanced carbon storage to about 5.6 t ha−1 after 21 years. Site-specific influences must be considered. Losses of 2.4 t carbon per ha were caused by additional irrigation of sugar beet and maize in a rotation with cereals in a 21 years period. The incorporation of all crop residues resulted in an increase of 3.4 t ha−1 organic carbon in topsoil after 17 years. In the uppermost soil layer (0–10 cm) minimum and reduced tillage treatment enhanced carbon stocks to about 4.7 t ha−1 and 3.2 t ha−1 compared to conventional soil management within a decade. Based on these results, only a limited soil carbon sequestration potential can be inferred: Manuring and incorporation of crop residues are well-proven practices on arable land and therefore no additional human induced carbon sequestration might be achieved. The adoption of minimum tillage on Phaeozems, Chernozems and Kastanozems could, roughly calculated, result in a supplementary carbon storage of about 0.6% of the entire present annual carbon dioxide emission in Austria. However, the storage of carbon in topsoil means only a mid-term sequestration. By changing practices in short-terms, these amounts of carbon might be a source of additional carbon dioxide in the future. DA - 2001/07/01/ PY - 2001 DO - 10.1023/A:1012607112247 DP - link.springer.com VL - 60 IS - 1-3 SP - 49 EP - 55 J2 - Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems LA - en SN - 1385-1314, 1573-0867 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1012607112247 Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:10:24 L1 - http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1012607112247.pdf L2 - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1012607112247#page-1 KW - Climatic change KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Soil Science & Conservation KW - agricultural practice KW - arable land KW - carbon dioxide emission ER - TY - JOUR TI - The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration by European forests and heathlands AU - de Vries, W. AU - Solberg, S. AU - Dobbertin, M. AU - Sterba, H. AU - Laubhann, D. AU - van Oijen, M. AU - Evans, C. AU - Gundersen, P. AU - Kros, J. AU - Wamelink, G. W. W. AU - Reinds, G. J. AU - Sutton, M. A. T2 - Forest Ecology and Management AB - In this study, we present estimated ranges in carbon (C) sequestration per kg nitrogen (N) addition in above-ground biomass and in soil organic matter for forests and heathlands, based on: (i) empirical relations between spatial patterns of carbon uptake and influencing environmental factors including nitrogen deposition (forests only), (ii) 15N field experiments, (iii) long-term low-dose N fertilizer experiments and (iv) results from ecosystem models. The results of the various studies are in close agreement and show that above-ground accumulation of carbon in forests is generally within the range 15–40 kg C/kg N. For heathlands, a range of 5–15 kg C/kg N has been observed based on low-dose N fertilizer experiments. The uncertainty in C sequestration per kg N addition in soils is larger than for above-ground biomass and varies on average between 5 and 35 kg C/kg N for both forests and heathlands. All together these data indicate a total carbon sequestration range of 5–75 kg C/kg N deposition for forest and heathlands, with a most common range of 20–40 kg C/kg N. Results cannot be extrapolated to systems with very high N inputs, nor to other ecosystems, such as peatlands, where the impact of N is much more variable, and may range from C sequestration to C losses. DA - 2009/09/25/ PY - 2009 DO - 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.034 DP - ScienceDirect VL - 258 IS - 8 SP - 1814 EP - 1823 J2 - Forest Ecology and Management SN - 0378-1127 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112709001479 Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:09:59 L1 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112709001479/pdfft?md5=992a1842476d495476c5351c0f21b2b4&pid=1-s2.0-S0378112709001479-main.pdf L2 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112709001479 KW - C/N ratios KW - Carbon sequestration KW - Deposition KW - Ecosystem production KW - Environmental change KW - Fertilizer experiments KW - Forests KW - Heathlands KW - Nitrogen ER - TY - JOUR TI - Is rainfall erosivity increasing in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula? AU - De Luis, M. AU - González-Hidalgo, J. C. AU - Longares, L. A. T2 - Land Degradation & Development AB - The risk of erosion and desertification is one of the main environmental concerns in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula. Changes in precipitation are expected in Mediterranean areas because of climate change, but predictions are not certain. For this reason, dense precipitation databases are required to explore observed changes in the amount, concentration and variability of precipitation, to gain a clearer understanding of the dynamics involved in the main climatological agent of erosion. For this study, we took the recently developed MOPREDAMES dataset, which includes 1113 complete and homogeneous monthly rainfall series from the Mediterranean fringe of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) covering the period 1951–2000. These were used to calculate and analyse trends in Total Annual Precipitation (Pt), the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) and Modified Fourier Index (MFI). Our results show that, although there were decreases in annual rainfall, increases in the concentration of precipitation also predominated in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula during the period 1951–2000. However, spatial variability of these trends is high, and changes in rainfall erosivity exhibit a complex spatial pattern. Thus, decreases in rainfall erosivity are detected under semiarid conditions (Central Ebro basin and South East IP), while increases mainly occur in dry and sub-humid areas. We present a detailed spatial description of the results and discuss their implication for the risk of erosion and desertification in different regions of the study area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1002/ldr.918 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 139 EP - 144 LA - en SN - 1099-145X UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ldr.918/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:09:39 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/ldr.918/asset/918_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsobuf5w&s=65deb44f6d39d83f61ab3afeb11f3a8d2085ed11 L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ldr.918/abstract KW - Mediterranean Spain KW - Modified Fourier Index KW - Precipitation Concentration Index KW - precipitation trends KW - rainfall erosivity ER - TY - JOUR TI - Assessing changes in rainfall erosivity in Sicily during the twentieth century AU - D’Asaro, F. AU - D'Agostino, L. AU - Bagarello, V. T2 - Hydrological Processes AB - Changes in rainfall erosivity are an expected consequence of climate change. Long-term series of the single storm erosion index, EI, may be analysed to detect trends in rainfall erosivity. An indirect approach has to be applied for estimating EI, given that long series of rainfall intensities are seldom available. In this paper, a method for estimating EI from the corresponding rainfall amount, he, was developed for Sicily. This method was then applied at 17 Sicilian locations, representative of different climatic zones of the region, to generate a long series (i.e. from 1916 to 1999 in most cases) of EI values. Linear and step (step located at 1970) trends in annual and seasonal erosivity were detected by both classical approaches (Mann–Kendall test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum test) and a new empirical approach (quantile approach, QA), based on the determination of the erosivity values corresponding to selected probability levels. A power relationship between EI and he with a space- and time-variable scale factor and a time-variable process parameter yielded the most accurate predictions of EI. However, a simpler model, using a time-variable scale factor and a constant process parameter, yielded reasonably accurate EI estimates. Annual erosivity did not increase in Sicily during the twentieth century. At the most, it decreased at a few locations (three of the 17 considered locations). Significant trends were observed more frequently for winter erosivity (six locations) than for summer erosivity (two locations), suggesting that the erosive storms of winter determined the occasional occurrence of a negative trend in annual erosivity. In general, the QA compared reasonably well with more classical approaches. The QA appears promising since step trends for different return periods may be detected but efforts are needed to statistically formalize the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 DO - 10.1002/hyp.6502 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 21 IS - 21 SP - 2862 EP - 2871 LA - en SN - 1099-1085 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.6502/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:09:17 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/hyp.6502/asset/6502_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsobtyg3&s=f8114540835a72756bcdc833fabf74dc51858ad7 L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.6502/abstract KW - trend analysis KW - rainfall erosivity KW - South Italy ER - TY - RPRT TI - Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC AU - CEC (Commission of the european communities) CY - Brussels DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 PB - Commission of the European Communities (CEC) SN - Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC UR - http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm ER - TY - RPRT TI - Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection AU - CEC (Commission of the european communities) T2 - Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committees of the Region. CY - Brussels DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 M3 - Final communication PB - Commission of the European Communities (CEC) SN - COM(2006)231 final ER - TY - JOUR TI - Trends in the daily intensity of precipitation in Italy from 1951 to 1996 AU - Brunetti, Michele AU - Colacino, Michele AU - Maugeri, Maurizio AU - Nanni, Teresa T2 - International Journal of Climatology AB - An analysis of 67 sites of daily precipitation records over the 1951–1996 period for Italy is presented. Seasonal and yearly total precipitation (TP), number of wet days (WDs) and precipitation intensity (PI) are investigated, and the trends both for the single station records, and for some different area average series are studied. PI is analysed by attributing precipitation to ten class-intervals, removing the influence of variations in the number of WDs to yield changes in the underlying shape of the WD amount distribution. The results show that the trend for the number of WDs in the year is significantly negative throughout Italy, stronger in the north than in the south: this trend is mainly a result of the winter. Moreover, they show that there is a tendency toward an increase in PI. This increase is globally less strong and significant than the decrease in the number of WDs. It is not concentrated in one specific season, but changes from area to area, and is generally weak in winter, due to a significant decrease of winter TP. In northern Italy, the increase in PI is mainly owing to a strong increase in the heaviest events, while in central–southern Italy, it depends on a larger part of the distribution of WD amounts. The analysis of the evolution of the class-interval contributions shows that the positive trend of the heaviest events starts in the 1970s, as does the negative trend of lightest events. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society. DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DO - 10.1002/joc.613 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 299 EP - 316 LA - en SN - 1097-0088 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.613/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:03:04 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/joc.613/asset/613_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsoblyjo&s=2f64ea42c303ff6ceb8a72ebd32feaa3c8cfcd3a L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.613/abstract KW - daily precipitation KW - heavy precipitation events KW - Italy KW - precipitation intensity KW - trend analysis ER - TY - RPRT TI - Forschungsbedarf zu Bodengefährdung und Wasserhaushalt T2 - Workshop "Boden und Wasser" A2 - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - BMLFUW ER - TY - ELEC TI - Digitale Bodenkarte von Österreich eBOD AU - BFW T2 - eBod DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 UR - http://bfw.ac.at/rz/bfwcms2.web?dok=7066 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil respiration across scales: towards an integration of patterns and processes AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Janssens, Ivan A. AU - Reichstein, Markus AU - Smith, Pete AU - Trumbore, Susan E. T2 - New Phytologist DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DO - 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03237.x DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 186 IS - 2 SP - 292 EP - 296 LA - en SN - 1469-8137 ST - Soil respiration across scales UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03237.x/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/12/07:50:50 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03237.x/asset/j.1469-8137.2010.03237.x.pdf?v=1&t=hsob68dq&s=a7f7c90141d46913470141df0af18e09c59ea0c9 L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03237.x/abstract KW - soil biota KW - photosynthesis KW - carbon allocation KW - carbon cycle KW - model–data integration KW - rhizosphere KW - soil CO2 efflux KW - soil organic matter decomposition ER - TY - JOUR TI - Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls? AU - Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus AU - Baggs, Elizabeth M. AU - Dannenmann, Michael AU - Kiese, Ralf AU - Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie T2 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences AB - Although it is well established that soils are the dominating source for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), we are still struggling to fully understand the complexity of the underlying microbial production and consumption processes and the links to biotic (e.g. inter- and intraspecies competition, food webs, plant–microbe interaction) and abiotic (e.g. soil climate, physics and chemistry) factors. Recent work shows that a better understanding of the composition and diversity of the microbial community across a variety of soils in different climates and under different land use, as well as plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, may provide a key to better understand the variability of N2O fluxes at the soil–atmosphere interface. Moreover, recent insights into the regulation of the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2) have increased our understanding of N2O exchange. This improved process understanding, building on the increased use of isotope tracing techniques and metagenomics, needs to go along with improvements in measurement techniques for N2O (and N2) emission in order to obtain robust field and laboratory datasets for different ecosystem types. Advances in both fields are currently used to improve process descriptions in biogeochemical models, which may eventually be used not only to test our current process understanding from the microsite to the field level, but also used as tools for up-scaling emissions to landscapes and regions and to explore feedbacks of soil N2O emissions to changes in environmental conditions, land management and land use. DA - 2013/05/07/ PY - 2013 DO - 10.1098/rstb.2013.0122 DP - rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org VL - 368 IS - 1621 SP - 953 EP - 962 J2 - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B LA - en SN - 0962-8436, 1471-2970 ST - Nitrous oxide emissions from soils UR - http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1621/20130122 Y2 - 2013/08/29/ KW - modelling KW - environmental controls KW - N2O KW - processes ER - TY - RPRT TI - Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change AU - UNFCCC DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 M3 - Protocol SN - UN Doc FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1, Dec. 10, 1997; 37 ILM 22 (1998) UR - http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/background/items/1351.php ER - TY - RPRT TI - Analyse der Ursachen / Prozesswirkungsketten der rezenten Zunahme von Bodenerosionserscheinungen in Einheiten der hochmontanen bis alpinen Stufe an ausgewählten Testgebieten in Westösterreich – EROSTAB - Gebietsvergleich AU - EROSTAB A2 - Florineth, F. A2 - Kammerlander, J. A2 - Kolb, Ch. A2 - Lotter, M. A2 - Markart, G. A2 - Rauch, H.P. A2 - Schaffer, R. A2 - Sotier, B. A2 - Tilch, N. A2 - van den Thannen, M. A2 - Weissteiner, C. DA - 2013a PY - 2013a M3 - unveröffentlichter Projektbericht PB - BMLFUW Lebensministerium ER - TY - RPRT TI - Analyse der Ursachen / Prozesswirkungsketten der rezenten Zunahme von Bodenerosionserscheinungen in Einheiten der hochmontanen bis alpinen Stufe an ausgewählten Testgebieten in Westösterreich – EROSTAB - Handbuch AU - EROSTAB A2 - Florineth, F. A2 - Kammerlander, J. A2 - Kolb, Ch. A2 - Lotter, M. A2 - Markart, G. A2 - Rauch, H.P. A2 - Schaffer, R. A2 - Sotier, B. A2 - Tilch, N. A2 - van den Thannen, M. A2 - Weissteiner, C. DA - 2013b PY - 2013b M3 - unveröffentlichter Projektbericht PB - BMLFUW Lebensministerium ER - TY - MGZN TI - The 'Anthropocene' AU - Crutzen, P.J. AU - Stoermer, E.F. T2 - Global Change Newsletter. The International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP): A Study of Global Change of the International Council for Science (ICSU) DA - 2000/05// PY - 2000 VL - 41 SP - 17 EP - 18 UR - http://www.igbp.net/download/18.316f18321323470177580001401/1376383088452/NL41.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Veränderungen flachgründiger Abtragsflächen auf der Engalm (Karwendel, Tirol) über die Jahre 1960 bis heute. AU - Flöck, G. AU - Geitner, C. AU - Wiegand, C. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft. DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 80 SP - 57 EP - 63 UR - http://oebg.boku.ac.at/files/boa2012.pdf ER - TY - JOUR TI - Ein alpin-nivaler Bodentransekt am Schrankogel (Tirol) – Gradienten und Muster zwischen 2.700 und 3.300 m ü.d.M. AU - Thaler, K. AU - Illmer, P. AU - Gottfried, M. AU - Geitner, C. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 VL - 80 SP - 51 EP - 56 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Moore im Klimawandel. Studie des WWF Österreich, der Österreichischen Bundesforste und des Umweltbundesamtes. AU - Niedermair, M. AU - Platterer, G. AU - Egger, G. AU - Essl, F. AU - Kohler, B. AU - Zika, M. DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 22 LA - Deutsch UR - http://www.oebf.at/uploads/tx_pdforder/Studie_Moore_im_Klimawandel_2010.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/06/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Water resources across Europe — confronting water scarcity and drought AU - European Environment Agency EEA CY - Copenhagen DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 LA - English M3 - EEA Report PB - European Environment Agency (EEA), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (OPOCE) SN - 2 UR - http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/water-resources-across-europe DB - 1725-9177 Y2 - 2013/10/22/ ER - TY - JOUR TI - Qualitätsdüngung bei Weizen: Auf Witterungssituation Rücksicht nehmen. AU - Dersch, G. T2 - Der Pflanzenarzt DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 VL - 5 SP - 24 EP - 25 LA - Deutsch UR - http://www.der-pflanzenarzt.at/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Trees at their Upper Limit: Treelife Limitation at the Alpine Timberline AU - Wieser, Gerhard AU - Tausz, Michael AB - Emerging from decades of intensive research into alpine timberlines, Trees at their Upper Limit presents a complete modern synthesis of current knowledge on the ecophysiology of tree growth and survival on high mountains in Europe. Including chapters on soil properties and the role of mycorrhiza, carbon assimilation and allocation, phytopathogens, and the impact of global change on photooxidative stress, the book builds on Tranquillini??'s landmark 1979 publication, Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline. By combining new techniques and insights with existing core knowledge the authors explore a range of current hypotheses on tree life limitation to promote a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms determining the upper timberline. Amid growing realization that high elevation forests have a crucial role to play in protection against natural hazards, this book represents a timely contribution to the current literature on timberline research. Drawing together more than 25 years of work, this unique book sets a new standard on the ecophysiology of trees growing at the alpine timberline. Edited by field leaders Gerhard Wieser and Michael Tausz, the book will appeal to researchers and advanced students in the fields of botany, ecology and plant ecophysiology, as well as to a wider audience interested in understanding the responses of the timberline ecotone to climatic and demographic change. CY - Dordrecht, The Netherlands DA - 2007/05/15/ PY - 2007 DP - Google Books SP - 241 LA - en PB - Springer SN - 978-1-4020-5074-9 ST - Trees at their Upper Limit KW - Nature / Plants / Trees KW - Science / Life Sciences / Ecology ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region AU - Tarnocai, C. AU - Canadell, J. G. AU - Schuur, E. a. G. AU - Kuhry, P. AU - Mazhitova, G. AU - Zimov, S. T2 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles AB - The Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database was developed in order to determine carbon pools in soils of the northern circumpolar permafrost region. The area of all soils in the northern permafrost region is approximately 18,782 × 103 km2, or approximately 16% of the global soil area. In the northern permafrost region, organic soils (peatlands) and cryoturbated permafrost-affected mineral soils have the highest mean soil organic carbon contents (32.2–69.6 kg m−2). Here we report a new estimate of the carbon pools in soils of the northern permafrost region, including deeper layers and pools not accounted for in previous analyses. Carbon pools were estimated to be 191.29 Pg for the 0–30 cm depth, 495.80 Pg for the 0–100 cm depth, and 1024.00 Pg for the 0–300 cm depth. Our estimate for the first meter of soil alone is about double that reported for this region in previous analyses. Carbon pools in layers deeper than 300 cm were estimated to be 407 Pg in yedoma deposits and 241 Pg in deltaic deposits. In total, the northern permafrost region contains approximately 1672 Pg of organic carbon, of which approximately 1466 Pg, or 88%, occurs in perennially frozen soils and deposits. This 1672 Pg of organic carbon would account for approximately 50% of the estimated global belowground organic carbon pool. DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DO - 10.1029/2008GB003327 DP - Wiley Online Library VL - 23 IS - 2 LA - en SN - 1944-9224 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008GB003327/abstract Y2 - 2014/03/13/10:02:05 L1 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1029/2008GB003327/asset/gbc1590.pdf?v=1&t=hspvavcn&s=a32e9fea70a8c749a912c6954b2f936f4846aa5b L2 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008GB003327/abstract KW - Climate change KW - carbon content KW - carbon pools KW - carbon-climate feedback KW - peatlands KW - permafrost soils ER - TY - BOOK TI - Stadtböden: Entwicklungen, Belastungen, Bewertung und Planung AU - Pietsch, Jürgen AU - Kamieth, Heino CY - Taunusstein, Germany DA - 1991/01// PY - 1991 DP - Google Books SP - 308 LA - de PB - Blottner SN - 978-3-89367-004-8 ST - Stadtböden ER - TY - JOUR TI - Bewertung der Unterbodenverdichtung von Ackerböden im österreichischen Alpenvorland AU - Murer, E. AU - Sisak, I. AU - Baumgarten, A. AU - Strauss, P. T2 - Die Bodenkultur DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 15 UR - http://www.boku.ac.at/20560.html ER - TY - CHAP TI - Bewurzelung von Pflanzen in den verschiedenen Lebensräumen. Spezieller Teil AU - Lichtenegger, E. T2 - Wurzeln. Bewurzelung von Pflanzen in verschiedenen Lebensräumen CY - Linz, Oberösterreich DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 SP - : EP - 55-331 PB - Land Oberösterreich, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum SV - 49 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Precipitation in Italy from 1833 to 1996 AU - Buffoni, L. AU - Maugeri, M. AU - Nanni, T. T2 - Theoretical and Applied Climatology AB - Series of annual and seasonal precipitation from 32 stations, distributed over all Italian territory and divided in two groups climatically homogeneous, were studied for the period 1833–1996. The series were checked for homogeneity and the time series analysis was performed with the Mann Kendall test and its progressive application according to Sneyers (1990). The results show considerably different trends for different seasons and zones. On a yearly basis a decreasing trend is present over all Italy, but it is statistically significant only in the Central-South. On a seasonal basis a decreasing trend is significant only for spring in Central-South, and for autumn in the North. DA - 1999/06/01/ PY - 1999 DO - 10.1007/s007040050089 DP - link.springer.com VL - 63 IS - 1-2 SP - 33 EP - 40 LA - en SN - 0177-798X, 1434-4483 UR - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s007040050089 Y2 - 2014/03/12/08:03:23 L1 - http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs007040050089.pdf L2 - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs007040050089#page-1 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Soil Respiration in European Grasslands in Relation to Climate and Assimilate Supply AU - Bahn, Michael AU - Rodeghiero, Mirco AU - Anderson-Dunn, Margaret AU - Dore, Sabina AU - Gimeno, Cristina AU - Drosler, Matthias AU - Williams, Michael AU - Ammann, Christof AU - Berninger, Frank AU - Flechard, Chris AU - Jones, Stephanie AU - Balzarolo, Manuela AU - Kumar, Suresh AU - Newesely, Christian AU - Priwitzer, Tibor AU - Raschi, Antonio AU - Siegwolf, Rolf AU - Susiluoto, Sanna AU - Tenhunen, John AU - Wohlfahrt, Georg AU - Cernusca, Alexander T2 - Ecosystems (New York, N.Y.) AB - Soil respiration constitutes the second largest flux of carbon (C) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. This study provides a synthesis of soil respiration (Rs) in 20 European grasslands across a climatic transect, including ten meadows, eight pastures and two unmanaged grasslands. Maximum rates of Rs (Rsmax), Rs at a reference soil temperature (10°C; Rs10) and annual Rs (estimated for 13 sites) ranged from 1.9 to 15.9 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1, 0.3 to 5.5 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 and 58 to 1988 g C m−2 y−1, respectively. Values obtained for Central European mountain meadows are amongst the highest so far reported for any type of ecosystem. Across all sites Rsmax was closely related to Rs10., Assimilate supply affected Rs at timescales from daily (but not necessarily diurnal) to annual. Reductions of assimilate supply by removal of aboveground biomass through grazing and cutting resulted in a rapid and a significant decrease of Rs. Temperature-independent seasonal fluctuations of Rs of an intensively managed pasture were closely related to changes in leaf area index (LAI). Across sites Rs10 increased with mean annual soil temperature (MAT), LAI and gross primary productivity (GPP), indicating that assimilate supply overrides potential acclimation to prevailing temperatures. Also annual Rs was closely related to LAI and GPP. Because the latter two parameters were coupled to MAT, temperature was a suitable surrogate for deriving estimates of annual Rs across the grasslands studied. These findings contribute to our understanding of regional patterns of soil C fluxes and highlight the importance of assimilate supply for soil CO2 emissions at various timescales. DA - 2008/12// PY - 2008 DO - 10.1007/s10021-008-9198-0 DP - PubMed Central VL - 11 IS - 8 SP - 1352 EP - 1367 J2 - Ecosystems SN - 1432-9840 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950939/ Y2 - 2014/03/12/07:50:16 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950939/pdf/ukmss-31234.pdf L2 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2950939/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Hydrologischer Atlas Österreichs AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 PB - Österreichischer Kunst- und Kulturverlag SN - 978-3-85437-250-9 UR - http://www.kunstundkulturverlag.at/010_Seiten/Vertikal_Menue/010_Buecher/00_B/BundesM_Hydrol_Atlas.html Y2 - 2013/11/14/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Böden der Welt AU - Zech, Wolfgang AU - Hintermaier-Erhard, Gerd CY - Berling, Heidelberg DA - 2002/// PY - 2002 PB - Springer Spektrum SN - 3-8274-1348-6 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Die Ostalpen in den Eiszeiten AU - Van Husen, Dirk CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 1987/// PY - 1987 PB - Geologische Bundesantalt SN - 3-900312-58-3 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Alpine timberline dynamics in the Southern Urals (Russia) AU - Van der Meer, M. AU - Hagedorn, F. AU - Schweingruber, F.H. AU - Rigling, A. AU - Moiseev, P.A. T2 - Die Erde AB - Forest-tundra ecotones are highly suited to study the expected shift of vegetation zones induced by "Global Warming", because plant growth here is mainly limited by temperature. The summit area of Dalnii Taganai, Southern Urals, Russia, is suitable to survey natural forest dynamics not directly influenced by man, as it has never been influenced by forestry or farming, except little touristic influence. The research area includes six plots along a slope transect: one in the mountain tundra, two in the forest-tundra ecotone and three in the closed forest. About 300 increment cores of trees, eight soil profiles and 85 additional soil samples are surveyed. The main woody plants present are: Picea abies ssp. obovata (Ledeb.) Hulten, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman, Sorbus aucuparia L. ssp. sibirica (Hedl.) Krylov and Juniperus communis L. ssp. alpina (Suter). The herbaceous layer of the tundra and the forest-tundra ecotone are dominated by alpine dwarf shrub heath and those of the closed forest by subalpine tall herbs. Temperature and precipitation data are provided by two meteostations. The mean temperatures of winter and spring have increased by 2-3°C since the end of the 19th century, which might induce a prolongation of the vegetation period. During the period from 1700 to 2000 AD the forest-tundra ecotone rose by about 100 meters. The rise of the treeline is characterised by the establishment of single tree individuals and occurs in episodic waves. It takes 100-150 years of growth of a tree island, until these pioneer individuals protect the surface sufficiently enough to support the germination of further individuals. At the forestline, amelioration of the micro-climate allows a gradual but constant closing of the crowns, leading to a slow and continual progression. It takes another 150 years until a closed forest is established. From the mountain tundra to the "Old Forest" carbon storage decreases in the topsoil but increases in the subsoil. This shows an interrelation between vegetation and soil organic matter. It can be suspected, that a climatically induced move of the vegetation belts will lead to a change of the organic matter pool, its turnover and therefore of the nutrient availability. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 DP - Scopus VL - 135 IS - 2 SP - 151 EP - 174 LA - German SN - 00139998 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Auswirkungen von Bewirtschaftungsänderungen auf die Blaikenbildung im Gebirge AU - Tasser, Erich AU - Mader, Mirijam AU - Tappeiner, Ulrike T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft. Jahrestag der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft „Boden und Gesellschaft“, 10. und 11. Mai 2004, Bundesamt und Forschungszentrum für Wald, Mariabrunn, Wien Mariabrunn DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 VL - 72 SP - 193 EP - 217 UR - http://oebg.boku.ac.at/index.php?article_id=37&clang=0 Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - CONF TI - Die Auswirkungen der Klimaänderung auf den Bodenwasserhaushalt und die Erträge im Marchfeld – eine Simulationsstudie. AU - Stenitzer, E. AU - Hösch, K. T2 - ALVA Jahrestagung A2 - ALVA C3 - Klimawandel: Auswirkungen auf Umwelt und Agrarproduktion DA - 2004/05/17/19 PY - 2004 DP - Google Books SP - 37 EP - 41 LA - de PB - Österr. Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit SN - 1606-612X ST - Klimawandel UR - http://www.alva.at/index.php/de/publikationen/archiv Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Long term field experiments-a basis to evaluate parameters of soil fertility AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Dersch, Georg AU - Baumgarten, Andreas T2 - New challenges in field crop production 2010. Proceedings of the Symposium CY - Rogaška Slatina DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 76 EP - 83 PB - Slovenian Society for Agronomy UR - http://agronomsko-drustvo.si/files/Zbornik%20Novi%20izzivi%20v%20poljedelstvu%202010.pdf#page=75 ER - TY - JOUR TI - Neufassung der österreichischen "Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Düngung" unter dem Aspekt von Cross Compliance und ihrer nationalen Umsetzung: Revised form of the" Austrian guidelines for appropriate fertilisation" and the influence of" cross compliance" and its national implementation AU - Spiegel, Heide AU - Baumgarten, Andreas AU - Dersch, Georg T2 - Acta agriculturae Slovenica DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 VL - 87 SP - 93 EP - 107 UR - http://aas.bf.uni-lj.si/april2006/09spiegel.pdf ER - TY - BOOK TI - Impacts of arable management on soil organic carbon and nutritionally relevant elements in the soil-plant system. Habilitationsschrift. AU - Spiegel, H. CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU). ER - TY - RPRT TI - Projekt BioSoil – Europäisches Waldboden-Monitoring (2006/07) Datenband Österreich Band I: Methodik, Standort- und Bodenbeschreibung, Bodendaten aus Burgenland, Kärnten, Niederösterreich und Oberösterreich, Band II: Bodendaten aus Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol und Vorarlberg, Deskriptive Statistik. AU - Mutsch, F. AU - Leitgeb, E. AU - Hacker, R. AU - Amann, Ch. AU - Aust, G. AU - Herzberger, E. AU - Pock, H. AU - Reiter, R. T2 - BWF Berichte CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SN - 145 (I, II) ER - TY - BOOK TI - Principles of Plant Nutrition AU - Mengel, Konrad AU - Kirkby, Ernest A AU - Kosegarten, Harald AU - Appel, Thomas AB - This is the 5th edition of a well-established book Principles of Plant Nutrition which was first published in 1978. The same format is maintained as in previous editions with the primary aim of the authors to consider major processes in soils and plants that are of relevance to plant nutrition.This new edition gives an up-to-date account of the scientific advances of the subject by making reference to about 2000 publications. An outstanding feature of the book, which distinguishes it from others, is its wide approach encompassing not only basic nutrition and physiology, but also practical aspects of plant nutrition involving fertilizer usage and crop production of direct importance to human nutrition. Recognizing the international readership of the book, the authors, as in previous editions, have attempted to write in a clear concise style of English for the benefit of the many readers for whom English is not their mother tongue. The book will be of use to undergraduates and postgraduates in Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and Ecology as well as those researching in Plant Nutrition. CY - Netherlands, Dordrecht DA - 2001/// PY - 2001 DP - Open WorldCat LA - English PB - Springer Netherlands SN - 978-94-010-1009-2 94-010-1009-9 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1009-2 Y2 - 2014/07/01/13:20:14 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Kulturpflanzen im Klimawechsel: Interaktionen von Wasserversorgung und Stickstoffverfügbarkeit im Osten Österreichs. Der Einfluss von erhöhtem CO2 auf Wachstum und Produktivität landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen. AU - Linke, R.B. AU - Bolhàr-Nordenkampf, H.R. AU - Meister, M.H. DA - 2004/// PY - 2004 SP - http://www.dafne.at/dafne_plus_homepage/index.php?section=dafneplus&content=result&come_from=&&project_id=607 LA - 16.11.13 M3 - Forschungsbericht im Auftrag des Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft SN - 1311 ER - TY - BOOK TI - Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories AU - IPCC A3 - Houghton, J.T. A3 - Meira Filho, L.G. A3 - Lim, B. A3 - Treanton, K. A3 - Mamaty, I. A3 - Bonduki, Y. A3 - Griggs, D.J. A3 - Callander, B.A. CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 1997/// PY - 1997 PB - IPCC/OECD/IEA UR - http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.html ER - TY - JOUR TI - Die Struktur von Waldböden – ein gefährdetes Fließgleichgewicht. AU - Hildebrand, E.E. T2 - Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift DA - 1987/// PY - 1987 VL - 16/17 SP - 424 EP - 426 UR - http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/5833/pdf/Hildebrand_Die_Struktur_von_Waldboeden.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Ökosystemleistungen und Landwirtschaft. Erstellung eines Inventars für Österreich. AU - Götzl, M. AU - Schwaiger, E. AU - Sonderegger, G. AU - Süßenbacher, E. CY - Wien DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 SP - 48 M3 - REP-0355 PB - Umweltbundesamt UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/aktuell/publikationen/publikationssuche/publikationsdetail/?pub_id=1943 Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - CHAP TI - Böden in den Alpen - Ausgewählte Aspekte zur Vielfalt und Bedeutung einer wenig beachteten Ressource AU - Geitner, C. T2 - IGF-Forschungsberichte 1: Internationale Gebirgsforschung A2 - Borsdorf, A. A2 - Grabherr, G. CY - Innsbruck, Wien DA - 2007/// PY - 2007 SP - 56 EP - 67, 82-83 PB - IGF ER - TY - RPRT TI - Arbeiten zur Evaluierung von ÖPUL-Maßnahmen hinsichtlich ihrer Klimawirksamkeit: Schwerpunkt agrarische Bewirtschaftung AU - Freudenschuß, Alexandra AU - Sedy, Katrin AU - Zethner, Gerhard AU - Spiegel, Heide CY - Wien DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 DP - Open WorldCat SP - 104 LA - German PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - REP-0290 ST - Arbeiten zur Evaluierung von ÖPUL-Maßnahmen hinsichtlich ihrer Klimawirksamkeit UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0290.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/24/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bodenaufnahmesysteme in Österreich: Bodeninformationen für Land- Forst-, Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft, Naturschutz-, Landschafts-, Landes- und Raumplanung, Agrarstrukturelle Planung, Bodensanierung und -regeneration sowie Universitäten, Schulen und Bürger. AU - Englisch, Michael AU - Kilian, W. AU - Starlinger, F. T2 - Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft. Zugleich eine Publikation des Umweltbundesamtes CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2001b PY - 2001b DP - Open WorldCat VL - 62 LA - German PB - Österreichische Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft, Umweltbundesamt SN - 3-85457-603-X 978-3-85457-603-7 ST - Bodenaufnahmesysteme in Österreich UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/DP073.pdf ER - TY - RPRT TI - Regional climate change and adaptation — The Alps facing the challenge of changing water resources AU - EEA T2 - EEA Report No 8 AB - Drawing on the most recent knowledge of climate change impacts in the Alps and experiences across the region, this report analyses the risks that climate change presents to the region's water supply and quality, identifying needs, constraints, opportunities, policy levers and options for adaptation. It extracts policy guidance on adaptation practice and aims to assist regional and local stakeholders in developing robust adaptation strategies. The focus of the report is on water resources and related adaptation, rather than water-related extreme events like floods, avalanches, landslides or mudflows, which are already well covered by existing studies of climate change impacts in the Alps. CY - Copenhagen DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 SP - 148 PB - European Environment Agency (EEA) UR - http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/alps-climate-change-and-adaptation-2009 Y2 - 2013/11/15/ ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ackerbau, Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung (101 Tabellen) AU - Diepenbrock, Wulf AU - Ellmer, Frank AU - Léon, Jens CY - Stuttgart (Hohenheim) DA - 2009/// PY - 2009 DP - Open WorldCat LA - German PB - Ulmer SN - 3-8252-2629-8 978-3-8252-2629-9 3-8001-2823-3 978-3-8001-2823-5 ST - Ackerbau, Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung ER - TY - BOOK TI - Abfluss- und Abtragsprozesse in Wildbacheinzugsgebieten: Grundlagen zum integralen Wildbachschutz AU - Bunza, Günther T2 - Schriftenreihe des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Wasserwirtschaft CN - GB651 GB992 .B32a Heft 27 CY - München, Deutschland DA - 1996/// PY - 1996 DP - Library of Congress ISBN SP - 90 M1 - Heft 27 PB - Bayerisches Landesamt für Wasserwirtschaft SN - 3-930253-07-0 ST - Abfluss- und Abtragsprozesse in Wildbacheinzugsgebieten KW - Germany Alps, Bavarian KW - Landslides KW - Runoff ER - TY - BOOK TI - Bodenbildung, Bodenerosion und Reliefentwicklung im Mittel-und Jungholozän Deutschlands AU - Bork, H.-R. AU - Schmidtchen, G. AU - Dotterweich, M. T2 - Forschung zur Deutschen Landeskunde CY - Flensburg DA - 2003/// PY - 2003 VL - 253 PB - Deutsche Akademie für Landeskunde ER - TY - CONF TI - Harte und weiche Fakten zum Klimawandel AU - Böhm, R. T2 - Auswirkungen des Klimwandels auf die österreichische Wasserwirtschaft A2 - BLMFUW A2 - OWAV C1 - BOKU, Wien C3 - Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die österreichische Wasserwirtschaft, Tagungspublikation 24./25. Juni 2010 DA - 2010/// PY - 2010 SP - 53 EP - 70 ER - TY - RPRT TI - Die österreichische Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Teil 1 – Kontext. Vorlage zur Annahme im Ministerrat AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - BMLFUW (Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft) UR - http://www.kiks.ktn.gv.at/266972_EN-PDF-Anpassungsstrategie_-_Kontext Y2 - 2013/11/14/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Bodenfunktionsbewertung: Methodische Umsetzung der ÖNORM L 1076 AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 SP - 113 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft UR - http://www.lebensministerium.at/publikationen/land/bodenfunktionsbewert.html ER - TY - BOOK TI - Forschungsbedarf zu Bodengefährdung und Wasserhaushalt. AU - BMLFUW T2 - Workshop "Boden und Wasser" CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2008/// PY - 2008 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft ER - TY - RPRT TI - Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Düngung. Anleitung zur Interpretation von Bodenuntersuchungsergebnissen in der Landwirtschaft. AU - BMLFUW CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2006/// PY - 2006 SP - 80 PB - Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft SN - 6. Auflage UR - http://oebg.boku.ac.at/files/rl_sgd.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/14/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Waldinventur 2007/2009 AU - BFW DA - 2011/// PY - 2011 PB - BFW (Bundesforschungs- und Ausbildungszentrum für Wald, Naturgefahren und Landschaft) UR - www.waldinventur.at ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's National Inventory Report 2012. Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Anderl, M. AU - Freudenschuß, A. AU - Friedrich, Angela AU - Haider, S. AU - Jobstmann, H. AU - Köther, Traute AU - Kriech, Martin AU - Kuschel, Verena AU - Lampert, Christoph AU - Pazdernik, Katja AU - Poupa, Stefan AU - Purzner, Maria AU - Sporer, M. AU - Schodl, B. AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Schwaiger, Elisabeth AU - Seuss, Katrin AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Wieser, Manuela AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Zethner, Gerhard CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - REP-0381 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0381.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's National Inventory Report 2013. Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Anderl, M. AU - Freudenschuß, A. AU - Friedrich, Angela AU - Haider, S. AU - Jobstmann, H. AU - Köther, Traute AU - Kriech, Martin AU - Lampert, Christoph AU - Pazdernik, Katja AU - Poupa, Stefan AU - Schindlbacher, S. AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Schwaiger, Elisabeth AU - Seuss, Katrin AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Wieser, Manuela AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Zethner, Gerhard CY - Wien DA - 2013/// PY - 2013 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - REP-0416 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0416.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER - TY - RPRT TI - Austria's National Inventory Report 2011. Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol AU - Anderl, M. AU - Freudenschuß, A. AU - Friedrich, Angela AU - Göttlicher, S. AU - Köther, Traute AU - Kriech, Martin AU - Kuschel, Verena AU - Lampert, Christoph AU - Pazdernik, Katja AU - Poupa, Stefan AU - Purzner, Maria AU - Stranner, Gudrun AU - Schwaiger, Elisabeth AU - Seuss, Katrin AU - Weiss, Peter AU - Wieser, Manuela AU - Zechmeister, Andreas AU - Zethner, Gerhard CY - Wien DA - 2012/// PY - 2012 PB - Umweltbundesamt SN - REP-0308 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0308.pdf Y2 - 2013/11/17/ ER -